IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL METHODS
Slides by: Loreen Phiema I. Labbao-Eclipse
Statistical Analysis with Software
Applications (AE9)| 1st Sem, AY 24-25
1
OVERVIEW
Statistical methods allow researchers to
analyze data, test hypotheses, and draw
conclusions. The choice of method
depends on the research question, type
of data, and study design.
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2
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Descriptive Questions: Summarize
data.
oExample: "What is the average
age of participants?"
oCommon Methods: Measures of
central tendency (mean, median,
mode), variability (standard
deviation, range).
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3
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Comparative Questions: Compare
groups or conditions.
oExample: "Is there a
difference in test scores
between two teaching methods?"
oCommon Methods: t-tests,
ANOVA, chi-square tests.
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4
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Associative/Relational Questions:
Explore relationships between
variables.
oExample: "Is there a
relationship between study hours
and exam performance?"
oCommon Methods: Correlation,
regression analysis.
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5
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Predictive Questions: Predict
outcomes based on one or more
predictors.
oExample: "Can income predict
spending behavior?"
oCommon Methods: Regression
analysis (simple or multiple),
logistic regression.
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6
TYPES OF DATA
Categorical Data Numerical Data
Nominal: Categories
1.Numerical Data:
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with no order (e.g., o Interval/Ratio:
gender, colors). Continuous data
o Ordinal: Categories (e.g., height,
with an order (e.g., weight, test
rankings). scores).
o Methods: Chi-square o Methods: t-tests,
test, logistic
ANOVA, correlation,
regression.
regression.
7
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
1 One Sample:
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oQuestion: Does the sample differ
from a known population?
oMethod: One-sample t-test
(numerical data), chi-square
goodness-of-fit (categorical data).
8
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
2 Two Independent Samples:
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oQuestion: Do two groups differ?
oMethod: Independent t-test
(numerical data), chi-square test
of independence (categorical data).
9
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
3 Paired/Repeated Measures:
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oQuestion: Do measurements from the
same group differ under different
conditions?
oMethod: Paired t-test (numerical
data), McNemar test (categorical
data).
10
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
4 More Than Two Groups:
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o Question: Do multiple groups
differ?
o Method: ANOVA (numerical data),
Kruskal-Wallis test (non-
parametric numerical data).
11
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
Relationships:
5
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oQuestion: Are variables related?
oMethods:
Pearson correlation (numerical data,
▪
linear relationship).
Spearman correlation (ordinal or non-
▪
linear relationships).
Regression (numerical data).
▪
12
STUDY DESIGNS and
APPROPRIATE METHODS
Prediction:
6
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oQuestion: Can one or more variables predict
an outcome?
oMethods:
Simple regression (one predictor).
▪
Multiple regression (multiple predictors).
▪
Logistic regression (binary outcome).
▪
13
COMMON SCENARIOS & METHODS
Research Question Data Type Statistical Method
Is the average income
Numerical (interval) One-sample t-test
higher than P250,000?
Are male and female
Categorical (nominal) Chi-square test
preferences different?
Does study time predict
Numerical (interval) Simple regression
exam performance?
Do three treatments
Numerical (interval) ANOVA
differ in effectiveness?
Is there a correlation
Numerical (interval) Pearson correlation
between age and income?
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14
COMMON SCENARIOS & METHODS
Research Question Data Type Statistical Method
Is there a significant difference in Numerical
Independent t-test
test scores between two classes? (interval)
Is there a difference in brand Chi-Square Test of
Categorical
preference among age groups? Independence
Is there a relationship between Numerical
Pearson correlation
stress level and hours of sleep? (interval)
Do students perform better on an
Numerical
online test compared to a paper Paired t-test
(interval)
test?
Does marital status (single,
Categorical
married, divorced) affect job One-Way ANOVA
vs. Numerical
satisfaction?
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15
STEPS TO CHOOSE THE
APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL TEST
1.Define the research question.
2.Identify the type of data (categorical or
numerical).
3.Check the number of groups/variables.
4.Determine whether comparisons or relationships are
being tested.
5.Consider assumptions:
- Normality, homogeneity of variance, independence.
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16
Try This: Identify the Appropriate
Statistical Method/Test
1.Is there a relationship between exercise duration and
cholesterol level?
2.Do students' grades differ before and after attending a
tutoring program?
3.Is there a relationship between hours of study and test
scores?
4.Is there a relationship between employee age and monthly
sales performance?
5.Do students from three different schools differ in their test
scores?
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IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL METHODS
Slides by: Loreen Phiema I. Labbao-Eclipse
Statistical Analysis with Software
Applications (AE9)| 1st Sem, AY 24-25
