Matrices

MATRICES
Summary

MATRICES: Any rectangular arrangement of numbers in m rows and n columns is called a

matrix of order
m×n

 a11 a12 a13 ..... a1 j ..... a1n 

a ..... a2 j ..... a2 n 
 21 a22 a23
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A= 
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ..... aij ..... ain 
 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
 am1 am 2 am 3 ..... amj ..... amn 

where aij denote the element of ith, row & jth column. The above matrix is usually denoted as
[aij]m × n .
The elements a11, a22 ,a33,………. are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace
of A denoted as Tr(A)

1. Basic Definitions

(i) Row matrix : A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix
(ii) Column matrix : A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix.
(iii) Square matrix : A matrix of order m x n is called square matrix if m = n
(iv) Zero matrix : A =  aij  is called a zero matrix, if aij= 0 ∀ i & j .
m×n

(v) Upper triangular matrix : A =  aij  is said to be upper triangular, if

m×n

= aij 0 for i > j

(vi) Lower triangular matrix : A =  aij  is said to be a lower triangular, if
m×n

=aij 0 for i < j .

(vii) Diagonal matrix : A square matrix  aij  is said to be a diagonal matrix If
n

= aij 0 for i ≠ 1
Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag ( a11 , a22 ,.......amn )
(viii) Scalar matrix : A diagonal matrix A =  aij  n is a scalar matrix,=
if aij k=
for i j

187
@aakashallen
 Matrices

(ix) Unit matrix (Identity matrix) : A diagonal matrix A=  aij  is a unit matrix , if
n

aij 1=
= or i j
(x) Comparable matrices : Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable , If they have the
same order
(xi) Equality of matrices : Two
= matrices A =
aij  and B bij  are said to be equal
m×n p× q

If m = p, n = q and a=
ij bij ∀ i & j.
(xii) Multiplication of matrix by scalar :
Let λ be a scalar λ A = bij  where =
bij λ aij ∀ i & j.
m×n

(xiii) Addition of matrices

= : Let A =
aij  and B bij  be two matrices,
m×n m×n

then A= + B  ai j  + bij=
 ci j  where cij = ai j + bij ∀ i & j
m×n m×n m×n

(xiv) Subtraction of matrices : Then A- B =A+ (- B), where - B is (- 1) B

(xv) Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :
( i ) λ ( A + B ) = λ A + λ B ( ii ) λ A = Aλ ( iii )( λ1 + λ2 ) A = λ1 A + λ2 A

(xvi) Multiplication of matrices

= : Let A =
aij  & B bij  ., then
m× p p× n
p
=AB =
cij  where cij
m×n ∑a
k =1
b
ik kj

(xvii) Properties of matrix multiplication: We have the following whenever defined

(i) In general AB ≠ BA (ii) (AB) C = A(BC) (iii) AIn =A= InA
(iv) For every non singular square matrix A (i.e., |Al ≠ 0) there exist a unique matrix B
so that AB = In = BA. In this case we say that A & Bare multiplicative inverses of one
another. In notations, we write B = A-1 or A = B-1.

2. Transpose of a Matrix

Let A =[aij]m x n· Then A'( or AT) the transpose of A is defined as A'= [bij ]n x m where bij = aij
∀i& j

( i ) ( A ') ' =A ( ii ) ( λ A) ' =λ A ' ( iii ) ( A + B ) ' =A '+ B '& ( A − B ) ' =A '− B '
( iv ) ( AB ) ' = B ' A '
(v) Symmetric & skew symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A'
=A.
A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if A' = - A

3. Submatrix of a Matrix

188
@aakashallen
 Matrices

Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns
of A is called as submatrix of A.

(i) Some properties of determinant

(a) A = A ' for any square matrix A.
(b) If two rows are identical (or two columns are identical) then A = 0.
(c) λ A = λ n A , when A=  aij 
n

(d) If A and B are two square matrices of same order, then IABI = lAl IBI.

(ii) Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non
singular according as IAI is zero or non zero respectively.

(iii) Cofactor & adjoint matrix : :Let A= [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained
by replacing each element of A by corresponding cot actor is called as matrix of cot actor
of A.
The transpose of matrix of cofactor of A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.

(iv) Properties of adj A:

(a) A. adj A= IAI In = (adj A) A where A= [aij]n.

n −1
(b) adj A = A , where n is order of A.
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also symmetric matrix.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.

(v) Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) : Let A be a non singular matrix. Then the
1
matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A and is denoted by A-1.
A
Remarks :
1. A-1 is always non singular.
2. If A = dia(a11, a12,………..,ann ) where aii ≠ 0 ∀ I, then A-1 = diag ( a11−1 , a22
−1 −1
,............ann )
3. ( A ) ' = ( A ') for any non singular matrix A. Also adj ( A ') = ( adj A) '.
−1 −1

4. ( A ) = A if A is non singular.
−1 −1

1 −1
5. Let k be a non zero scalar & A be a non singular matrix. i then ( kA ) =
−1
A .
k

189
@aakashallen
 Matrices

1
6. A−1
= for A ≠ 0.
A
7. Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC ⇒ B = C & BA = CA ⇒ B= C .
8. A is non-singular and symmetric ⇒ A-1 is symmetric.
9. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non singular and AB = 0, then B
= 0.
Similarly Bis non singular and AB = 0 ⇒ A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0 ⇒ either both are singular
or one
of them is 0.

4. System of Linear Equations & Matrices

System of linear equations AX = B is said to be consistent if it has at least one solution.

(i) System of linear equations and matrix Inverse:

If A is nonsingular, solution is given by X = A-1B.
If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and no two columns of A are proportional, then the system
has
infinite many solution.
If A is singular and (adj A)B = 0, then the system has no solution.

(ii) Homogeneous system and matrix inverse:

If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns, then in the matrix form it
is
AX = 0. (  in this case b1 = b2 = ...... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
If A is nonsingular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial
solution)
and hence it has non trivial solutions.

(iii) Elementary row transformation of matrix :

The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.

Remark :
Two matrices A & Bare said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using
elementary transformations. We write A = B.

@aakashallen
190
Matrices

5. More on Matrices

(i) Characteristic polynomial & Characteristic equation :

Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial A − xI is called as characteristic
polynomial
of A & the equation A − xI = 0 is called as characteristic equation of A.

Remark :
Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation (Cayley - Hamilton Theorem).

i.e. 0 is the characteristic equation of A, then

a0 x n + a, x n −1 + ....... + an −1 x + an =
a0 An + a1 An −1 + ....... + an −1 A + an I =
0

(ii) More Definitions on Matrices :

(a) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is called nilpotent if AP = 0 for some positive
integer
p. If p is smallest such positive integer then p is called its nilpotency
(b) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.
(c) lnvolutory matrix: A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = I.
(d) Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal, if A' A= I= A' A
( )
(e) Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said to be unitary if A A = I, where A is the
complex conjugate of A.

191
@aakashallen
Matrices
Practice Questions
1. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then which one is correct among the
following? (1995)
(a) A + B = B + A
(b) A + B = A – B
(c) A – B = B – A
(d) AB = BA
1 9 7 
2. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [ a b c ] 8 2 7  = [ 0 0 0] …(i)
 
7 3 7 
If the point P (a, b, c), with reference to Eq. (i), lies on the plane 2x + y +z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is (2011)
(a) 0
(b) 12
(c) 7
(d) 6

1 9 7 
3. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [ a b c ] 8 2 7  = [ 0 0 0] …(i)
 
7 3 7 
Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying Eq. (ii) if α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 +
n
∞
1 1
bx + c = 0, then ∑  +  is equal to (2011)
n =0  α β
(a) 6
(b) 7
6
(c)
7
(d) ∞
1 9 7 
4. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [ a b c ] 8 2 7  = [ 0 0 0] …(i) (2011)
 
7 3 7 
Let 𝜔𝜔 be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im (𝜔𝜔) > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying eq (i) then the
3 1 3
value of a + b + c is
ω ω ω
(a) – 2
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) – 3

@aakashallen
192
Matrices

5. Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices

 a b  
Tp = A =  c a  ; a, b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,..., p − 1} (2010)
   
The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p, is
(a) 2p2
(b) p3 – 5p
(c) p3 – 3p
(d) p3 – p2

6. Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices

 a b  
Tp = A = c a ; a , b , c ∈ {0,1, 2,..., p − 1}
   
The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
(2010)
2
(a) (p – 1) (p – p + 1)
(b) p3 – (p – 1)2
(c) (p – 1)2
(d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)

7. Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices

 a b  
Tp = A =  c a  ; a, b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,..., p − 1}
   
The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both and det (A) is
divisible by p is (2010)
2
(a) (p – 1)
(b) 2(p – 1)
(c) (p – 1)2 + 1
(d) 2p – 1
 1 0 0
8. Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix, such that
 
16 4 1 
q31 + q32
p50 – Q = I, then equals (2016)
q21
(a) 52
(b) 103
(c) 201

@aakashallen
193
 Matrices

(d) 205

1 2 2 
9. If A  2 1 −2  is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9 I, where I is 3× 3 identity
=  
 c 2 b 
matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to (2015)
(a) (2, -1)
(b) (-2, 1)
(c) (2, 1)
(d) (-2, -1)

1 0 0 
10. If A = 0 1 1  , 6 A−1 = A2 + cA + dI , then (c, d) is (2015)
 
0 −2 4 
(a) (-6, 11)
(b) (-11, 6)
(c) (11, 6)
(d) (6, 11)

 3 / 2 1/ 2  1 1
=11. If P = , A   and Q = PAPT , then PT Q 2005 P is (2005)
 −1/ 2 3 / 2  0 1
1 2005
(a) 
0 1 
 1 2005
(b) 
 2005 1 
 1 0
(c) 
 2005 1 
1 0 
(d)  
0 1 

α 0  1 0 
12. If A =   and B =  2
 , then value of 𝛼𝛼 for which A = B , is (2017)
 1 1   5 1 
(a) 1
(b) – 1
(c) 4
(d) none of these

194
@aakashallen
Matrices

 2 −3
13. If A =   , then adj ( 3 A2 + 12 A ) is equal to (2016)
 −4 1 
 72 −84 
(a)  
 −63 51 
 51 63
(b) 
84 72 
 51 84 
(c) 
63 72 
 72 −63
(d)  
 −84 51 

5a −b 
14. If A =   and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal to
T
(2014)
 3 2 
(a) – 1
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 13

15. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrices such that AAT = ATA and B = A–1 AT, then BBT is equal
to (2014)
(a) I + B
(b) I
(c) B–1
(d) (B–1)T

1 α 3
16. If P = 1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then 𝛼𝛼 is equal to (2013)
 2 4 4 
(a) 4
(b) 11
(c) 5
(d) 0

195
@aakashallen
 Matrices

17. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3

 x  0 
identify matrix, then there exists a column matrix, =X  y  ≠ 0  such that (2012)
 z  0 
0
(a) PX = 0 
0 
(b) PX = X
(c) PX = 2X
(d) PX = - X

18. Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form
 1 a b
 ω 1 c  , where each of a, b and c is either ω or ω 2 . Then, the number of distinct matrices in
 
ω 2 ω 1 
the set S is (2011)
(a) 2
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 8

19. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT
denotes the transpose of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) ( MN )
−1 −1 T
is equal to (2011)
(a) M2
(b) – N2
(c) – M2
(d) MN

20.

196
@aakashallen
Matrices

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

@aakashallen
197
 Matrices

27.

28. What is wrong in the following computation?

k
0 1  0 0 
(a)   =  , for k ≥ 2 is not true
0 0  0 0 
(b) computation of second term on RHS is not valid
(c) First term should be calculated completely
(d) None of the above

29. If A5 = O such that An ≠ I for 1 ≤ n ≤ 4 , then ( I − A )

−1
is equal to
(a) A4
(b) A3
(c) I + A

198
@aakashallen
Matrices

(d) None of these

30.

31.

32.

33.

@aakashallen
199
Matrices

34.

35.

36.

@aakashallen
200
Matrices

37.

38.

39.

40.

@aakashallen
201
Matrices

41.

42.

43.

44.

45. With 1, ω , ω 2 as cube roots of unity, inverse of which of the following matrices exists?

@aakashallen
202
Matrices

46.

47.

48. If A is a square matrix of order n × n, then adj (adj A) is equal to

49. If A is a square matrix, then adj AT − ( adj A ) is equal to

T

50.

203
@aakashallen
Matrices

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

@aakashallen
204
 Matrices

0 1 
56. The matrix   is the matrix reflection in the line
1 0 
(a) x = 1
(b) x + y = 1
(c) y = 1
(d) x = y

57. If In is the identity matrix of order n, then (In)–1 is equal to

(a) does not exist
(b) In
(c) 0
(d) nIn

 2 −2 4 
58. If A =  −1 3 4  is an idempotent matrix, then x is equal to
 1 −2 x 

(a) – 5
(b) – 1
(c) – 3
(d) – 4

59. If A is non-singular matrix, then det ( A−1 ) is equal to

205
@aakashallen
Matrices

 1 
(a) det  2 
A 

1
(b)
det ( A2 )

1
(c) det  
 A
1
(d)
det ( A )

60. If A is non-singular matrix, then trace of A is

(a) – 5
(b) 0
(c) 24
(d) 9

1 1 i
61. If the matrix A =   , where i= −1 , is unitary, then a is equal to
2  −i a 

(a) – 2
(b) – 1
(c) 0
(d) 1

1 2 2 
If 3 A  2 1 −2  and AA ' = I , then x + y is equal to
62.=
 x 2 y 

(a) – 5

206
@aakashallen
 Matrices

(b) – 4
(c) – 3
(d) – 2

63. The sum of two idempotent matrices A and B is dempotent, if AB = BA

(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 0

1 2 3
64. The rank of  2 4 6  is equal to
 
 3 6 9 

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) none of these

65. If A, B, C are non-singular n × n matrices, then (ABC)–1 is equal to

(a) A−1 B −1C −1

(b) C −1 B −1 A−1

(c) A−1C −1 B −1

(d) B −1C −1 A−1

66. If A2 + A – I = O, then A–1 is equal to

(a) A – I
(b) I – A
(c) I + A

207
@aakashallen
Matrices

(d) none of these

 4 x + 2
67. A =   is symmetric, then x is equal to
2 x − 3 x + 1
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 2
(d) 4

68.

69.

70.

208
@aakashallen
 Matrices

71. Which of the following is Not the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries? [2017]
1 0 0 
(a) 0 1 0 
 
0 0 −1
1 0 0 
(b) 0 −1 0 
 
0 0 −1
 −1 0 0 
(c)  0 0 0 
 
 0 0 2 
1 0 0 
(d) 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 

x 3 2
 −3 y −7  and A = -A’, then x + y is equal to
72. If A =
 
 −2 7 0 

(a) 2
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 12

73. If A is 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrix, then trace of A is equal to

(a) 1
(b) |A|
(c) -1
(d) none of these

74. If a matrix A satisfy A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 and A8 = pA + qI then the value of p is -

(a) 9621
(b) 1265
(c) 5299
(d) undefined

75. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix such that A2 + I = 0, then

209
@aakashallen
 Matrices

(a) A is nilpotent matrix of even order

(b) A is orthogonal matrix of even order
(c) A is involutory matrix of odd order
(d) A is singular matrix

cos α − sin α 0
76. If (α ) =  sin α cos α 0  , the f (−α ) is equal to

 0 0 1 

(a) f-1(-α)
(b) [f(α)]-1
(c) -f(α)
(d) none of these
 0 2b c 
77. If the matrix
= A  a b −c  is an orthogonal matrix, then
 a −b c 

1
(a) c =
3
1
(b) a =
6
1
(c) b = −
2
1
(d) c = −
6

78. If AB = A and BA = B, then

(a) A2 = B
(b) A2 = A
(c) B2 = 2B
(d) B2 = A

−1
 1 − tan θ   1 tan θ  1 0
79. If    =  , than the number of values of ‘θ’ in [-2π, 2π]
 tan θ 1   − tan θ 1  0 1
satisfying it, is
(a) 0
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 7

210
@aakashallen
Matrices

 1 2 3 a b c 
80. Statement-1: A =  3 4 5 and B =  b c + 1 a − 1 , then AB = BA is possible if B = A-1
   
6 7 8  c a − 1 b + 1
or value of a + b + c = 1.
Statement-2: AI = IA is possible when I is the unit matrix of order ‘3’ or I = A-1
(a) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement
-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(c) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False
(d) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True

@aakashallen
211
Matrices

Answers
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (b)
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (d) 71. (a) 72. (c)
73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (d)

“Detail solutions are mentioned in the content library”

212
@aakashallen