Chapter 1(Real Numbers)

1. HCF of 26 and 91 is:

(a) 15 (b) 13 (c) 19 (d) 11
Answer: (b) 13
Explanation: The prime factorisation of 26 and 91 is;
26 = 2 x 13 , 91 = 7 x 13 Hence, HCF (26, 91) = 13
2. The prime factorisation of 96 is
(a) 25 × 3 (b) 26 (c) 24 × 3 (d) 24 × 32
Answer: (a) 25 × 3
Explanation: The prime factorisation of 96 is:
96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 25 × 3
3. For any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) =
(a) 1 (b) (a × b)/2 (c) a/b (d) a × b
Answer: (d) a × b
For any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b.
4. The largest number that divides 70 and 125, which leaves the remainders 5 and 8, is:
(a) 65 (b) 15 (c) 13 (d) 25
Answer: (c) 13
Explanation: 70 – 5 = 65 and 125 – 8 = 117
HCF (65, 117) is the largest number that divides 70 and 125 and leaves remainder 5 and 8.
HCF (65, 117) = 13
5. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 5 is:
(a) 70 (b) 60 (c) 80 (d) 90
Answer: (b) 60
Explanation: The least number will be LCM of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Hence, LCM (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
Short Answer-I (2 Marks)
6. Find the largest number that will divide 398, 436 and 542 leaving remainders 7, 11, and 15
respectively.
Solution: 398 – 7 = 391, 436 – 11 = 425, 542 – 15 = 527
HCF of 391, 425, 527 = 17
7.HCF and LCM of two numbers is 9 and 459 respectively. If one of the numbers is 27, find the
other number. (2012)

⇒ 27 × 2nd number = 9 × 459

Solution: We know, 1st number × 2nd number = HCF × LCM

⇒ 2nd number = 9×45927 = 153

8.Find HCF and LCM of 13 and 17 by prime factorisation method. (2013)
Solution: 13 = 1 × 13; 17 = 1 × 17
HCF = 1 and LCM = 13 × 17 = 221
9. Find LCM of numbers whose prime factorisation are expressible as 3 × 52 and 32 × 72. (2014)
Solution: LCM (3 × 52, 32 × 72) = 32 × 52 × 72 = 9 × 25 × 49 = 11025
10.Find the LCM of 96 and 360 by using fundamental theorem of arithmetic. (2012)
Solution: 96 = 25 × 3 360 = 23 × 32 × 5
LCM = 25 × 32 × 5 = 32 × 9 × 5 = 1440
 11.Find the prime factorisation of the denominator of rational number expressed as 6.12¯ in
simplest form. (2014)
Solution:
Let x = 6. ¯ 12…(i)
100x = 612.12¯ …(ii)
…[Multiplying both sides by 100]
Subtracting (i) from (ii),
99x = 606
x = 606/99 = 202/33
Denominator = 33
Prime factorisation = 3 × 11
12.Complete the following factor tree and find the composite number x. (2014)

Solution: y = 5 × 13 = 65 x = 3 × 195 = 585

13.Prove that 2 + 3√5 is an irrational number. (2014)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 + 3√5 is rational.
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0).
Such that 2 + 3√5 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging the above equation, we get

Since a and b are integers, we get a3b−23 is rational and so √5 is rational.

But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 2 + 3√5 is irrational.
14.Show that 3√7 is an irrational number. (2016)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3√7 is rational.
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b ≠ 0) such that 3√7 = ab
Rearranging, we get √7 = a3b
Since 3, a and b are integers, a3b is rational, and so √7 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √7 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 3√7 is irrational.
15. Explain why (17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11) is a composite number? (2015)
Solution:
17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11 …(i)
= 2 × 11 × (17 × 5 × 3 + 1)
= 2 × 11 × (255 + 1)
= 2 × 11 × 256
Number (i) is divisible by 2, 11 and 256, it has more than 2 prime factors.
Therefore (17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11) is a composite number.
16.Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. (2015)
2 n 2n
Solution:4n = (2 ) = 2
The only prime in the factorization of 4n is 2.
There is no other prime in the factorization of 4n = 22n
(By uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic).
5 does not occur in the prime factorization of 4n for any n.
Therefore, 4n does not end with the digit zero for any natural number n.
17.Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 as their LCM? Give reason? (2017 OD)
Solution:No, LCM = Product of the highest power of each factor involved in the numbers.
HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor.
We can conclude that LCM is always a multiple of HCF, i.e., LCM = k × HCF
We are given that,
LCM = 175 and HCF = 15

⇒ 11.67 = k
175 = k × 15

But in this case, LCM ≠ k × HCF

Therefore, two numbers cannot have LCM as 175 and HCF as 15.
Short Answer-II (3 Marks)
18.Prove that √5 is irrational and hence show that 3 + √5 is also irrational. (2012)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that √5 is rational.
So, we can find integers p and q (q ≠ 0), such that
√5 = pq, where p and q are coprime.
Squaring both sides, we get

⇒ 5q2 = p2 …(i)
5 = p2q2

⇒ 5 divides p2
5 divides p
So, let p = 5r
Putting the value of p in (i), we get

⇒ 5q2 = 25r2
5q2 = (5r)2

⇒ q2 = 5r2
⇒ 5 divides q2
5 divides q
So, p and q have atleast 5 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that p and q have no common factor.
So, our assumption is wrong, is irrational.
√5 is irrational, 3 is a rational number.
So, we conclude that 3 + √5 is irrational.
19.Three bells toll at intervals of 9, 12, 15 minutes respectively. If they start tolling together, after
what time will they next toll together? (2013)
Solution:
9 = 32, 12 = 22 × 3, 15 = 3 × 5
LCM = 22 × 32 × 5 = 4 × 9 × 5 = 180 minutes or 3 hours
They will next toll together after 3 hours.
20.Two tankers contain 850 liters and 680 liters of petrol. Find the maximum capacity of a container
which can measure the petrol of each tanker in the exact number of times. (2012)
Solution:
To find the maximum capacity of a container which can measure the petrol of each tanker in the
exact number of times, we find the HCF of 850 and 680.
850 = 2 × 52 × 17
680 = 23 × 5 × 17
HCF = 2 × 5 × 17 = 170
Maximum capacity of the container = 170 liters.

21.The length, breadth, and height of a room are 8 m 50 cm, 6 m 25 cm and 4 m 75 cm respectively.
Find the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly. (2015)
Solution:
To find the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly, we have to find
HCF.
L, Length = 8 m 50 cm = 850 cm = 21 × 52 × 17
B, Breadth = 6 m 25 cm = 625 cm = 54
H, Height = 4 m 75 cm = 475 cm = 52 × 19
HCF of L, B and H is 52 = 25 cm
Length of the longest rod = 25 cm
22.Three alarm clocks ring at intervals of 4, 12 and 20 minutes respectively. If they start ringing
together, after how much time will they next ring together? (2015)
Solution:
To find the time when the clocks will next ring together,
we have to find LCM of 4, 12 and 20 minutes.
4 = 22
12 = 22 × 3
20 = 22 × 5

LCM of 4, 12 and 20 = 22 × 3 × 5 = 60 minutes.

So, the clocks will ring together again after 60 minutes or one hour.
23.In a school, there are two Sections A and B of class X. There are 48 students in Section A and 60
students in Section B. Determine the least number of books required for the library of the school so
that the books can be distributed equally among all students of each Section. (2017 OD)
Solution:
Since the books are to be distributed equally among the students of Section A and Section B. therefore, the
number of books must be a multiple of 48 as well as 60.
Hence, required num¬ber of books is the LCM of 48 and 60.
48 = 24 × 3
60 = 22 × 3 × 5
LCM = 24 × 3 × 5 = 16 × 15 = 240
Hence, required number of books is 240.

Long Answer (5 Marks)

24.Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational. (2012, 2014,2017 D)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 + 2√5 is rational
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0), such that
3 + 2 √5 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging this equation, we get

Since a and b are integers, we get that a2b – 32 is rational and so √5 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So we conclude that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.
25.There are 104 students in class X and 96 students in class IX in a school. In a examination, the
students are to be evenly seated in parallel rows such that no two adjacent rows are of the same class.
(2013)
(a) Find the maximum number of parallel rows of each class for the seating arrangement.
(b) Also, find the number of students of class IX and also of class X in a row.
(c) What is the objective of the school administration behind such an arrangement?
Solution:
104 = 23 × 13
96 = 25 × 3
HCF = 23 = 8

(a) Number of rows of students of class X = 1048 = 13

Number maximum of rows class IX = 968 = 12
Total number of rows = 13 + 12 = 25
(b) No. of students of class IX in a row = 8
No. of students of class X in a row = 8
(c) The objective of school administration behind such an arrangement is fair and clean examination, so
that no student can take help from any other student of his/her class.
26.Dudhnath has two vessels containing 720 ml and 405 ml of milk respectively. Milk from these
containers is poured into glasses of equal capacity to their brim. Find the minimum number of
glasses that can be filled. (2014)
Solution:
1st vessel = 720 ml; 2nd vessel = 405 ml
We find the HCF of 720 and 405 to find the maximum quantity of milk to be filled in one glass.
405 = 34 × 5
720 = 24 × 32 × 5
HCF = 32 × 5 = 45 ml = Capacity of glass
No. of glasses filled from 1st vessel = 72045 = 16
No. of glasses filled from 2nd vessel = 40545 = 9
Total number of glasses = 25
27.Amita, Sneha, and Raghav start preparing cards for all persons of an old age home. In order to
complete one card, they take 10, 16 and 20 minutes respectively. If all of them started together, after
what time will they start preparing a new card together? (2013)
Solution:
To find the earliest (least) time, they will start preparing a new card together, we find the LCM of 10, 16
and 20.
10 = 2 × 5
16 = 24
20 = 22 × 5
LCM = 24 × 5 = 16 × 5 = 80 minutes
They will start preparing a new card together after 80 minutes.
28.If positive integers x and y are expressible in terms of primes as x = p2q3 and y = p3q, what can you
say about their LCM and HCF. Is LCM a multiple of HCF? Explain. (2014)
Solution:
x = p2q3 and y = p3q
LCM = p3q3
HCF = p2q …..(i)

⇒ LCM = pq2 (p2q)

Now, LCM = p3q3

⇒ LCM = pq2 (HCF)

Yes, LCM is a multiple of HCF.
Explanation:
Let a = 12 = 22 × 3
b = 18 = 2 × 32
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6 …(ii)
LCM = 22 × 32 = 36
LCM = 6 × 6
LCM = 6 (HCF) …[From (ii)]

Question 29.
Find the HCF and LCM of 306 and 657 and verify that LCM × HCF = Product of the two numbers.
(2016 D)
Solution:
306 = 2 × 32 × 17
657 = 32 × 73
HCF = 32 = 9
LCM = 2 × 32 × 17 × 73 = 22338
L.H.S. = LCM × HCF = 22338 × 9 = 201042
R.H.S. = Product of two numbers = 306 × 657 = 201042
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
30.Case Study :-Traffic Lights (or traffic signals) are lights used to control movement of traffics. They are
installed on roads at intersections and crossings. The different colours of light tell drivers what to do. The
traffic lights at different road crossings change after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and 108 seconds
respectively.

1. 108 can be expressed as a product of its primes as

(a) 23 × 32 (b) 23 × 33 (c) 22 × 32 (d) 22 × 33
2. The HCF of 48, 72, 108 is
(a) 18 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 10
3. The LCM of 48, 72, 108 is
(a) 520 (b) 432 (c) 396 (d) 420
4. If all the traffic lights change simultaneously at 8:20:00 hrs, they will again change simultaneously at
(a) 8:27:12 hrs (b) 8:32:24 hrs (c) 8:40:08 hrs (d) 8:24:24 hrs
5. The [HCF × LCM] for the numbers 48, 72, 108 is
(a) 2472 (b) 3680 (c) 4090 (d) 5184
Answers . 1. (d) 22 × 33 2. (c) 12 3. (b) 432 4. (a) 8:27:12 IV hrs 5. (d)
5184

31.Case Study :-The Army Day is celebrated on 15th January every year in India. The day is celebrated in
the form of parades and other military shows in the national capital New Delhi as well as in all
headquarters of army.

Parade I: An Army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members
in parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns.
Parade II: An Army contingent of 1000 members is to march behind an army band of
56 members in parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns.
Refer to Parade I
1. The expression of 616 as a product of its prime numbers is
(a) 22 × 141 × 111 (b) 23 × 71 × 111 (c) 24 × 71 × 111 (d) None of these.
2. The LCM of 32 and 616 is
(a) 1248 (b) 1836 (c) 2464 (d) 3016
3. What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
Refer to Parade II
4. The HCF of numbers 1000 and 56 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
5. Which of the following is the correct expression of the number 1000 as a product of its prime numbers?
(a) 23 × 53 (b) 103 (c) 8 × 125 (d) 8
Answers :- (b) 23 × 71 × 111 2. (c) 2464 3. (b) 8 4. (d) 8 5. (a) 23 × 53

32.Case Study :-To enhance the reading skills of grade X students, the school nominates you and two of
your friends to set up a class library. There are two sections — section A and section B of grade X.
There are students in section A and 36 students in section B.

1. What is the minimum number of books you will acquire for the class library, so that they can be
distributed equally among students of section A or section B?
(a) 144 (b) 128 (c) 288 (d) 272
2. If the product of two positive integers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM is true then, the
HCF (32 , 36) is:
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
3. 36 can be expressed as a product of its primes as:
(a) 22 × 32 (b) 21 × 33 (c) 23 × 31 (d) 20 × 30
4. 7 × 11 × 13 × 15 + 15 is a:
(a) Prime number (b) Composite number
(c) Neither prime nor composite (d) None of the above
5. If p and q are positive integers such that p = ab2 and q = a2b, where a, b are prime numbers, then the
LCM (p, q) is
(a) ab (b) a2b2 (c) a3b2 (d) a3b3

Answers . 1. (c) 288 2. (b) 4 3. (a) 22 × 32 4. (b) composite number 5. (b) a2b2