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NGÔN NGỮ MIỂU TẢ DÙNG TRONG DẠNG
LINE GRAPH, BAR CHART, PIE CHART, TABLE

1. TĂNG:
o VERB: increase; rise; climb; go up; grow; surge; rocket; soar; reach; jump; peak
o NOUN: increase; rise; climb; growth; surge; soar
o VERB + ADVERB:
• Negligibly; marginally; slowly; slightly; gradually; steadily; significantly;
considerably; remarkably; quickly; dramatically; rapidly; sharply.
• ADJ + N: negligible; marginal; slow; slight; gradual; steady; significant;
considerable; remarkable; dramatic; rapid; sharp

2. GIẢM:
o VERB: decrease; decline; fall; drop; go down; plummet; plunge
o NOUN: decrease; decline; fall; drop; plummet; plunge
o VERB + ADVERB:
o ADJ + N:
3. GIỮ NGUYÊN
o VERB: remain relatively stable; remain unchanged; stay unchanged; remain steady; be
levelled-off; see a plateau;
o NOUN:
4. DAO ĐỘNG:
o VERB: Fluctuate; vary;
o NOUN: fluctuation; variation
5. NGÔN NGỮ ĐỊNH LƯỢNG: roughly; approximately; about; around; just over; just under;
nearly; close to; well over;
6. MỘT CÂU ĐIỂN HÌNH SỬ DỤNG NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ:
o The number of Vietnamese students studying abroad increased dramatically from about
5,000 students in 1990 to around/approximately/roughly/nearly/more than/just over/just
under/about 15,000 students in 2000, an increase of about 10,000 students in 10 years.

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o There was a dramatic increase in the number of Vietnamese students studying abroad
from about 5,000 students in 1990 to around 15,000 students in 2000, an increase of
about 10,000 students in 10 years.
7. LUYỆN TẬP CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT SỬ DỤNG NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ:
o The number of Vietnamese students studying aboard: X
o X tang cham tu Y vao nam A den Z vao nam B truoc khi giam manh xuong W vao nam
C.
o X increased slowly from Y in A to Z in B before decreasing dramatically to W in C.
o X increased slowly from Y in A to Z in B before experiencing a dramatic fall to W in C.
o X increased slowly from Y in A to Z in B, followed by a dramatic decline to W in C.
o X increased slowly from Y in A to Z in B, prior to a dramatic fall to W in C.
o X tang nhanh tu Y in A de cham dinh o Z vao nam B. Sau do no giam dot ngot vao hai
nam ke tiep de cham day o W vao nam C.
o X increased rapidly from Y in A to reach a peak of Z in B, followed by a sudden decline
in the next two years/in the following two years/in the subsequent two years to bottom
out/to reach the bottom/to reach the lowest point/to hit the bottom at W in C.
o X giu o muc on dinh, giao dong trong khoang A va B, trong suot 30-year period.
o X remained relatively stable, at between A and B, for the whole 30-year period.
o Co mot su tang khong dang ke cua X trong suot 30 nam con lai.
o There was a negligible increase of X during the remaining 30 years.
o RESPECTIVELY:
 A, B, C ban lan luot la 1, 2, 3.
 A, B and C sold 1, 2, 3 respectively.
8. THỊ PHẦN: PIE CHART:
• Accounted for; made up; occupied; amounted to; constituted; took up; took;
comprised of;
• Proportion = percentage; share; rate;
9. COMPARE
o Các em có thể dùng kết hợp với ngôn ngữ MIÊU TẢ bên trên với các các từ mang hàm ý
SO SÁNH kiểu: WHILE, ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER, WHEREAS (chỉ nằm giữa câu),
MEANWHILE, IN/BY CONTRAST, BUT, AND, THE HIGHEST, LOWEST,…

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o BAR CHART: Ko co nam o cot OX:
o PIE; TABLE

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CÁCH NÓI TĂNG/GIẢM BAO NHIÊU LẦN
Nhiều lúc các bạn muốn nói tăng bao nhiêu lần, giảm bao nhiêu lần nhưng không biết dùng từ nào thì sau
đây là cách dùng cho các bạn:

1. DOUBLE: TĂNG GẤP ĐÔI:

DOUBLE.
- The number of Vietnamese students who studied in the USA DOUBLED in 2000.

2. TRIPLE OR TREBLE: TĂNG GẤP 3 LẦN

TREBLE:
- The Economist’s index of non-oil commodity prices has TREBLED in the past decade.

- The number of companies from Brazil, India, China or Russia on the Financial Times 500 list TREBLED
in 2006-08 from 20 to 62.

- That number has more than TREBLED since 1999.

TRIPLE
- In the ten years to 2010, internet users in the developed economies just about TRIPLED.

- Intercepts of the Chinese planes almost TRIPLED last year, to 96 (see chart).

- Many of the 20 leading economic performers in the OECD doubled or TRIPLED their education
spending in real terms between 1970 and 1994, yet outcomes in many countries stagnated—or went
backwards.

3. QUADRUPLE or FOURFOLD: Tăng gấp 4 lần

QUADRUPLE:
- Oil prices quadrupled in the 1970s.

FOURFOLD: (TÍNH TỪ: ADJ)

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- There has been a fourfold increase in break-ins (WALKING IN WITHOUT PERMISSIONS).

FOURFOLD: (TRẠNG TỪ: ADV)

- The price of electricity rose FOURFOLD.

4. FIVEFOLD: TĂNG GẤP NĂM LẦN: TƯƠNG TỰ TRÊN...

5. SIXFOLD....TƯƠNG TỰ TRÊN...

THÔNG TIN THÊM VỀ TRIPLE VÀ TREBLE:

According to the Cambridge Corpus of American English, Americans strongly prefer triple as an adjective,
noun and verb. British and Australian writers, on the other hand, seem to use both triple and treble, but
with treble more frequent as a verb and triple as a noun and an adjective.

VỪA RỒI NÓI ĐẾN TĂNG RỒI, BÂY GIỜ NÓI ĐẾN GIẢM

1. HALVE: Giảm 2 lần

The shares have HALVED in value.
2. TRISECT: Chia làm 3 phần
3. DIVIDE:

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SỬ DỤNG GIỚI TỪ:
- The production rose AT a rate of 20% per year/per annum/ p.a.
- Consumption stood AT the same level in the following decade.
- The annual increase was IN/WITHIN the range of 10% and 20%
- Production increased/decreased BY 20%.
- The increase was very significant, AT 50%.
- X was the largest producer, WITH 45% of the total production.
- The number remained steady AT 300 for the next year.
- Exports doubled, to reach 80% of imports IN 1990.
- There were three times as many users as IN the previous year.
- The number of users increased FIVEFOLD.

SỬ DỤNG TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ ĐỊNH LƯỢNG

1. OVER: over 20%
2. UNDER: under 5000
3. JUST OVER / UNDER: Just over / under 50,000 people
4. AROUND / ABOUT: around /about 50%
5. APPROXIMATELY: approximately 25%
6. SLIGHTLY: slightly more than half; slightly over 40%
7. MARGINALLY: a marginally smaller percentage
8. SIGNIFICANTLY: significantly fewer women
9. CLOSE TO: close to half
10.CONSIDERABLY: considerably more exports
11.SUBSTANTIALLY: substantially less traffic
12.ALMOST: almost exactly twice as many

NHỮNG TÍNH TỪ CHỈ MỨC ĐỘ:

1. HIGH / LOW: a high / low percentage
2. LARGE: a large number
3. GREAT: a great number
4. SIGNIFICANT: a significant number / percentage / amount
5. CONSIDERABLE: a considerable amount / increase
6. SUBSTANTIAL: a substantial increase / decrease
7. MAJOR: a major increase / decrease
8. REMARKABLE: a remarkable increase
9. STEADY: a steady decrease

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10.WIDESPREAD: the widespread consumption

CÁC TỪ HAY VÀ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG:

RESPECTIVELY
COUNTERPARTS
PROPORTION
CATEGORIES OF EXPENDITURE
CORRESPONDING DROPS IN EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH

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NGÔN NGỮ DẠNG MAP

NGÔN NGỮ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG, VỊ TRÍ:
1. IN + THE + DIRECTION:
Example:
- In the northwest, there is a small residential area.
- To the south of the river
- There was an airport to the south of the lake
2. IN + THE + DIRECTION + ERN + N:
Example:
- The hospital is located in the north eastern corner of the map.
- The school was located/situated in the north western corner of the city
- In the north western corner/area of the city
3. IS LOCATED, IS SITUATED, LIES
Example:
- The factory is situated in the south of the town.
- In the center of the town, there are two bridges crossing the river.
- On the bank of the river
- On the coast (sea/ocean)
- The railway line runs along the coast.
- Running along the coast is the railway line.
- The hospital is located north of the parking area.
- In the north of the residential blocks is a supermarket.
- The housing area in the south of the town, on the coast, was replaced by residential blocks and a
supermarket.
NGÔN NGỮ CHỈ SỰ XÂY MỚI, PHÁ BỎ
Example:
Was established; Was built; Was constructed; Was made; Was replaced by; Was knocked down; Was
extended
- The school was demolished/knocked down.
- All the trees were cut down/chopped down.
- The airport disappeared
- Skyscrapers were built/constructed/erected
- A park appeared
- There was a construction of a new hospital.

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- A new coffee shop was built on the site where a sweet shop used to be.
NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ SỰ THAY THẾ
- The airport was demolished to make way for a new hospital
- All the trees were replaced by a stadium.
- A stadium was built and replaced all the trees.
- The sweet shop was destroyed to give space for a new coffee shop.
- The sweet shop was converted into/transferred/transformed into
NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ SỰ MỞ RỘNG, KÉO DÀI, THU NHỎ, RÚT NGẮN
- The car park near the river was expanded/widened/extended to the north.
- The school became bigger.
- The railway was lengthened.
- The school was narrowed.
- The car park became smaller.
- The railway was shortened.
- The lake dwindled to become a pond.
NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ SỰ DI CHUYỂN
- The stadium was moved/relocated to the north.
NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ SỰ GIỮ NGUYÊN, KO ĐỔI
- The airport still remained/existed.
- No changes will be made to the main entrance and original car park.

Exercise 1: CÁCH MIÊU TẢ “CHIẾM BAO NHIÊU”

1. Số lượng người thất nghiệp chiếm 10% dân số.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Tỉ lệ phụ nữ trong lực lượng lao động năm nay nhiều hơn năm ngoái.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Phụ nữ chiếm một tỉ lệ lớn trong lực lượng lao động.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Thức ăn và vật liệu vường chiếm gần một nửa tổng lượng rác thải sinh hoạt.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Giấy và bìa các tông chiếm 21% tổng lượng rác thải sinh hoạt.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Dân số của Alia chiếm 21 triệu vào cuối thế kỉ 20.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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7. Lượng khí thải từ nhiên liệu hóa thạch chiếm đa số các khí thải nhà kính.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Việc tiêu thụ nhiên liệu hóa thạch đạt mức cao nhất trong những năm gần đây.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 2: CÁCH VIẾT OVERVIEW:

1. Giáo dục đại học chiếm tỷ lệ lớn nhất về số tiền chi cho mỗi năm ở Someland trong giai đoạn 20
năm này.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Hơn nữa, có vẻ như thực phẩm và " hàng hóa và dịch vụ khác" là hai loại lớn nhất trong chi tiêu,
và với nhau hai nhóm này chiếm hơn một nửa tổng chi tiêu hộ gia đình.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Người lớn tuổi từ 16 đến 50 luôn chiếm đa số tổng người dùng Internet tại Đài Loan trong giai
đoạn được thể hiện.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Thị phần của “nhà ở” và “chăm sóc sức khỏe” trong tổng số chi phí ở nước Mỹ thì cao hơn ở ba
nước còn lại, mặc dù vậy thì người Mỹ lại có thị phần chi phí cho quần áo nhỏ nhất trong 4 nước
được đưa ra.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ thống trị dân số thế giới với tổng số dân của cả hai nước kết hợp lại
chiếm nhiều hơn một phần ba dân số thế giới, trong khi Nhật Bản có thị phần nhỏ nhất của tất
cả bốn quốc gia được liệt kê.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Ấn Độ là nước duy nhất có xu hướng tăng trong suốt thời kỳ được nêu ra.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Trong khi chi tiêu gia tăng cho “giao thông vận tải” và “các dịch vụ môi trường”, có một sự
giảm tương ứng trong chi tiêu của “y tế”, “nhân lực” và “giáo dục K-12”.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Có một xu hướng tăng trong số lượng sinh viên tại các trường đại học.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Một gia tăng ổn định nhưng đáng kể có thể được nhìn thấy trong tỷ lệ phần trăm của dân số Mỹ
sở hữu một máy tính trong suốt khoảng thời gian hiển thị.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Những chia sẻ của người lớn trong độ tuổi từ 16 đến 50 đã thấy một sự giảm dần khi nhiều trẻ
em và người lớn tuổi sử dụng Internet.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11.Bậc giáo dục càng cao thì số giáo viên nam càng nhiều, và trường hợp ngược lại xảy ra đối với
giáo viên nữ.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Trình độ học vấn cao hơn thì tỉ lệ người sử dụng máy tính cao hơn.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ANSWER:
Exercise 1:
1. The number of unemployed WAS 10% of the population.
2. The percentage of women in the workforce WAS higher than in the previous year.
3. Women MADE UP/CONSTITUTED a significant percentage of the workforce.
4. Food and garden materials COMPRISE nearly half of all household waste.
5. Paper and cardboard AMOUNTED TO 21 % of the total household waste.
6. The population of Alia STOOD AT 21 million at the end of the 20th century.
7. Fossil fuel emissions ACCOUNTED FOR the majority of greenhouse gases. (In this situation:
ACCOUNTED FOR, MADE UP and CONSTITUTED are interchangeable!)
8. The consumption of fossil fuels REACHED the highest levels in recent years.
Exercise 2:
1. Overall, higher education constituted the largest proportion in money spent per year in
Someland during this 20-year-period.
2. Furthermore, it seems that food and “other goods and services” were the two biggest categories
of expenditure, and altogether they accounted for more than half of the total household spending.

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3. Adults between 16 and 50 always constituted the majority of Internet users in Taiwan over the
period shown.
4. Housing and health care shares of total expenditures were higher in the United States than in the
three other countries shown, whereas Americans had the lowest clothing share.
5. China and India dominate the world population with the total number of inhabitants combined
comprises for more than one third of the world population, whereas Japan has the smallest share
of all four countries listed.
6. India was the only one country having an upward trend over the same period.
7. While spending increased for transportation and environmental services, there were
corresponding drops in expenditure on health and human resources and K-12 education.
8. There is an upward trend in the number of students at the university.
9. A steady but significant rise can be seen in the percentage of the population that owned a
computer over the period shown.
10. The share of adults aged between 16 and 50 saw a gradually decline as more children and older
people used the Internet.
11. The higher the level of education, the more male teachers dominated, and the reverse occurred
with respect to female teachers.
12. Higher levels of education correspond to higher levels of computer ownership.

NGÔN NGỮ DẠNG PROCESS

- At the first stage in the process

- Next, then
- Firstly, secondly, finally
- Before, after, upon the time + v-ing
- Beginning with, ending with
- Passive voice: Clay was dug up by a digger.

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FUN FACT
FUN FACT 01:

BỐN DẠNG ĐẦU TIÊN BAO GỒM: LINE GRAPH, BAR CHART, PIE CHART VÀ TABLE SỬ
DỤNG NGÔN NGỮ GIỐNG NHAU.

Vì sao? Vì từ một dạng có thể vẽ thành các dạng khác. Xem ví dụ bên dưới:

CARS MOTORBIKES AIRPLANES

Vietnam 4.3 2.4 2

China 2.5 4.4 2

The USA 3.5 1.8 3

Australia 4.5 2.8 5

Number of vehicles used in types (millions)

6
5
5 4.5
4.3 4.4

4 3.5
3
3
2.8
2.4 2.5
2 2
2
1.8

0
Vietnam China The USA Australia

Cars Motorbikes Airplanes

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HOẶC

The table shows information about the number of people (in millions) who drove their car to work
between 2010 and 2013.

Vietnam China The USA Australia

2010 1 5 10 5

2011 1.2 8 14 5

2012 1.3 15 12 5

2013 1.7 24 12 5

2015 1.9 48 12 5

Number of people using cars (millions)

48

24

14 15
12 12 12
10
8
5 5 5 5 5
1 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.9
2010 2011 2012 2013 2020

Vietnam China The USA Australia

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Number of people using cars to work (millions)

ecourse.vn

48

24

14 15
12 12 12
10
1 5 5 1.2 8 5 1.3 5 1.7 5 1.9 5

2010 2011 2012 2013 2020

Vietnam China The USA Australia

INTRODUCTION:

PARAPHRASE: the number of people driving their cars to work = the number of commuters using
their cars to work = the number of car users for work purposes = the number of driving commuters

• The graph illustrates the number of car users in four different countries namely Vietnam,
China, the USA and Australia from 2010 to 2013.
• The line graph describes/compares the number of people driving their cars to work in four
countries namely Vietnam, China, the USA and Australia over the period of three years.
• The line graph illustrates how many car users for work purposes in four different nations
including …

OVERVIEW:

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• All four nations except/with the exception of/excluding Australia saw an upward trend in the
number of car users over the given period.
• Australia and Vietnam were two countries having the lowest number of car users among four
nations mentioned in the graph.
• Out of four countries mentioned, Vietnam was the one having the smallest number of car users.
• Vietnam was always at the bottom regarding to having the number of car users over the period
shown.
• The number of car users of Vietnam was always the lowest.
• Australia was the only country that did not have its number of car users changed.
• Australia was the only country having no change in the number of car users.
• Overall, all four countries had/experienced/witnessed an upward trend in the number of people
using their cars to work.
• Overall, the number of people using their cars to work increased/rose over the given period.
• China and the USA had by far the greatest number of car users.
• Overall, four countries witnessed an upward trend in the number of commuters using cars to
work over the given period. China had the highest growth rate regarding the number of car
users while that of Australia was zero.
• Overall, the number of commuters using cars to work rose in four countries over the given
period. Another striking point is that while the figure of the USA was twice as many as/two
times that of/was double that of China in 2010, the reverse situation took place at the end of the
period shown.
• The period from 2011 to 2012 saw the fact that China took over the leading position of the
USA in terms of number of car users.
• While the USA had the greatest number of car users in 2010, China took over the leading
position of the USA in 2013.
• The period between 2011 and 2012 witnessed the fact that China dethroned the USA to
become the country having the highest number of car users among four given countries.
• The period from 2011 to 2012 saw the emerging/appearing of China as the country having the
highest number of car users among four given countries.

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• The period from 2011 to 2012 saw how China took over the dominant position of the USA in
terms of the number of car users to work.

DETAIL:

• While the figure of Australia remained at the same level of 5 million car users, that of Vietnam
rose/increased slightly/marginally/negligibly to reach the highest point of 1.7 million.
• The USA experienced a slight fall in the number of people driving their cars to work, whereas
China enjoyed a big jump, reaching the peak of 24 million car users at the end of the period
shown.
• From 2011 to 2013, the USA’s figure fall slightly to 12 million in 2012 before leveling off for the
rest of the period shown.
• By contrast, China had a big jump to reach the peak of 24 million car users.
• By contrast, that of China increased dramatically to reach the peak of 24 million car users in 2013.
• By contrast, China experienced a dramatic rise, peaking at 24 million car users in 2013.
• The figures of the two countries rose at nearly the same growth rate, reching 14 million and 8
million respectively.
• The two countries enjoyed the nearly same growth rate over the subsequent year.
• The figures of the two countries increased to 14 million and 8 million respectively.
• The two countries both witnessed/experienced a steady/considerable/significant rise in 2011.
• In 2010, the number of people using their cars to work in the USA (10 million)/, at 10 million,
was double/twice as many as/two times as many as that of China (5 million)/, at 5 million.
• Australia and Vietnam had the lowest number of people driving their cars to work. While the
figure of Australia remained at 5 million over the given period, the number of car users in
Vietnam experienced a negligible rise.
• The number of car users in Vietnam experienced a negligible rise = Vietnam had a negligible rise
in the number of car users.
• From 2011 to 2013, the figure of China increased dramatically, reaching the peak of 24 million in
2013. By contrast, the USA saw a slight fall in 2012 before levelling off at 12 million in 2013.

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• In 2010, the number of car users in the USA (10 million) was double that of China (5 million).
Two countries then enjoyed the same growth rate over the next year, reaching 14 and 8 million car
users respectively in 2011.
• The growth rates of the two countries were equal over the next year.
• However, within the subsequent three years/following three years, the figure of China was twice
as many as that of the USA, at 24 and 12 million respectively.

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PIE CHART:

2005 2010

5% 5%
11%
Bicyles Bicyles
25% 35%
Bikes Bikes
56% Cars Cars
28%
Others Others

35%

2015

5%
22%
Bicyles
30% Bikes
Cars
Others
43%

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Bicycles: 56-35-22: Downward
Bikes: 28-35-43: upward
Cars: 11-25-30: upward
Others: 5
2010: 35% Bikes took over Bicycles.
1995, 2010, 2015
Soar: X saw a soar in Y. X increased slightly to Y in Z before soaring to reach a peak of A.

INTRODUCTION:
• The graph compares the percentages/proportions of different types of vehicles including
bicycles, bikes, cars and others in Vietnam over the period of ten years.
• The pie charts show the changes in the percentages/proportion of different types of
vehicles/transportation in Vietnam in 2005, 2010 and 2015.
OVERVIEW:
• Overall, the percentage of bicycles witnessed a downward trend, WHILE those of cars and
bikes experienced an upward trend/rose over the given period.
• Another striking point is that bikes slowly took over the leading position of bicycles in terms of
percentages of the total number of vehicles used.
• In 2005, bicycles comprised/accounted for/made up the highest proportion of the total number
of transportation used in Vietnam, twice as much as that of bikes, but interestingly, a reserve
situation happened/took place in 2015.

DETAIL:

• In 2005, bicycles shared the largest proportion of the total means of transportation in Vietnam,
at 56%, which was double/two times as much as/twice as much as that of bikes, at 28%, and
nearly fivefold that of cars, at 11%. While the year 2010 saw a significant drop to 35% of the
market share of bicycles, it also witnessed a jump of the percentages of bikes and cars to 35%
and 25% respectively. Interestingly, bicycles and bikes had the same market share of 35% in
2010.

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• In 2015, bicycles’ proportion continued to fall, bottoming at the lowest figure of 22%. By
contrast, that of bikes and cars maintained a steady increase, reaching the peaks of 43% and
30% respectively. Other types of vehicles always constituted 5% of the total vehicles.

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