Class-8

P1- Noun, Adjective, Verb forms, Active and Passive voice, Phrase, Direct and Indirect
Narration, Determiners & Modifier
H.Y- Adjective, Question Tag, Reported Speech, Idioms, Present Perfect Tense, Subject
Verb Concord
P.T-2 Subject-verb concord, Adjectives, Syllable, Prepositions, Transitive and Intransitive
verb, Modals.
A.Y- Article, Tense
Class-7
P-1- Verbs, Reported speech, if clause, Article, Punctuation
H.Y- Adjective, Question Tag, Modals, Subject-verb Concord, Article, Punctuation,
Phrases Preposition.

P.2- Determiners, Articles, Verbs, Punctuation, Tense, Error Finding

A.Y- Error Finding, Adverb, Modals, Phrases, Suffix and Prefix Adjectives

Class: 6
P-1- Word and Phrase, Noun, Tense
H.Y- Subject-verb concord, Phrase
P.2- Verbs, Nouns, Phrases
A.Y- Adjective, Adverb
Class: 5
P-1- Syllable, Framing 'Wh' question, Proverb, Preposition, Types of pro-noun, Phrases
H.Y- Subject verb concord, Conjunction, Use of since and for, verb forms (present, past,
past participle)
P.2- Adjectives, Subject-verb concord, Past Continuous tense, Punctuation
A.Y- Verb forms (present, past, past participle), Tense

Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns, typically answering
questions like "What kind?", "How many?", or "Which one?" about the noun or pronoun
they modify. Here are some examples of adjectives:
- Describing qualities: big, happy, blue, loud, soft
- Describing size: small, large, tall, short, tiny
- Describing shape: round, square, rectangular, triangular, circular
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- Describing age: old, young, ancient, modern, vintage

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- Describing origin: American, British, Chinese, Indian, Italian

 - Describing emotions: happy, sad, angry, excited, calm
(a) Read the following sentences :
1. Apoorva is an intelligent boy. (What kind of boy ?)
2. I don’t like that house. (Which house ?)
3. I have five books. (How many books ?)
4. There is little time left. (How much time ?)
In sentence 1, ‘intelligent’ shows what kind of boy Apoorva is.
In sentence 2, ‘that’ points out which house is meant.
In sentence 3, ‘five’ shows how many books I have.
In sentence 4, ‘little’ shows how much time is left.
Definition. A word used with a noun to describe it (kind, place, number, quantity)
is called an adjective.
The word ‘adjective’ means ‘added to’.
Kinds of Adjective
(c) Adjectives are of three kinds :
1. Adjective of Quality
2. Adjective of Quantity
3. Adjective of Number (also known as Numeral Adjective).
(d) Adjective of Quality :
It shows the quality of a person or thing.
Kolkata is a big city.
Dr. Singh is an honest man.
The foolish man died of his folly.
This book is of English language.
Adjectives of Quality answers the question: of what kind?
(e) Adjective of Quantity :
It shows the quantity of the noun it describes.
He has some sense.
Ram had much patience.
He has little intelligence.
He has enough money.
He has no wisdom.
Adjective of Quantity answers the question: How much?
(f) Adjective of Number :
It gives the number of persons or things.
There are Jive rooms in this house.
Few people can remain hungry.
There are no books in this room.
All men must die.
Most of these mangoes are ripe.
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Adjective of Number answers the question: How many?

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Exercise 1
 1. There are …….. boys in the field.
2. I like a ……. pen.
3. It’s a …….. tree.
4. The ship sustained ………. damage.
5. It is the book ……….. you gave me.
6. He is a man of ……….. words.
7. This is a ……….. wire.
8. She has ……….. hair.
9. I have read ……….. book.
10. She is ……. Mohini nor Sheela.
Answers :
1. several
2. fine
3. tall
4. heavy
5. that
6. few
7. live
8. long
9. every
10. neither
Supply the correct form of the Adjectives given in brackets.
(a) Use later or latter in the following :
1. I prefer the ………. proposal to the former.
2. They passed the ……….. proposal.
3. The …….. part of the book is interesting.
4. Is there no ……….. news than yesterday’s.
(b) Use ‘older’ or ‘elder’.
1. He is my ……… brother.
2. Ram is ……… than Krishna.
3. The nephew is ………. than his uncle.
4. He is ………. than any other person present here.
(c) Use ‘nearest’ or ‘next’.
1. This is the ……… hop to my house.
2. He sits ……… to me in the class.
3. What are you going to do ………..?
4. The …………. school is five kilometres from this village.
Answers :
(a)
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1. latter
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2. later
 3. latter
4.later
(b)
1. elder
2. older
3. older
4. older
(c)
1. nearest
2. next
3. next
4. nearest
Exercise 3
Supply the proper form (Comparative or Superlative) of the adjectives
given in the brackets.
1. Is your father ……. now. (well)
2. There is no animal ……….. than the dog. (faithful)
3. June is ………. than April or May. (hot)
4. Her condition is now ……… than what it was. (bad)
5. She is …….. than her sister. (pretty)
6. Sita is the ……… of the two. (tall)
Answers:
1. better
2. more faithful
3. hotter
4. worse
5. prettier
6. taller
Exercise 4
Complete the blanks with suitable adjectives. Choose them from the
1. A ……… crowd gathered round the place of accident.
2. ……….. Indians speak the kind of English which is branded as English.
3. We have only ………. time. We have to hurry up.
4. ……….. words are missing in these sentences.
5. The man …………. house we want to buy is a teacher.
6. She has ……….. eyes.
7. That student was given an ………… prize.
8. The ……….. house on the top of the hill has a door.
9. ……… students answered questions correctly.
10. I know it from my ………. experience.
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Answers:
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1. huge
2. Most, Indian
 3. a little
4. Some
5. whose
6. big
7. attractive
8. red, blue
9. A few, all
10. own
Exercise 5
Rearrange the following to change them into meaningful sentences :
1. superior / Japanese / are / goods
2. caps / expensive / are / these / very
3. Ram / nice / a / is / person
4. clever / that / is / very / boy / a
5. pretty / Mohini / a / is / girl
6. two / she / blue / has / handbags
7. you / gallant / young / are / a / man
8. great / some / made / people / are
Answers:
1. Japanese goods are superior
2. These caps are very expensive.
3. Ram is a nice person.
4. That is a very clever boy.
5. Mohini is a pretty girl.
6. She has two blue hand bags.
7. You are a gallant young man.
8. Some people are made great.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using one of the four options
given in the brackets :
1. He is his …….. (my/your/own/their) master.
2. There was much talk and ……….. (much/more/little/a little) work.
3. He is a man of ………… (a few/a little/few/little) words.
4. This boy is ………… (strong/tall/wise/stronger) than Hari.
5. …………… (Which/What/Where/When) time is it ?
6. The town stood a …………. (tall/much/high/long) siege.
7. Babar’s was a …………. (good/bad/decisive/long) victory.
8. Delhi is a …………. (populous/peoplous/crowd/rush) city.
9. It was an …………. (ease/easy/easily/easiness) question.
10. Ambani is a …………. (wealth/money/wealthy/health) man.
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Answers:
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1. own
2. little
 3. few
4. stronger
5. What
6. Long

Definition of Adjective
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives are used to tell
which one, what kind, how many or how much about nouns and pronouns.
Which One? This bat, that market, these books, those mats etc.
What Kind? Large box, sweet corn, dull event, beautiful looks etc.
How Many? Some pens, all dogs, several choices, most faculties, four cars etc.
How Much? Little motivation, much help, plentiful supply etc.
Types of Adjectives
The types of adjectives are
Descriptive Adjective
The descriptive adjective describes the kind or quality of the noun or pronoun it modifies.
e.g.
I have a fluffy cat at my house.
Delhi is a large city.
The table is brown in colour.
Proper Adjective *
Adjectives that are formed from the proper nouns i.e. specific people, places, things or
ideas are known as proper adjectives.
e.g.

1. A group of American tourists visited India recently.

2. We have to attend a French lecture today.
3. The Japanese paper cranes are meant for good luck.

Numeral Adjective
Those adjectives which are used to show the number of a noun are known as numeral
adjectives.
e.g.

1. Sunday is the first day of the week.

2. We have five sense organs.
3. Most girls like shopping.

Definite Numeral Adjectives

Those adjectives that denote the exact number are known as definite numeral adjectives,
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e.g.
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 1. The Taj Mahal has four pillars.
2. Vivek stood first in the final exams.
The definite numeral adjectives are classified into the following categories Indefinite
Numeral Adjectives
Those adjectives that do not denote the exact number are known as indefinite
numeral adjectives,
e.g.
1. I don’t like all the vegetables.
2. I have a few novels written by Shakespeare.

Distributive Numeral Adjectives

Those adjectives that are used to refer to each one of a noun are known as distributive
numeral adjectives,
e.g.

1. Every student must get his turn.

2. They speak to another person.

Demonstrative Adjective
Those adjectives that are used to point out a noun are known as demonstrative adjectives,
e.g.

1. That girl is very beautiful.

2. These grapes are sweet.

Emphasising Adjective
The words such as ‘own’ and ‘very’ are used as emphasising adjectives.
e.g.

1. Mind your own business.

2. This is very sweet I want.

Exclamatory Adjective
The word ‘what’ is sometimes used as an exclamatory adjective.
e.g.

1. What an idea!
2. What a gift!
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Interrogative Adjective
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Those adjectives that are used along with the noun to ask questions are known as
 interrogative adjectives,
e.g.

1. Whose pen is this?

2. What happened after I came out of the school?

Degrees of Comparison
A comparison can be made using the three forms of the adjective. Adjectives are of three
degrees.
As we have learnt in earlier classes, adjectives are the words that qualify a noun or a
pronoun.
e.g.

1. Shimla is a beautiful place. (Quality)

2. Shimla is more beautiful than Vardhaman.
3. Shimla is the most beautiful place in Himachal Pradesh.

All the three sentences above are talking about the ‘quality’ of a place. But the degree of
the same quality spoken about is different in the three sentences. So, we can say that an
adjective has three degrees or three forms.
Three Degrees of Adjectives
1. Positive Degree
The positive degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective when, it is in the
simplest form. It is used to indicate the mere existence of some quality of what we are
speaking about. It is used when no comparison is made.
e.g.

1. The girl is a fast runner.

2. The soldiers are bold.

When we compare two objects (persons or places) using positive degree, we say that the
degree of the quality being spoken about is the same in both the objects.

1. Ritu is as smart as Rahul.

2. My pen is as expensive as yours.

2. Comparative Degree
The comparative degree of an adjective in comparison indicates the existence of a higher
degree of the quality than the positive. It is used when two things (or two sets of things)
are being compared.
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1. These trees are taller than those.

 2. Mangoes are sweeter than grapes.

3. Superlative Degree
The superlative degree indicates the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is
used when more than two things are compared.

1. This is the tallest building.

2. Mango is the sweetest fruit.

Question 1:
In the following sentences underline each adjective.

1. That programme is a good comedy.

2. Two people can set up camp in a short time.
3. James is popular with old and young people.
4. Those long questions were hard for me.
5. The melon was large and sweet.
6. The window of the store was full of new attractive clothes.
7. Little work can be done on the project now.
8. A thousand people turned up for the first conference.
9. Many students study foreign languages.
10.Much rain fell during the month of June.

Answer:

1. That programme is a good comedy.

2. Two people can set up camp in a short time.
3. James is popular with old and young people.
4. Those long questions were hard for me.
5. The melon was large and sweet.
6. The window of the store was full of new attractive clothes.
7. Little work can be done on the project now.
8. A thousand people turned up for the first
9. Many students study foreign languages.
10.Much rain fell during the month of June.

Question 2:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives from the brackets
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1. I often get …………………. in new social situations. (nervous/shyly)

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2. I am …………………. around new people. (confident/easily)

 3. I often feel …………………. before a party. (excited/nervously)
4. I feel …………………. when I’m nervous. (uncomfortable/fast)
5. I try to be a …………………. person, (nicely/friendly)
6. I tell jokes …………………. (bad/well)
7. I give my opinion when I feel …………………. about something. (strong/strongly)
8. I hope other people think I look …………………. (attractive/confidently)
9. I like people who are …………………. than I. (taller/tall)
10.It’s never a problem for me to remember people’s names. I do that…………….
(easily/automatic)

Answer:

1. nervous
2. confident
3. excited
4. uncomfortable
5. friendly
6. well
7. strongly
8. attractive
9. taller
10.easily

Question 3:
Make negative adjectives from the given words by adding prefix to it.

1. Sensitive
2. Polite
3. Responsible
4. Possible
5. Logical
6. Obedient
7. Pleasant
8. Legal
9. Honest
10.Fair

Answer:
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1. insensitive
2. impolite
 3. irresponsible
4. impossible
5. illogical
6. disobedient
7. unpleasant
8. illegal
9. dishonest
10.unfair

Question 4:

1. The boys eat………. than girls.

2. A group of individuals is…………. than a single individual
3. She is the …………. cunning lady of the whole group
4. It is always good to work for a………..
5. Milk is………..
6. This road is the………… one in the town.
7. Black is the……….
8. Birbal was a…………. man.
9. I can run………… than she.
10.This is the……… gift I have ever received.

Answer:

1. more
2. stronger
3. most
4. noble
5. the best
6. longest
7. darkest
8. wise
9. faster
10.best

Question 6:.

1. Nadira was the most……….. girl that Salim had ever seen. (beautiful)
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2. I have not seen any child that is ……………. than Sharvilak. (naughty)
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3. To preach is…….. than to practise. (easy)

4. These lights are……. than those ones, (bright)
 5. Hollywood movies are grory but not as…………. Bollywood movies. (interesting)
6. Mumbai is much………… than any other city in Maharashtra. (busy)
7. Who is the………… actress according to you? (pretty)
8. I think, this cloth is……………….. that we purchased earlier.(fine)
9. Autumn is the ……………… season that I have ever loved. (lovely)
10.Living in Bangalore is …………… than living in Hyderabad.(expensive

Answer:

1. beautiful
2. naughtier
3. easier
4. brighter
5. interesting as
6. busier
7. prettiest
8. finer
9. loveliest
10.more expensive

Question 7:.

1. Ram is a………boy
(a) clever
(b) cleverer
(c) cleverest
(d) most cleverest
2. He had only……………mangoes
(a) a little
(b) many
(c) five
(d) single
3. The……… boy had to be punished.
(a) carefree
(b) careful
(c) careless
(d) caring
4. He had lost……….. his wealth.
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(a) entire
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(b) whole
 (c) all
(d) less
5. The……… woman lives in a small hut.
(a) poor
(b) poorer
(c) poorest
(d) most poor
6. He saw it with his……..eyes.
(a) owned
(b) owner
(c) own
(d) our
7. He was a man of ……. ambition.
(a) greatest
(b) greater
(c) great
(d) greed

Answer:

1. (a) clever
2. (c) five
3. (c) careless
4. (c) all
5. (a) poor
6. (c) own
7. (c) great

What are question tags?

Question tags are short statements that are used at the end of a sentence to confirm
what is being said in that particular sentence.
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Exercise 1 – Complete the sentences

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1. Juhi is from Mumbai, ____?

 2. We are late for the movies, ___?
3. Sam isn’t a good boy, ____?
4. I was wrong about this, ___?
5. Andrew was present at the school yesterday, ____?
6. You have done your homework, _____?
7. Please stop talking, ___?
8. I am afraid Tim is very sick, ____?
9. Sheena won’t mind if I use her book, ____?
10.The girl is playing the piano, ____?
11.Patrick will come to the seminar tonight, ____?
12.Rita never acts so rudely, ____?
13.Sam isn’t a student, _____?
14.It is very humid today, ____?
15.Laura is beautiful, _____?
Answers for Exercise 1

1. Juhi is from Mumbai, isn’t she?

2. We are late for the movies, aren’t we?
3. Sam isn’t a good boy, is he?
4. I was wrong about this, wasn’t I?
5. Andrew was present at the school yesterday, wasn’t he?
6. You have done your homework, haven’t you?
7. Please stop talking, will you?
8. I am afraid Tim is very sick, isn’t he?
9. Sheena won’t mind if I use her book, will she?
10.The girl is playing the piano, isn’t she?
11.Patrick will come to the seminar tonight, won’t he?
12.Rita never acts so rudely, does she?
13.Sam isn’t a student, is he?
14.It is very humid today, isn’t it?
15.Laura is beautiful, isn’t she?

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Blanks

1. Let’s go surfing, ____?

2. The children are sleeping, ____?
3. The pan is hot, ___?
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4. Amy doesn’t like solving maths problems, _____?

5. You are from West Bengal, ____?
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6. I like eating chocolate pastries, ____?

 7. You have completed your assignment, ____?
8. You don’t live here, ____?
9. The children are playing in the garden, ____?
10.We often go out for dinner on weekends, _____?

Answers for Exercise 2

1. Let’s go surfing, shall we?

2. The children are sleeping, aren’t they?
3. The pan is hot, isn’t it?
4. Amy doesn’t like solving maths problems, does she?
5. You are from West Bengal, aren’t you?
6. I like eating chocolate pastries, don’t I?
7. You have completed your assignment, haven’t you?
8. You don’t live here, do you?
9. The children are playing in the garden, aren’t they?
10.We often go out for dinner on weekends, don’t we?
Read the following sentences.
1. Rituja is very intelligent, isn’t she?
2. The heat has become scorching, hasn’t it?
3. The guests have not-arrived yet, have they?.
Types of a Question Tag
A question tag is of two types
1. Positive Question Tag
2. Negative Question Tag
Positive Tags
When the statement is negative, the question tag is positive.
1. Sahil is not home, is he?
2. I don’t often make mistakes, do I?
Negative Tags
When the statment is positive, the question tag is negative
1. You don’t need any medicine, do you?
2. This machine does not speak, does it?
General Rules for Question Tags
Rule 1
The subject of a question tag can never be a noun. If the subject of statement is
a noun then it must be changed into pronoun of same number and gender when
it is to be used in the tag part.
1. Rohit is deceiving us.
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QT Rohit is deceiving us, isn’t he?

Here Rohit is the subject of statement and it is a noun. When tag is made
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Rohit is. changed into ‘he’

 2. Sayali is not mad.
Sayali is not mad, is she?
Rule 2
When a negative tag is formed then the contracted form is used in the tag part.
1. She is eating, is not she? (Incorrect)
She is eating isn’t she? (Correct)
Using expanded form is not appropriate in tag. So, contracted forms should be
used
Question 1:
Identify positive and negative tags from among the following sentences.
1. Vyom looks nice, doesn’t he?
2. You are responsible for this entire mess-up, aren’t you?
3. These ridiculous ideas are not at all welcome, are they?
4. You are quite puzzled, aren’t you?
5. The movie will not release in the next month, won’t it?
Answer:
1. Negative tag
2. Negative tag
3. Positive tag
4. Negative tag
5. Positive tag
Question 2:

List I List II

(i) India will win the World Cup. (e) won’t they?

(ii) The lecturer slapped the boy. (d) didn’t he?

(iii) I am not going to wait for you. (a) am 1?

(iv) Vaibhavi likes to paint her daughter. (b) doesn’t she?

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 (v) These methods have become archaic now. (c) haven’t they?

Question 3:
You think I am a fool.
1. This was purchased last year.
2. Prabhu hates smoking and smokers.
3. I will never forget this.
4. They will not excuse us.
5. Jyoti works very hard.
6. Vineet doesn’t rely on his cousins when it comes to start a business in
partnership.
7. We all enjoyed ourselves a, lot during the tour.
8. The lady keeps bandening around to everybody. .
9. She is not as dull as she pretends to be.
Answer:

1. You think I am a fool, don’t you?

2. This was purchased last year, wasn’t this?
3. Prabhu hates smoking and smokers, doesn’t he?
4. I will never forget this, will I?
5. They will not excuse us, will they?
6. Jyoti works very hard, doesn’t she?
7. Vineet doesn’t rely on his cousins, when it comes to start a business in
partnership, does he?
8. We all enjoyed ourselves a lot during the tour, didn’t we?
9. The lady keeps bandening around to everybody, doesn’t she?
10. She is not as dull as she pretends to be, is she?

Question 4:

1. Did everything quite speadily…………………….. ?

(a) did
(b) didn’t
(c) does
(d) don’t
2. He……….. blame anybody, did he?
(a) does
(b) is not
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(c) didn’t
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(d) was not

 3. These topics were taught in the class………………… ..?
(a) were they
(b) wasn’t it
(c) were they not
(d) weren’t they
4. Raghav’s joy knew no bounds,……………………. ?
(a) did he
(b) didn’t he
(c) did it
(d) None of these
5. Pixie didn’t find the remark very offensive ?
(a) did she
(b) didn’t she
(c) was she
(d) wasn’t she
6. Happy wan’t picking up the call………………………. ?
(a) was he
(b) were he
(c) wasn’t he
(d) None of these
7. Indian culture…………………… loved by everyone, isn’t it?
(a) was
(b) is
(c) were
(d) does
8. London airport has the highest number of escalators in the world………….it?
(a) was
(b) isn’t
(c) is
(d) doesn’t
9. The cat moved its tail to indicate something……….?
(a) didn’t it
(b) did it
(c) didn’t she
(d) did she
10. Saree is the most graceful Indian dress, ?
(a) is it not
(b) is not it
(c) isn’t it
(d) None of these
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Answer:
 1. (b) didn’t
2. (c) didn’t
3. (d) weren’t they
4. (c) did it
5. (a) did she
6. (a) was he
7. (b) is
8. (d) doesn’t
9. (a) didn’t it
10. (c) isn’t

Question 5:

1. She’s from a small town in Tamil Nadu.

2. We are late again.
3. The weather is really bad today.
4. John is a very good student.
5. She doesn’t work in a hotel.

Answer:

1. She’s from a small town in Tamil Nadu, isn’t she?

2. We are late again aren’t we?
3. The weather is really bad today, isn’t it?
4. John is a very good student, isn’t he?
5. She doesn’t work in a hotel, does she?
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 What Is Subject-Verb Agreement/Subject Verb Concord?

Rule 1
The first rule is what we have already discussed – the use of a singular verb with
a singular subject and a plural verb with a plural subject. The subject can be
a noun, a pronoun or even a noun phrase. If it is a pronoun, the subject-verb
agreement is done with reference to the person of the pronoun.
For example:

 Rachel spends her free time listening to music. (Singular subject with
singular verb)
 Blaine and Kurt play the piano. (Plural subject with plural verb)
 She likes to have a dessert after every meal. (Third person singular
pronoun with singular subject)

Rule 2
When using the ‘be’ form of verbs, there is an exception. In this case, the verb is
used according to the number and person of the subject. Check out the following
table to see how it works with different pronouns.

Person Pronoun Verb Example

First person singular I am I am confident.

First person plural We are We are confident.

Second person singular/plural You are You are confident.

Third person singular He is He is confident.

She is She is confident.

It is It is amazing.
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Third person plural They are They are confident.

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 Furthermore, when used with other nouns and noun phrases, the rule applies.
The same works even with simple past, present continuous and past continuous
tenses when the ‘be’ form of verbs are used as the principal verb/helping verb.
Check out the following examples to understand.

 Santana is a singer.
 The girls are waiting for you.
 We were happy with the review of our first movie.
 Michael Jackson’s songs are still enjoyed by millions.
 I was reading the latest book by Rudyard Kipling.

Rule 3
The use of ‘have’ and ‘has’ in the present perfect tense, the present perfect
continuous tense and as a main verb is also dependent on the subject. All
singular subjects use ‘has’ and all plural subjects use ‘have’.
For example:

 I have a younger brother.

 You have taken the wrong cut.
 Swetha has a pet dog.
 William Shakespeare has written around 37 plays.
 Finn has been waiting to talk to you about the test results.

Rule 4
Compound subjects combined using the conjunction ‘and’ take a plural verb.
For example:

 Krish and Radha are on their way to the airport.

 Caren, Sheela and Akash have completed their assessments.

Rule 5
When more than one noun is joined by the conjunction ‘or’, the subject is
considered to be singular and a singular verb is used.
For example:

 Celery or spring onion works fine.

21

 Your mom or dad has to be here in an hour.

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 Rule 6
Sentences with pronouns such as anybody, anyone, no one, somebody,
someone, everybody, everyone, nothing and nobody are treated as singular
subjects and will therefore use a singular verb.
For example:

 Nobody has understood anything.

 Everyone was happy with the outcome.
 Nothing fits me well.
 No one finds the movie interesting.

Rule 7
For sentences using ‘either..or’ and ‘neither..nor’, the verb should agree with the
noun or pronoun that comes just before it.
For example:

 Neither Ricky nor Gina is here yet.

 Either the teacher or the students have to take an initiative to keep the
classroom clean.
 Neither the children nor their parents are aware of the consequences.

Rule 8
When sentences have subjects like police, news, scissors, mathematics, etc.
(nouns that are plural by default), the verb used should be plural.
For example:

 The news of demonetisation shocks the entire nation.

 The police have been looking for the culprits.

Rule 9
When a negative sentence is written, the ‘do’ verb is used and it has to match the
subject.
For example:

 The children do not like working out trigonometry problems.

My father does not work at the bank anymore.
22


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 Rule 10
Interrogative sentences also take the help of the ‘do’ verb. As far as the subject-
verb agreement of interrogative sentences is concerned, the first verb (‘be’ verb
or ‘do’ verb) has to be aligned with the subject of the sentence.
For example:

 Do you read thriller novels?

 Doesn’t she know you already?
 Is Tina happy with the new house?
 Were you looking for me?
 Has Sharon submitted her final project yet?

Rule 11
When you have sentences that begin with ‘here’, ‘there’, ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘those’,
‘these’, etc., always remember that the subject follows the verb and therefore the
verb has to be conjugated with reference to the subject.
For example:

 Here is your book.

 There lies your shirt.
 That was a great movie.
 There have been many changes in the timetable.

Rule 12
Abstract nouns and uncountable nouns are considered as singular subjects, so
make sure you use a singular verb along with it.
For example:

 Honesty is the best policy.

 Love makes people do crazy things.
 Good friendship keeps your mind and body healthy.

Rule 13
When the subject refers to a period of time, distance or a sum of money, use a
singular verb.
23

For example:
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 1267 kilometres is too long for us to travel in half a day.

 10 years is not considered optimum to go on the water slide.
  Don’t you think 1000 rupees is a little too much for a portrait?

Rule 14
The next rule is based on the use of collective nouns as subjects. Remember
that when you have a collective noun as the subject of the sentence, the verb
can be singular or plural based on the sentence and the context.
For example:

 My family is settled in Australia.

 All groups of participants have arrived.

Rule 15
In sentences that have adjectives such as ‘all’, ‘a lot of’, ‘lots of’ or ‘some’ are
used along with nouns to form a phrase that acts as the subject of the sentence,
the verb is used according to the noun just before it.
For example:

 All of my dresses have become tight.

 A lot of food is left out.
 Some of the books are torn and damaged.

Rule 16
When a sentence begins with ‘each’ or ‘every’ as the subject, it is considered
singular and so the verb has to be singular too.
For example:

 Each student has been asked to provide a consent letter.

 Every teacher, parent and student is expected to work together.

Rule 17
When you are using a sentence to express a wish or a sentence expressing a
request, verbs are used a little differently from other sentences.
For example:

 I wish I were a bird.

If you were here, I would not be sad.
24


 We request that everyone make their choices now.
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Rules relating to Subject Verb Concord:

 Rule 1: The verb and subject must have the same number (singular or plural)
This indicates that if the subject is singular, the verb should be singular as well,
and if the subject is plural, the verb should be plural as well.
Examples:
1. He eats ice cream. (Singular)
2. They eat ice cream. (Plural)
Rule 2: The number of the subject (singular or plural) would not change the
outcome of words/sentences between both the subject and the verb. Examples:
1. One of the bottle is full of milk. (Here, since the subject is ‘one’, the verb
should be ‘is’).
Rule 3: In a sentence, use a plural verb for subjects linked by ‘and.’ Subjects
linked by ‘either/or’ or ‘neither/nor’ need a singular verb form.
Examples:
1. Ram and Sham are brothers.
Rule 4: In a sentence involving ‘or,’ ‘either/or,’ or ‘neither/nor,’ the verb agrees
with the noun form or pronoun nearer to it.
Examples:
1. Neither you nor Ram catches the ball. (Here, ‘Ram’ is closest to the verb,
hence ‘catches’)
Rule 5: If the subject is followed by words like “as well as,” “together with,”
“besides,” “not,” and so on, disregard them and use a singular verb form if the
subject is in singular form.
Example: Ron, as well as her mother, is expected anytime.
Rule 6: The genuine subject normally comes after the verb in phrases that begin
with ‘here’ or ‘there.’
Example: Here are the balloons.
Rule 7: Use singular verbs in phrases that incorporate sums of money, time
periods, or distances, etc. (as a unit).
Example: 20 rupees is a low cost to pay.
Rule 8: While nouns like mathematics,’ ‘civics,’ and ‘news’ are plural in form,
they are singular in meaning and require singular verbs.
Examples:
1. The incident is very shocking.
Rule 9: The word ‘were’ is used instead of ‘was’ in statements expressing a wish,
request, or contrary to fact.
25

Example: I wish my mother was with me.

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 Subject-Verb Concord Examples That Have Been Solved:
Question: In the sentences below, select the appropriate subject-verb
combinations.
1. The woman in the bus (look/looks) like your mother.
2. Most of the children (is/are) gone.
3. One of the sticks (has/have) broke.
4. Either Amy or Gary (is/are) cleaning the class.
5. Where (is/are) the pencil box?
6. The bunch of flowers (is/are) here for you.
7. Law (is/are) a difficult subject.
Solution:
1. The woman in the bus looks like your mother.
2. Most of the children are gone.
3. One of the sticks has broken.
4. Either Amy or Gary is cleaning the class.
5. Where is the pencil box?.
6. The bunch of flowers is here for you.
7. Law is a difficult subject.
Here are a few practice questions for the Subject-Verb Agreement:
1. Question: Roopa’s aunt were hit in the road accident. four months ago.
Solution: Roopa’s aunt was hit in a road accident, four months ago.
2. Question: Ram copies his brother and does whatever his brother was do.
Solution: Ram copies his brother and does whatever his brother does.
3. Question: Everyone need to kneel down when the bell rings.
Solution: Everyone needs to kneel down when the bell rings.
4. Question: The apples are now perfectly riped to be eaten.
Solution: The apples are now perfectly ripe to be eaten.
5. Question: Either my aunt or my uncle are coming to attend the cousin’s
wedding in Goa.
Solution: Either my aunt or my uncle is coming to attend the cousin’s wedding in
Goa.
26
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 What Is a Noun?
Nouns are a part of speech that comprise words that are used to name people,
places, animals, objects and ideas. Almost every sentence will definitely have a
noun, and they perform different roles in a sentence. Nouns can act as the
subject, an indirect object, a direct object, a subject complement and an object
complement. Nouns can also function as adjectives and verbs.

Examples of Nouns:

 People – Rahul, Sheela, Man, Person, Tommy, Women, Girl, The Prime
Minister
 Places – Bangalore, India, Mexico, North Pole, South Africa, The Nile
River, Classroom, Bedroom, Basketball Court, Cricket Ground, Swimming
Pool
 Animals/Birds/Aquatic Animals/Reptiles – Lion, Zebra, Snake, Ostrich,
Flamingo, Bear, Cat, Fish, Shark
 Ideas – Evolution, Invention, Extinction, Argument, Destruction
 Objects/Things – Bat, Cycle, Curtains, Paper, Bag, Blackboard, Cupboard

Types of Nouns
Nouns can be broadly classified into:
1. Proper Nouns: Nouns that are used to name a person, place or thing
specifically are called a proper noun. Proper nouns always begin with a capital
letter.
Examples:

 My name is Rose. (Name of a particular person)

 This is my dog, Bruno. (Name of a specific pet animal owned
by someone)
 David came back from Minsk. (Name of a specific place)
 Louis Philippe is a famous brand of men’s clothing. (Name of
a particular clothing brand)
2. Common nouns: Common nouns are those nouns that refer to a generic
item, group or place. This means that, unlike proper nouns, they are not used to
identify specific people, places or objects. Common nouns are not capitalised
27

unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence.

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Examples:
  I bought a pen yesterday. (Common object)
 I am going to school. (Common place)
 Only ten employees showed up to work today. (Common
group)
 The car is out of fuel. (Common items)
3. Singular nouns: These are words that are used to name a single person,
place, animal, bird or object.
Examples:

 There is a little boy in front of our house. (Single person)

 That is my daughter. (Single person)
 I found a wounded sparrow in the bush. (Single bird)
 A red van has been following us for a long time. (Single object)
4. Plural nouns: Plural nouns refer to a number of people, places, animals or
things. Nouns are made plural by adding an ‘s’ or ‘es’ or ‘ies’ or ‘ves’ to the
existing root word. Nouns that end with an ‘s’ remain the same. Some nouns
remain the same in both their singular and plural forms, and some others have
totally different spelling.
Examples:

 I need some apples.

 Did you find the boxes you were looking for?
 I bought mangoes from the market.
 We took photos of some deer on our way.
5. Countable nouns are those nouns that can be counted or measured.
Examples:

 Tom brought ten packets of lays for the trip. (specific number
– ten)
 Mom asked me to buy a dozen eggs. (specific – dozen means
twelve)
 I saw an aeroplane around seven in the morning. (specific – an
means one)
6. Uncountable nouns are those nouns that cannot be counted. This category
of nouns includes both concrete and abstract nouns.
Examples:

I have a lot of homework to do. (Not specific)

28


 I have a cup of tea. (Cannot count)
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 We are facing terrible weather today. (Cannot count)

 7. Collective Nouns: A collective noun is a naming word that is used to denote a
group of objects, animals or people.
Examples:

 Collective nouns for groups of animals

 A pride of lions
 A flock of sheep
 A swarm of bees
 A herd of elephants
 Collective nouns for groups of people
 A band of musicians
 A board of directors
 A crew of sailors
 A company of actors
 Collective nouns for a number of things/objects
 A pair of shoes
 A chain of mountains
 A fleet of ships
 A bunch of grapes
8. Concrete Nouns: A concrete noun refers to objects that are material and can
be perceived by the human senses.
Examples:

 The book is on the table.

 I had a cup of coffee.
 Sharon opened the windows.
 Hardy goes to school by bus.
9. Abstract Nouns: Any entity that cannot be perceived by the five senses of the
human body are called an abstract noun.
Examples:

 Love is a strong emotion.

 Honesty is the best policy.
 It takes a lot of courage to raise your voice and stand up against
injustice.
 You should not misuse the freedom you are given.

Proper nouns sentences

Here are some sentences using proper nouns:
29

1. I'm visiting the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.

2. Dr. Smith is a renowned professor at Harvard University.
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3. The company's CEO is speaking at the Google conference.

 4. The New York Yankees are playing the Boston Red Sox tonight.
5. I'm reading "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee for book club.
6. The Olympics are held every four years in a different city.
7. My favorite holiday is Christmas, and I love decorating the tree.
8. The Statue of Liberty is a famous landmark in New York City.
9. I'm attending the Coachella music festival in Indio, California.
10. The United States declared independence on July 4, 1776.

Proper nouns add specificity and detail to sentences, making them more
interesting and informative. Let me know if you have any other requests or
questions!
Common Nouns sentence
Here are some sentences using common nouns:
1. I'm reading a book about a cat.
2. The city is filled with tall buildings.
3. She's a great teacher and loves her students.
4. The park is a nice place to walk the dog.
5. He's a talented musician with a beautiful voice.
6. The company is hiring a new employee.
7. The beach is a popular spot for summer vacation.
8. The teacher gave the student a pencil.
9. The hotel room had a comfortable bed.
10. The farmer grows delicious fruits and vegetables.

Common nouns are general terms that can refer to any member of a category,
rather than a specific individual or entity. They are not capitalized unless they
begin a sentence.
Collective Nouns esentence
Here are some sentences using collective nouns:
1. The family gathered together for a reunion.
2. A herd of elephants roamed the savannah.
3. The team worked together to win the championship.

4. A flock of birds flew south for the winter.

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5. The orchestra performed a beautiful symphony.

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6. A pack of wolves hunted together in the forest.

7. The crew sailed the ship across the ocean.
 8. A troupe of dancers performed a lively routine.
9. The staff at the restaurant were friendly and helpful.
10. A swarm of bees buzzed around the hive.
Collective nouns refer to groups of people, animals, or things, and can be treated
as singular or plural depending on the context. For example:

- The team is winning. (singular)

- The team are all wearing their uniforms. (plural)

Abstract Nouns sentence

Here are some sentences using abstract nouns:
1. Happiness filled her heart when she saw her child smile.
2. Freedom is a fundamental human right.
3. Love is the most powerful force in the world.
4. Hope gave him the strength to keep going.
5. Courage is what defines a true hero.
6. The beauty of nature inspired her art.
7. Joy filled the room as they celebrated the news.
8. Fear held her back from pursuing her dreams.
9. Anger fueled his determination to make a change.
10. Peace was finally achieved after years of conflict.

Abstract nouns represent intangible concepts, emotions, or ideas, and can't be

perceived through our senses. They add depth and meaning to our language,
allowing us to express complex thoughts and feelings
Concrete Nouns sentence
Here are some sentences using concrete nouns:
1. The book on the table is mine.
2. She held the baby in her arms.
3. The smell of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen.
4. He threw the ball to his friend.
5. The city skyline was dominated by the skyscraper.
6. The sound of the ocean waves was soothing.

7. She wore a beautiful silver necklace.

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8. The taste of the ripe strawberry was sweet.

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9. He sat in his favorite chair.

10. The touch of the soft blanket was comforting.
 Concrete nouns represent tangible objects, substances, or physical entities that
can be perceived through our senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell). They
help create vivid and descriptive language, making it easier to visualize and
connect with the world around us. Let me know if you have any other requests or
questions!
Material Nouns sentence
Here are some sentences using material nouns:
1. The dress is made of silk.
2. The house has a roof of tile.
3. The car's body is built with steel.
4. The furniture is crafted from solid wood.
5. The jewelry is made of gold and silver.
6. The walls are painted with latex.
7. The floor is covered with marble.
8. The book's cover is bound in leather.
9. The vase is made of delicate glass.
10. The tools are forged from iron.

Material nouns refer to the substances or materials used to make or construct

objects, and can be classified into:

- Natural materials (wood, stone, cotton)

- Synthetic materials (plastic, nylon, polyester)
- Metals (iron, copper, gold)
- Minerals (glass, marble, granite)

Material nouns help describe the composition and properties of objects, and are
often used in contexts like crafting, construction, and manufacturing. Let me
know if you have any other requests or questions!
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 Definition of Reported Speech
Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a
report of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The
Collins Dictionary defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what
someone said, but does not use the person’s actual words.” According to the
Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act of reporting
something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan
Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what
someone else has said.”

Transforming Direct Speech into Reported Speech

Table 1 – Change of Pronouns

Direct Speech Reported Speech

I He, she

Me Him, her

We They

Us Them

You He, she, they

You Him, her, them

My His, her
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Mine His, hers

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Our Their
 Ours Theirs

Your His, her, their

Yours His, hers, theirs

Table 2 – Change of Adverbs of Place and Adverbs of Time

Direct Speech Reported Speech

This That

These Those

Adverbs of Place

Here There

Adverbs of Time

Now Then

Today That day

Tomorrow The next day / The following day

Yesterday The previous day

Tonight That night

Last week The week before

34

Next week The week after

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 Last month The previous month

Next month The following month

Last year The previous year

Next year The following year

Ago Before

Thus So

Table 3 – Change of Tense

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

Example: Preethi said that she
Example: Preethi said, “I cook
cooked pasta.
pasta.”
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Example: Preethi said, “I am Example: Preethi said that she
cooking pasta.” was cooking pasta.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Example: Preethi said, “I have Example: Preethi said that she
cooked pasta.” had cooked pasta.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Example: Preethi said, “I have Example: Preethi said that she
been cooking pasta.” had been cooking pasta.
Simple Past Past Perfect
Example: Preethi said, “I cooked Example: Preethi said that she
pasta.” had cooked pasta.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
35

Example: Preethi said, “I was Example: Preethi said that she

cooking pasta.” had been cooking pasta.
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Past Perfect Past Perfect (No change)

 Example: Preethi said, “I had
cooked pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she
had cooked pasta.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No
change)
Example: Preethi said, “I had
been cooking pasta.” Example: Preethi said that she
had been cooking pasta.

Table 4 – Change of Modal Verbs

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Will Would

May Might

Can Could

Shall Should

Has/Have Had

Examples of Reported Speech

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be
written. Check them out.

 Santana said that she would be auditioning for the lead role in Funny Girl.
 Blaine requested us to help him with the algebraic equations.





36


 Karishma asked me if I knew where her car keys were.
Page
  The judges announced that the Warblers were the winners of the annual
acapella competition.
 Binsha assured that she would reach Bangalore by 8 p.m.
 Kumar said that he had gone to the doctor the previous day.
 Lakshmi asked Teena if she would accompany her to the railway station.
 Jibin told me that he would help me out after lunch.
 The police ordered everyone to leave from the bus stop immediately.
 Rahul said that he was drawing a caricature.

Check Your Understanding of Reported Speech

Transform the following sentences into reported speech by making the necessary
changes.

1. Rachel said, “I have an interview tomorrow.”

2. Mahesh said, “What is he doing?”
3. Sherly said, “My daughter is playing the lead role in the skit.”
4. Dinesh said, “It is a wonderful movie!”
5. Suresh said, “My son is getting married next month.”
6. Preetha said, “Can you please help me with the invitations?”
7. Anna said, “I look forward to meeting you.”
8. The teacher said, “Make sure you complete the homework before tomorrow.”
9. Sylvester said, “I am not going to cry anymore.”
10. Jade said, “My sister is moving to Los Angeles.”

Now, find out if you have answered all of them correctly.

1. Rachel said that she had an interview the next day.
2. Mahesh asked what he was doing.
3. Sherly said that her daughter was playing the lead role in the skit.
4. Dinesh exclaimed that it was a wonderful movie.
5. Suresh said that his son was getting married the following month.
6. Anna said that she looked forward to meeting me.
7. Preetha asked if I could help her with the invitations
8. The teacher told us to make sure we completed the homework before the next
day.
9. Sylvester said that he was not going to cry anymore.
37

10. Jade said that his sister was moving to Los Angeles.
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 direct speech: 'I love the Toy Story films,' she said.
indirect speech: She said she loved the Toy Story films.
direct speech: 'I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef,' he said.
indirect speech: He said he'd worked as a waiter before becoming a chef.
direct speech: 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' he said.
indirect speech: He said he'd phone me the next day.
direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel.
indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

I travel a lot in my job.'----- Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.
'The baby's sleeping!' ------He told me the baby was sleeping.
'I've hurt my leg.' -------- She said she'd hurt her leg.
'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob.--- Bob said that he enjoyed working in his
garden.
'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina.----- Alina told me they'd played tennis
for their school.
'I'm working on my thesis,' I said.---I told her that I was working on my thesis.
'We want our jobs back!' we said.--- We said that we wanted our jobs back.

Direct speech: I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

 Direct speech: I like ice cream.

 Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.
 Direct speech: The sky is blue.
 Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.
 Direct speech: Where do you live?
 Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.
 Direct speech: Where is Julie?
 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present
I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
38

simple
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present I am living in She said (that) she was living in London.

 continuous London

She said (that) she had bought a car OR

past simple I bought a car
She said (that) she bought a car.

past I was walking She said (that) she had been walking
continuous along the street along the street.

present I haven't seen

She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
perfect Julie

I had taken English She said (that) she had taken English
past perfect*
lessons before lessons before.

will I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.

would* I would help, but... She said (that) she would help but...

I can speak perfect She said (that) she could speak perfect
can
English English.

I could swim when She said (that) she could swim when she
could*
I was four was four.

shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.

I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother

might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late

She said (that) she must study at the

I must study at the
must weekend OR She said she had to study at
weekend
the weekend

Direct Question Reported Question

Where is the Post Office,

She asked me where the Post Office was.
please?
39

What are you doing? She asked me what I was doing.

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 Who was that fantastic
She asked me who that fantastic man had been.
man?

Direct Question Reported Question

Do you love me? He asked me if I loved him.

Have you ever been to

She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Mexico?

Are you living here? She asked me if I was living here.

Direct Request Reported Request

Please help me. She asked me to help her.

Please don't smoke. She asked me not to smoke.

Could you bring my book tonight? She asked me to bring her book that night.

Could you pass the milk, please? She asked me to pass the milk.

Would you mind coming early tomorrow? She asked me to come early the next day.

What Is an Idiom? – Meaning and Definition

An idiom is a group of words, or in other words, a phrase that has a meaning different from the
literal meaning of the words in it. According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, an idiom is
defined as “a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual
words”, and according to the Cambridge Dictionary, an idiom is defined as “a group of words in
a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on
its own”.

Why Use Idioms in Sentences?

Idioms can be a powerful linguistic tool only when they are used in the right way in the right
40

places. The only thing that makes learning idioms a time-consuming process is the fact that
one cannot depend merely on the meaning of individual words to understand what the entire
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phrase means.
 Idioms are not meant to be used in academic or professional writing. In a lighter context, the
use of idioms can make your piece of writing or speech unique. Idioms can also be used to
indicate pun or even sarcasm. Like any other components of a language, you have to be
careful with the use of idioms as well. The only problem is that it would make no sense or
effect to a group of people who do not know the meaning of the idiom you are using. So,
always make sure you are using idioms with an audience who would be able to comprehend
the meaning..

Idiom Meaning Sentence Example

Under the Feeling ill / Getting a My mom was feeling a bit under the weather.
weather cold
Cold feet Becoming nervous It was her chance to speak and she was
getting cold feet.
Apple of my Used to refer to My younger brother is the apple of my eye.
eye someone whom you
are very fond of or
like
Set the record To reveal the truth / In order to set the record straight, the umpires
straight To clarify checked the camera to review the previous
shot.
Kill two birds Achieve two results None of us understood that he was trying to kill
with a stone by doing one thing two birds with a stone when he joined the
military forces.
Snowed under To be busy My father seems to have been snowed
under for the last few weeks.
To break To do or say Glint just broke my bubble when he said that he
someone’s something that was a part of it.
bubble proves someone
else’s beliefs are not
true
Walk on To be very careful Talking to my mom about my grades made me
eggshells with your actions and feel like I was walking on eggshells.
words
41

Bite the bullet Finish something no Danny had been putting off discussing the
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matter how financial management of the company but

 unsatisfying or decided to bite the bullet and talk to Sid today.
unpleasant it is / Get
something over with
Make two ends To have just enough Harry and Hani are finding it really difficult
meet money for all your to make two ends meet.
needs
To be at To quarrel or Jithin’s parents seem to be at loggerheads over
loggerheads disagree something or the other all the time.
with someone
Pretty penny Expensive The dress she wants for her birthday will cost
a pretty penny.
Break a leg Used instead of The teacher asked us to break a leg at the
good luck annual day dance.
Through thick At all times – both My friends are always there for me – through
and thin good and bad thick and thin.
Beat around the Not saying directly Jason’s neighbour kept beating around the
bush bush and did not give a direct answer.
Hang in there Stay strong in a Hang in there! Everything will be okay before
difficult situation you know it.
Cut corners Purchase something I often cut corners in order to buy something for
in the least my brother.
expensive way or do
something easily /
reduce expenses
Steal Directing the Monica claimed that Rachel tried to steal her
someone’s attention and doing thunder.
thunder something to gain
praise and
preventing another
person from gaining
praise
42

Call it a day To stop doing After the movie, we had planned to go to the
something beach, but we decided to call it a day as
Page
 everyone was tired.
Better late than To do something Well, we thought it was better late than never,
never rather than not doing but where are the others?
Stick to your Stay morally strong The lawyer asked Rakesh to stick to his guns if
guns or be firm in he wants to win the case.
decisions especially
when being opposed
Leave no stone To look everywhere The police were determined not to leave any
unturned without missing a stone unturned.
spot or to take every
effort possible to
achieve something
Clouds on the Problems/ Trouble Vishnu sensed that there were multiple clouds
horizon on the horizon.
A blessing in Something that you Me catching a cold was a blessing in disguise.
disguise think is bad but turns
out to be a blessing
Blue in the face To be exhausted due Usha looked blue in the face after the
to strain or anger marathon.
Make a long To say something in We decided to cut the long story short and tell
story short simple words in a them what actually happened at the mall.
brief manner
Cup of tea Not something that a Cooking has never been Rachel’s cup of tea.
person would do
Beating a dead Overdoing She was just beating a dead horse in thinking
horse something or an she could change his mind.
action that is
pointless
Speak of the A phrase used to Speak of the devil! Here he comes.
devil refer to a person
who appears as
43

soon as they are

being mentioned
Page
Let sleeping To stop discussing The police had warned us to let sleeping dogs
dogs lie something that is lie and move ahead with our lives.
already over or
sorted out
Let the cat out Reveal a secret Adharsh just let the cat out of the bag by
of the bag carelessly revealing the gender of the baby.
Elephant in the A controversial We had to identify the elephant in the
room problem or a major room before we made a decision.
issue
To say in a To sum up the points The teacher asked us to quote the findings in a
nutshell and be brief nutshell.
Worth its weight To be highly Every word of what you say is worth its weight
in gold valuable in gold.
To weather the To go through My mom taught me how to stand strong
storm something difficult and weather the storm.
A piece of cake An easy task Solving the Wordle everyday was just a piece of
cake.
Get your act To stop fooling It is time you get your act together and do
together around and do something useful.
something in the way
it should be done
Cost an arm Used to refer to I think it will cost an arm and a leg to get the car
and a leg something that is my brother wants.
extremely expensive
On top of the A state of extreme Niya seemed to be on top of the world since
world happiness she heard the news of her son’s promotion.
Time is money To work quickly in The manager encouraged the employees to
the time that is left realise that time is money and work harder.
Get out of hand Not in one’s control The situation has gotten out of hand and there
anymore is nothing anyone here can do to help.
44

Like two peas Be together always My cousin and I are always like two peas in a
Page

in a pod pod.
Know which To understand what As a detective, you are always obliged to
way the wind is happening learn which way the wind blows and then make
blows a statement.
Hit the nail on To do something the Harish hit the nail on the head with his decision
the head exact way in which it to buy this piece of land.
should be done /
Also refers to giving
a direct answer
Catch more Getting what you If you ask politely, you may be able to catch
flies with honey want by being nice more flies with honey than you can with
than you can vinegar.
with vinegar
Let someone Releasing someone The court decided to let the guy off the hook as
off the hook or letting someone there was no evidence proving his crime.
go
Like riding a A skill that you learn Learning a language is like riding a bicycle; you
bicycle and will never forget will never forget it.
Blame one’s Blaming something When he understood he had no way out of the
tools on someone else problem, he blamed his tools.
It’s not rocket Not that difficult to Cooking sambar is easy; I will figure it out. After
science comprehend all, it is not rocket science.
Spill the beans Reveal a secret Remya spilled the beans about her sister
coming to her mom.
Get the show Start something or The circus company had completed its trail run
on the road begin an enterprise and was ready to get the show on the road.
Pull the last The final point in a Sheetal decided to pull the last straw and
straw series of unfortunate inform the manager about what was happening
events when you feel in the office.
you cannot take it
anymore
That ship has It is too late to do Norah said that she won’t be performing live
45

sailed something anymore as she announced to the press, “That

ship has sailed”.
Page
It is always the Something good is Do not be worried about what is going on in
darkest before coming / Things will your life right now; it is always the darkest
dawn get better before dawn.
Have one’s To have no I knew that you had your head in the
head in the concentration at all clouds throughout the ceremony. What
clouds happened to you?
On thin ice Used to refer to a Zeke was on thin ice; he had to figure out a way
sensitive scenario or to help his brother.
a person who is in
trouble
Give a cold Act rudely to Nobody knows why Dias gave Rayon a cold
shoulder someone shoulder.
Cannot make Everything has a You just have to understand that you cannot
an omelette cost to pay make an omelette without breaking some eggs.
without
breaking some
eggs
Once bitten, Being extremely Nitheesh has been extremely careful with
twice shy cautious as you have making new friends. After all, once bitten, twice
been hurt already shy right?
Bolt from the Something that The news of my friend’s pregnancy was a bolt
blue happens from the blue.
unexpectedly or
without a warning
When it rains, it When everything They not only left home late but also got stuck
pours goes wrong at once in traffic. When it rains, it pours.
Miss the boat To act too slowly and You will miss the boat if you wait any longer.
miss an opportunity
Pull someone’s To make fun of Kevin’s friends kept pulling his leg all evening.
leg someone
No pain no gain Suffering or making It is better you start learning now. It will be
46

efforts is required to difficult but no pain, no gain.

achieve something
Page
See eye to eye Have the same It is highly required that you both see eye to
opinion or have the eye if you want this resolved.
same point of view
Wear your To be extremely Divya wears her heart on her sleeve; she tends
heart on your open about what you to get hurt very often.
sleeve feel and think
Takes two to Two persons are It is not possible Sandhya is the only one
tango equally responsible involved. After all, it takes two to tango.
for what is
happening or has
happened
Come rain or No matter what Come rain or shine, I will be there for you.
shine happens
So far so good Means that Everything so far has been so good.
everything has
turned out well until
that point
Comparing To compare two Comparing a doctor’s profession to a teacher’s
apples to things that are profession is like comparing apples to oranges.
oranges completely different
and cannot be
compared
When pigs fly When something Pigs would fly if you cooked.
uncanny or
impossible happens
Curiosity killed Asking too many It is better we don’t dig more into this
the cat questions or case; curiosity killed the cat.
involving too much in
other people’s affairs
will get you into
trouble
The best of Good in every way Having my best friend is the best of both
47

both worlds worlds.

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Burn bridges Do something to Susan did not realise she would be burning
 spoil relationships bridges when she took up the job.
The whole nine Refer to everything He has to sell the whole nine yards if he wants
yards that is there to buy that house.
Grass is Never being satisfied For her, grass is always greener on the other
greener on the with what one gets side.
other side
Every dog has Everyone gets a Do not worry about it. Every dog has his
its day chance day. Today, it is his.
Counting your Expecting good She started counting her chickens before they
chickens before results before hatched. That will only disappoint her; I hope
they hatch something is done she understands.
Go down in To fail terribly Everything went down in flames when we lost
flames the lottery.
Adding fuel to Aggravating the She was just adding fuel to the fire telling Tom’s
the fire problem mom about his health.
Wrap your head Try to make sense My mom was finding it hard to wrap her head
around about what is going around the fact that I am getting married
something on tomorrow.
Cut the mustard Do a perfectly good The police cut the mustard in finding the gang
job that robbed the bank.
Jump from the Refers to a situation He did not know he was jumping off the frying
frying pan into becoming worse pan into the fire when he decided to speak
the fire about the problems at work.
Cry over spilt Worrying or There is no use crying over spilt milk; you just
milk complaining about have to move on with your life.
something that
cannot be
fixed/rectified
Have a method Seeming to be crazy Everyone thinks he is crazy, but he sure has a
to one’s but in fact, clever method to his madness.
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madness
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Do something Do something He can plan a whole trip at the drop of a hat.

at the drop of a
hat unplanned
Get wind of To have information It is so hard to get wind of what is going on
something about something here.
secret
Hear it from the To know something We finally heard it from the horse’s mouth.
horse’s mouth from the person
involved
Fit as a fiddle To be in good health My great grandmother is surprisingly fit as a
fiddle.
Take everything Refers to being My mom always asks to believe everyone with
with a pinch of sceptic and not a pinch of salt.
salt believing blindly
A pain in the Refers to a person Rayana was a constant pain in the neck.
neck who is annoying
The best thing A good and useful The smartphone is the best thing since sliced
since sliced invention bread.
bread
Walk in the To understand what You will not understand unless you walk in their
other’s shoes the other is going shoes.
through
Break the ice To make people feel The communication trainer conducted an
comfortable with activity to break the ice.
those who are
unfamiliar to them
Having a To have a problem Not completing my degree is a monkey on my
monkey on your that you cannot back.
back solve or get rid off
easily
Go on a wild Doing something Finding the red and black dress I saw online felt
goose chase pointless like going on a wild goose chase.
49

Rain cats and Raining heavily It has been raining cats and dogs since
dogs yesterday.
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Once in a blue Very rarely We met each other only once in a blue moon.
moon
Bark up the Following a He did not know he was barking up the wrong
wrong tree misguided or tree.
mistaken thought or
action
Have the ball in One can make a Rahul finally had the ball in his court.
one’s court call / decide on their
own
Devil quoting Good things being Mephistopheles speaking about going to
the Bible twisted for selfish heaven is like the devil quoting the Bible.
and evil purposes
The devil is in Refers to something Haven’t you heard the devil’s in the details?
the details that seems to be
good only from a
distance
Other fish in the More opportunities My father told me not to worry about the
sea competition as there would be other fish in the
sea.
A snowball’s No chance at all at You will require a snowball’s chance in hell to
chance in hell surviving clear this exam.
Something ain’t It is not over yet / For all we know, this will not end until the fat
over until the fat there is more to the lady sings.
lady sings situation
Bounce off the To be extremely The children were bouncing off the walls the
walls excited and moment they heard about going to an
energetic amusement park this weekend.
As right as rain Something is perfect I don’t know about the others, but I feel that
your decision is as right as rain.
To get bent out To be upset, to take My cousins have been bent out of shape after
of shape offence, to be angry my uncle passed away.
50

Every cloud has There is always Do not be worried about your current situation;
a silver lining some good in every after all, every cloud has a silver lining.
Page

thing that happens /

 Something good will
happen after
something bad
Play the devil’s To argue or fight We had no idea why he was playing the devil’s
advocate over something just advocate when he knew what had happened.
for the sake of it
Cross that Deal with the I know there are decisions to be made about the
bridge when we problem when it selling of the house but we will cross that bridge
get to it happens when we get to it. As of now, let us focus on
this.
Throw caution To take a risk Gaurav threw caution to the wind in trying to
to the wind save me from the accident.
A penny for Used to ask I would like to give a penny for your thoughts.
your thoughts someone what they
are thinking
Bite off more To do more than you My mom thinks that my brother is biting off
than you can can more than he can chew by taking up a night job
chew and a day job.
Judging a book Judge or form an People are known to always judge a book by its
by its cover opinion on someone cover.
based on
appearances
Rain on one’s To spoil someone’s Rachel did not really think she was raining on
parade moment of praise / Monica’s parade when she announced about
To spoil something her new job.
By the skin of By a very narrow The doctors said that Manu had escaped
your teeth margin, the slightest serious injuries by the skin of his teeth.
if chances
Put all your Doing something Rounak’s parents think that he is putting all his
eggs in one risky eggs in one basket.
basket
51

Put something To hold off We decided to put the case on ice until we had
on ice something some clue of what had happened.
Page
Cannot have a Cannot have It is not at all that you have the cake and eat it
cake and eat it everything for too.
too yourself

Examples of Idioms

Modal Verbs
1. I __ cook dinner for everyone tonight. (can/could)
2. __ you lend me your car for the weekend? (could/may)
3. The boss __ ask you to work overtime today. (might/will)
4. According to the forecast, it __ rain later this evening.
(might/should)
5. If John doesn’t study, he __ fail his test. (may/might)
6. Everyone __ obey the law. (must/should)
7. It __ be challenging to learn a new language. (can/must)
8. My dad __ get angry if I come home late. (will/might)
9. We ___ respect our elders. (should/could)
10. I __ go to the gym later. (will/can)
11. You ___ arrive on time for the meeting. (should/must)
12. Everyone __ pay their taxes. (must/should)
13. __ you guide me to the nearest station? (can/might)
14. The patient __ be taken to the hospital right away.
(must/may)
15. ___ we order pizza tonight? (shall/will)

Solutions for Exercise 1

1. Can
2. Could
3. Might
4. Might
52

5. Might
6. Must
Page

7. Can
 8. Will
9. Should
10. Will
11. Should
12. Must
13. Can
14. Must
15. Shall

Exercise 2 – Identify the modal verb used in the following sentences

1. My friend (can/must) play the guitar very well.

2. (Could/should) I borrow your book?
3. You (must/can) not talk during the movie.
4. I (could/may) need assistance in moving these boxes.
5. Sir, (could/may) you repeat the instructions?
6. I (may/might) not be able to attend the party.
7. Jessica (should/must) revise her notes before the exam.
8. (Can/May) you join us for dinner?
9. Our guests (shall/should) be here any minute.
10. I (might/must) be running late due to traffic.
11. The mechanic (can/may) fix the car easily.
12. It (may/might) snow tomorrow.
13. (May/might) your dreams come true.
14. I (could/may) not be more excited.

Solutions for Exercise 2

1. Can
2. Could
3. Must
4. Could
5. Could
6. Might
7. Should
8. Can
9. Shall
10. Might
11. Can
12. May
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13. May
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14. Could
 No. Modal verb Examples
I can write six languages.
can - to express ability. Can you give me some
1 can - to request. water?
could - more formal/polite request. Could you teach me to solve
the problem?
cannot or cant - to
This can't be the true report.
express impossibility.
2 All of us knew it could not
could not or couldn't - past
have happened.
impossibility.
It may rain today afternoon.
may - to express possibility.
3 May I know your name,
may - to ask permission.
please?
might - to It might rain today afternoon.
4 express possibility (lesser (Lesser chance
chances of happening) of rain)
I must let him know about
must - to express obligation. the incident.
5
must - strong belief. She must be a courageous
lady to do this.
I will wake up early
will - to express promises. hereafter.
6
will - to express voluntary actions. I will make a cup of tea for
you.
Would you like to have some
would - to express request/offer. juice?
7
would - in conditional sentences. If I were you, I would have
been there first.
You should work out
8 should - advice.
regularly to be fit.
9 shall - future action. Shall we go?
Modals are also known as modal auxiliaries.
Here is a list of commonly used modals–
 can
54

 could
shall
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
 should
  will
 may
 might
 ought to
 would
 need to

Use of each modal with examples

Can
The modal ‘can’ is used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer
permission and to show possibility or impossibility.
Look at the examples:
 I can paint very well. (Ability)
 We can stay with my cousin when we are in the UK. (Opportunity)
Could
‘Could’ modal is used to express possibility or past ability and also to make any
suggestions and polite requests. ‘Could’ is also commonly used in conditional
sentences showing the possibility in the past.
Look at the examples:
 Extreme storm could cause a delay in the matches. (Possibility)
 Had we started earlier, we could have reached in time. (Conditional)
May
‘May’ modal is usually used to express a possibility. It can also be used to give or
request for a permission in formal cases.
Here are a few examples:
 Cyrus may be at home or perhaps in the gym. (Possibility)
 John, you may go for a trip with your friends. (Giving permission)
Might
‘Might’ is usually used for expressing a possibility. It is also used in conditional
sentences. English speakers can also use ‘might’ to make some suggestions or
requests.
Look at the examples:
 Your luggage might be at the reception. (Possibility)
 If you had texted me, I might have come. (Conditional)
Will
‘Will’ is used with promises and determinations that take place in the future. ‘Will’
can also be used to make predictions about the future.
55

Look at the following examples:

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 I promise that I will never repeat this mistake in future. (Promise)

  I think it will rain today. (Prediction)
Would
‘Would’ is generally used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the
past form of the modal verb will. ‘Would’ is also used to indicate past habits for
which we also use ‘simple past tense’ or ‘used to’.
Look at the examples:
 If he were a singer, he would earn a lot of money. (Conditional shows: he is not a
dancer)
 As a young boy, he would participate in school activities. (Past habit)
Shall
‘Shall’ is used to indicate a future action. ‘Shall’ is also used in promises or
voluntary actions. It is also used to describe future events that often express
inevitability or predestination.
Look at the examples:
 I shall never forget the way you helped me. (Promise)
 He shall become our next President. (Predestination)
Should
‘Should’ is usually used to make a recommendation or give advice. It might also
be used to express obligation as well as an expectation.
Look at the examples:
 When you visit the USA, you should go and see the Statue of liberty.
(Recommendation)
 You should focus more on your studies than games. (Advice)
Must
‘Must’ is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to
express necessity or strong recommendation.
Look at the examples:
 This must be the right ingredient for her dish! (Certainty)
 Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. (Necessity)
Ought To
‘Ought to’ is used to advise or make recommendations. ‘Ought to’ is also used to
express moral obligation. ‘Ought not’ (without ‘to’) is also used to advise against
doing something.
Look at the examples:
 You ought to stop drinking. (Recommendation)
 This stock ought to increase in value. (Probability)
Had Better
56

‘Had better’ is usually used to make recommendations. It can also be used to

express desperate hope as well as to warn people for something.
Page

Look at the examples:

  You had better have your breakfast in the morning. (Recommendation)
 That train had better get here soon! (Desperate hope)

Modals for Class 8 Exercise with Answers

Choose the correct modal to fill in the blank, out of the given options
1. We __________ respect our elders.
a. can
b. could
c. ought to
d. may
2. __________ you hand me the stapler?
a. Can
b. Have
c. ought to
d. Might
3. I really _________ be in the office by 9:00 am.
a. can
b. could
c. might
d. should
4. You ________ take some extra food along with you.
a. will
b. must
c. would
d. None of these
5. I __________ make the arrangements for the party tonight.
a. can
b. will
c. may
d. would
6. _________ I use your mobile to call my mother?
a. can
b. could
c. may
d. all of these
7. We ___________ overcome this situation soon.
a. may
b. would
c. will
57

d.can
8. He _________not stay out after 11 pm.
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a. can
 b. may
c. would
d. might
9. You ________ wait or call again later.
a. will
b. would
c. could
d. have to
10. Max _________ not drink so much.
a. ought
b. would
c. will
d.may
11. By now, they ________ have reached London.
a. shall
b. should
c. may
d.ought
12. Any child _________ grow up to be a President.
a. can
b. would
c. should
d. have to
13. She ___________ be able to help you.
a. can
b. might
c. ought
d. have to
14. Sam _________ sing like a pro by the age of one.
a. can
b. could
c. might
d. should
15. I knew that she _________ be very successful in her career.
a. coukd
b. would
c. must
d.might
16. You __________better know your limits before talking to me!
a. should
58

b. have
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c. must
d.might
 17. Jennifer, you _________ not play outside after 7:00 pm.
a. could
b. would
c. must
D. ought
18. _________ I come in?
a. Can
b. Could
c. May
d. Might
19. You __________ visit the Taj Mahal during your visit to Agra.
a. must
b. might
c. have to
d. could
20. _________ I come along with you?
a. shall
b. would
c. will
d.must
Answers
1. We ought to respect our elders.
2. Can you hand me the stapler?
3. I really should be in the office by 9:00 am.
4. You must take some extra food along with you.
5. I will make the arrangements for the party tonight.
6. Could / can / May I use your mobile to call my mother?
7. We will overcome this situation soon.
8. He cannot stay out after 11 pm.
9. You could wait or call again later.
10. Max ought not drink so much.
11. By now, they should have reached London.
12. Any child can grow up to be a President.
13. She might be able to help you.
14. Sam could sing like a pro by the age of one.
15. I knew that she would be very successful in her career.
16. You should better know your limits before talking to me!
17. Jennifer, you must not play outside after 7:00 pm.
18. May I come in?
19. You must visit the Taj Mahal during your visit to Agra.
59

20. Shall I come along with you?

Page
 Use of ‘Can’
‘Can’ is the most commonly used modal verb in English. The modal ‘can’ is used
to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission and to show
possibility or impossibility.
e.g.
1. I can dance very well. (Ability)
2. We can stay with my mother when we are in the USA. (Opportunity)
3. He cannot stay out after 11 pm. (Permission)
4. Can you hand me the stapler? (Request)
5. Any child can grow up to be a President. (Possibility)
Use of ‘Could’
‘Could’ modal is used to express possibility or past ability and also to make any
suggestions and polite requests. ‘Could’ is also commonly used in conditional
sentences showing the possibility in past.
e.g.
1. Extreme rain could cause a delay in the matches. (Possibility)
2. Sam could sing like a pro by the age of one. (Past ability)
3. You could wait or call again later. (Suggestion)
4. Could I use your mobile to call my mother? (Request)
5. Had we started earlier, we could have reached in time. (Conditional)
Use of ‘May’
‘May’ modal is usually used to express a possibility. It can also be used to give or
request for a permission in formal cases.
e.g.
1. Cyrus may be at home or perhaps at work. (Possibility)
2. John, you may go out for a trip along with your friends. (Giving permission)
3. May I come in? (Seeking permission)
Use of ‘Might’
‘Might’ modal is usually used for expressing a possibility. It is also used in
conditional sentences. English speakers can also use ‘might’ to make some
suggestions or requests.
e.g.
1. Your luggage might be in the lobby. (Possibility)
2. If you had called me, I might have come. (Conditional)
3. You might visit the Taj Mahal during your visit to Agra. (Suggestion)
Use of ‘Will’
‘Will’ modal is used with promises and determinations that take place in the
future. ‘Will’ can also be used to make predictions about the future.
e.g.
1. I promise that I will never repeat this mistake in future. (Promise)
60

2. I will make the arrangements for the party tonight. (Voluntary action)
Page

3. I think it will rain today. (Prediction)

4. We will overcome this situation soon. (Determination)
 Use of ‘Would’
‘Would’ modal is usually used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as
the past form of the modal verb will. ‘Would’ is also used to indicate past habits
for which we also use ‘simple past tense’ or ‘used to’.
e.g.
1. If he were a dancer, he would earn a lot of money. (Conditional shows: he is
not a dancer)
2. I (mew that she would be very successful in her career. (Past of ‘will’)
3. As a young boy, be would participate. (Past habit)
Use of ‘Shall’
‘Shall’ is used to indicate a future action. ‘Shall’ is also used in promises or
voluntary actions. It is also used to describe future events that often express
inevitability or predestination.
e.g.
1. Shall I come along with you? (Suggestion)
2. I shall never forget the way you helped me. (Promise)
3. He shall become our next President. (Predestination)
Use of ‘Should’
‘Should’ is usually used to make a recommendation or give an advice. It might
also be used to express obligation as well as an expectation.
e.g.
1. When you visit the USA, you should go and see the statue of liberty.
(Recommendation)
2. You should focus more on your studies than games. (Advice)
3. I really should be in office by 9:00 am. (Obligation)
4. By now, they should have reached London. (Expectation)
Use of ‘Must’
‘Must’ is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to
express necessity or strong recommendation.
e.g.
1. This must be the right ingredient for her dish! (Certainty)
2. Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school.
(Necessity)
3. You must take some extra food along with you. (Strong recommendation)
4. Jennifer, you must not play outside after 7:00 pm. (Prohibition)
Use of ‘Ought To’
‘Ought to’ is used to advise or make recommendations. ‘Ought to’ is also used to
express moral obligation. ‘Ought not’ (without ‘to’) is also used to advise against
doing something.
e.g.
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1. You ought to stop drinking. (Recommendation)

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2. We ought to respect our elders. (Moral obligation)

3. This stock ought to increase in value. (Probability)
 4. Max ought not drink so much. (Advice against something) (notice there is no
‘to’)
Use of ‘Had Better’
‘Had better’ is usually used to make recommendations. It can also be used to
express desperate hope as well as to warn people for something.
e.g.
1. You had better had your breakfast in the morning. (Recommendation)
2. That train had better got here soon! (Desperate hope)
3. You had better know your limits before talking to me! (Warning)
Chapter Practice
Question 1:
Use ‘should/must/ought to’ appropriately in the following sentences.
1. The students………… respect their teacher.
2. Every student……….. carry his or her i-card during the examination.
3. You……….. keep away from bad habits like teasing girls, copying in exams
etc.
4. Madhur seems to be quite exhausted. She……. take some rest.
5. What you are doing these days is a wild goose chase. You……… rather
concentrate on your own project.
6. Sejal has searched the file everywhere, but didn’t find it. I think, it……….. be
in the almirah at the drawing room.
7. Many new investors have started popping up these days. The stock
exchange rates…………….. go on rising in coming few days.
8. Every citizen of the country…………………. respect and obey its
Constitution.
9. I………. say that he is a fool.
10. One……………. not disregard a religion that one does not follow.
Answer:
1. ought to (moral obligation)
2. must (compulsion/obligation)
3. should (advice)
4. should (suggestion)
5. should (suggestion)
6. must (possibility)
7. ought to (probability)
8. ought to (moral obligation)
9. must (certainty)
10. should (advice)
Question 2:
In each of the following sentences, provide the blanks with suitable modal of
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permission, ability, possibility, probability etc according to the context of the

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sentences.
1. Ruchira is ill today. She……………… not come to school.
 2. ……… I talk to Ms Shailaja, please?
3. The sky is not clear today. The flight to Goa………. be delayed.
4. If you believe in yourself, you…………… definitely do it.
5. …………..I request you for your name madam?
6. The lid of the box is very tightly fixed. ………………..you help me to open it?
7. When Riya called up, Shreshth was not home. He………. be there at his
friend’s home.
8. Nicky, you………………. wait for the Director in the lobby. He………….. be
here in 20-30 minutes.
9. Driving without putting on the seat belt……… really prove to be harmful.
10. He………….. solve even complex mathematics in a jiffy.
Answer:
1. may (possibility)
2. Could (polite request)
3. could (possibility)
4. can (ability)
5. May (formal request)
6. can (informal request)
7. might (probability)
8. could (suggestion), should (expectation)
9. can (possibility)
10. could (past ability)
Question 3:
Pick out the correct sentence from among the four sentences in each of the
following examples.
1. (a) I was able to pass the exam. But I could not appear for it
(b) I could pass the exam. But I did not appear for it
(c) I was able to pass the exam. But I did not appeared
forit ’
(d) I was able to pass the exam. But I did not appear for it
2. (a) Nobody knows his whereabouts. He may was there in Doha
(b) Nobody knew his whereabouts. He may be there in Doha
(c) Nobody knews his where abouts. He is there in Doha
(d) Nobody knows his whereabouts. He might be there in Doha
3. (a) The drug addicts may not be tortured but should be rehabilitated
(b) The drug addicts can not be tortured but must be rehabilitated
(c) The drug addicts should not be tortured but might be rehabilitated
(d) The drug addicts must not be tortured but should be rehabilitated
4. (a) You ought to help the blind to cross the road
(b) You must to help the blind to cross the road
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(c) You ought to help the blind to crossing the road

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(d) You should help the blinds to cross the ‘ road

 5. (a) You need not worry at all. I am take care of your luggage
(b) You need not worry at all. I will take care of your luggage
(c) You need to not worry at all. I will taking care of your luggage
(d) You need not worry at all. I will be take care of your luggage
6. (a) Everyone should follow the path shown by his or her parents and
teachers
(b) Everyone may be follow the path shown by their parents and teachers
(c) Every should be follow the path shown by his or her parents and
teachers
(d) Everyone might follow the path shown by his or her parents and teachers
7. (a) Abhi can achieve his goal if they have strong determination
(b) Abhi may achieve his goal if he had strong determination
(c) Abhi can achieve his goal but he has strong determination
(d) Abhi can achieve his goal if has strong determination
8. (a) This seems to be difficult. But I will make this happen
(b) This seemed to be difficult. But I may make this happen
(c) This seems to be difficult. But I shall make this happen
(d) This seemed to be difficult. But I should make this happen
9. (a) One should not too careful about what is good or what is bad
(b) One should not be too careful about what is good or what is bad
(c) One may not be too careful about what is good or what is bad
(d) One will not be too careful about what is good or what is bad
10. (a) He might be pass the exam in the first attempt
(b) He must be pass the exam in the first attempt
(c) He must pass the exam in the first attempt
(d) He should be pass the exam in the first attempt
Answer:
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (a)
7. (d)
8. (a)
9. (b)
10. (c)

The Punctuation Marks in English Grammar

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In English grammar, there are multiple punctuation marks that are used in order
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to make your writing look sensible and easy to understand. A punctuation mark is
defined as “a sign or mark used in writing to divide sentences and phrases”,
 according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. Let us take a look at the various
punctuation marks in English grammar.

 Period/Full stop

What Is a Full Stop? – Meaning and Definition

A full stop, also known as a period, is chiefly used to end a sentence. It is mostly
used at the end of declarative sentences and imperative sentences. A full stop
marks a longer pause than a comma and a semicolon. Furthermore, it marks the
end of a thought and the beginning of another.
Using a Full Stop at the End of a Declarative/Assertive Sentence

 Today is the last working day for us.

 Cathy is a teacher.
 No one is ready yet.
 She likes listening to music.
 We will be dancing at my cousin’s reception.
 Comma

Comma – Meaning and Definition

A comma is a commonly used punctuation mark that is used to separate two
words, phrases or clauses in a sentence. It can also be used in a list to mention
different items or articles.

Use of Comma to Separate Two Phrases / A Phrase and A Clause

 Reading books, listening to songs and planning interior decors are my

favourite leisure activities.
 Four years ago, I never thought this would be my life.
 Every evening, Rachel and Monica take a stroll in the park.
 All around the world, people are being affected by the coronavirus.
 Mathew, my uncle, lives in Kerala.

 Colon
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What Is a Colon? – Meaning and Definition

 A colon is a punctuation mark that has two dots of equal size placed vertically. It
is used in a sentence to introduce an example, a list, a quotation, etc. The Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary defines a colon as “the mark ( : ) used to introduce a list, a
summary, an explanation, etc. or before reporting what somebody has said”, and
according to the Cambridge Dictionary, a colon is defined as “the symbol : used
in writing, especially to introduce a list of things or a sentence or phrase taken
from somewhere else”.

Examples of the Use of Colon in Sentences

To help you understand a little more clearly, here are a few examples. Check
them out and try to analyse how it is being used.

Example 1: Lists/Series

a. A sentence has two parts and they are:

 Subject
 Predicate
b. The students who have enrolled for the competition are:
 Anurag
 Ashish
 Binsha
 Devi
 Harish
 Irene
 Preethi
c. The ingredients for the dish are: potatoes, onions, mushrooms, pepper
powder, turmeric powder and salt.
Example 2: Dialogue Writing
Teacher: Good morning, children.
Students: Good morning, Ma’am.
Teacher: Have you all completed the work I had given you yesterday?
Students: Yes Ma’am.

Example 3: Time

 The meeting will start at 11:30 a.m. sharp.

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 The train is at 6:45 p.m.

 The time now is 15:15 p.m.
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  Semicolon A semicolon is used to separate different lists of items in a
sentence.

Semicolon – Meaning and Definition

A semicolon is a punctuation mark that can be used to separate independent
clauses, as in a compound sentence. It can also be used to separate different
lists in a sentence. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a semicolon as “the
mark ( ; ) used to separate the parts of a complicated sentence or items in a
detailed list, showing a pause that is longer than a comma but shorter than a
period.”

Use of a Semicolon to Separate Various Lists in a Sentence

 My mom had to buy potatoes, tomatoes, onions and capsicums; liquid

detergent, body wash, hand wash and fabric softener; bread, butter and
jam on her way home.
 We met Santhosh, Rajesh and Aarav at the party; Tina, Sandy and Neetu
in the lobby; Charles, Abdul and Sridevi on our way back.
 Glint, the singer; Mikki, the photographer; Aldrin, the professor and Iniyan,
the entrepreneur will be present for the gathering today evening.
 Apostrophe

What Is an Apostrophe? – Meaning and Definition

An apostrophe is a punctuation mark that is mainly used to show possession or
ownership of something or someone. It can also be used to form contractions
and to indicate missing letters and numbers. It is indicated by the symbol ’.
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, an apostrophe is defined as the
mark ( ’ ) used to show that one or more letters or numbers have been left out, as
in she’s for she is and ’63 for 1963.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines an
apostrophe as “the symbol ’ used in writing to show when a letter or a number
has been left out, as in I’m (= I am) or ’85 (= 1985), or that is used before or after
s to show possession, as in Helen’s house or babies’ hands”.

Use of an Apostrophe to Show Possession

 Everyone keeps telling me that I am my mom’s daughter in every way.

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 Rincy’s dog went missing yesterday.

Did you find his bike’s keys?
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
 Susan’s father got a job in the United Arab Emirates.
  Are you the teacher’s pet?

Use of an Apostrophe to Form Contractions

 Don’t you think you can finish it by next week?

 They weren’t at the hotel.
 I’m willing to help you out with your project if you wish.
 Shouldn’t they be here by now?
 She kept saying that it wasn’t her fault.
 Quotation marks

What Are Quotation Marks? – Meaning and Definition

Quotation marks, also called speech marks, are one of the punctuation marks in
English which can be used to quote the exact words of the speaker in a sentence
and also to indicate names, titles and so on. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary
defines ‘quotation marks’ as “a pair of marks (‘ ’) or ( “ ” ) placed around a word,
sentence, etc. to show that it is what somebody said or wrote, that it is a title or
that you are using it in an unusual way.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary,
quotation marks are defined as “the symbols “ ” or ‘ ’ that are put around a word
or phrase to show that someone else has written or said it”.

Single Quotation Marks

Single quotation marks, also called ‘inverted commas’, are mainly used to quote
names, book titles, movie titles, characters and specific terms that are given
more importance than usual.
For example:


 We finally found ‘the coat’.
In the above example, ‘the coat’ is placed within single quotation marks as it
specifically refers to a particular coat that they should have been looking for a
long time.

 Our English teacher asked us to read ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’

before Friday.
 My brother and his friend, Philip went to watch ‘Don’ at the new theatre.
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 The acronym, ‘WFH’, meaning ‘Work from Home’, has been used very
frequently by youngsters and adults alike.
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 In the above examples, ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’, ‘Don’ and ‘WFH’ are
placed within single quotation marks as they are the title of a play, the name of a
movie and a particular acronym,

Double Quotation Marks

Double quotation marks are chiefly used to quote something someone said in
their exact words, as in direct speech. They can also be used to cite something
that is written or said by another person or author.
For example:

 “I had a dream”, said Martin Luther King. Likewise, I do too.

 Nick said, “I enjoy watching musicals.”
In the above sentences, you will see that “I had a dream” is a particular citation
and so placed within double quotation marks. The second sentence quotes the
exact words of Nick; therefore, they are placed within double quotation marks.

Use appropriate quotation marks wherever necessary in the following sentences.

1. Naomi said, I feel very excited as it is the first day of work.
2. Have you read The Pilgrim’s Progress?
3. Shakespeare once said, All the world’s a stage and we are all actors.
4. The Ice Age: Collision Course is the last one of the Ice Age movie sequels.
5. Have you ever heard of FOMO?
6. Terry said, I have been promoted to be head of sales for the entire northern
division.
7. The crowd cheered, An absolute hero!
8. Nothing’s gonna change my love for you is my mom’s favourite song.
9. Who is the class leader? asked the Principal.
10. A Sensible Heart is a psychoanalytic novel.
Now, find out if you used the right quotation marks in the right places from the
answers given below,
1. Naomi said, “I feel very excited as it is the first day of work.”
2. Have you read ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’?
3. Shakespeare once said, “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women
merely players.”
4. The ‘Ice Age: Collision Course‘ is the last one of the Ice Age movie sequels.
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5. Have you ever heard of ‘FOMO’?

6. Terry said, “I have been promoted to be head of sales for the entire northern
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division.”
 7. The crowd cheered, “An absolute hero!”
8. ‘Nothing’s gonna change my love for you’ is my mom’s favourite song.
9. “Who is the class leader?”, asked the Principal.
10. ‘A Sensible Heart’ is a psychoanalytic novel.
 Hyphen

What Is a Hyphen? – Meaning and Definition

A hyphen is a punctuation mark that is mainly used to combine two words to form
compound words. According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a hyphen is
defined as “the mark (- ) used to join two words together to make a new one, as
in back-up, to show that a word has been divided between the end of one line
and the beginning of the next, or to show that something is missing (as in short-
and long-term)”. The Collins Dictionary defines a hyphen as “the punctuation sign
used to join words together to make a compound, as in ‘ left-handed’.” A hyphen
is “a punctuation mark – used especially to divide or to compound words, word
elements, or numbers”, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
A hyphen can be used:

 To refer to physical quantities if the unit is spelled out and not when it is
written in the abbreviated form;
 With numbers, to represent time frames, estimates of distance and other
attributes;
 When referring to the age of people or things;
 When writing compound numbers and fractions only if they are spelled out;
 When adding prefixes and suffixes, though not always.

Examples of Sentences Using a Hyphen

Here are a few examples of sentences using words or terms with hyphens for
your reference.

Using Hyphens to Refer to Physical Quantities

 I had to carry a sixty-pound bag full of clothes up to the third floor

yesterday.
 Madhu found an eight-centimetre long chameleon sitting on one of the
rose bushes in her garden.
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 Vishnu found it hard to lift even a five-kilogram sack of rice since he had
sprained his wrist last week.
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 Using Hyphens to Form Compound Words

 Rory was a happy-go-lucky kid who enjoyed every moment of her life to
the fullest.
 Meera was a bright-eyed girl.
 I did not notice that the green-coloured floral dress that I bought the other
day was damaged.

Using Hyphens to Represent Time Frames, Estimates of Distances and Other

Attributes

 They had informed us that the meeting would be held from 3:30-5:30 p.m.
 We were expecting only 500-750 people to attend the seminar, but around
1300 people attended.
 Hannah told us that we would have to travel for 3-4 kms, after the
roundabout, to reach the beach.

Using Hyphens to Refer to the Age of People/Things

 We were surprised to see the ninety-year-old couple do a salsa dance.

 Our four-year-old daughter won the Kids’ Beauty Pageant.
 The ten-year anniversary of our shop falls on the 12th of June.

Using Hyphens to Refer to Fractions and Compound Numbers

 Joey ate three-fourth of the cake all by himself.

 Almost two-third of the town is occupied by Malayalis.
 Twenty-five students were selected to go to the International Science Fair.
There is one rule that you should remember when using hyphens. If you are
spelling out fractions along with numbers, hyphenate only the fraction and not the
number.
For example:

 Six and one-third

 Eight and three-fourth
However, if the number and fraction acts as a compound adjective, you can
hyphenate the whole construction.
For example:
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 The six-and-one-third-foot-long pole, that stood right in the middle of the

road, was a hindrance for everyone who took that route.
  The eight-and-one-quarter-inch loaf was stale.

Using Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes

As long as prefixes are concerned, you have to hyphenate,

 Every word that begins with prefixes such as ‘ex’, ‘self’ and ‘all’
 Every word that has a prefix that ends with a vowel and a root word that
begins with a vowel
 Every proper noun that has a prefix
 When using prefixes to describe family relations
Examples:

 The ex-president is visiting Paris today.

 Our city has been semi-arid for many years now.
 In mid-January, we will be leaving for Canada.
 My great-grandfather was a veteran soldier.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Hyphens in Sentences

Go through the following sentences. Identify the words that have to be
hyphenated and rewrite the sentences accurately.
1. My sister has a semiacoustic guitar.
2. The hundred year old clock caught my eyes.
3. There would be around 800 1000 people going on this trip.
4. Can we have fifty five cups of coffee please?
5. Neena would be practising for 3 4 hours by the time we get there.
6. Three fourth of the drink was over within an hour.
7. The self obsessed girl could not manage to see another girl take up the centre
stage.
8. My ninety year old grandmother is so active and energetic even at this age.
9. Her great grandmother will be visiting her next week.
10. My brother had a six inch subway for lunch.

Check out the sentences given below to find out if you have hyphenated the
words correctly.
1. My sister has a semi-acoustic guitar.
2. The hundred-year-old clock caught my eyes.
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3. There would be around 800-1000 people going on this trip.

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4. Can we have fifty-five cups of coffee please?

5. Neena would be practising for 3-4 hours by the time we get there.
 6. Three-fourth of the drink was over within an hour.
7. The self-obsessed girl could not manage to see another girl take up the
centre stage.
8. My ninety-year-old grandmother is so active and energetic even at this age.
9. Her great-grandmother will be visiting her next week.
10. My brother had a six-inch subway for lunch.

 Dash

What Is a Dash? – Meaning and Definition

A dash is a punctuation mark that resembles a hyphen, but longer. A dash is
used to separate part of a sentence and indicate a break. It indicates a longer
pause than a comma and a semicolon. It is also called a long dash or an em
dash.

Dash Hyphen
 A dash is used to indicate  A hyphen is used to combine
a break. words to form compound
words and also at the end of
sentences to show
continuation.
 A dash can be used  A hyphen does not indicate a
instead of a comma, a pause and so cannot be
colon or a semicolon. used instead of a comma, a
colon or a semicolon.
 Example:  Example:
 A lot of things —  The white-headed
more than you can pigeon is not seen
even imagine — much around here.
have changed in the
last two years.

Examples of Sentences Using Dashes

Here are some sentence examples to show you how a dash can be used in a
sentence.
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 My work timings are from 8–5.

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 The trek will be organised from May 12–15.

 We know one thing for sure — something unexpected is coming our way.
  Many children — living in orphanages — do not know what love feels like.
 People — both young and old — were advised to take vaccinations at the
earliest.
 The mathematician—philosopher has won the Nobel Prize this year.
 Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact was officially declared null in 1941.
 A lot has changed since last year — probably for the better.
 The Chennai—Mumbai flight will leave at 10:00 a.m.
 Dinesh — the boy from Thanjavur — has arrived.
 Parentheses

What Are Brackets? – Meaning and Definition brackets/parenthesis

The term ‘brackets’ refer to the vertical round lines () that come in pairs. The
symbol has an opening bracket and a closing bracket, employed in sentences to
provide extra or additional information about something or someone. The
brackets symbol, a punctuation mark, is often used interchangeably with a pair
of commas. However, it is not ideal to use brackets everywhere you see a pair of
commas.
Now, if the term ‘brackets’ refers to the particular punctuation mark, then what is
a parenthesis? If you look at the definitions of brackets and parentheses as
provided by different dictionaries, you will be able to understand this a lot more
clearly. So, here it is.

Examples of Round Brackets/Parentheses:

 It is better for you to follow the given instructions (unless you want to be
expelled).
 The Taj Mahal (originally built in the 17th century) is being polished as its
marble structure has lost its colour due to the chemical pollution in the
area.
Examples of Square Brackets:

 Derrick said, “She [the head nurse] asked us to wait here.”

 Did my mom really say she “love[s] travelling”?
 That is [the] point.
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 Examples of Curly Brackets:

 Remind me to buy detergent, soap, vegetables {onions, tomatoes, garlic,

ladies finger, chillies and potatoes}, cooking oil and fruits {apples, oranges
and bananas}.
 I have invited my relatives, friends {Mazeeka, Raimy, Priyanka and
Soumia} and colleagues for my son’s birthday party.

Examples of Sentences Using Brackets/Parentheses

 Droupadi Murmu (former Governor of Jharkhand) has taken office as the

President of India.
 The Agam band (Bangalore-based Carnatic progressive band) is playing
live at the GYLT on the 5th of August.
 WHO (World Health Organisation) has declared monkeypox as a public
health emergency of international concern.
 Being a teacher was a noble profession (not anymore).
 Shakespeare’s “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely
players. They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time
plays many parts.” (As You Like It, Act 2, Scene 7) is used as a theme in
many movies.
 The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) commenced with the Dandi
March.
 Everyone was talking about yesterday’s party (Don’t even get me started.).
 Mother Teresa (born in Skopje, Macedonia) founded the Christian
Missionaries of Charity.
 The rainfall has increased by 100 cms. (See Figure 2)
 Betty (and her little red teddy bear) was always a delight to watch.
 The student(s) are asked to assemble in the main auditorium by 11 a.m.
 Slash

Slash – Meaning and Definition

A slash, in punctuation, is a slanting line that is generally used instead of the
conjunction ‘or’. It is also used to denote the availability of options and choices. A
slash, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is defined as “the symbol / used in
writing to separate letters, numbers, or words” and according to the Merriam-
Webster Dictionary, “a mark / used typically to denote “or” (as in and/or), “and or”
(as in straggler/deserter), or “per” (as in feet/second)”. The Collins Dictionary
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defines a slash as “a short diagonal line (/) used between two words to show that
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either is applicable (and/or), in dates or fractions (3/8), to express “per” (feet/

second), etc.”
 Types of Slashes
In the English language, slashes are of three types, each of them used for
different purposes. The three types of slashes are,

 Forward Slash (/)

 Backward Slash (\)
 Vertical Slash (|)

The Forward Slash

The forward slash (/) is the most commonly used slash symbol. The forward
slash means ‘or’, ‘and or’ or ‘per’. There are multiple scenarios in which the
forward slash is used. They are as follows:

 To separate the date, month and year as in DD/MM/YY

 In between the numerator and denominator to indicate fractions as in ¼
 To denote alternate options meaning either this or that as in coffee/tea
 Instead of the term ‘per’ as in 45 km/hr

The Backward Slash

The backward slash (\), on the other hand, is not seen to be used very often. This
is because it is only used in computer coding languages. For example,

 Escape characters in python coding use backslashes. For instance: \n for a

new line, \t for tab, \’ to insert a single quote, etc.
 Windows uses backslashes to indicate paths or location of a folder as in C:\
Users\Admin\Pictures

The Vertical Slash

The vertical slash (|), also known as the straight slash or the upright slash, is
mostly used in coding language and mathematics. It also means ‘such that’ or ‘it
is true that’. It also performs the role of an OR operator in coding languages. For
example: Gowtham|Cyril means “Gowtham” and “Cyril”.

When and Where to Use a Slash?

You have already learnt what all a forward slash generally means and is used
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for. Now, let us see when and where it can be used. A slash can be used
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between words in a text, and according to the way it is used, it can mean
different things.
 A forward slash is used

 Between two nouns or conjunctions as a substitute for the conjunction ‘or’.

Example: his/her, he/she, if/when.
 Between the conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ to show that both options are
available. Example: Coat and/or tie.
 To separate lines in poetry, prose and even song lyrics. For example: “Hell
hath no limits, nor is circumscribed/In one self place, for where we are is
hell,/And where hell is must we ever be.” (‘Doctor Faustus’ by Christopher
Marlowe)
 To form abbreviations. Example: w/o meaning without. See to it that you do
not use abbreviations such as these in formal writing.
 To denote a relationship between two closely related terms. Example:
Sun/Moon

Examples of Sentences Using Slashes

Take a look at the following examples and try analysing how it is being used.

 You are allowed to bring your father and/or mother to the Parent-Teacher
meeting.
 You can use a black pen/pencil to mark the parts of the diagram.
 My sister was looking for the newspaper dated 12/09/21.
 A parent/guardian has to accompany the child to the auditorium.
 Another day without your smile/Another day just passes by/And now I
know/How much it means/For you to stay right here with me (“I Wanna
Grow Old with You’ by Westlife)
 Anyone who has his/her own vehicle can leave now.
 I have met them at close of day/Coming with vivid faces/From counter or
desk among grey/Eighteenth-century houses. (‘Easter, 1916’ by William
Butler Yeats)
 Carry a sweater/shawl to shelter yourself from the cold weather.
 You will be required to submit address/age proof when you apply for a new
bank account.
 My mom asked me to add a little extra powdered pepper/chilli flakes when
making pepper chicken gravy if I wanted it to be really spicy.
 Exclamation mark

What Is an Exclamation Mark? – Meaning and Definition

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An exclamation mark, also known as the exclamation point, is a punctuation sign

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that is used to indicate strong emotions and feelings. It is used in exclamatory

sentences and with interjections. According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary,
 an exclamation mark is defined as “the mark ( ! ) that is written after an
exclamation”, and according to the Cambridge Dictionary, an exclamation mark is
defined as “the symbol ! written immediately after an exclamation.”
The Collins Dictionary defines an exclamation mark as “the sign ! which is used
in writing to show that a word, phrase, or sentence is an exclamation.” According
to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an exclamation mark is defined as “a mark !
used especially after an interjection or exclamation to indicate forceful utterance
or strong feeling.”

Using an Exclamation Mark in Exclamatory Sentences

 How careless can you be!

 What an amazing life!
 That is really wonderful!

Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of an Interjection

 Wow! That is great news.

 Oh! I am so sorry.
 Alas! That is really bad. What are you going to do about it?

Using an Exclamation Mark in Direct Speech

 Sam said, “I love this movie!”

 What nerve she has to say, “You are rude”!
 The team shouted together, “Whoa! We finally did it.”

Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of Phrases/Individual Words

 Careful! Will you?

 What a day!
 Get out! You have pulled the last straw.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Exclamation Marks

Go through the following sentences and insert exclamation marks wherever
necessary and punctuate the sentences accordingly.
1. Ouch that hurt badly.
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2. What a pretty dress.

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3. Sarah said, “Wow that is really great.”

4. Sit down.
 5. We are fed up with you. Leave now.
6. Hurray. We finally did it.
7. Uh I am not sure I can help you with it.
8. Deepa said, “Ah now I understand.”
9. The teacher lost her temper and shouted, “No more activities for you.”
10. How wonderful.

Now, find out if you used the exclamation marks accurately in the sentences
given below.
1. Ouch! That hurt badly.
2. What a pretty dress!
3. Sarah said, “Wow! That is really great.”
4. Sit down!
5. We are fed up with you. Leave now!
6. Hurray! We finally did it.
7. Uh! I am not sure I can help you with it.
8. Deepa said, “Ah! Now I understand.”
9. The teacher lost her temper and shouted, “No more activities for you!”
10. How wonderful!

 Question mark

Question Mark – Meaning and Definition

A question mark is a symbol used to punctuate interrogative sentences and at
the end of question tags. Just by seeing a question mark used at the end of a
sentence or after a phrase, you will be able to identify that there is something
uncertain about the mentioned information and that whoever is asking the
question is seeking for an answer regarding the same.

Use of Question Mark at the End of a Direct Question

 When will you reach?

 What are your plans for tomorrow evening?
 Who is that man?
 When do you intend on telling your parents about this?
 Why do you think it is taking this long?
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 Use of Question Mark at the End of Question Tags

 He is coming home today, isn’t he?

 They are not working on the same topic, are they?
 Susan will not be attending the workshop, will she?
 Suresh does not like sweets, does he?
 You are an Indian, aren’t you?

Use of Question Mark in Direct Speech

 My mom asked, “Has KRK been released on OTT?”

 “When are you leaving for Bangalore?” asked Sheena.
 Tharun asked, “Can you come with me to the clinic?”
 Vishnu said, “They are all joining us for dinner, right?”
 “Ashish is getting married?”, asked Varsha.

Check Your Understanding on Using Question Marks

Use question marks where required in the following sentences:
1. How did you do this
2. You are still going to the gym, right
3. Do you like cool drinks
4. Is she the one who won the gold medal for the marathon
5. Would you prefer pasta or momos
6. You do not like bitter gourd, do you
7. Can you finish the repair in two days
8. Preetha said, “Haven’t you seen this earring before”
9. Won’t you find it difficult to travel continuously
10. Are you happy now

Find out if you have added question marks in the right places from the answers
given below.
1. How did you do this?
2. You are still going to the gym, right?
3. Do you like cool drinks?
4. Is she the one who won the gold medal for the marathon?
5. Would you prefer pasta or momos?
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6. You do not like bitter gourd, do you?

7. Can you finish the repair in two days?
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8. Preetha said, “Haven’t you seen this earring before?”

 9. Won’t you find it difficult to travel continuously?
10. Are you happy now?

 Ellipsis We wrote in the comments section, “We were here. This is

the … again.”

Furthermore, it is also important you understand that using capital letters and
spaces are also an integral part of punctuation.

Using Punctuation in Sentences – Examples

Using punctuation is vital to make your writing look professional, logical and well-
founded. Using no punctuation at all will not make sense; overuse of punctuation
can make your writing look distorted and vague.
Have a look at the following table to understand each punctuation mark and to
see how they can be used in sentences.

Punctuation Punctuation Sentence example

mark mark (Symbol)

Full stop / . I am a student.

Period

Comma , Ashlin, my sister’s daughter, came home today.

Colon : You have two options: Take a bus or hire a cab.

Semicolon ; I did not like the dish; however, I ate it since I did
not want to waste it.

Apostrophe ’ Ritu’s brother is moving to Sydney.

Quotation “” My mom said, “Make sure you get home before 7

marks p.m.”

Hyphen – We have a black–eyed white bunny.

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Dash — My mom’s friends — Sheela, Immaculate and

Agnes — visited her today.
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 Parentheses () Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (popularly known as
‘Mother Teresa’) was born on August 26, 1910.

Slash / You can use a noun/pronoun to start a sentence.

Exclamation ! Wow! That is great news.

mark

Question mark ? What would you like to have for dinner?

Ellipsis … We wrote in the comments section, “We were

here. This is the … again.”
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