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HOPE JUNIOR SCHOOL LAMINADERA

INTEGRATED SCIENCE LESSON NOTE TERM THREE
2024

TOPIC 9 :SCIENCE AT HOME AND IN OUR COMMUNITY

Science at home are various science activities used to solve common problems at
home and in our community.
Qn. Identify examples of science activities common at home.

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 - Boiling water
- Washing clothes
- Production of biogas
- Preparing of local salt
- Making electricity from wind
- Promoting sanitation
- Decantation of water
- Distillation of water
- Filtration of water
Qn. Mention any four uses of water to people.
- Water is used for bathing.
- Water is used for washing clothes.
- Water is used for washing utensils.
- Water is used for cooking food.
- Water is used for mopping.
- Water is used for flushing toilets.
- Water is used for mixing agrochemicals.
- For cooling machines in industries.
Qn. Give the uses of water in the body.
- Water helps to ease digestion.
- Water helps to cool down body temperature.
- Water helps in formation of plasma.
- Water maintains the shape of body cells.
- Water helps in transportation of waste materials.
Qn. State the uses water to crops.
- Water helps in process of germination. - Water acts as raw materials for
photosynthesis - Water is agent of seed dispersal.
- Water is an agent of pollination.
Qn. Identify the sources of water in environment.
- rivers - swamps - seas
- rain - tanks - springs
- lakes - ponds - dams
- wells - oceans
- borehole - streams
Qn. Mention the properties of water.
- Water exerts pressure.

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 - Water finds its own level.
- Water is a good solvent.
(a) Water exerts pressure
Qn. Why does water pour at different levels?
- The pressure of water depends on it depth.
Qn. Why does the jet at bottom pour water the furthest?
- The pressure at the bottom is greatest.
(b) Water finds its own level.
- When water is put in different containers having different shapes, it will have the
same level.
- Illustration

(c) Water is a good solvent.

- Water is a good solvent because it dissolves all solutes.
Qn. Identify some examples of solutes that can dissolve in water.
- Salt - sugar - glucose
- Powdered milk - baking powder

Qn. What is pure water?

- Pure water is water which does not contain any impurities.
Qn. State the properties of pure water
- Pure water is colourless.
- Pure water is tasteless.
- Pure water is odourless (has no smell)
- Pure water boils at 100 0c or 212 0 F
- Pure water freezes at 0oc or 320F

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 Types of water
Qn. Mention any two types of water
- Soft water
- Hard water

Hard water
Qn. What is hard water?
- Hard water is water that does not form lather easily with
soap.
Qn. What makes water
hard? - Mineral salts
Qn. Why is hard water unable to form lather easily with
soap? - Hard water contains a lot mineral salts
Qn. Mention the sources of hard water
- Seas - Wells - Lakes
- Rivers - Boreholes
Qn. State the advantages of using hard water.
- Hard water strengthens our bones and teeth.
- Hard water is used to make beer.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using hard water.
- Hard water wastes soap.
- Hard water stains clothes.
Qn. How can hard water be made soft?
- By boiling.
- By treating with chemicals.

Soft water
Qn. What is soft water?
- Soft water is water that forms lather with soap easily.
Qn. State the sources of soft water.
- Rain water
Qn. State the advantages of soft water.
- It does not waste soap.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using soft water
- It is not good for drinking.
Qn. How can soft water be made good for

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 drinking? - By adding mineral salts.

Ways of making water clean.

Qn. Identify the methods of making water clean.
By decantation
By filtration

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By distillation
Decantation / settling method
Qn. What is decantation?
- Decantation is where solid particles in water are left to settle at the bottom of the
container.

Steps to follow
1. Allow the mixture of water and dirt to settle for some hours.
2. Pour off the clean water on top of the container into another container carefully.

Illustration

Qn. How can water obtained by decantation be made safe for drinking?
- By boiling
- By treating with chemicals.
Qn. Why is water obtained by decanting not recommended for drinking?
- Decanting does not kill germs
Qn. State any two uses of water got after decantation.
- It can be used for washing utensils. - It can be used for washing clothes.

Distillation
Qn. What is distillation?

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- Distillation is the method of making water clean by evaporating and condensing the
water. Qn. What scientific name is given to the pure water collected after distillation?
- Distillate

A diagram is showing distillation method

Qn. Why is distilled water not good for drinking?
- Distilled water does not contain mineral salts.
Qn. How can distilled water be made good for drinking?
- By adding mineral salt.
Qn. State any two uses of distilled water.
- It is

used to mix drugs used in injections. -

It is put in drips used in hospitals.

Filtration
Qn. What is filtration?
- Filtration is where impurities in water are filtered.
- Using a piece of cloth or sieve.
- A simple water purifier ( A water filter) Filtering using a filter paper
- -

Qn. What name is given to the solids particles trapped on the filter paper / sieve?
- Residues
Qn. What science name is given to the clear liquid got after
filtration? - Filtrate
Qn. Why is water got filtration not safe for drinking?
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- Filtration does not kill germs.

Qn. How can water obtained by filtration be made safe for drinking?
- By treating with chemicals.
- By boiling.
Qn. State any two activities at home in which filtered water can be used.
Cooking food
Washing clothes
Cleaning utensils
Qn. Besides making water clean, state any three activities at home that involve filtration at
home.
- Separating seeds from fruits juice.
- Removing tea leaves from tea.
- Removing solid particles such as husks an other particles from local brew.
- Ways of making water safe for drinking
Qn. Mention any two ways of making water safe for drinking.
- Boiling
- Treating water using chemicals.
Qn. How does boiling water make it safe for drinking?
- Boling kill germs in water.
Qn. How does treating water with chemicals make safe water for
drinking? - Chemical kill germs in water.
Qn. Mention the example of chemicals used to treat water.
- Chlorine - calcium chloride
- Potassium paramagnet - lodine Qn. What is chlorination?
- Chlorination is the addition of chlorine into water.
Stages in water treatment / purification.
- Screening
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Chlorination
Qn. Give the meaning of each of the following terms as used in water treatment.
(i) Screening
- Screening is the removal of solid floating materials from water by the help of metal
grids where water enters the pipe.
(ii) Sedimentation
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- Sedimentation is the removal of large particles from water by allowing them to settle
at the bottom of the tank.
Qn. What name is given to the solid particles that settle at the bottom of the tank?
- Sediments
Qn. Mention any two examples of sedments
- Sand - stones
- Mud
Qn. State the different ways how purifies water can get contaminated.
- Storing water in dirty places.
- Storing water in dirty utensils.
- Leaving water uncovered.
- Drawing water using dirty containers.
Qn. State any the ways of preventing water contamination after boiling or treating.
By covering water.
By putting water in clean container.

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By storing water in clean places.

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- Diagram showing stages of water purification

Qn. Mention any four disadvantage of using chemicals to treat water.

- By
chemicals is expensive.
- Chemicals may make water to smell badly.
- Chemicals may add taste to water.
- Chemicals may add colour to water.
Making salt from plant materials
Qn. Mention any two local materials used to make salt.
- Banana peeling.
- Potato peeling.
- Bean husks.
Qn. Write down the steps following in making local salt.
(i) Get dry plant materials like banana peelings, sweet potato peelings , bean husks
and burn them to obtain ash.
(ii) Get the ash from burnt plant materials and dissolve it into little water.
(iii) Filter off the ash from the mixture and obtain a salt solution.
(v) Boil the salt solution to dryness.
Note
- Crystals of salt shall be seen on the saucepan.

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- Illustration
Qn. Why is salt added to food?
- To make food tasty.
- Salt is a source of mineral salts Qn. State other uses of salt.
- It is used to preserve food.
Salt is added to animals feeds to supper proper growth of bones.
Salt is sold to get money.
Salt is used to make simple acids.
Salts is used to turn soft water into hard water.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using salt.
Salt weakness metals by causing rusting.
- It makes the food too salty to eat when poorly mixed with food.
- Water impurities
Qn. What are water impurities?
- Water impurities are material that make water dirty or impure.
Qn. Mention examples of water impurities
- Dust - faeces- poultry droppings
- Cow dung - silt from erosion - industrial wastes
- Chemicals e.g. herbicides , pesticides , insecticides
- Germs
- Cleaning clothes at home
Qn. Mention the steps involves in cleaning at home.
- Sorting - Soaking
- Washing - Rinsing
- Wringing - Drying
- Ironing (a) Sorting

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Qn. What is sorting?

- Sorting is the grouping of clothes according to their colours and degree of
dirt.
Qn. State the reasons for sorting clothes before washing them.
- To separate very dirty clothes from other clothes.
- To prevent clothes which have dye from spreading to others.
- To make sure that those clothes that need special care are washed separately.
Qn. State the different factors to consider when sorting clothes.
- Colour of clothes.
- Degree / intensity of dirty in clothes.
- Note
- Sorting is the first step involve in cleaning clothes at home.
(b) Soaking
Qn. What is soaking?
- Soaking is the sinking of clothes into water mixed with soap for sometimes.
Qn. State the importance of soaking clothes.
- To soften clothes for easy washing.
- To dissolve dirt / loosening dirt in a cloth.
- Note:
- Soaking is done before washing.
(c) Washing
- What is washing?
- Washing is the squeezing of clothes in water with soap.
Qn. Mention the types of washing
Hand washing
Machine washing
Qn. State the different reasons for washing clothes.
- To remove dirt / stains from clothes.
- To remove germs.
- To kill germs. (d) Rinsing
Qn. What is rinsing ?
- Rinsing is the rewashing of soapy clothes in plenty of clean water.
Qn. State the reason of rinsing clothes.
- To remove all the lather from clothes.

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To remove all the soap from clothes. (e) Wringing

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Qn. What is wringing?
- Wringing is the act of squeezing out water from the clothes after they have
washed and rinsed.
Qn. State reason fro wringing clothes.
- To remove excess water from clothes.
(f) Drying
Qn. What is drying?
- Drying is the putting of clothes somewhere to dry.
- Note:
- Drying can be done by hanging the clothes on a clothe line or clean surface.
Qn. State the reasons for drying clothes.
- To kill germs.
- To remove water from the clothes.
- Note:
- Clothes should not be left to dry completely with moisture.
Qn. Why should some little moisture be left in clothes during drying?
- To make ironing of clothes easy.
- Ironing
Qn. What is ironing?
- Ironing is the act of pressing clothes using a heated tool.
Qn. Mention any two tools that can be used to iron
clothes. - Iron boxes.
- Flat lrons
Qn. State the importance / purpose for ironing clothes.
- To kill germs.
- To remove wrinkles from a cloth.
- To look smart.
- Tailors lron clothes after sewing to give them the appropriate shape.
- Topic 10: ACCIDENTS AND FIRST AID
(a) Accident
Qn. What is an accident?
An accident is a sudden happening that causes harm to the body.
Note:

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Accidents may lead to injuries on the body.

Qn. What is an injury?
An injury is any damage to the body caused by an
accident. Qn. Write down the different places where accidents
occur.
- schools - water bodies
- homes - gardens
- roads - churches
- play grounds - hotels
- construction sites - benches
- bushes - forests
Qn. State the different causes of accidents in our community.
- Careless running.
- Playing on roads.
- Playing with fire.
- Playing with sharp piercing objects.
- Playing rough games.
- Falling from trees.
- Playing with live electric wires.
- Falling from tall buildings.
- Body contact with hot metals.
- Falling from stair cases.
- Eating poisoned food.
- Careless crossing of roads.
Qn. State different effects of accidents.
- Accidents may lead to death.
- Accidents may lead to loss of some body parts.
- Accidents may lead to lameness.
- Accidents may lead to wounds.
- Accidents may lead to fractures.
- Accidents may lead to loss of blood due to breathing.
Qn. Mention the examples / forms of accidents
- burns - electric shocks
- scalds - snake bites

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fractures -
- fainting
- nose bleeding - dislocation
- cuts - poisoning
- wounds - fever
- cramps - convulsion / fits
- bruises - near drowning
(b) First aid.
Qn. What is first aid?
- First aid is the first help given to a casualty before being taken to a hospital.
Or

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First aid is the immediate help / assistance given to a casualty before being taken to
a health centres.
Qn. Who is a casualty?
A casualty is a person who has been involved in an accident.
- Or
- A casualty is a person who has been injured in an accident.
- Or
- A casualty is a person who has got an accident.
Qn. State the reasons / importance of giving first aid to a casualty.
- To save life.
- To stop bleeding.
- To promote quick recovery.
- To prevent further injuries.
- To prevent the condition from becoming worse.
- To reduce pain.
Qn. State the main reason for giving first
aid. - To save life.
Qn. Who is a first aider?
- A first aider is a person who give / administers first aid to a casualty.
Qn. State roles / responsibilities of a first aider.
- To assess the situation/ condition of the casualty.
- To help in identifying the problem/ cause of the accident.
- To assist the casualty as quickly as possible.
- To remove the casualty from the accident scene.
- To check for the ABC’s or 3 B’s.
- To take the casualty to the hospital.
Qn. Write the following in full as used in first aid.
(a) ABC
A Air way
B Breathing
C Circulation of blood
(b) 3B’s
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B Breathing
B Bleeding
B Breakages
Qn. State the qualities of a good first aider.
- Should be kind.
- Should be knowledgeable.
- Should be observant.
- Should be resourceful.
- Should be have common sense.
- Should be sympathetic.
- Should be gentle and tactful.
First aid box and first aid kit
Qn. What is a first aid box?
A first aid box is a container where first aid tools / equipment are kept.
Qn. What is a first aid kit?
A first aid kit is a set of equipment / materials used for giving first aid.
- Diagram showing a first aid box

Qn. Mention the different places where first aid boxes are found.
- At home - in hotels
- At schools - In ships
- At petrol station - At the airports
No. First aid kit Uses
1. - for covering wounds
- for tying around the broken bones

Bandag
e

2. - for cutting bandages gauze and plasters.

- for shaving around the affected area.
- cutting fingers nails short to expose the wound.

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Razor bla
de
3. Plasters - for covering wounds and cuts

In vehicles - At banks
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- In office
Qn. Why is a first aid box painted with bright colours?
- For easy identification
Qn. State the components of a first aid kit.
- plasters - safety pin
- cotton wool - lodine solution
- surgical spirit - black stone
- pair of scissors - surgical blade
- gloves - gauze
- razor blade- pair of tweezers
- bandage - pain killers
- needle and syringe
Qn. First aid kit and their uses.

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4. Safety pin - for fastening bandages.

- for stitching bandages.
- for pinning bandages.

5. Surgical spirit - for disinfecting wounds.

- for killing germs around the injured part.

6. lodine solution - cleaning wounds

- to kill germs

7. Gloves - for protection while dressing wounds.

- for prevent contamination of the injured part by the
first aider.

8. - for cutting plasters, bandages , gauze

etc - for shaving hair around the injured
part.

Pair of sciss

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ors
9. Cotton wool - for cleaning wounds and cuts

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 10. Gauze - for protecting wounds.
- for absorbing pus and fluids from an injured part.

11. Pair of tweezers - for picking up tiny objects from a wounds.

- for removing beestings
- for holding bandages , plasters etc

12. Needle and syringe - for injecting

13. Black stones - for sucking venom

14. Pain killer - for reducing pain

e.gpanadollbrufenetc

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Qn. Mention the components of a first aid kit which are not found in a first aid box.
- Stretcher Crutches
Splints
Qn. Give the meaning of each of the following.
Splints
Splints are small pieces of wood or metal tied around a broken bone to keep it one
position.
Qn. How are splints useful while giving first aid?
- Splints keep the broken bone in one position.
Qn. Why are splints not found in a first aid box?
- Splints are big / splints are too big to fit in a first aid box. Illustration showing
application of a splint.

(i) Stretcher

A stretcher is a simple emergency bed used for carrying casualties who unable to
-
work.
Qn. How is a stretcher useful in giving first aid?
- A stretcher is used to carry causalities who can’t walk to he health centre/hospital.
Qn. Why is a stretcher not found in a first aid box?
- A stretcher is too big.
Qn. Mention the different local materials used for making a stretcher.
- Pole / wood
- Sacks
- Ropes
- Strings

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 - Diagram showing a stretcher

(iii) Crutches
- A crutch is a piece of wood or metal used to assist casualty in walking.
Qn. Why is a crutch not found in a first aid box?
- A crutch is long and big.
Diagram showing a crutch
(iv) Arm sling
- An arms sling is piece of clothe used to support a victim with a broken arm or
hand.
Qn. How is an arm sling important in administering first aid?
- An arm sling helps to keep the broken / fractured arm in one position.
- An arm sling gives support to the broken arm or hand.
- Diagram showing an arm being supported by an arm sling.
- -
- FORMS OF ACCIDENTS
1. BURNS AND
SCALD (a) BURNS
Qn. What is a burn?
- A burn is an injury to the skin caused by heat.
Qn. Mention some examples of dry heat.
- Hot flat iron.
- Fire
- Hot charcoal
- Hot charcoal stone
- Cookers
- Acids
- Hot metal
Qn. State the different causes of burns.
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 - Body contact with acids.
- Body contact with hot saucepans.
- Body contact with fire.
- Body contact with hot kettles.
Body contact with frying pans.
Body contact with hot flat irons.
- Body contact with burning charcoal.
Body contact with hot charcoal stoves.
Types of burns / degrees of burns.

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First degree burn

- Second degree burn
- Third degree burn
(a) First degree burn
- First degree burn is the type of burn where a skin is burnt and does not form
blisters.
- Signs of a first aid a first degree burn.
- Blisters are not formed.
- The skin becomes tender for some few days.
Qn. State the first aid for a first degree burn.
- Put the burnt part in clean cold water.
Qn. Why do we put the burnt part in cold water.
- To cool down the high temperature of the burnt part.
(b) Second degree burn
- Second degree burn is the type of burn which is severe and forms blisters on the
skin. - Sign of a second degree burns - Blisters are formed on the skin.
- First aid for second degree burn - Put the burnt part in clean cold water.
- If the blister is not broken , wash the burnt area with a clean piece of bandage using
cold water.
(b) Third degree burn
- Third degree burn is the type of burn where the skin is burnt deeply and causes
complete damage on the skin.
Qn. State the signs of a third degree burn.
- The skin appears shiny.
- Blisters are formed on the skin and the skin is peeled off.
- The victim loses a lot of body fluids.
Qn. What is a blister?
- A blister is raised skin with a liquid under it.
Qn. State the first aid for a third degree burn.
- Put the burnt part in clean cold water.
Qn. Why are victims of second and third degree burns encouraged to take plenty of
fluids? - To replace the lost fluids in the body.
(b) Scalds
Qn. What is a scald?
- A scald is an injury on the skin caused by wet heat.
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Qn. Identify some examples of wet heat.
- Hot water - porridge
- Steam - hot soup
- Hot milk - hot cooking oil
Qn. State four causes of scalds -
Body contact with hot porridge.
- Body contact with hot cooking oil.
Body contact with hot water.
- Body contact with hot milk.
- Body contact with hot tea.
- Body contact with steam.
- Body contact with hot soup.
Qn. What first aid can you give to a casualty with a scald?
- Put the injured part in clean cold water.
Qn. Why is it advisable to put the scalded part in clean cold water?
- To reduce on the high temperature of the scalded part.
Qn. State the ways of preventing burns and scalds.
- Keep hot objects out of children’s reach.
- A void playing near fire places.
- Construct fire guards around cooking places.
- Carry hot objects using insulators of heat e.g. pieces of paper, leaves.
- Keep all flammable substances away from houses egg petrol .
- A void leaving candles or wick lamps burning in a house.
- A void cooking from open places.
- Keeping electrical equipments out of reach of children.
Qn. Give a reason why you should never apply cooking oil on the burn or scald.
- Cooking oil may cause more injections.
- The injury can become septic.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to pit rabbit for on a scald or burn.
- It can cause infections to the injury.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to apply sugar on a scald or burn?
- Sugar attracts bacteria.
- Sugar absorbs water from the skin.
Qn. Give a reason why it is not advisable to apply salt on burn or scald?
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 -Salt causes dehydration by absorbing water from the skin.
Qn. Give a reason why it is not advisable to burnt blisters incase of a second or third
degree burn.
- Germs can enters the wounds and make it become septic.
Qn. Give the effects of burns and scalds.
- They can lead to death.
- They can lead to damage to tendons, ligaments or muscles.
- They may lead to big scars on the body.
- They can lead to severe pain in the body.
- Change in the skin colour of affected area.
2. FEVER AND
CONVULSIONS (a) Fever
Qn. What is fever?
Fever is condition in which a person’s body temperature rises beyond the
normal. OR
- Fever is the abnormal rise of a person’s body temperature.
Note:
The normal human body temperature is about 370Oc or 98.4oF
Fever is not a disease but it may be as a result of illness such as malaria,
typhoid , measles , meningitis etc Qn. State the first aid for fever.
- Apply tepid sponging.
Qn. Why is tepid sponging a good first aid for fever?
- Tepid sponging cools down the high temperature of the victim’s body.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to use cold water when administering first aid for fever?
- It can lead to vaso constriction which can lead to increase in blood pressure.
(b) CONCULSIONS / FITS
Qn. What are convulsions?
- Convulsions are sudden violent body movements which cannot be controlled.
- OR
- Convulsions are the uncontrolled jerky movement of the body.
- OR
- Convulsions are sudden shaking movement of the body that cannot be controlled.
Qn. State any one cause of convulsions
- High fever
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 - Epilepsy
Qn. State the different signs and symptoms of convulsions.
- High body temperature beyond normal.
- Swearing excessively.
- Urination frequently.
- Violent shaking.
- Shivering
- A foaming mouth ( A lot of saliva bubbles in the mouth)
Qn. In four clear steps , state how you can administer first aid to convulsing person.
- Clear the place where the person is convulsing from.
- Remove or loosen the tight clothes from the victim’s body.
- Put a hard object like a spoon in the mouth of the victim.
- Take the victim to the nearest health centre.
Qn. In one sentence, state the first aid for convulsions.
- Clear the place where a person is convulsing from and put a hard object in his / her
mouth.
Qn. Why is advisable to put a hard object in the mouth of a person who is convulsing?
- To prevent the victim from biting the tongue and lips.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to give a convulsing victim food or drinks?
- The liquid or food can choke the victim and cause death.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to force the jaws of a convulsing person to open?
- Forcing jaws to open may cause them to break.
- Note:
- After the convulsions have stopped , put the patient in a recovery position to rest.
- Illustration (Recovery position)

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Qn. State the ways of preventing and controlling of convulsions.
- Control mosquitoes to prevent the spread of malaria.
- Immunise children against measles.
- Get early treatment incase of an infection from a health centre.
3. FAINTING
Qn. What is fainting?
- Fainting is the loss of consciousness for a short time.
- OR
- Fainting is the brief loss of consciousness
- OR
- Fainting is the sudden or temporary loss of consciousness
- OR
- Fainting is a condition in which a person becomes unconscious for a short time.
Qn. State the main cause of fainting
- Limited supply of oxygen to the brain.
- Limited supply of oxygenated blood to the brain.
-
Qn. Mention the conditions that can lead to fainting.
- Prolonged hunger
- Shocking hunger
- Standing under sunshine for long time.
- Too much excitement
- Severe pain
- Hear problems
- Alcoholism
- Dehydration
- Doing a very heavy / strenuous exercises.
- Staying in overcrowded places for along time.
- Staying in a poorly ventilated place.
Qn. State the first aid for fainting.
- Raise the victim’s legs higher than the head.
Qn. Why are the legs of a convulsing person raised higher than the head?
- To allow oxygenated blood flow back to the brain.
Qn. In four steps, state how you can administer first aid to a person who has fainted?
- Lie the victim on his or her back in an open place.
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- Remove or loosen the tight clothes from the victim’s body.

- Chase away the by standers to provide fresh air to the victim.
Raise the victim’s legs higher that the head.
illustration
- -
- Note:
- Do not overcrowd around the victim because it can lead to shortage of fresh air.
4. DROWNING AND FEVER DROWNING
(a) Drowning
Qn. What is drowning?
- Drowning is the dying as a result of a person lungs being filled up with water. Note:
- A person who has drowned is not given first aid.
Qn. Why is a person who has drowned not given first aid?
- The person is already dead.
(b) Near drowning

Qn. What is near drowning?

- Near drowning is a condition in which a person stops breathing due to having a lot
of water in his / her lungs but is not jet dead.
Qn. Mention the various places where drowning and near drowning can occur / take place.
- In bath rubs
- In lakes
- In wells
- In rivers
- In swamps
- In ponds
- In pits dug by builders to trap rain water
- In streams
- In swimming pools
- Irrigation ditches
- In hot springs
- In seas
- In oceans
- In dams
- Water falls
- Septic tanks

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- In a basin full of water

- A vat of paint
- A vat of oil
Qn. State the first aid for near drowning.
Apply mouth to mouth breathing. ( resuscitation)
Qn. In four steps , state how you can administer first aid to a person who has nearly
drowned.
- Shout for help from people around.
- Remove the person from water as soon as possible.
- Lie the victim on his / her back and tilt the head backwards.
- Apply mouth to mouth breathing.
Qn. How to apply mouth to mouth breathing?
(i) Lie the victim on his / her back and tilt the head backwards.
(ii) Remove any foreign body/ objects which may stuck in the mouth.
(iii) Press the victim’s nostrils with your fingers to close them.
(iv) Bring / put your mouth to that a victim and blow strongly into water mouth.
Qn. What is mouth to mouth breathing a good first aid for a person who has nearly
drowned? - It enables a person to breather again (rebreathe)
- -
Qn. State the causes of near drowning.
- Overturning of boats and their water vessel in water.
- Lack of swimming skills.
- Due to floods.
- Leaving children unattended to while swimming, in both tubs.
- Swimming or riding a boat while drunk.
- Attempted suicide.
Qn. State the different ways of preventing drowning and near
drowning.
- A void leaving basins, buckets and bath tubs full of water.
- Fencing of swimming pools.
- Acquiring swimming skills.
- A void swimming or riding of boats while drunk.
- Be careful while crossing flooded places.
- Children should not be allowed to swim alone.
- Provide life jackets to passengers on sailing boats.
- Sailing boats.

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- Illustration

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Qn. State the ways of preventing of nose bleeding.

- Keep the nostril moist.
- A void eating food one in allergic to.
- A void playing rough games that may cause injury to the nose.
- Taking citrus fruits.
- Get early treatment incase of high fever.
6. FOREIGH BODIES
Qn. What is a foreign body?
- A foreign is any external material or object that enters the body through a natural
opening.
Qn. Mention the examples of natural openings on the body.

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Cover all septic tanks in an area.

Discourage children from playing near water sources.
5. NOSE BLEEDING
Qn. What is nose bleeding?
- Nose bleeding is the flow of blood from a person’s body through the nose.
Qn. State the causes of nose bleeding.
- Over inhalation of dry air.
- Over blowing of the nose.
- Taking food one’s body in allergic to.
- Taking medication for long time.
- Severe blow on the nose.
- Severe / high fever.
Qn. How does over inhalation of dry air lead to nose bleeding?
- It leads to drying up of the nostrils and blood vessels which causes them to
break.
Qn. How does a severe blow on the nose lead to nose
bleeding? - It overstrains the blood vessels and causes
them to break.
Qn. State the first aid for nose bleeding.
- Blend the victim forward and pinch the soft part of the nose.
Qn. Why do we pinch the soft part of the nose? -
To prevent / reduce blood flow from the nose.
Qn. Why is not advisable to make a victim of nose bleeding to
backwards? - It may allow blood to flow back to the brain and cause
death.
Qn. In four steps, state how you cab administer first aid to a person with nose
bleeding.
(i) Let the casualty sit and bend forward and the pinch the upper / soft part of the
nose.
(ii) Encourage the victim to breathe through the mouth.
(iii) Keep the head of the victim higher then level of the heart.
(iv) Put ice wrapped in a towel on the nose.
Illustration (first aid for nose bleeding)

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Eyes - Mouth/ throat

Ears - Vagina
- Nose Anus
Qn. Mention the different examples of foreign bodied that may enter the body through a
natural opening.
- Seeds - coins
- Small stones - small insects
- Soil / dust - pins
- Watch cells - Bottle lids
- Dildos - Used condoms
- Small sticks - Bullets
- Beads - Broken glasses
- Nails - Coffee berries
- Thorns
(a) Foreign bodies in the eye
Qn. Write down the examples of foreign bodies that may enter the eye.
- Dust
- Small stones
- Small insects
Qn. State the first aid for foreign bodies in the eye.
- Wash the victim’s eye with plenty of clean water.
- Gently wipe away the foreign body from the eye using a corner of soft piece of
cloth.
- Note:
- It the foreign body remains inside seek medical help.
(b) Foreign bodies in the ear
Qn. Mention the examples of foreign bodies that may enter the nose.
- Seeds - Beads
- Small stones
- Small insects
- Coffee berries
Qn. State the first aid for foreign bodies in the nose.
- Tell the victim to blow his / her nostrils fast and hard.
- Encourage the victim to breathe through the mouth instead of the nose.
- Note:
- It the foreign body remains in the nose seek medical help.
(c) Foreign bodies in the ear.

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Qn. Mention the foreign bodies that may enter the ear.
- Beads
- Small stones
- Small insects
- Small seeds
Qn. State the first aid for a foreign body in the ear.
- If the foreign body is an insect, pour clean cold water in the ear and make the victim
lie /
bend the head on the affected ear.
Note:
- If the foreign body is not an insect, do not attempt to remove it because it may be
pushed deeper and cause damage to the ear drum.
(d) Foreign bodies in the mouth.
Qn. Mention the examples of foreign bodies that may enter through the mouth.
- Coins - pencil rubbers
- Small stone - sweets
- Coffee berries - bottle lids
- Seeds - small sticks
- Buttons - big lumps of food
- Fish bones
Note:
- Foreign bodies in the mouth can lead to choking.
Qn. State the first aid for a foreign body in the mouth.
- Open the person’s mouth and remove the foreign body.
- Note:
- If the foreign body cannot be removed, seek medical; help.
(e) Foreign bodies in the vagina
Qn. Mention the examples of foreign bodies in the vagina.
- Dildors
- Small sticks - Small seeds
- Watch cells
- Used condoms
- Small pieces of cloth
- Forgotten tampons
- Small stones
- Coffee berries
- Small pins etc

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Qn. State the first aid for foreign bodies in the vagina.
- Remove the foreign body incase it is safe to do so.
- Note:
- Seek medical help from the health worker if you are unable to remove the foreign
body.
(f) Foreign bodies in the anus.
Qn. Mention the examples of foreign bodies in the anus.
- Small sticks - Small stones
- Bullets - Grass
- Swords - Seeds
- Sand - Leaves
Qn. State the first aid for a foreign body in the anus.
- Remove the foreign body using fingers if it is safe it do so.
- Note:
- Do not attempt to remove any foreign body if you are unable to do so because it can
cause damage to the anal canal.
(g) Foreign bodies in the throat.
Qn. Mention the foreign bodies that may enter the throat.
Big lumps of food.
Fish bones.
Bottle lids.
Note:
- Foreign bodiesin the throat can lead to choking.
Qn. State the first aid for a foreign body in the throat.
- Give the victim a number of sharp blows on his / her back.
- Illustration.
- -
- CHOKING
Qn. What is choking?
- Choking is a condition where a person’s air way is
blocked.
- OR
- Chocking is the blockage of air passage to the lungs.
Qn. State
the

causes of choking -
Swallowing big lumps of food.
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Eating while talking.

-
- Eating food hurriedly.
- Drinking hurriedly.
- Talking with food in the mouth.
Qn. State the first aid for choking
- Give the victim a number of sharp blows at the back.
- Stand behind the victim and push the belly with a sudden upward push.
- Illustration.

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Qn. State the affect of choking to an individual.
- Choking can lead to death.
Qn. State the different ways of preventing choking.
- A void swallowing big lumps of food.
- A void eating while talking.
- A void eating food hurriedly.
- A void drinking hurriedly.
- A void swallowing unchewed food.
- A void running while eating food.
- POISONING
Qn. What is poisoning?
- Poisoning is the introduction of poisonous substances into body.
Qn. What is poison?
- Poison is a substance that causes death or harm if it swallowed or absorbed in the
body.
- Note:
- A poison may be inform of solid , liquid or glasses.
Qn. State the different ways through which poison may be introduced in the body.
- Through air
- Through injections
- Through swallowing
- Through animal bites e.g mad dogs , snake bites
Qn. State the causes of poisoning -
Swallowing expired drugs.
- Swallowing agrochemicals.
- Eating expired foods.
- Eating poisoned foods. - Eating poisonous fungi - Taking an overdose of a
drug.
- Injecting poisonous substance into the body
- Mad dog bites
- Snake bites
Qn. Identify the examples of poisonous substances.
- Insecticides - Jik - rat poison
- Larvicides - diesel - wormicides
- Pesticides - paraffin - Acaricides
- Liquid soap - herbicides - expired drugs
- Fungicides - vim - petrol
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- Varnish

Qn. State the signs and symptoms of poisoning.

The victim feels thirsty.
Severe vomiting.
General body weakness
Rapid breathing
Loss of body balance
Abdominal pain
Headaches
- Excessive sweating
- Mental confusion
- Nausea
Qn. State the first aid for poisoning
- Give the victim plenty of milk juice to dilute the poison.
Qn. Why is the person who has take poison given plenty of fluids?
- To dilute the poison in the body.
- Note:
- For a person who has taken paraffin , petrol don’t encouraged him or her to vomit
because it can cause more damage to the throat.
Qn. Give a reason why it is not advisable to make a person who has taken paraffin or
petrol to vomit?
- Vomiting can cause more damage to the throat.
Qn. State the different ways of preventing poisoning at home.
- Put poisonous substances out of children’s reach.
- Dispose off all expired drugs.
- A void taking overdose of a drug.
- Slashing tall grass / brushes to prevent snake bites.
- Carryout vaccination of dogs to prevent dog bites.
- Dispose off all expired foods.
- Label all dangerous chemicals at home.
- Buy drugs from recommended places.
- Inform children about the dangers of poison.
- Read and follow instructions of medical containers and others. FRACTURES
Qn. What is fractures?
- A fracture is a broke or cracked bone in the body.

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Qn. How do fracture occur?

- Fracture occur when there is too much pressure on the bone.
Qn. State the signs of a fracture.
- Swelling of the fractured part.
- Limping
- Bleeding of the fractured part incase of a compound fracture.
Qn. State the symptoms of a fracture.
- Severe pain of the site of the fracture.
Qn. State the types of fractures.
- Simple fracture (closed fracture)
Compound fracture (open fracture)
Green stick fracture.
Fracture
Comminuted fracture
(ii) Simple fracture
Qn. What is a simple fracture?
A simple fracture is the type of fracture where the bone break end remains inside the skin.
Qn. State the different signs and symptoms of a simple fracture.
- Swelling of the fractured part.
- Limping.
- Severe pain at the site of an injury.
- A diagram showing a simple fracture.
- -

(ii)Compound fracture
Qn. What is a compound fracture?
- A compound fracture is the type of the fracture where the bone breaks and comes out
of the skin.
Qn. State any signs of a compound fracture.
- The broken bone comes out of the skin.
- Bleeding of the fractured part.
- A diagram showing a compound fracture

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Green stick fracture

(iii)
Qn. What is a greenstick fracture?
- A green stick fracture is the type of fracture where the bone partly breaks or bends
but remains attaches.
- Note:
- A green stick fracture mainly occurs in babies.
Illustration.

- -
Qn. Why does a green stick mainly occur in babies?
- Babies have soft bones.
(iv) Comminuted fracture
Qn. What is a comminuted fracture?
- A comminuted fracture is a type of fracture where the bone breaks into many pieces.
- Note:
- The broken bone may either come out or remain inside the skin. - A diagram
showing a comminuted fracture.

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Qn. State the first aid for a fracture.

- Tie splints around the fractured part.
Qn. State the function of each of the following during giving first aid for a fracture.
(i) Splints
- Splints help to keep the broken bone in the same position.
(ii) Arm sling
- It supports the broken arm in one position.
- DISLOCATION
Qn. What is dislocation?
- A dislocation is when a bone is displaced from its normal position at a joint.
Qn. What is a joint?
- A joint is a place where two or more bone meet in the body. - Strain
Qn. What is a strain?

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A strain is a torn or overstretched muscle.( tendon)

Qn. What is a tendon?
A tendon is a structure that joins a bone to a muscle in the body.
SPRAIN
Qn. What is sprain?
A sprain is a torn or overstretched ligament.
Qn. What is a ligament?
- A ligament is a structure the joins a bone to a bone in the body.
Qn. How do strains and sprains occur?
-They occur when a joint is force to move beyond its normal position.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of sprains and strains.
- Pain around the injured part.
- Swelling of the injured part.
- The injured part may become hot.
- Difficulty in moving the injured part.
Qn. State the first aid for strains and sprains.
- Rest the injured part in comfortable position.
- Apply ice or cold water on the injured part.
- Tie the join with a bandage.
- Note:
- The major first aid for a sprain and a strain is to think R.I.C.E in first 24
hours.
- R - Rest the injured part
- I - lce pack
- C - Compression
- E - Elevation
- R.I.C.E - Rest Ice Compression Elevation
- CRAMP
Qn. What is a cramp?
- A cramp is a sudden painful contraction of one or more muscles.
Qn. State the different causes of a cramp.
- Lack of body fluids and minerals salts.
- When one gets involved in a vigorous activity.

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Qn. State the first aid for a cramp.

- First stop the activity you are doing immediately.
- Rest the injured part.
- Massage the injured part.
- CUTS
Qn. What is a cut?
- A cut is an injury caused by a sharp piercing object on the body.
Qn. Write down the different examples of sharp objects that may lead or
causecuts.
- Knives - pins - needle
- Nails - nail cutters - safety pin
- Panga - pair of scissors - barbed wires
- Razor blade - broken glass - axe

Swords - iron sheets - spears

Qn. Write down the two types of cuts.
Minor cuts
Major cuts
Qn. What are minor cuts?
A minor cut is where the skin is simply broken and cut and less blood may come
out.
Qn. State the first aid for minor cuts.
- Wash the injured part with clean cold water and tie a bandage around it to reduce on
the swelling.
Qn. What is major cut?
- A major cut is where the skin is cut deeply and cause a lot of bleeding.
Qn. State the first aid for major cuts.
- Apply direct pressure at the point of injury.
- Raise and support the injured part high to reduce bleeding.
- Place a pad of cotton wood for blood to sip through.
- Tie a tourniquet around the sit of injury.
- Note:
- Deep cuts may result into wounds.
Qn. What is a tourniquet ?

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- A tourniquet is a device which applies pressure to limb in order to limit the flow of
blood.
WOUNDS
Qn. What is a wound?
- A wounds is a break is the continuity of body tissues.
Qn. State the four types of wounds.
- Punctured wounds
- Lacerated wounds
- Incised wounds
- Contused wounds
(a) Punctured wounds
Qn. What are punctured wounds?
- Punctured wounds are wounds which have a very small opening on the skin but very
deep into the body.
Qn. Mention the example of materials / objects that may cause punctured
wounds. - Nails
- Needles
- Spears
(b) Lacerated wounds
Qn. What are lacerated wounds?
- Lacerated wounds are wounds which are torn and have irregular edges.
- Note:
- Lacerated wounds are mainly caused by objects with rough edges.
Qn. Mention the examples of objects / materials that cause lacerated wounds.
- Barbed wires
- Claws of birds
(c) Incised wounds
Qn. What are incised wounds?
Incised wounds are wounds caused by sharp objects.
Qn. Mention atleast any two examples of objects that cause incised wounds.
- Knife
Panga
(d) Confused wounds
Qn. What are confused wounds?

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- Confused wounds are wounds caused by bruising on the body.

Qn. State causes of confused wounds.
- Severe blow on rough surfaces e.g. wall falling from a ladder, steps , building etc
Qn. State the first aid for wounds.
- Apply direct pressure at the point of injury using a clean piece of clothe , bandage
or gauze.
- Illustration
- -

ELECTRIC SHOCK
Qn. What is an electric shock?
- An electric shock is an accidents got when current passes through one’s body.
- OR
- An electric shock is an accident caused when one’s body gets into contact with the
source of electricity.
Qn. State the different causes of electrics hock.
- Touching naked electric wires with bare hands.
- Touching naked electric wires with wet hands. - Pouring water in electric sockets.
- Pushing metallic objects into electric sockets.
- Over loading electric circuits.

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Ignorance on how to use electricity.

-
Qn. State the first aid for electric shock.
Switch off the source of current and remove the victim using an electric insulator
e.g dry wood, clothes etc

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Note:
Do not attempt to remove the victim from the source of current if it is not broken.

Illustration
Qn. State the different ways of preventing electric shocks.
- All electric wires should be properly insulated.
- Switch off all electric appliances after use.
- A void pouring water in electric sockets.
- A void touching live electric wires with bare hands.
- A void touching live electric with wet hands.
- A void overloading electric circuits.
- SNAKES BITES
- Snake bites are caused when snake venom is introduced into body.
Qn. How is snake venom introduced into body?
- Through bites of a poisonous snake.
Qn. State the first aid for a snake bite.
- Tie a piece of clothe above the bitten part.
- Apply a black stone at the site of injury.
Qn. Why is a piece of clothe tied above the bitten part?
- To prevent the snake’s poison from reaching the heart.
- TOPIC 11 : SANITATION
Qn. What is sanitation?
- Sanitation is the generation cleanliness of a place where we stay or live.
Qn. State the indicators of poor sanitation in an area(sanitation concerns)
- Presence of rubbish in an area.
- Presence of houseflies in an area.
- Bad smell in an area.
- Presence of stagnant water in an area.
- Presence of bushes in an area.
Qn. Mention the different ways of promoting sanitation.
- Proper disposal of rubbish.
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- Proper disposal of faeces and urine.

- Slashing bushes in the compound.
- Sweeping bushes in the compound.
- Burning rubbish.
- Dusting houses.
- Smoking pit latrines.
Removing con webs from houses.
- Scrubbing the toilets and latrines.
- Spraying vectors using insecticides.
Qn. State the danger of poor sanitation.
- Poor sanitation leads to easy spread of diarrhoeal diseases.
- Poor sanitation leads to food contamination.
- Poor sanitation leads to bad smell.
- Poor sanitation leads to water contamination.
- Poor sanitation encourages multiplication of vector.
Qn. State the importance of promoting proper sanitation.
- Proper sanitation prevents easy spread of diarrhoeal diseases.
- Proper sanitation prevents bad smell.
- Proper sanitation prevents air pollution.
- Proper sanitation prevents food contamination.
- Proper sanitation controls vectors.
Qn. State the components of a clean home.
- Plate stand /plate rack
- Toilets / latrines
- Bathroom
- Kitchen
- Rubbish pit / Dust bin
Qn. How does each of the following components useful in a home?
(i) Plate stand / plate rack
- It is where utensils are put to dry.
(ii) Kitchen
- It is a place where food is cooked from.
(iii) Toilet / latrine
- For disposal of feaces and urine.
(iv) Bathroom

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- It is a place where people bathe from.

(v) Rubbish pit / dust pin
- For proper disposal of rubbish.
- LATRINES
Qn. What is a latrine?
- A latrine is a place used for proper disposal of faces and urine.
- OR
- A latrine is a place for urination and defecation.
Qn. Mention the types of latrines.
(i) Ordinary pit latrine / conventional pit latrine
(ii) The ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP latrine)
(iii) The Ecosan latrine
(a) Ordinary / conventional pit latrine.
This is the common pit latrine used in rural homes for disposing human faeces and urine.
State the components of an ordinary pit latrine.
A deep pit
A lid
- A strong floor
A roof
A door
- A hole
- A wall
Qn. State the function of the above component on the ordinary pit latrine.
(i) A deep pit
- For holding faeces under the ground.
(ii) A strong floor
- It is where the user stands while urinating and defecating.
- Note:
- The floor should be smooth for easy cleaning.
- The floor should be strong enough to hold the weight of use in order to prevent
him / her from falling into the pit.
(ii) Hole
- Acts as a passage of faeces and urine into pit.
- -
- Note:

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- The hole should be big enough for faeces and urine to pass through and small
enough to prevent the user from falling inside the pit.
(iv) A lid
- It is used for covering the hole in order to keep houseflies away.
(v) A wall and a door
- For privacy
(vi) The roof
- Prevents rain water from reaching the inside of the pit latrine.
- Protects the floor and people from rain water.
- Structure of an ordinary pit latrine (conventional pit latrine)
-

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Qn. State the different characteristics of an ordinary / conventional pit latrine.

- An ordinary pit latrine has no vent pipe.
- An ordinary pit latrine produce bad smell.
An ordinary pit latrine has a lid for covering the hole.
Qn. Mention the ways of keeping on ordinary pit latrine clean.
- Sweeping the floor regularly.
- Scrubbing the floor regularly.
- Removing cobwebs.
- By dumping faeces and urine properly in the pit.
- By smoking it regularly.
Qn. Why should an ordinary pit latrine be smoked regularly?
- To reduce on the bad smell.
(b) The ventilated improve pit latrine (VIP
latrine) - A VIP is a modern pit latrine.
Qn. State the characteristics of a VIP latrine.
- It has a vent pipe.
- It has a screen.
- It does not have a lid.
- It does not produce a lot of smell.
Qn. Why is a VIP latrine said to be
ventilated? - It has a vent pipe
Qn. Why is a VIP latrine said to be improved?
- It produced less smell.
Qn. Mention the component of a VIP latrine.
- A vent pipe
- A screen
- A spiral wall
Structure of a VIP latrine Cross section

-
Qn.
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Note:
The arrows indicate convection currents.
State the function of the following structure on a VIP latrine.
(i) Vent pipe
To let out bad smell.

(ii) Screen
For trapping houseflies
(iii) Spiral wall - For privacy - Note:
- The spiral shapes should be left without a door to allow free air circulation.
- The VIP latrine should be left with a lid to allow fresh air into the pit and drive away
the bad smell.
Qn. How does a VIP latrine help to control the spread of diarrhoeal diseases?
- It has a screen which traps and kill houseflies.
Qn. Why does a VIP latrine produce less smell?
- It has a vent pipe that lets out the bad smell.
-
Qn. State the differences between a VIP latrine and an ordinary pit latrine.

-
Qn.
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No. VIP latrine Ordinary /conventional pit latrine

(i) Has a screen Has no screen
(ii) Has a vent pipe Has no pipe
(iii Produce less smell Produces a lot of bad smell
)
(iv) Has no lis Has a lid
Qn. State the ways of keeping a VIP latrine clean. ( maintenance of a VIP
latrine) - By sweeping the floor of the latrine.
- By slashing bushes around the latrine.
- By removing cob webs.
- By scrubbing the floor regularly.
- By disposing faeces and urine properly.
- By emptying it incase it gets full.
Qn. Why shouldn’t a pit latrine be smoked?
- It produce less smell.
(c) The Ecosan latrines
- The ecosan is an advanced pit latrine.
Qn. Write Ecosan in full.
- Ecological sanitation.
Qn. Mention the features / components of an Ecosan latrine.
- A shallow pit
- Two separate vaults /portions
Qn. How are the two separate vaults useful?
They are used for collecting faeces and urine separately.
Qn. Why should faeces be collected separately from urine?
- To allow faeces to dry
To keep the faeces dry
Why should the faeces in an ecosan latrine be kept dry?
-

-
Qn.
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- Dry faeces can be used as fertilizers in the garden.

- Dry faeces can be used as fuel.
Qn. Why should urine be collocted separately from faeces?
- To reduce on the smell.
- To promote / improve hygiene in an ecosan.
- To make it easier to handle the solid faeces.
Qn. State the advantages of using Ecosan.
- They don’t produce any bad smell.
- The faeces collected can be used as manure.
- Urine collected can be used as pesticides.
- Prevents pollution of surface and ground water.
Qn. State the ways of maintaining on Ecosan latrine clean.
- Scrubbing the floor.
- Sweeping the floor.
- Removing cobwebs.
- Covering the faeces with ash.
- Site / location of pit latrines
(i) The pit latrine should be constructed atleast 10 metres away from the kitchen, main
house or school.
(ii) The pit latrine should be constructed at least 30 metres away from the water source.
(iii) A pit latrine should be constructed below / down hill the water table.
Qn. Why should a pit latrine be constructed 10 metres away from the main house, kitchen or
school?
- To prevent food contamination
Qn. Why should a pit latrine be constructed 30 metres away from water
source? - To prevent waer contamination
Qn. Why should a pit latrine be constructed down hill / below the water hill?
- To prevent water contamination.
- Illustration showing the site of a pit latrine.
-

-
Qn.
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The potty
A potty is a small portable latrine for babies.

Qn. How is a potty useful to babies?

For proper disposal of faeces and urine.
How can a potty be kept clean?

-
Qn.
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 By emptying it.
-
- By washing it after use.
- THE FLUSH TOILET / WATER CLOSET TOILETS
- The flush is also used for proper disposal of faeces and urine.
- The toilets are mostly used in urban areas.
Qn. Why are flush toilets called so?
- They use water to carry away faeces and urine.
Qn. Mention the components of a flush toilet / water closet toilet.
- Water tank ( cistern)
- A seat
- A handle
- A lid
- A septic tank
- A bowl
- Pipe to the septic tank
- STRUCTURE OF A FLUSH TOILET

Qn. Give the function of each component / part found on a flush toilet.
(i) Bowl
- This is a container where faeces and urine are deposited.
- Note:
- The bowl should be left with some water.
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Qn. State the importance of water left inside the bowl?
- To reduce on the bad smell from the toilet.
(ii) Seat
- It is where the person sits while using the toilet.
(iii) Lid / cover
It is used for covering the bowl after use.
(iv) Handle
- It is used for flushing water in the bowl.
(v) Water tank / cistern
It is used for holding water used for flushing the toilet after use.
(vi) Pipe to septic tank
- It directs faeces and urine to the septic tank.
(vii) Septic tank
- It stores / keeps faeces and urine after flushing for some time.
- Note:
- When the septic tank gets full , it should be emptied using a cesspool emptier.
Qn. How is a cesspool emptier useful?
- For emptying toilets and latrines.
-
- Structure of a cesspool emptier
- -
- Note:
- Some toilets have a lid while others
lack a lid.
- The only toilet with a lid is the one for
sitting on.
- Proper use of a flush toilet /
maintenance of a flush toilet.
- Flush the toilet regularly after use.
- Scrub the bowl after using the toilet. - Cover the bowl after using the toilet.
- Do not stand the seat when using the toilet.
- Do not use hard materials to clean yourself after use.
- Use toilet papers or soft tissues to clean your self after use.
- Wash your hands with water and soap after use.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using a flush toilet / water closet toilet.
- Toilets may easily be blocked when one uses hard materials to clean oneself.
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 - Toilets cannot be used where there is no piped water.
- Toilets may lead to poor sanitation incase there is no water.
- Toilets can not be used when water is not flowing.
- Toilets with a seat may lead to spread of diseases.
Qn. Mention the common examples of materials used to keep our toilets / latrine clean.
- Broom
- Scrubbing brush
Gloves
Disinfectants e.gjik , vim etc
- Toilet brush
Water
Rag
Qn. State the importance of using toilets / latrines in our community.
- Proper use of toilets and latrines controls easy spread of diarrhoeal diseases.
- Proper use of toilets and latrines prevents water contamination.
- Proper use of toilets and latrines prevents food contamination.
- Proper used of toilets and latrines prevents multiplication of houseflies.
- Proper use of toilets and latrines prevents bad smell.
- Proper use of toilets and latrines promotes proper disposal of faeces and urine.
Qn. General precaution when using a latrine.
- Do not paraffin , oil , petrol , diesel etc in a latrine.
Qn. Why is it not advisable to put paraffin in a latrine?
- Paraffin may kill maggots and bacteria which help to reduce on the volume of
faeces.
- TOPIC 12 : THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Qn. Explain the meaning of reproductive system.
- Reproductive system is the system made up of organs involved in sexual
reproduction.
Qn. What is reproduction?
- Reproduction is the process by which living things give rise to young ones.
- OR
- Reproduction is the process by which living things multiply in number by producing
young ones.
- Growth and development in human beings
Qn. Give the meaning of each of the following
(a) Growth
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 - Growth is the increase in size of a person.
(b) Development
- Development is increase in maturity.
Note :
- Development appears more at puberty and adolescence.
Puberty and adolescence
Qn. Give the meaning of each of the following terms.
(a) Puberty
- Puberty is the period in which reproductive organs become sexually mature.
(b) Adolescence
- Adolescence is the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. Note:
- A girl or boy who is in adolescence stage is called an adolescent.
Qn. Who is an adolescent?
- An adolescent is a boy or girl who is in the transitional stage between childhood and
adulthood.
- Note:
- In boys adolescence begins at the age of 14 years to 20 years.
- In girls adolescence begins at 11 years to 20 years. - Body changes that take
place during puberty - Primary sex changes / characteristics.
Secondary sex changes / characteristics.

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 -Emotional and social changes /characteristics.
- Out of step sex changes / characteristics. (a) Primary sex changes /
characteristics Qn. What are primary sex changes?
- These are change that prepare the sexual organs for their function in reproduction.
- Note:
- Primary sex characteristics are also called basic sex characteristics.
Qn. Mention the examples of primary sex characteristics in girls.
- Ovulation begins (The ovary begins producing ova) -
Menstruation begins.
- Development of the uterus.
Qn. Mention the examples of primary sex characteristics in boys.
- Boy start experiencing we dreams.
- The testes start producing sperms.
- The penis enlarges.
(b) Secondary sex changes /characteristics
Qn. What are secondary sex characteristics?
- These are changes which differentiate a grown up woman from a young girl and a
grown up man from a young boy.
Qn. Mention the example of secondary sex characteristics in girls.
- Growth of pubic hair.
- Sweat glands become more active.
- Enlargement of the hips.
- Development of breasts.
- Pimple appear on the face.
- The voice become soft and attractive.
- Note:
- Secondary sex changes in girls are controlled by Oestrogen hormone.
Qn. Mention the examples of secondary sex changes in boys.
- Growth of public hair.
- Sweat glands become more active.
- Development of beards.
- The voice of breaks and deepens.
- The boys body becomes more muscular.

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 - Pimples develop on the face.
- Note:
- Secondary sex change in boys are controlled by a hormone called testosterone. Qn.
State the examples of secondary sex characteristics that occur in both adolescent
boys and girls.
Sweat glands become more active.
Growth of public hair.
- Development of pimples.
Qn. State the secondary sex change that occur only in adolescent girls.
Enlargement of hips.
- Development of breasts.
- The voice become soft and attractive.
- The face becomes smooth, good looking and attractive.
Qn. State the secondary sex changes that occur only in adolescentboys.
- Development of breads.
- The voice breaks and deepens.
- The boys body becomes more muscular.
- Social and emotional / psychological changes in adolescent boys and girls.
Qn. What are social and emotional changes as used in adolescents?
- These are changes that take place in the mind of an individual.
Qn. State the examples of social and emotional changes that occur in adolescents.
- Adolescents become interested in members of the opposite sex.
- Adolescents develop increased sexual desires.
- Adolescent s become angry and disappointed easily.
- Adolescents develop a great desire to be independent from parents - Adolescents
want a lot of freedom and want to be recognized as adults.
- Adolescents want to move in peer groups.
- Adolescents may start rejecting / rebelling rules of their parents.
- Some adolescents become interested in their bodies.
(d) Out of step adolescent changes.
- These are change that occur differently to every individual in the same age group.
Qn. Mention the examples of out of step adolescent changes during puberty.

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 - Growing taller than friends in the same age group.
- Growing fatter that friends of the same age group.
- Adolescents develop some anxieties and fantasies due to sexual maturation.
Qn. State the different problems associated or faced by adolescents.
- Adolescents are never satisfied with the demands made on them.
- Adolescents gain different forms of wishes.
- Adolescents have a lot desires , demands and expectations.
- Adolescents may bring conflict between them and their elders.
- Adolescents may develop anti – social behaviours e.g. Arson , Twang , Alcoholism
etc - Adolescents may become delinquent.
- Adolescents may want to experiment with the forbidden.
Qn. State the different ways of how adolescent can be helped.
- By carrying out guidance and counselling.
- By advising adolescents on how to manage their body changes.
- By advising adolescents to share their problems with elders.
- By sensitizing adolescents about the dangers of having early sex.
- By sensiting adolescents about the dangers of bad peer groups.
The reproductive organs
Qn. What are reproductive organs?
- Reproductive organs are organs / gonads that are involves in reproduction.
Qn. What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the process through which living things multiply in number by giving rise
to young ones.
Qn. How is reproduction important to living things?
- Reproduction enables living things to remain in existence.
- Reproduction enables living things to multiply in number.
Qn. Mention the two types of reproduction.
(i) A sexual reproduction
(ii) Sexual reproduction
Qn. Give the meaning of the following terms:-
(i) A sexual reproduction

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 A sexual reproduction is the type of reproduction which does not involve the use
of reproductive cells.
(ii) Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the type of reproduction that involves the use of reproductive
cells (gametes)
Qn. Which type of reproduction do human beings undergo?
- Sexual reproduction
Qn. What is a gamete?
A gamete is a reproductive cell.
Qn. Identify the male gamete in human beings.
- Sperms
Qn. Name the female gamete in human beings.
- Ova
- Note:
- The sperms are produced by reproductive organs / gonads called testisortestes.
- The ova are produced by reproductive organs / gonads called ovaries
- Diagram showing the female reproductive system/organs

Qn. State the function of each of the following parts of the female reproductive system.
(a) Ovary
- They produce ova ( ovum) They produce oestrogen
hormones.
They produce progesterone hormones.
Qn. What is ovulation?
- Ovulation is the process by which the ovaries release ova.
-

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Qn. How are the following hormones useful in the female reproductive system?

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(i) Oestrogen hormones
- Controls the development of female sex organs.
- Control secondary sex characteristics.
(ii) Progeterone hormones
- Maintains the living of the uterus.
Note:
- Lack of progesterone hormones may lead to miscarriages.
(b) Fallopian tub /oviduct
- It is where fertilization take place.
- It is where conception take place.
(c) Uterus / womb
- It is where implantation take place.
- It is where development of the embryo take place.
(d) Cervix
- This is a ring of muscle found at the entrance o the uterus and separates it from the
vagina.
Qn. How is cervix useful?
- It closes the lower end of the uterus during pregnancy.

(e) Vagina
- It is where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse.
- It acts as a passage of the baby during birth.(acts as a birth canal)
- It provides the vaginal fluid which lubricates the vagina during sexual intercourse.
(f) Vulva
- This is a fleshy structure which surrounds and protects the vaginal sperming. -
Diagram showing the male reproductive system / organ

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Qn. State the function of each part of the male reproductive system.
(a) Testes
-
The testes produces sperms.
- They produce testosterone hormone.
Qn. How are testosterone hormones useful in males?
- Controls development of male sex organs.
- Controls secondary sex characteristics.
(b) Epididymis
- It stores produced sperms.
(c) Sperm duct
- It acts as a passage of produced sperms to the vagina.
(d) Scrotum
- The scrotum regulates body temperature around the testes.
- The scrotum protects the testes from harm.
(e) Penis
- The penis deposits sperms into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
Qn. What is copulation?
- Copulation is the inserting of the penis into vagina during sexual intercourse.
(f) Erectile tissue
- Erectile tissue is a tissue rich in blood vessels and sensory names.
- It becomes stiff and erect when a man is sexually attracted causing the blood
vessels to expand.
(g) Prostate glands and seminal vesicle
- They produce seminal fluids which form semen.
- Semen enables the sperms to swim or move freely and also acts as food and energy
to the sperms.
(h) Fore skin
- The foreskin covers or protects the penis glands. Note:
- The foreskin is always cut off (circumcision) to promote cleanliness.
Qn. How does circumcision prevent easy contraction of AIDS?

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 -Circumcision harden the penis glands making the entry of germs difficult.
(i) Urethra
- Urethra acts as a passage of urine from the body.
- The urethra also act as a passage of sperm and semen to the vagina during sexual
intercourse.
(ii) Urinary bladder
- The urinary bladder stores urine for some time.
- Reproductive health

Qn. What is reproductive health?

- Reproductive health is the way of keeping the reproductive organs in good working
condition.
Qn. State the ways of promoting reproductive health care for reproductive organs)
- Cleaning the reproductive organs regularly.
- Performing regular physical exercises.
- Feeding on food that makes up a balances diet.
- Going for regular medical checkups.

Shaving public hair around reproductive organs.

-
A void playing or getting involved in early sex.
-
A void weaving tight under wears.
-
Women should not use dildos for sexual satisfaction/
-
Women / adolescent girls should feed on green leafy vegetables.
-
Parents should take their male children for circumcision.
-
All under wears should be washed properly and worn dry.
-
Women / adolescent girls should be sanitary towel.
-
Fertilization
-
Qn. What is fertilization?
- Fertilization is the union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Qn. Where in the body doe s fertilization take place?
- In the oviduct
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 - Types of fertilization
Qn. Mention the two types of fertilization
- External fertilization
- Internal fertilization
Qn. What is external fertilization?
- External fertilization is the type of fertilization that take place outside the body of
a female organism.
Qn. What is internal fertilization?
- Internal fertilization is the type of fertilization that take place inside the body of a
female organism.
Qn. How does external fertilization occur?
- The female organism lay eggs and later the male sheds sperms on them.
- Note:
- External fertilization take place in fish and amphibians.
- Internal fertilization mainly occur in birds , reptiles and mammals.
- In order for fertilization to occur, there must be mating.
Qn. What is mating?
- Mating is sexual union of the male and female partners during sexual intercourse /
copulation / coitus.
Qn. What is copulation?
- Copulation is the inserting of an erect penis into the vagina.
- Note:
- The process of copulation is followed by rhythmical body movement of both
sexual organs which may result in ejaculation.
- After ejaculation, both male and female may experience organism.
Reproductive cells
Qn. What is gamete?
A gamete is a reproductive cell.
Qn. What name is given to the following gamete in humans.
(i) Male reproductive cells sperms / sperm
(ii) Female reproductive cells ova /ovum

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 A diagram show the sperm and ovum
(i) An ovum (ii) A sperm cell

Qn. How does fertilization occur in human?

- Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of the sperms unites with a nucleus of an ovum
resulting into a zygote.
Qn. What is a zygote?
- A zygote is fertilized ovum.
- Note:
- After fertilization has taken place, a zygote is formed and later develop, into an
embryo and later into a foetus.
- After implantation , the woman may start showing signs of pregnancy.
Qn. Give the meaning of each of the following
(i) Implantation
- Implantation is the process by which the zygote attaches itself to the wall of the
uterus.
(ii) Pregnancy
- Pregnancy is the time from conception to the time of giving birth.
Qn. Arrange the following in their order of occurrence pregnancy, fertilisation , ovulation
, copulation , implantation , conception.
- Ovulation
- Copulation
- Fertilization
- Conception
- Implantation
- Pregnancy
Qn. Where do the following take place.
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(i) Ovulation - ovary
(ii) Copulation - vagina
(iii) Fertilisation - oviduct
(iv) Conception - oviduct
(v) Implantation - womb
(vi) Pregnancy - uterus
Pregnancy / gestation period
Is the period from fertilization to birth.
Qn. State the gestation period in humans.
- 9 months and 10 days.
Qn. State the signs of pregnancy
- Menstruation stops.
- Ovulation stops
- Frequent urination
- Loss of appetite
- The breasts grow bigger and are filled up with break milk.
- The belly enlarges
- The legs and hips enlarge and increase on weight.
- The woman may experience morning sickness.
Qn. State the danger signs and symptoms of pregnancy (problems faced during
pregnancy)
- Severe vomiting
- Prolonged anaemia
- Severe swelling of legs , face and hands
- Bleeding / coloured discharge from the vagina
- Itching of he breasts and abdomen
- Backache
- Heartburn
- Constipation
- Menstruation
Qn. What is menstruation?

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 - Menstruation is the periodic monthly outflow of blood from the uterus through the
vagina.
Qn. How does menstruation occur?
- Menstruation occurs when fertilization of the ovum fails which makes the uterus
wall thick and break leading to blood flow.
- Note:
- Menstruation occurs every after 28 day – 30 days incase fertilization has not take
place.
- Menstruation and ovulation help stop at about 45 years and this is called menopause.
- Menstruation take place due to the hormone called progesterone.
- Requirements of a pregnant woman
Qn. Identify the requirements of a pregnant woman.
- Ante natal care
- Good nutrition / balance diet
- Regular physical exercises
- Adequate rest and sleep
- Good personal hygiene
- Appropriate clothing
Qn. State the importance of each of the following food values to a pregnant woman.
(a) Carbohydrates
Provide energy
(b) Protein
To build body tissues and repair worn out cells.
(c) Vitamins
To protect the mother’s body and that of the unborn baby.
(d) Mineral salts
(i) Iron to build haemoglobin in body of the mother and her baby child.
(ii) Calcium to build strong bones and teeth.
(iii) Phosphorus to build strong bones and teeth.
- It helps in proper functioning of the body cells.
- Antenatal care Qn. What is Antenatal care?

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 Antenatal care is the treatment and education given to a pregnant woman in order to
-
maintain good health for herself and the unborn baby.
Qn. State the importance of antenatal care to a pregnant mother.
- Mothers are educated how to care for their babies.
- Mother’s problems that are related to pregnancy are detected and controlled.
- Pregnant mother’s are educated on how to care for themselves.
- Sexually transmitted diseases are treated and controlled when detected.
- Pregnant mothers are given tetanus toxoid vaccine (T T) Qn. Why is T T vaccine
given to pregnant women?
- To protect herself and the unborn baby from contracting tetanus. - The human
foetus in the
uterus

Qn. State the functions of the various parts

(a) Umbilical cord
It transport food and oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo. - -
It transport waste material from the embryo the placenta.
(b) Placenta
- The placenta is an organ by which the embryo is attached to the uterus by the
umbilical cord.
- Function
- It prevents the mixing of blood from the matter with that of the foetus.
- It prevent toxic / dangerous chemicals from reaching foetus.
- It stores waste materials from the foetus they diffuse through the mother’s food.
- It stores food and oxygen used by the foetus.
Qn. By that process does food and oxygen from the mother’s blood enter the body the
foetus?
- By diffusion

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(c) Amnion
- An amnion is a sac used for keeping the amniotic fluid.
(d) Amniotic fluid
- It protects and prevent the embryo from unequal pressure acting on it.
- It protects and prevents the embryo from knocks.
- Birth /parturition

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 -

Qn. What is birth?

Birth is the act of producing a baby in human being.
Note:
When pregnant woman is about to give birth, she undergoes labour.
Qn. What is labour?
- Labour is a period of pain experienced when a pregnant woman is about to give
birth. Note:
- At birth the umbilical cord should be cut and tied using sterilized instruments.
- When the baby comes out of the vagina it cries.
Qn. Why is the umbilical cord cut using sterilized instruments?
- To prevent the born from getting tetanus.
- To prevent the baby from getting AIDS.
Qn. Why does the baby cry immediately after birth?
- Due to change in temperature experiences by the baby.
Qn. How is crying useful to a newly born baby?
- Crying helps to open up the breathing system of a newly born baby.
Qn. What happens after some time when the umbilical cord is cut?
- It shrivel and falls away leaving a scar called navel.
- Birth weight
- Birth weight is the weight a baby is born with.
Qn. State the healthy / normal birth weight.
- 2.5kg - 4kg
Qn. Define the following terms as used in birth.
(a) Caesarean birth
- Caesarean birth is the surgical removal of the baby from uterus.
(b) breech birth
- Breech birth is when the baby is borne with the bottom first.
(c) Still birth
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 -

- Still birth is the giving birth t dead foetus.

(d) Premature birth
- Premature birth is the giving birth to a baby before its right time.
(e) Abortion
- Abortion is the forceful removal of the foetus from the mothers uterus before its
development.
(f) Miscarriage
- Miscarriage is when developing baby is expelled or rejected by the uterus in its
easily stages of development.
- Types of birth
Single child birth
Multiple birth
Qn. Define following
(i) Single child birth
This is when one child is born at a time to a mother.
(ii) Multiple birth

This is when two or more babies are born at the same time to a mother.
Groups of multiple births
- Twins ( two babies)
- Triplets ( three children)
- Quadruplets (five babies)
- Sextuplets ( six children)
- Septuplets ( seven children)
- Octuplets (eight children)
- Nonuplets (Nine children)
- Decaplets(ten children)
- TWINS
Qn. What are twins?
- Twins are two babies born at same time.

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 -

Qn. Identify the types of twins

- Identical twins / monozygotic twins
- Siamese twins/conjoined twins
- Fraternal twins
- Identical twins / monozygotic twins - What are identical twins?
- Identical twins are twins that develops from one fertilized ovum that divided and
grows into two babies.
- Note:
- Identical twins always share the same sex and appearance. - Siamese twins /
conjoined twins
Qn. What are Siamese twins?
- These are babies which develop from a fertilized ovum that divided itself into two
but fails to separate fully.
- Note:
- Siamese twins may share the same body organs e.g. heart, liver, brain - Siamese
twins can be separated by surgery. - Fraternal twins
Qn. What are fraternal twins?
- Are two babied that develop from two ova and are fertilized by two different sperms.
- Note:
- Fraternal twins may have different sex and may not resemble.
- Sex of the child
Qn. How is a sex of a child determined?
- By the help of chromosomes found in the gametes.
Qn. What is a chromosome?
A chromosome is along coil of DNA found in the nucleus of reproductive cells
which carry gones.
Qn. Write DNA in full.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Qn. Mention the two types of chromosomes.
X Chromosomes

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 -

Y Chromosomes
Note :
All female have two chromosomes ie XX
- All males have two chromosomes ie XY
Qn. How is the sex determined?
If is a perm with X chromosome joins with an ovum , the baby will be
a girl. - Illustration
(i) X chromosome + X chromosome = Baby girl

+ = Baby girl
X chromosome + X chromosome
(b) If a sperm wit Y chromosome joins with an ovum , the baby will be a boy.
Illustration
(i) Y chromosome + X chromosome = Baby boy

+= Baby boy
= Baby boy
Y chromosome x chromosome

TEENAGE PREGNANCY
Qn. What is teenage pregnancy?
- Teenage pregnancy is the type of pregnancy acquired by a girl below 20
years of age.

OR
Teenage pregnancy is the pregnancy acquired by a teenage girl.
-
Qn. What is teenager?
- A teenage is a person between 13 years and 19 years of age.
Qn. State the causes teenage pregnancy.

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 -

- Bad peer pressure

- Defilement
- Rape
- Desire for luxury or material things.
- Failure by parents to provide enough basic needs to children.
- Drug abuse
- Early marriage
- Lack of sex education teenagers
Watching pornography
Having unprotected sex
Qn. State the consequences / effects of teenage pregnancy.
Leads to school drop outs.
Leads to contraction of STD’s
Leads to difficult delivery / obstructed labour

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 -

Teenagers may attempt to have an abortion.

The girl may be rejected by parents.
- The girl may lack financial support.
- Leads to early marriages.
- Leads to shame in the family.
- Leads to a number of street children.
Qn. Mention the different ways of controlling teenage pregnancy.
- Abstain from sex till marriage.
- A void gifts from stronger.
- A void bad peer groups.
- Young girls should be counseled and guided.
- Providing sexual education to teenage girls.
- Teenagers should be taught good life skills about sex e.g.” say No” to sex.
- DISORDERS AND DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (a)
Disorders of the reproductive system.
Qn. What is a reproductive disorder?
- A reproductive disorder is an abnormality in the system that prevents
reproduction.
Qn. Mention the common disorders of the female reproductive system.
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Fibroids
- Menstrual cycle disorders
- Ovarian tumours
- Sterility /barrenness in woman
- Inflammation of the oviducts
- Cancer of the cervix
(i) Ectopic pregnancy
- This is a condition in which a fertilized ovum gets implanted in the oviduct and
starts developing from there.
Qn. Write down any one symptom of ectopic pregnancy.
- Severe pain in the oviduct.
- Illustration
- -
Note:

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 -

Ectopic pregnancy can be corrected by surgery.

(ii) Fibroids
There are swellings that develop on the walls of the uterus.
Qn. Mention the signs and symptoms of fluids.
Excessive bleeding
Severe pain menstruation
- Severe pain during sexual intercourse
(iii) Menstrual cycle diseases
These are menstrual problems that occur just before and during menstruation.
- Signs and symptoms of menstrual cycle
- Failure to have periods
- Delayed periods
- Painful periods
- Excessive bleeding
(iv) Ovarian tumours
- These are masses of abnormal cells that form on the ovary.
(v) Sterility / barrenness
- This is the inability of a woman to conceive.
- Causes of sterility/barrenness in women
- Untreated gonorrhoera which may block the oviduct.
- Menstrual problem.
- Weakness of the uterus.
- Exposure to chemicals which may damage the ovaries.
(vi) Inflammation of the oviducts
- These are swellings that lead to blockage of the oviducts/ fallopian tube.
- Note:
- Blockage of the oviducts prevents fertilization from taking place.
(vii) Cancer of the cervix
- This is a condition in which the cervix develops tumours.
- Note:
- It is caused by viruses(Human papillomavirus) which spreads through having
sexual intercourse.
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 -

Qn. Write down the common disorders of the male reproductive system.
- Impotence
- Hydrocele
- Penile cancer
- Enlargement of the prostate glands
- Low sperm count
- Sterility in men
(i) Impotence
- This the inability of a man’s penis to have an erection.
Qn. Mention the different causes of impotence in men.
- Excessive consumption of alcohol.
Drug abuse
Stress / worry
Old age
(ii) Hydrocele
This is a condition in which a fluid accumulates in and around the testes.
(iii) Penile cancer
This is the growth of abnormal cells that form on the penis.
(iv) Enlarged prostate
- This is a condition in which the prostate glands become swollen and enlarge.
- Note:
- The enlargement of the prostate glands squeeze the urethra and prevents easy
flow of urine.
(v) Low sperm count
- This is a condition in which the tested are unable to produce enough sperm. Note:
- The condition may make a man fail to make a woman pregnant.
(vi) Sterility in men
- This is the inability of a man to make a woman pregnant. - Causes of sterility
in men - Diseases such as diabetes.
- Heavy smoking
- Alcoholism
- Infections in the male reproductive system that may lower the sperm count.
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-Abnormal sperms
- Untreated STD’s
- Injury or infection of the epididymis
- Diseases of the reproductive system.
Qn. Mention the examples of disease that attached reproductive system.
- Gonorrhoea
- Chancroid
- Syphilis
- Candidiasis
- Genital warts
- Trichomoniasis
- Genital herpes
- Lymphogranuloma venereum - Note:
- Most diseases of the reproductive system or STD’s or STIs.
Qn. Write the following abbreviation in full.
(i) STDs
Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
(ii) STIs
Sexually transmitted Infections
STDs /STIs are called venereal diseases;
Qn. How are STIs spread?
Through having unprotected sexually intercourse with an infected person.
Qn. Mention some examples of Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections

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AIDS
Gonorrhoea
Gentital herpes
Genital warts
- Syphilis
- Chancroid
- Candidiasis
- Trichomoniasis
(i) Gonorrhoea
Qn. What causes gonorrhoea?
- Gonorrhoea is caused by bacterial called neisseria gonorrhea.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in women.
- Discharge of pus from the vagina.
- Pain in the lower abdomen.
- Burning pain while urinating.
- Painful menstruation period.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea in men.
- Pus discharge from the penis.
- Difficulty in passing out urine.
Qn. State the effects of gonorrhea to an individual.
- Gonorrhoea can cause sterility.
- Gonorrhoea affects the urethra in men leading to painful urination.
- Gonorrhoea affects the urethra and cervix leading to difficulty in urination.
- Gonorrhoea can lead to blockage of the oviduct in women.
- In pregnant women, Gonorrhoea can affect the eyes of a baby during birth leading to
blindness.
Qn. How does gonorrhoea affects the eyes of a newly baby?
- Gonorrhoea causes blindness to the newly born baby.
Qn. State the ways of controlling and preventing the spread of gonorrhea
- A void unprotected sex with infected people.
- Abstain from sex till marriage incase of adolescent.
- Use of condoms when having sex with untrusted sexual partners.
- Be faithful to your sexual partners.
- Get early treatment incase of a disease.
(i) Syphilis
(a) What cause syphilis?
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- Syphilis is caused by bacteria called treponema pallidum.

Qn. State the signs and symptoms of syphilis in women.
- Painless sore appears in the vagina.
- Sore in the throat and mouth may appear.
- Swollen body joints.
- Swollen painful lymphnodes.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of syphilis in men.
Painless sore appears on the penis.
Swollen body joints.
Sore in the throat and mouth may appear.
Swollen painful lymphnodes.
Mild fever.
Qn. State the effects of syphilis to an individual.
- Syphilis can lead to madness if not treated.
- Syphilis can lean to heart diseases if not treated.
- Syphilis can lead to loss of teeth if not treated.
- Syphilis can lead to blindness in the adults if not treated.
Qn. State the ways of preventing and controlling the spread of
syphilis - Use of condoms when having sex with untrusted
sexual partners.
- Abstain from sex until marriage.
- Be faithful to you sexual partner.
- Getting early treatment.
(iii) Trichomoniasis
Qn. What cause trichomoniasis?
- Trichomoniasis is caused by a protozoa called trichomonas vaginalis.
- Note:
- Trichomoniasis commonly affects women.
- Trichomoniasis can also spread through sharing bathing sponges, basins with an
infected person.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of Trichomoniasis -
Smelly discharge from the vagina.
- Blood stained urine.
- Severe itching in the vagina.

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- Burning pain while urinating.

Qn. State the ways of preventing and controlling the spread of
trichomoniasis - Get early treatment incase of an infection.
- Keep reproductive organ clean.
- A void playing sex with infected person.
- A void sharing towels , basins , knickers with an infected person. - A void squatting
on dirty toilets or latrine.
(iv) Candidiasis
Qn. What causes candidiasis?
- Candidiasis is caused by a fungus called candida.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of candidiasis -
Severe itching in the vagina.
- Burning pain when urinating.
- Blood stained urine.
- Smelly discharge from the vagina.
Itching of the penis.
Qn. State the ways of controlling and preventing the control of
candidiasis Get early treatment incase of an infection.
Keep reproductive organ clean.
A void playing sex with an infected person.
A void sharing towels, basins with an infected person.
A void squatting on dirty toilets or latrines.
(v) Genital warts
Qn. What cause genital warts?
- Gential warts is caused by a virus called Human papilloma virus.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of gentialworts.
- A hard brownish swelling appears on the penis , scrotum and near the anus.
- A hard brownish swelling appears on the vagina.
Qn. State the ways of controlling and preventing the spread of genitalwarts.
- Get early treatment.
- A void playing unprotected sex with an infected person.
(vi) Genital herpes
Qn. What causes genital herpes?
- Genital herpes is caused by a virus called Herpes simplex.

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Qn. State the signs and symptoms of genital herpes.

- A hard swelling appears around the anus, in the vagina and around the buttocks.
- Swelling of the penis.
- Wounds may appear on the penis, vagina, anus, buttocks.
(vii) Chancroid
Qn. What causes chancroid?
- It is caused by a bacterium called haemophilus ducreyi.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of chancroid.
- A pimple / sore appears on the penis.
- A painful sore / pimple appears on the vagina.
Qn. State the ways of preventing / controlling chancroid.
- Having a life long sexual partner.
- Get early treatment incase of infection.
- Use condoms incase of untrusted sexual partner.
- A void marital and extra marital sex.
(viii) Lymphogranuloma venereum - It is caused by bacteria.
Qn. State the signs and symptoms of lymphogranuloma venereum
- Large dark swelling develop in the grain.
- Painful sores in the anus.
- Discharge from the anal sores.
Qn. State the ways of preventing and controlling the spread of lymphogranuloma venereum.
- Do not have sex while sores or blisters are present.
- Wash hands frequently and avoid touching the sores.
- Note:
Sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented by applying ABC rule.
Qn. What do the letters below stand for in the ABC rule of preventing the spread ofSTDs?
A - Abstain from sex until marriage
B - Be faithful to your sexual partner

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C - Use a condom if you must have sex

Family planning
Qn. What is family planning?
Family planning is the use of birth control methods to determine when to have or
not to have a child in a family.
Qn. What is birth control?
-Birth control is the intentional prevention of pregnancy or conception.
Qn. State the importance of family planning
- Family planning enables parents to have a baby at time they are ready for it.
- Family planning enables parents to produce the number of children they can
manage to look after well.
- Family planning enable the child born to get enough care.
- Family planning prevents a woman from being worn at by child bearing.
- Family planning prevents material anaemia.
- Family planning controls population growth.
Qn. State the dangers of frequent births.
- Frequent births can lead to maternal anaemias.
- Frequent births can lead to premature births.
- Frequent births can lead to miscarriages.
- Frequent births can lead to high maternal mortality.
- Frequent births can lead to low birth weight.
Qn. Give some reasons why parents have many children.
- Ignorance of family planning methods.
- High infant mortality rate.
- The myth of male strengths.
- The desire of a certain sex.
Qn. State the problems associated with a having too many children.
- The family may lack enough food.
- The parents may fail to dress the children properly.
- Lack of proper health care.
- The parents may not provide adequate care , love and attention to all children.
- The children may lack a balanced diet.
- Method of family planning
- These are practices that people use to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
- Note:
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- Family planning method are divided into two ie. - Natural family planning
methods.
- Artificial family planning methods
(a) Natural family planning methods
Qn. Identify any examples of natural family.
Abstinence
Coitus interruptus (withdrawal method)
Prolonged breast feeding
The rhythm (safe period)
Cervical mucus method
Basal body temperature method
(i) Abstinence
- Abstinence is the method which involves abstaining from sex completely.
- Abstinence is the best for school going children.
Qn. State the advantages of abstinence to a P.6 pupil.
- Abstinence protects a P.6 pupils from getting sexually transmitted infections.
- Abstinence prevents early pregnancies to P.6 pupil.
- Abstinence prevents early marriages.
(ii) Coitus interruptus ( withdrawal method)
This is the withdrawing of the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation.
Note:
- During withdrawal method, sperms and released outside the woman vagina.
- Withdrawal is unreliable as the couple may fail to fulfill it.
- Also sometime the sperms leak out ahead of ejaculation and can cause pregnancy.
(ii) Prolonged breast feeding
Qn. How does breastfeeding control pregnancy?
- Prolonged breastfeeding delays ovulation hence controlling unwanted pregnancies.
- Note:
- Prolonged breastfeeding can only be effective to women who breastfeed their babies
for long hours each day.
- Women who leave their babies at home to go and work and return in the evening
cannot benefit from prolonged method.
(iv) Rhythm (safe period)
- This is a method that involves studying the menstrual cycle and sex is only limited
for the unsafe days where fertilization will not take place.
- Note:
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- Safe days are days in the menstrual cycle when fertilization cannot take place.
(v) Basal body temperature method.
- This is a method where a thermometer is used to measure a woman’s daily
temperature when she is resting.
- Note:
- In most women the temperature rises about one degree on the day of ovulation and
remains raised for several days.
(vi) The cervical mucus method
- In this method, the women monitors her cervical mucus.
- If the cervical mucus is clear, wet and sticky or elastic the woman is fertile and
should abstain from sexual intercourse.
Qn. State the advantages of using natural family planning methods.
- Natural family planning methods are easy to use.
Natural family planning methods are cheap.
Natural family planning methods do not have side effects.
Natural family planning methods do not present any complication to the user.
Qn. State the disadvantage of using natural family planning methods.
They are not as effective as the artificial methods.
Natural family planning methods requires complete co-operation between the wife
and husband.
Illiterate women may not be able to use the thermometer.
- Natural family planning methods require a lot of teaching and supervision. -
Artificial family planning methods
Qn. Identify the example of artificial family planning methods.
- Use of condoms.
- Use of foams and jellies ( spermicides)
- Tubal ligation
- Vasectomy
- Norplant
- Use of I.U.C.Ds
- Use of birth control pills.
- Use of diaphragm
(i) Using condoms
- A condom is a thin rubber material / sheath that is worn or a man’s penis before
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Qn. How does a condom control unwanted pregnancies?

- A condom hold semen and prevent it from getting into a woman’s body during
sexual intercourse.
Qn. List down the advantages of using condoms.
- They prevent fertilization from taking place.
- They help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD s) -
Condoms are effective if used properly.
Qn. List down the disadvantages of using condoms.
- They are expensive to buy.
- Some women do not use condoms because of fear that they can remain in the
vagina.
- Some faulty condoms can lead to easy spread of STDs and unwanted pregnancies.
-
- Note:
- Female condoms are called femidoms.
- Like condoms femidoms hold sperms and prevent then from getting into her uterus.
- Diagram of a male condom
- Diagram of a femidom Diagram of a femidom
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(ii) Use of diaphragm

A diaphragm is a rubber cup that fits over the cervix and prevents
semen from entering the uterus.
Qn. How does the diaphragm control unwanted pregnancies?
- The diaphragm prevents semen from entering the uterus.
Qn. State the advantages of using the diaphragm as birth control method.
- It is easy to use.
- It is effective if used properly.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using a diaphragm as a mean of birth control
method.
- A diaphragm is expensive to buy.
- A diaphragm must be fitted by a health worker.
- A diagram of a diaphragm

(iii)Using intra uterine device (IUD) or coil

- An IUD is a coil or loop of plastic material which is placed inside a
woman’s uterus. - An IUD prevents pregnancy from taking place.
Qn. State the advantage of using IUDs.
- IUDs are easy to be inserted by the health worker.
- IUDs are highly effective in preventing pregnancy.
- IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using IUDs.
- Increase the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
- IUDs may block the woman’s tube causing sterility.
- IUDs may cause a lot of pain and bleeding of the uterus.
- A diagram showing different example s of IUDs.

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(iv) Use of spermicides

Spermicides are jellies or creams which contain chemicals that kill sperms.
Qn. How do spermicides prevent unwanted pregnancies?
Spermicides kill sperms.
Qn. State the advantage of using
spermicides. - They are relatively easy to
use.
Qn. State the disadvantage of using
spermicides - They are not readily available
in Uganda.
- They may be hard to get due to lack of money.
(v) Use of birth control pills (Oral contraceptives)
- Birth control pills are tablets that contain chemical which prevent ovulation to take
place.
Qn. How do birth control pills prevent unwanted
pregnancies? - Birth control pills prevent ovulation
from taking place.
Qn. State the advantages of using birth control pills.
- Birth control pills are effective if used properly.
- Birth control pills are readily available.
Qn. State the disadvantages of using birth control pills
- Birth control pills do not prevent the spread of STDs.
- They are difficult for some women since they must be taken everyday.
- Women with medical problem are not advised to use them.
- They worsen the risk of severe hearth attack, cancer and stroken. - Diagram
showing a strip of birth control pills
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(vi) Birth control injections

- Birth control are chemicals inserted into a woman’s body in form of an
injection to prevent ovulation from taking place.
Qn. State the advantage of birth control
injection. - It is very effective and
convenient for women.
Qn. State the disadvantage of using birth control injections.
- It does not control the spread of STIs.
- It may result into permanent sterility in some women.
- It causes certain turmours among women.
- It may result into a long delay to become pregnant again.
Qn. How do birth control injection control or prevent unwanted
pregnancies? - Birth control injects prevent ovulation from taking
place.
(vii) Implant / Nor plant
- Norplant are capsules surgically inserted into the woman’s upper arm.
Qn. How do nor plants prevent unwanted pregnancy?
- Capsule contain chemical that prevent ovulation from taking place.
- Permanent methods of family planning
Tuballigation
Vasectomy
(vii) Tubal ligation
Tubal ligation is the cutting of fallopian tubes through a simple
surgical operation. - Diagram showing tubal ligation

Qn. How do tubal ligation control unwanted pregnancy?

- Tubal ligation prevents the ova from passing through the oviduct to be
fertilized.
(ix) Vasectomy
- Vasectomy is the cutting of the sperm ducts and trying them through a
simple surgical operation.

- A diagram showing vasectomy.

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Qn. Mention any two advantages of sterilization.

- It is done once and for all.
- A man or woman is relaxed.
- It is convenient and time saving.
Qn. State any two disadvantages of sterilization.
- The method cannot be reversed.
- The method is expensive.
- The method cause permanent sterility.
- The method is only used by people who have had enough children.
Qn. State the advantages of artificial family planning methods.
- The methods are effective if used properly.
- The methods are available.
- Some artificial family planning methods prevent the spread of STDs.
Qn. Identify any one artificial family planning method that help to control the
spread of STDs.
- Using condoms.
Qn. State the disadvantage of artificial family planning methods.
- They are expensive.
- Some have side effects.
Some may require the presence of health workers.
Some may result to complete sterility in one’s life.
Qn. Name the organization and body in Uganda that provide family
planning services. Family Planning Association of Uganda (FPAU)
- Myths and misconceptions about family planning.
Using birth control pills or injects can cause cancer.
- Family planning increase fornication or adultery among people.
- European brought the methods of family planning to make Africans
sterile.
- If a woman uses birth control methods, she may produce little or no

breast milk.
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- Vasectomy is castration of men.

- The Whites want to reduce the population of Africans.
- Some family planning methods can cause a woman to produce a child
who is physically or mentally disabled.
- Birth control methods should be used by women not men.
- Africans believed that contraception make women to lose hair and grow
beards.
- Africans believed that use of contraceptives causes high blood pressure
cause death while giving birth.
- Child spacing
Qn. What is child spacing?
- Child spacing is the time or duration left between the births of children
in a family.
Qn. State the advantages of child spacing.
- It helps the mother to recover from the previous birth.
- It helps the mother to keep healthy.
- Child spacing helps a child to have a healthy start to life.
- PIASCY messages about adolescence and reproductive health.
Qn. What does PIASCY stand for?
- Presidential Initiative on AIDS strategy for communication to the Youth.
Qn. State the importance of PIASCY programme to adolescents.
- PIASCY helps adolescents learn how to keep their reproductive systems
healthy.
- PIASCY helps adolescents to learn about HIV/AIDS.
- PIASCY prevents early pregnancies in adolescent girls.
- PIASCY prevent the spread of STDs/STls in adolescents.
Qn. Write down some examples of PIASCY messages.
- Say not to sex
- Do not accept gifts from strangers - Respect parents’ advice.
- Virginity is health.
- Avoid pregnancy as a child.
- Do not trust any body for everybody is sick. - AIDS kills
- AIDS has no cure.
- Life has no spare parts.
- Say no to bad touches.

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