NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO CE PROBLEMS
BSCE
I. LESSON : Lesson No. 1 Review of the Mathematical
Foundation Part 2
II. SCHEDULE : Wed 10:00 AM-12:00 PM for our lecture
Tue 01:00 PM-02:30 PM Thu 01:00 PM-02:30 PM
for laboratory
III. OVERVIEW
This module composed of lessons on matrices include: what are
matrices, operations on matrices, Transpose, determinants and Rank of a
Matrix
IV. LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. The student will be able to perfom matrix operation such as
addition, subtraction matrices.
2. The student will be able to find the scalar product of a number k
and a matrix M.
3. The studend will be able to calculate matrix product.
4. The studend will be able to calculate matrix detetminants.
V. ACTIVITIES/ TASKS
PART II: READINGS
Special Matrices:
1. Transpose of a Matrix
If A = [aij] is mxn matrix, then the matrix of order n x m obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. It is
denoted At or A’.
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Example if [ ], then [ ]
2. Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix A is called symmetric if A = At for example if
[ ] then [ ]
Thus A is symmetric
3. Skew Symmetric:
A square matrix A is called skew symmetric if A = -At
for example if [ ] then
[ ] [ ]
4. Singular and Non-singular Matrices:
A square matrix A is called singular if |A| = 0 and is non-singular if |A| ≠ 0,
for example if
[ ], then | | , Hence A is singular
And if [ ], then | |
Hence A is non-singular.
.
Example: Find k if [ ] is singular
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Solution:
Since A is singular so | |
(k – 2)( k + 2) – 5 = 0
k2 – 4 – 5 = 0
k2 – 9 = 0 ⇨ K = ± 3
5. Adjoint of a Matrix:
Let A = (aij) be a square matrix of order n x n and (cij) is a matrix obtained
by replacing each element aij by its corresponding cofactor cij then (cij)t is
called the adjoint of A. It is written as adj. A.
For example, if
[ ]
Cofactor of A are:
A11 = 5, A12 = - 2, A13 = +1
A21 = -1, A22 = 2, A23 = -1
A31 = 3, A32 = -2, A33 = 3
Matrix of cofactors is
[ ]
[ ]
Hence adj A = Ct [ ]
Note: Adjoint of a 2x2 Matrix:
The adjoint of matrix [ ] is denoted by adj A defined as
Adj A = [ ]
6. Inverse of a Matrix:
If A is a non-singular square matrix , then | |
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For example if matrix [ ]
Then adj [ ]
| | | |
Hence | |
[ ]
Alternately:
For a non singular matrix A of order (n x n) if there exist anothermatrix B of
order (n x n) Such that their product is the identity matrix I of order (n x n) i.e., AB
= BA = I
Then B is said to be the inverse (or reciprocal) of A and is written as B = A-1
Example: If [ ] and [ ] then show that
AB = BA = I and therefore, B = A-1
Solution:
[ ][ ] [ ]
And [ ][ ] [ ]
Hence AB = BA = I
and therefore [ ]
Example: Find the inverse, if it exists, of the matrix.
[ ]
Solution:
|A| = 0 +2 (–2 +3) – 3(–2 + 3) = 2 – 3
|A| = –1, Hence solution exists.
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Cofactor of A are:
A11 = 0, A12 = 1, A13 = 1
A21 = 2, A22 = –3, A23 = 2
A31 = 3, A32 = –3, A33 = 2
Matrix of transpose of the cofactors is
Adj [ ]
So
| |
[ ]
[ ]
Exercise
Q.1 Which of the following matrices are singular or non-singular.
(i) [ ] (ii) [ ] (iii) [ ]
Q.2 Which of the following matrices are symmetric and skewsymmetric
(i) [ ] (ii) [ ] (iii) [ ]
Q.3 Find K such that the following matrices are singular
(i) [ ] (ii) [ ] (iii) [ ]
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Q.4 Find the inverse if it exists, of the following matrices
(i) [ ] (ii) =[ ]
(iii) [ ] (iv) [ ]
Note: Show your solutions.
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