Unit2.
4 Water pollution
Natural water contains impurities and
microorganisms
Impurities:
Soluble
E.g. mineral salts
Microorganisms
E.g. E.coli, Amoeba
Insoluble
E.g. sand, plant debris
Impurities and microorganisms are harmful to our health. Therefore,
water purification is necessary.
Methods of water purification
Sedimentation
During sedimentation, some insoluble impurities
settle at the bottom of the water, forming a layer of
sediment
Adding alum can help stick the fine solid impurities
suspending in water together to form larger
particles. The larger particles then sink to the bottom
of the water.
sediment
Filtration
Filtration removes most solid impurities in water.
A filter is made up of materials consisting of many
small pores. Substances larger than the pores
cannot pass through the filter.
Filtration column and filter paper are filters
commonly used in school laboratories.
Microorganisms and soluble impurities in water
are not removed by filtration.
the solid impurities left on the
filter paper is called residue
fine sand
coarse sand
filter funnel
rock chips
filter paper
small stones
cotton wool
the liquid obtained is
called filtrate
using filtration column using filter paper
Distillation
Distillation removes all the soluble impurities,
insoluble impurities and microorganisms from
water.
The process of distillation:
1 Water is boiled and changes to 3 The steam goes into the condenser .
steam. Microorganisms in the It cools down and condenses to become
water are killed. water droplets.
thermometer
water out condenser
round-bottom 3
flask distillate
1
sea water 2
water in
2 As water changes to steam, the 4 The pure water obtained is called
distillate or distilled water.
impurities are left behind.
Heavy Fine Soluble
solids solids impurities microorganisms
Sedimentation
Filtration
Distillation
Natural Water
(have three types of impurities: insoluble
impurities, soluble impurities and,
microorganisms)
Sedimentation
{Remove large insoluble impurities)
Filtration
{Remove small insoluble impurities}
Distillation
{remove all impurities}
Pure water
Unit2.5 Water treatment of drink water
In the treatment process,
Sedimentation and Filtration are used
≥ To kill the microorganism
In the water, Fluoride is added to prevent
tooth decay
Methods of killing microorganisms
Method Description
Using chlorine Chlorine is a toxic chemical.
It may leave a slightly pungent smell in
water.
Too much chlorine in water irritates our eyes
and skin.
This method is commonly used in local water
treatment works and swimming pools.
Adding ozone Adding ozone to water does not have a bad
smell to the water.
Ozone does not irritate our eyes and skin.
It is more powerful than chlorine in killing
microorganisms.
It is used in a few waters treatment works
and swimming pools.
Using In some water filters for use at home,
ultraviolet light ultraviolet light is used to kill the
microorganisms in water.
It is also used in the Victoria Park Swimming
Pool Complex to treat water in pools.
Unit2.6 Water conservation and pollution
The importance of water conservation
-more than two-third of Earth’s surface is
covered by water (but not fresh water)
Water covered in Fresh water on Earth
Earth's surface
Sea water
3% Fresh water
97%
Glaciers and ice caps underground water
rivers and lakes
Way to conserve water
Policies introduced by
the
Ways to save water at home
Hong Kong
government
Take a short shower instead of a bath. Introduced the use
Wash vegetables in a basin of water of sea water for
instead of under running water. toilet flushing.
Reuse the water for rinsing vegetables for Introduced the
watering plants. Voluntary Water
Efficiency Labelling
Reduce the number of washes by washing Scheme (WELS).
a full load of clothes.
Fix dripping taps as soon as possible.
Turn off the tap while brushing teeth.
Common types of water pollutants and the
problem they cause
Pollutant Problem
Sewage Sewage from homes and farms may contain
chemicals that promote the growth of algae.
They may use up the oxygen in water. Other
living things in the water may die because of
a lack of oxygen.
Sewage from homes and farms contain
human and animal waste, which may
contain harmful microorganisms.
If we drink water or eat seafood containing
these harmful microorganisms, we may get
food poisoning.
Sewage from factories may contain toxic
chemicals.
If we eat contaminated seafood, these
chemicals may build up in our body and
cause different health problems.
E.g.
Mercury: may cause poor coordination
Lead : may cause retarded development of
intelligence in young children
Solid waste Most of the solid waste does not break
down easily in Nature.
Sea animals may die if they eat the waste or
get trapped in it.
Oil Oil may leak into the sea because of
accidents. The spilled oil floats on the surface
of the water and blocks air from going into
the water. Sea animals may die due to a
lack of oxygen.
If the feathers of seabirds are covered with
oil, the seabirds cannot fly and hunt. They
may die of hunger.
Ways of controlling water pollution
Measure
Not throwing rubbish into the seas or rivers
Individual Using less detergent when washing dishes
Joining beach clean-up activities
Е Government Treating waste water in sewage treatment
works
Passing laws to control water pollution
Treating waste water that contains harmful
chemicals
Unit3.1 Living things
Vital function of living things
-most scientist use seven vital functions to
distinguish living things and non-living
things
7 vital functions
Obtain food
Can move
Obtain air
Grow
React to stimuli
Reproduce
Excrete
Wide variety of living things
= biodiversity
Various types:
-animals
move fast
Feed on other living things
React to stimuli quickly
-plants
move slowly
make own food
react to stimuli slowly
-microorganisms
Unit 3.2 Grouping of animals
Ned of group
Why? Can find the things you want easily
How? Put the things together with similar
key features
Advantages:
-help identify living things
-help to study large number of them in an
orderly way
Animals
invertebrate
s vertebrates
Mammals Reptiles Birds Fish Amphibians
Invertebrates: without backbone
Vertebrates: have backbone
Vertebrates Key features
Fish Have slimy scales
Have gills for breathing in water
Have fins for swimming
Body temperature changes with the
environment
Goldfish
Amphibians Have moist skin but no scales
The young forms live in water and
have gills for breathing; the adults
live mostly on land and breathe with
lungs or skin
The adults have four limbs for
Newt swimming and walking
Body temperature changes with the
environment
Reptiles Have dry, hard scales for protection
Breathe with lungs
Most have four limbs
Body temperature changes with the
environment
Tortoise
Birds Have a beak and feathers
Breathe with lungs
Have a pair of wings for flying and
two other limbs
Can maintain a constant body
temperature
Duck
Mammals Have mammary glands for producing
milk
Have fur or hair on the skin
Breathe with lungs
Have four limbs
Can maintain a constant body
temperature
Rabbit
Grouping of plant
Non-vascular plants Vascular plants
Grow in damp places Adapted to live in dry
Have simple stems and places
leaves but no roots Have true roots, stems
Absorb water from the and leaves
environment through
their whole body Have vascular tissues
Example: mosses for transporting water
and food
Example: celery
Seedless plants Seed plants
Do not produce flowers Produce flowers
Seeds are found in cones Seeds are protected in
fruits
Non-flowering plants Flowering plants
Do not produce flowers Produce flowers
Seeds are found in cones Seeds are protected in
fruits
Unit3.3 Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms in the
whole ecosystem
Living things that are in danger = endangered species
The human activities threaten the survival
of living things lead to rapid in biodiversity
Human activity Explanation
Destruction of Human destroyed the natural habitats of many
natural living things to obtain raw materials and new
habitats land.
The homes (e.g. rainforests) of living things (e.g.
rhinos, elephants, tigers and orangutans) were
destroyed. The number of these animals
largely decreased.
Overhunting Human hunt and kill living things (e.g. sharks)
and for food and to make commercial products (e.g.
overexploitati dried shark fins) or medicines.
on
Introduction of A foreign species is a kind of living things not
foreign species naturally found in an area. It may be
introduced through trade or by accident.
These living things may compete with the
native species for food, habitats or even feed
on them.
Pollution Some human activities produce harmful
substances that pollute the environment.
Exhaust fumes from cars and factories pollute
the air. Plants cannot live in polluted air and
will die.
Oil spills and plastics thrown away in natural
habitats can kill animals.
Important of biodiversity
Sustainable development of natural
environment
-living things in a habitat are interdependent for
survival.
Benefits to human
- providing food, raw materials, and medicines
-If living things become extinct, we may face a shortage
of resources
Conservation
To protect wildlife and the environment
Ways in conservation Measures
Educate the public about Holding education
the importance of programmed
conservation Setting up Endangered
Species Resource Centre
Stop people hunting wild Enforcing law
animals and damaging wild
plants
Control the import, export Enforcing law
and possession of
endangered species and
their products
Control pollution Building sewage
treatment works
Tightening car emission
standards
Avoid damaging natural Setting up conservation
habitats areas such as country
parks and marine parks
To protect wildlife and the environment:
We should ... We should NOT …
✓ apply the 4 Rs principle in ✗ disturb or collect wild animals
daily life, i.e. reduce, reuse, and plants
recycle and replace ✗ buy products made from
endangered species
✗ eat rare living things and
their food products
Unit5.1 Energy
The form of energy:
Light energy
It is given out by bright objects.
An object gives out more light energy as it glows brighter.
Thermal energy
It is given out by hot objects.
An object gives out more thermal energy as it becomes hotter.
Sound energy
An object gives out more sound energy as it produces a louder sound.
Kinetic energy
Moving objects have kinetic energy.
An object has more kinetic energy as it moves faster.
Potential energy
When an object moves to a higher position, it gains potential energy.
When we compress or stretch an elastic object, it gains potential energy.
Electrical energy
It is obtained from power stations and dry cells.
Chemical energy
Fuels store a large amount of it.
Food and dry cells also store this form of energy.
Unit of energy
- Joule(j)
- kilocalorie(kcal)
