Practical Research 1

evidence or data. We conduct a study to

seek for truth.
Research Experiences
and Knowledge 2. Research improves the quality of
human life. All of the technological
advancements are brought by different
researchers (Gupta 2018). Without the
What is Research?
people who dedicated their lives for the
sake of humanity, we will not have this
Research same from “re” and “search”. “Re” kind of life. Through research, it
is a prefix that means again and search is a improves our standard of living.
word which means to look for. Research is not
only about the discovery of something 3. Research saves a life. Through the
unknown, it is coming up with a new course of human history, research has
explanation of something that is unknown. proven its worth and roles in our lives. In
Research is a process. It is a process of the past, when penicillin was not yet
searching for something to solve an existing discovered, people just die without
problem or difficulty to solve. proper medication. It was by there
search of Fleming that the first
Research is also understood as a systematic generation of antibiotics were
investigation or inquiry entailing collection of discovered (Pandey et al. 2014).
data, documentation of critical information,
analysis, interpretation of information (Williams, 4. Research gathers the necessary
2007). Research can be also viewed as the information. Conducting research
formation of new knowledge and the implies gathering necessary data to
employment of previous or existing knowledge explain your problem and to answer
in a new and creative way (O’Donnell, 2012). your particular questions for example,
you want to understand students’
Doing research requires diligent effort to pursue perceptions about modular learning,
an answer to the stated inquiry. It involves a then, you conduct survey to the
laborious task of redoing the search to projected respondents or direct
understand the phenomenon. Researchers interviews with the projected
need a lot of effort to do the work. participants. Thus, the content of the
survey questionnaire and the guided
interview must aligned to your problem
Importance and Function of and to the questions that you like to
answer. On this manner, you are
Research
gathering important data needed for
your research.
1. The research aims for truth. We crave
truth for no one has the desire to live in 5. Research explores humanity.
lies (Rasmussen 2013). Research is Research likewise deals with the
about establishing truth based on investigation of culture to understand
and to appreciate others' practices, and
Practical Research 1

beliefs (Zion and Kozleski 2005). The 4. Research should be empirical - The
way we understand others is the result researcher needs to employ appropriate
of a long study of different individuals to methods, either quantitatively or
provide us explanations about group or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based
individual culture. Because of this, we information. They can be drawn from
can now related, understand, and concrete experimentation, direct or
respect others. indirect observation, and verifiable
experience.

5. Research should be clear - The

Characteristics of Research researcher needs to use
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) comprehensible language to present
information and convey explanation
1. Research should be systematic - The throughout the research process. The
researcher needs to carry out a series of factors to be manipulated, measured or
interrelated steps in conducting the described in the study, also known as
study. Such procedure must follow a variables, must be clarified using
well-planned, sequential and organized literature from published and
structure from beginning to end. The unpublished materials. They should be
research paper is divided into explained well from the introductory part
macrosystem and microsystem. The of the research paper to ensure a
former refers to different chapters deeper understanding of the study to be
labeled with main headings, while the conducted.
latter consists of various elements
detailing the contents of each part.

2. Research should be objective - The

Process of Research
researcher needs to present information
that are purely based on truths. It should Process refers to a series of steps or actions
always be anchored on the factual basis taken to achieve a particular end or goal.
in which the research work is founded, Research process is a systematic manner in
thus being free from any bias or which the researcher approaches his/her area
personal opinion. of study to produce knowledge that the
community will consider to be worthwhile within
3. Research should be feasible - The the field (Rao, 2017). Understanding such
researcher needs to consider the process is an important step towards executing
possibility and practicality of conducting any study.
the proposed study. All significant
factors like time, budget and access to 5 Phases of the research process
resources must be analyzed to (Whittemore & Melkus, 2008)
determine if the research can actually be
done.
1. Conceptual Phase. Identifying the
problem, reviewing the literature,
formulating the hypothesis, developing
Practical Research 1

the research framework, and logical relationship between variables. It

determining the research purpose and should be based on the problem being
objective. solved.

2. Design and Planning Phase. Selecting 4. Prepare the research design. Identify
a research design, developing study what is the best means to collect and
procedures, and determining the analyze data in the study to clarify and
sampling and data collection plan. improve the research problem, purpose,
and questions.
3. Empirical Phase. Collecting data, and
preparing data for analysis. 5. Collect data. Use an appropriate data
collection method to elicit the needed
4. Analytic Phase. Analyzing data, information. The researcher collects
interpreting the results, and making data through interview and focus group
conclusions. discussion.

5. Dissemination Phase. Communicating 6. Analyze data. Utilize strategies and

results to the appropriate audience, and methods that make sense of the data to
utilizing the findings. answer the research problem. The
researcher analyzes the data by drawing
patterns and themes from the generated
Steps in conducting research by data.
Rao (2017)
7. Interpret and report the findings. Put
1. Define the research problem. To begin the information in perspective and
your research, you must look at a present the solution to the proposed
significant real-life problem. Factors like problem based on the findings of the
area of interest, availability of fund, investigation. The researcher interprets
socio-economic significance of the and reports the findings based on the
study, and the safety measures to be collected and analyzed data to solve the
undertaken should be considered in research problem.
finding and defining the research
problem.

2. Review the literature. Read various

Ethics of Research
publications or surf the internet to
become aware of the previous works Ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals with
already done about the chosen topic. moral principles on governing a person’s
You may utilize different resources like behavior in the conduct of any activity. Resnik
science books, magazines, journals, (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in
newspapers, or even in the internet. Research & Why is it important?”, as cited by
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the
3. Formulate hypothesis. A hypothesis is following reasons why it is important to follow
a theoretical statement in solving a
Practical Research 1

ethical principles in writing and conducting a

research:
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research
1. It promotes the aims of research.
Ethics guides the researchers in Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book,
obtaining knowledge, truth, and “Practical Research 1 for Senior High School”,
avoidance of error by prohibiting lists the following ethical codes and policies that
fabrication, falsification and the researcher needs to consider in conducting
misrepresentation of research data. a study:

2. It upholds values that are essential to 1. Honesty. The researcher should strive
collaborative work. Many researchers to truthfully report data in whatever form
who are working in different disciplines of communication all throughout the
and institutions cooperate and study.
coordinate to accomplish a particular
research. With ethics in mind, they also 2. Objectivity. The researcher should
maintain trust, accountability, mutual avoid being biased. The study should
respect, and fairness. not be influenced by his/her personal
motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. It ensures that researchers can be
held accountable to the public. Ethical 3. Integrity. The researcher should
norms guarantee the public that establish credibility through the
researchers are deemed responsible for consistency of his/her thought and
committing any form of research action. He/she should act with sincerity
misconduct. especially on keeping agreements.

4. It builds public support for research. 4. Care. The researcher should never
People express and lend their support neglect even the smallest detail of the
by all means if they can trust the quality study. All information should be critically
and integrity of research. examined. Records of research activities
should be properly and securely kept.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and
social values. Ethical principles help 5. Openness. The researcher should be
the researcher avoid practices that can willing to accept criticisms and new
adversely harm the research subjects ideas for the betterment of the study.
and the community. Thus, it encourages Research results and findings should be
social responsibility, human rights, shared to the public.
animal welfare, compliance with the law,
and public health and safety. 6. Respect for intellectual property. The
researcher should not plagiarize. Credit
should be given to who or where it is
due. All authors cited and sources used
in the study should be properly
acknowledged. Plagiarism refers to the
Practical Research 1

act of illegally using another person’s people or entities who will participate in
ideas, works, processes, and results. research.
Thus, it constitutes claiming an
intellectual property as one’s own that 13. Competence. The researcher should
can be penalized through Republic Act possess necessary knowledge and skills
8293 known as the Intellectual Property in conducting a study. He/she should be
Code of the Philippines. equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure
7. Confidentiality. The researcher should competent results.
take steps to protect all confidential
communications or documents from 14. Legality. The researcher should know
being discovered by others. and abide by relevant laws, institutional
and government policies concerning the
8. Responsible publication. The legal conduct of research.
researcher should ensure that his/her
work is clear, honest, complete, 15. Human Subject Protection. The
accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding researcher should protect human lives
wasteful and duplicate publication. It by preventing and minimizing harms and
should likewise refrain from selective, risks. He/she should always uphold the
misleading, or ambiguous reporting. human dignity, privacy, and autonomy of
human subjects to be used in the study.
9. Responsible mentoring. The
researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share
Rights of Research Participants
professional knowledge and skills
especially to new or less experienced In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities
researchers. are inseparably linked to one another. This
means that both the researcher and the
10. Respect for colleagues. The participant have necessary obligations to
researcher should show courtesy to perform as a prerequisite of their privileges in
his/her colleagues by treating them conducting research. According to Trochim
equally and fairly. (2006), Smith (2003) and Polit (2006), the
following are some of the rights of research
11. Social responsibility. The researcher participants, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal
should promote social good by working (2017):
for the best interests and benefits of the
environment and society as a whole. 1. Voluntary participation. The research
participants must be given the privilege
12. Non-discrimination. The researcher to exercise their free will whether to
should not discriminate based on sex, participate or not. They have the right to
race, ethnicity, or any factor relating to refuse involvement in the study. Thus,
scientific competence and integrity. any person should not be forced to take
Thus, research should be open to all part in any research undertaking.
Practical Research 1

2. Informed consent. The research conducting a research will determine the

participants must be provided with approach the researcher takes in identifying
sufficient information about the relevant data, and collecting and analyzing the
procedures and risks involved in the information gathered in the research. Choosing
research. It serves as an initial guide on either a quantitative or qualitative approach will
why and how the study will be affect the components of the research. For
conducted. Hence, the researcher must instance, a researcher may decide to undertake
ensure that they fully understood and a scientific research. If he/she takes a
agreed upon the study. quantitative approach, he/she will use statistical
data to provide an explanation of the
3. Risk of harm. The research participants phenomenon. On the other hand, if the
must be protected from any type of harm researcher chooses a qualitative approach, the
whether it may be physical, goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze
psychological, social, or economic. The the underlying concepts and theories related to
researcher must avoid, prevent, or the research topic.
minimize threats especially when they
are exposed and engaged in invasive Generally, quantitative and qualitative research
and risky procedures. differs on the type of data they produce. The
former dwells on the collection of numerical
4. Confidentiality. The research data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the
participants must be assured of their latter deals with descriptive, in-depth and
privacy particularly on personal holistic data analyzed by summarizing,
information. The researcher must secure categorizing and interpreting. On this note, you
that all information disclosed by them need to use quantitative research if you want to
will not be used without authorized confirm or test a theory or hypothesis and use
access. qualitative research if you want to understand
concepts, thoughts and experiences. Here is a
5. Anonymity. The research participants simple example on how you can apply two
must remain anonymous or unidentified methods differently on the same research
throughout the study even to the question, “How satisfied are students with their
researchers themselves. They have the studies?”
right to keep their identities secret as
they participate especially in case In quantitative research, you may survey 250
sensitive studies. students at your school and ask them a
question, “On a scale from 1-5, how satisfied
are you with your studies?” Then, you can
perform statistical analysis on the data and
Quantitative and Qualitative draw conclusions such as: “On average,
Research (Cristobal & students rated their studies 4.1”.
Cristobal, 2017)
In qualitative research, you may conduct
in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask
There are two broad categories of research
them open-ended questions such as: “How
methodology: quantitative research and
satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is
qualitative research. The method to be used in
Practical Research 1

the most positive aspect of your study and producing results based on the
program?”, and “What can be done to improve purpose of the study.
the study program?” Based on their answers,
you can ask followup questions to clarify things. ● variable – any characteristic that can
Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews have different values or traits that may
and try to find patterns and commonalities. vary across research participants.

Definition of Terms Quantitative Research

● contact time – the period when the ● Aims to characterize trends and
researcher interacts with the research patterns.
subjects or participants to obtain
relevant information. ● Usually starts with either a theory or
hypothesis about the relationship
● hypothesis – a statement usually between two or more variables.
predicting the relationship between
variables that can be tested by scientific ● Uses structured research instruments
research. like questionnaires or schedules.

● outlier – a statistical observation in a ● Uses large sample sizes that are

set of data that is inconsistent with the representatives of the population.
majority of the data.
● Has high output replicability.
● output replicability – capable of
repetition, imitation or reproduction. ● Used to gain greater understanding of
group similarities.
● research instrument – a measurement
tool designed to obtain, measure and ● Uses structured processes.
analyze data from research subjects
around the research topic. ● Methods include census, survey,
experiment, and secondary analysis.
● sample size – the number of subjects to
be taken from the target population of ● Question Domains: Who, What, When,
the study. Where

● trend – an assumed development in the ● Common Sample Size: 150 to 200+

future that will have a long-term and
lasting effect; prevailing style or ● Contact Time: 10 to 20 minutes
preference.
● Validity: Must be true of most of the
● validity – the functional quality of data or nomothetic (law oriented)
research instrument on obtaining data
Practical Research 1

● Variables: Define relationships and ● Validity: Must be true of each case or

establish general case ideographic (case oriented)

● Outliers: Unique positions lost to the ● Variables: Describe relationship and

weight of the average establish meaning structures and
contexts
● Examples: Surveys, numerical counts,
statistical analyses, mathematical ● Outliers: Valuable descriptive cases
modeling with unique access to average cases

● Examples: Interviews, literature content

Qualitative Research reviews, real world observations, case
studies, ethnographies
● Involves processes, feelings, and
motives (the why’s and the how’s) and
produces in-depth and holistic data.
Characteristics of Qualitative
● Usually concerned with generating Research
hypotheses from data rather than testing
a hypothesis.
Qualitative research can be easily
characterized by carefully observing how some
● Uses either unstructured or
research elements such as: research design,
semi-structured instruments.
data collection procedure, and data analysis
have been put into considerations. As cited
● Uses small sample sizes chosen
from Spalding University Library (2020), these
purposely.
three key elements will guide the researcher to
properly conduct a qualitative research study.
● Has high validity.
To further understand this kind of research, its
characteristics are presented as follows:
● Used to gain greater understanding of
individual differences in terms of
1. Qualitative research is naturalistic. A
feelings, motives, and experiences.
study to be conducted by the researcher
should be based on real- life situations.
● Uses more flexible processes.
Likewise, the researcher should also
unfold the study in a natural manner,
● Methods include field research, case
that is, the findings are derived from the
study, and secondary analysis.
analysis of authentic data gathered from
the participants. Such a concept makes
● Questions Domains: How, What, Why
qualitative research known for its
non-controlling characteristic.
● Common Sample Size: 10 to 15
2. Qualitative research is purposeful. In
● Contact Time: 45 to 240 minutes each
conducting a qualitative type of study,
the researcher should select the
Practical Research 1

participants in a purposive manner, that specific details and data will be gathered
is, they will be selected because they from the target participant/s. These data
either have easy access to the then can be used to discover emerging
information needed or simply have the patterns and themes. Following an
knowledge to provide a great deal of inductive procedure, the researcher will
information needed to the study. Hence, start from exploring the phenomenon
these participants are called “information and will end to confirming findings of the
rich” in the context of research. This works.
type of participant selection will validate
the concept that qualitative study 6. Qualitative research is viewed in a
focuses on rich insights regarding the holistic perspective. A study in a
phenomenon rather than on mere qualitative type cannot be simply done in
numerical data simply obtained from a linear and cause and effect
surveys and questionnaires. relationship approach. Rather, it requires
the researcher to view the whole
3. Qualitative research is detailed. A phenomenon under investigation in a
thick description of gathered data from complex system, that is, different
the participants makes this type of study variables can either cause or effect the
a detailed one. It is important that the phenomenon.
researcher should capture the direct
quotations of the responses of the
participant/s from the conducted
interview or observation.
Strengths and Weaknesses of
Qualitative Research
4. Qualitative research requires
engagement and neutrality. Direct It is known that a qualitative type of research
contact with the people, situation, and focuses more on explaining why subjects under
phenomenon under investigation should investigation think and behave in certain ways.
be established by the researcher. With such purpose, it can be observed that
Immersing oneself would enable the there are corresponding strengths and
researcher to acquire personal weaknesses qualitative research may have
experiences and insights which are once it is employed by the researcher. As cited
essential to better understand the from University of Denmark Library (2020), this
phenomenon. Further, the researcher type of research has its strengths and
should also be neutral in the responses weaknesses presented as follows:
and observations he/she may get while
engaging with the participant/s. The
Strengths
researcher should likewise show
openness, sensitivity, and respect.
1. Qualitative research complements
5. Qualitative research follows an quantitative data. Interview and
inductive procedure. As the researcher observation are the common
immerses himself/herself in the instruments used in the conduct of a
phenomenon under investigation, qualitative study. Such instruments can
Practical Research 1

provide qualitative data that can be

utilized as a support for any quantitative 2. Qualitative research is more difficult
data appearing in a study, hence, a to analyze. Unlike quantitative research
more reliable result will be ensured. which deals with numeric data and can
be interpreted through statistical
2. Qualitative research provides more formula, qualitative research presents
detailed information to explain non-numeric data which are all based on
complex issues. Since this type of the subjective responses of the
research study requires the researcher participants. If data are not critically
to immerse himself/herself in the analyzed and carefully interpreted,
phenomenon under investigation, direct results may become biased and even
experiences can be acquired. Similarly, less credible.
considering “information rich”
participant/s, as well as utilizing 3. Qualitative research is time
interview and observation as qualitative consuming. Though qualitative
research instruments, may enable the research utilizes a small number of
researcher to gather more accurate data participants, this, however, demands the
needed in explaining a complex researcher to spend more time in
phenomenon. dealing and engaging with them.
Similarly, the analysis and interpretation
3. Qualitative research is cost efficient. phase of the study also requires the
Small number of participants is usually researcher to take more time in
considered in qualitative research. observing the emerging patterns and
Hence, less resources will be needed to themes derived from participants’
accomplish the study. Likewise, provided data.
interview schedule and observation
checklist as qualitative research tools
demand the researcher to spend less
resources unlike questionnaires as a
Kinds of Qualitative Research
primary tool utilized in quantitative
research. In conducting a qualitative type of research on
different fields such as business, education,
medicine, etc., there are six (6) widely used
Weaknesses
qualitative research kinds namely:

1. Qualitative research cannot 1. Phenomenological. This kind of

generalize the findings to the study qualitative research focuses on
population. The use of a small number subjective lived experiences of the
of participants in qualitative research participants in order to understand
may result in limited responses. Thus, phenomena. Here, the k is concerned
findings of the study might not be with the feelings of the participants
possibly generalized to a larger regarding a particular event or activity,
population. Replication of the study is hence, the uniqueness of their lived
often suggested. situations can be described. Interview is
Practical Research 1

the common instrument used for its data an intensive analysis of of a single
collection with the suggested sample person or single institution. With this,
size ranging from 5 to 25. Example: A thorough interview, observation, and
researcher aims to determine the documentation are all utilized as multiple
challenges and coping mechanisms of data collection instruments. Example: A
senior high school working students in researcher aims to explain the causes of
Taguig City. the reading difficulty of a grade 5
struggling reader.
1. Ethnographic. It is a kind of qualitative
research which concentrates on the 4. Historical. This qualitative research
study of a group of people in a particular kind is concerned with the identification,
environment. To characterize evaluation, and synthesis of past event
behaviours, cultures, challenges, and data. Further, it aims to understand
possible occurring themes, the present patterns and to anticipate future
researcher is required to engage choices through clearly relating the past
himself/herself with the participants event data which are obtained from
through immersion in an extended sources such as documents, relics and
period of time. Observation, along with artifacts, and oral reports. Examples: A
the use of interview and survey, is an researcher attempts to explore the
essential instrument for this type of nature and context of the political
study. Example: A researcher seeks to leadership of Bataan governors.
determine the cultural practices and
healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group 5. Narrative. Life accounts of individuals
living in Bataan province. based on their personal experiences are
typically obtained and analyzed in the
2. Grounded Theory. This kind of conduct of this kind of qualitative
qualitative research intends to explain a research. The primary objective of the
phenomenon through developing a study is to extract meaningful context
theory. In comparison with based on the documented experiences.
phenomenological study that primarily Unlike phenomenological research
describes lived experiences, grounded which focuses on describing and
theory aims to provide explanation and explaining a phenomenon through the
theory behind those lived experiences. lived experiences of the participants,
Interview and supporting documents are narrative research focuses merely on
the commonly used data collection the nature of the story told by the
instrument for its participants participants. Hence, phenomenological
approximately ranging from 20 to 30 or research may use narrative, but
until data achieve saturation. Example: narrative research does not necessarily
A researcher attempts to conceptualize need phenomenology. Discourse
the breast cancer survivorship process analysis is one of the commonly and
among Taguigenos. widely employed approaches of
narrative research. Examples: A
3. Case Study. It is a qualitative research researcher seeks to characterize the
kind which allows the researcher to have struggles faced by student-athletes.
Practical Research 1

hence, suggestions for improvement and

Importance of Qualitative development can be sought.
Research

Qualitative research is oriented toward

Research Problem
analysing concrete cases in temporal and local
particularity. It starts from the respondents’
perspectives, expressions, and activities in their In starting with a research project, the
local context. In this case, qualitative research researcher must have a clear problem in mind.
is important across many fields of inquiry Basically, a research problem refers to a
because it is designed for social sciences, statement that promptly suggests for
psychology, and other fields. With this, investigating. Moreover, a research problem to
qualitative research would verify or validate the be designed must deal with some concerns in a
tendencies, transform it into research programs, particular field that may need an improvement
and maintain the necessary changes toward its or a solution.
objectives and tasks.
The researcher must also observe gaps in
For example, qualitative research can be existing scholarly literature, theories, and
employed in health care research. One may practices to come up with a good and relevant
study people’s experiences of and access to research problem. This designed problem then
health care. Various perspectives of patients will serve as a guide to know what kind of
and professionals can be understood using research study will be most suitable to address
qualitative research. An individual’s the perceived concern.
experiences, attitudes, and circumstances in life
that affect his/her health needs and behaviour Sources of Research Problem
can likewise be studied.

Qualitative research is known for providing There is a need for a socially relevant problem
meaning to understand an existing when the researcher will attempt to conduct a
phenomenon. With this, the perspectives, study. Hence, it is said that identifying and
expressions, and activities of the participants designing a research problem is quite a
play a vital role to unveiling the local context challenging task. Familiarity with the potential
across different fields. sources, meanwhile, may help the researcher
to come up with a good research problem. As
The development in any fields such as in cited from Sacred Heart University Library
education, business, medical and health allied (2020), four (4) varied sources can be
services, etc. is made possible by means of considered. These are as follows:
qualitative research. For example, the
researcher may study the experiences of 1. Theory. Existing social philosophies and
individuals and their access to health care by generalizations which the researcher is
determining their perspectives. These solicited familiar with may be of a great help to
responses. reflecting their experiences, design a research problem. The
attitudes, and circumstances may help the researcher may observe if there is a gap
researcher to understand the phenomenon, between theory and practice. Difference
Practical Research 1

between what is said by the elders and arrive with a good research problem. Here they
what the youngsters see and observe adopted the proposed criteria of Barrientos-Tan
may be a potential source of a problem. (1997) from the book entitled A Research Guide
in Nursing Education. These are further
2. Practitioners. Consultation with the subdivided into external and internal criteria.
people who have direct experiences in a
field of interest may provide the 1. External Criteria
researcher an idea of what relevant
problem he/she may investigate. a. Novelty. The research problem
Practitioners such as teachers, social must carry “newness.” With this,
workers, health care providers, etc. are its practical value would be
considered to be a good source of easily perceived.
problem since they are directly
experiencing difficulties and challenges b. Availability of subjects. A
which are needed to be addressed. research problem, when is
subjected to a further
3. Personal experience. Daily investigation, requires data from
experiences can provide the researcher the target subjects. Hence, the
an idea of what problem that needs a researcher must ensure that
solution. Observation on what is there will be available
happening in the community may allow participants who are capable of
him/her to see the common concerns of providing data needed for the
people or institutions which may be study.
subjected for investigation.
c. Support of the academic
4. Relevant literature. An extensive and community. The academic
thorough review of literature and studies community, which consists of
relevant to the problem interest of the administrators, teachers, staff,
researcher may enable him/her to come students, and parents, should be
up with a potential study. Through considered by the researcher in
reviewing other available researches, what particular problem will be
the researcher may be able to determine investigated. Each member plays
gaps in knowledge and to subject them a vital role in the conduct of the
for replication. Thus, a good research study. Hence, the research
problem will be ensured. problem should be clearly
perceived as beneficial once it is
subjected for investigation. In
addition, securing permission
Considerations in Formulating among the said members must
the Research Problem be done before conducting the
actual data collection procedure.
As cited from the book of Cristobal and
Cristobal (2017), there are criteria which should d. Availability and adequacy of
be considered by the researcher in order to facilities and equipment.
Practical Research 1

Necessary common devices accomplished in a given time

such as computers and frame.
telephones which will be used in
undertaking a study should be d. Costs and returns. It is also
considered. Likewise, other important that the researcher
needed materials required by the should consider a research
research problem should be problem which suggests to be
checked if they are available and cost-efficient. When it is
sufficient. subjected to a study, it must not
be a sort of an expensive
e. Ethical considerations. A undertaking.
research problem, when is
subjected to a study, must not e. Hazards and handicaps. This
pose any unethical demands means that a research problem
most especially on the part of the should not put the researcher in
research participants. danger. The proposed study
should be safe not only to the
2. Internal Criteria participants but moreover to the
researcher himself/herself.
a. Qualifications of the Physical and mental health of the
researcher. These pertain to the researcher must always be
expertise of the researcher to the considered.
problem. It is important to the
researcher that he/she has
enough knowledge and training
when the research problem is Research Title
subjected to further investigation
so as to ensure the success of Once the researcher has already had a problem
the undertaking. that will be subjected for a study, he/she may
now begin formulating a good research title that
b. Motivation and interest of the will best represent the problem and the study
researcher. The research itself in general. As cited from Sacred Heart
problem which is in the interest University Library (2020), a research title
of the researcher may give should help the readers to see the main idea as
him/her satisfaction and well as the summary of the whole study.
enjoyment. Hence, completion of Further, it usually contains fewest possible
the research tasks will be words that can bring understanding of the
efficiently attained. content and the purpose of the study among the
readers.
c. Time factor. A research
problem, when is subjected to a
study, should suggest to be Characteristics of Research Title
time-efficient. With this, the
undertaking will be possibly
Practical Research 1

As commonly observed, a research title is the

first one to be read before proceeding to the Research Rationale
other parts of the research paper. Hence, it is
really important to know for the researcher what According to Merriam-Webster, a rationale is:
makes a research title an effective one in order (1) : an explanation of controlling principles of
to capture the interest of the readers towards opinion, belief, practice, or phenomena or (2) :
the problem to be investigated. Here are some an underlying reason or basis.
of the characteristics of a research title that the
researcher should put into considerations: In the context of research writing, a rationale
pertains to the reasons why the study must be
1. It should be limited only to substantive conducted. Such justification is provided by the
words with high consideration to the key researcher to highlight the significant points of
variables such as the phenomenon the problem to be addressed in the study.
under investigation, the participants, and
the setting of the study.

2. It should use words that can create a How to write the Rationale of the
positive impression among the readers. Study
Avoid using abbreviations as well as
some word constructions such as: Research justification is considered as the initial
“method,” “result,” and “investigation.”. step in writing a research paper. This step
involves the skill on how the researcher will
3. It should be in the form of a phrase with provide the readers with critical background or
correct use of capitalization, that is, the contextual information that introduces the
first letter appeared in the title as well as research topic. Moreover, it needs to indicate
the first letter of each noun word should the reasons why the proposed research
be capitalized. matters. In doing so, the researcher must be
able to get the audience's attention right from
4. It should be concise by adequately the introduction.
implying the participants and the
coverage of the study. The rationale of the study must contain the
following components:
In addition, a researcher may also put a subtitle
which is commonly employed in social science 1. Existing Literature - a background on
research papers. This subtitle may be done: (1) what research have already been done
to state the scope, context, and theory about the given subject.
under investigation; and (2) to provide a
substantive and appealing literary title. 2. Relevance to Local/Global Context -
situational interconnectedness of
individuals or things in varying
perspectives.

3. Critical Background/Contextual
Information - circumstances forming a
Practical Research 1

background of an event, idea or subject, ● Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the
that enables the readers to understand present knowledge?
the nature of the problem.
● What is the research ultimately trying to
4. Research Gap - problems, issues or achieve?
questions that have not been addressed
or are yet to be understood.

5. Proof of Urgency - an urgent need to Statement of the Problem

solve the existing problem.
After the researcher has clearly presented the
6. Research Goal/Objective - the purpose rationale of the problem, the formulation of the
because there is a need for the targeted and well-defined problem must follow.
proposed study to be conducted. This well-defined problem is commonly
pertained to the “Statement of the Problem.”
Stating clearly the problem can make the
Here are some questions to be
considered in presenting vagueness of the study be clarified. Further, this
justifications: section allows the researcher to present other
essential elements of research undertaking
such as the major variables, objectives, and
● Why is this research important?
appropriate methodology.

● What real life or everyday problem,

issue, or question does the research Writing the Problem Statement in
relate to? a Qualitative Research
● Can people relate to the problem in local
In formulating the statement of the problem in a
or global context?
research paper, there are two types of problems
which should be considered. These are the
● What benefit does the research
general problem and the specific problems.
promise?
General problem pertains to the opening
● Are the units of analysis and observation
paragraph that gives specific details on other
clearly identified?
essential elements which are the purpose,
major variables, participants, setting, and time
● What does the researcher hope to find
coverage of the study. The said elements serve
out?
as a guide in order to properly formulate the
general problem. Cristobal and Cristobal (2017)
● What was wrong or incomplete about
from their book Practical Research 1 for Senior
prior efforts already conducted?
High School presented guidelines in the writing
of the general problem. These are as follows:
● Does the research extend
understanding of the phenomena being
1. The general problem should clearly
investigated?
state the main task/s of the researcher.
Practical Research 1

2. The general problem should present the ● Are the participants using emojis in their
major variable/s related to the online communication?
phenomenon to be investigated.
● Can the participants understand the
3. The general problem should identify the meaning of emojis used in
participants of the study. conversations?

4. The general problem should state the ● Will the emojis be used for a language
research setting as well as the time content learning presentation strategy?
period of the study.
Researchable Questions:
5. The general problem may indicate the
intended output of the study such as ● What are the most frequently used
an intervention program, module, emojis by the participants in the corpus?
policies, etc.
● What are the pragmatic functions of
After formulating the general problem of a emojis in the corpus?
study, enumeration of its specific problems
should follow. Unlike the general problem which ● How do multiple emojis affect the
is stated in a declarative form, the specific meaning of the discourse?
problems are stated as questions. These
formulated questions, moreover, should all be ● What learning content presentation
anchored on the general problem. With this, the strategy can be proposed based on the
researcher will be guided on how he/she will results of the study?
seek an answer to the problem.

In addition, the researcher must also know that

a specific question to be formulated must be a Scope and Delimitation
researchable question, that is, it should begin
with words such as “what” and “how.” In this Scope and delimitation is an informative part
case, the researcher may be able to solicit of your research. It is informative because it is
responses which can ensure detailed data to where you declare the things you have to
necessary to the study. Non-researchable carry out and follow through the course of
questions, as in, those which are answerable research. When we talk about the scope of
by “yes” or “no” should be avoided. Examples of research, it commonly refers to the depth your
non-researchable and researchable questions research area or parameters. This includes
are presented below. restriction of the target population, research
local, specified duration, design, procedure, and
Non-Researchable Questions: instrument used.

● Do the participants use social media 1. Population. According to Majid (2018),

platforms for their communication this stands for the entire pool from which
purposes?
Practical Research 1

the sample is drawn. Consider these are the four (4) most commonly used
examples: qualitative designs that you can use.

a. Schools operating in Bataan a. Ethnography – If your research

(Private and Public) is about a description or
b. Senior High School Students of a investigation about customs of
School individual and culture, this design
c. Grade 10 Students in a School can be used (Elis and Bochner
Division 1996).
d. Tricycle Drivers operating in a
Barangay b. Phenomenology – If your
e. All Working Students in a grade research is about the
level commonality of lived experience
within a group of individuals or
2. Research Locale. It refers to the description of a particular
particular location where the study is phenomenon, this research
conducted. Consider these examples: design can be used (Singh
2018).
a. Lamao National High School
Schools Division of Bataan c. Case Study – If your research is
b. Dinalupihan Region III – Central about an investigation of a
Luzon phenomenon within the context
c. Pampanga Balanga City of real-life situation, you can use
d. Limay Senior High School this design (Kothari 2004) .
University of the Assumption
e. Barangay St. Francis II Bataan d. Grounded Theory – If your
Peninsula State University research aims toward a
development of a theory in an
3. Specific Duration. This stands for the inductive manner, you can use
exclusive time frame when the research this design (VanderStoep and
is conducted. Consider these examples: Johnston 2009).

a. May 20 to 22 2020 5. Protocols Followed. This refers to the

b. School Year 2020 to 2021 standard procedure, system, or rules
c. From 2015 to 2020 that you follow in gathering data. It can
d. From January 2020 to May be the permission in the conduct of the
20202 study, communication letter to the
respondents, or agreement on the
4. Research Method. This refers to the conduct of interview.
systematic plan for conducting research
which includes strategies, process, 6. Data Gathering Procedure. This refers
techniques, and procedures for to the step-by-step procedures that you
collecting and analyzing data employ before and during the data
(MacDonald and Headlam 2008). Here gathering.
Practical Research 1

a declaration of the possible influences to the

7. Instrument. These are measurement result of the study.
devices that you use in your research. It
can be in a form of test, survey, Significance of the Study
questionnaire, and the like. However, in
qualitative research, you as the Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that
researcher is the instrument, and your research is a very noble undertaking if it makes
interview guide serve as a tool in significant contributions to the community and
gathering the data (Bahrami, Soleimani, to the academic field or discipline where the
Yaghoobzadeh, & Ranjbar, 2016). researcher is affiliated with. This is basically the
reason why the researcher needs to determine
8. Data Analysis. These are the the relevance of their study. It should
systematic processes you employ to apparently identify the purpose that the
describe or interpret your data. It can be research will serve and how it will contribute to
thematic network analysis, the society, the country, the government, the
dendogramming, structural analysis, text institution or agency concerned, and the
analysis, and Collaizi procedure. research community.

On the other hand, when we talk about Under this section of the research paper, the
delimitation, it refers to choices made by researcher must be able to present the
researcher that serves as boundary (Simon valuable contribution of the study to a
2011). This includes research objectives, particular body of knowledge or area of
questions, variables, theoretical objectives you specialization. As Cristobal and Cristobal
adopted, target samples, and justifications that (2017) noted, it could be in the form of a new
limits the scope of the study. Commonly, knowledge in the field, analysis of trends over
research objectives, and description of time, validation of other findings using different
variables are mentioned while research methodologies, confirmation of the major
questions are just reflected on the set findings of other studies, and verification of the
objectives. Variables are also explained and validity of findings in a different population.
declared, as well as to the theoretical objectives
of the study. On the other hand, sampling After identifying the general significance of
method, target sample size, and justifications in the study, the researcher also has to determine
choosing the above mentioned scope are the beneficiaries who will directly gain from the
provided to clearly set the parameter of the results of the study. They may be classified as
study. academic or non-academic.

In some research, instead of scope and Academic beneficiaries may include

delimitation, they use scope and limitation. The educational staff, teachers, students and
term limitation is about the external and internal researchers, while non-academic
influences that researcher has no control of. beneficiaries may include stakeholders,
They can be shortcomings, conditions or policymakers, agencies and organizations.
influences that cannot be avoided due to the They should be specifically listed according to
limitation of the study. Thus, these limitations is the significance of the study’s results to them.
Practical Research 1

Moreover, the researcher needs to cite the phenomenon and be able to clarify
benefits that the beneficiaries will gain from the essential variables of the study.
study. They refer to all advantages to be
obtained by those directly involved especially 2. It justifies the need for conducting
the researchers and research users. All of the study. Review of literature allows
which can be manifested as demonstrable the researcher to identify the existing
contribution of the said research to the gaps in knowledge. Thus, further
specialized field or to the community. Such investigation to be conducted by the
benefits may be classified as educational, researcher will be justified.
professional and personal.
3. It serves as the basis for establishing
concepts presented in the study.
Reviewing literature relevant to the
Relevant Literature current study of the researcher enables
him/her to substantiate his/her work.
Other previous researches related to the study Concepts presented from the study
currently conducted by a researcher should be which are supported by literature can
put into consideration. When they are make the work of the researcher more
summarized comprehensively, this makes the credible.
process of literature review. As cited from
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania (2020),
Selecting the Literature for a
literature review requires a survey of scholarly
articles, books, and other sources which will Study
later be enumerated, summarized, and
evaluated in order to form a concrete basis and Once the researcher has a clear problem as
support for the current study. When it is done, well as a rationale for conducting a study,
the selected literature may appear on various he/she may now begin selecting literature such
sections of the study such as in the as theories, conceptual framework, and related
introduction, related literature section, and the studies that will serve as the foundation of the
discussion of results. work. In selecting the literature for a study, the
following questions should be considered:

Purposes of Reviewing a 1. Can this literature help me clearly

Literature present the delimitation of my study?
2. Can this literature give me insights to
The following are the purposes of literature present properly essential variables of
review (University of South Carolina Library, my study?
2020): 3. Is this literature up-to-date?
4. Does this literature provide perceptive
1. It provides the researcher a clear and accurate results and conclusions?
understanding of the study to be 5. Does this literature present contrasting
investigated. Through literature review, ideas which can be used in identifying
the researcher can boost his/her research gaps?
confidence by clearly understanding the
Practical Research 1

prevalent claims, findings, and

conclusions are some of those which the
Conducting a Review of Literature
researcher should observe and read
carefully. Further, employing different
When the researcher is about to engage levels and types of reading can help the
himself/herself in doing literature review, he/she researcher to scrutinize efficiently the
must do it in a systematic procedure so as to data and information presented from a
arrive with a comprehensive output which can reference. Wilson (1990) identified four
later be used in substantiating the work. types of reading. These are as follows:

Boza (2015) of University of California presents a. Elementary reading. This type

six steps in conducting a literature review. of reading pertains to
These steps are as follows: word-recognition type of reading
wherein sentences are literally
1. Decide on the area of research. The comprehended.
first step always begins with the clear
problem in mind of the researcher. b. Systematic reading. This type
He/she must clearly know the topic as of reading employs skimming
well as the rationale of the study to be strategy wherein the
conducted. This will allow the researcher researcher-reader may focus on
to focus on articles and books that are the highlighted terms in the
relevant and can help him/her sample source manuscript.
substantiate the work. Similarly, he/she may also look
into the title of the sample and
2. Search for the literature. In searching will try to see if similar variables
for the literature which can be used for a of the current study are
study, the researcher may utilize printed presented. If yes, he/she may
materials and references which can consider the sample as relevant
normally be found in the libraries. On the to his/her own work.
other hand, online sources, which also
offer scholarly articles and books, must c. Analytic reading. This type of
likewise be considered for these can reading requires the
make the researcher saves more time. researcher-reader to break the
whole scholarly work into parts
3. Find relevant excerpts in books and for better understanding. In
articles. Reading the abstract of a addition, it may also observe
scholarly work will help the researcher here that the researcher-reader
determine whether it is relevant or not to establishes connection with the
the study under investigation. author by asking the 5Ws and
Meanwhile, other sections of a scholarly 1H questions through annotation.
source as in articles and books can also Use of a dictionary for concept
be skimmed to get the excerpts of clarification is also often
important data which can be used as considered in this type of
bases of the study. Definition of terms, reading.The notes made from
Practical Research 1

the analysis are then b. Annotation. This tool uses

synthesized and will serve as an words, phrases, and sentences
output. which serve as written remarks
of the researcher reflecting
d. Comparative reading. This type his/her understanding and
of reading considers two or more questions regarding the scholarly
scholarly works which will be work.
analysed for
comparing-contrasting purposes. 5. Create conceptual schema. After
Here, the various viewpoints of coding the concepts perceived to be
the authors regarding the important by the researcher in the
particular concepts and conduct of the study, he/she may then
principles will be carefully organize them in order to see in a wider
observed. The generalized perspective the relevance, including
summary of the analysis from their similarities and differences, to the
this type of reading then serves current work. The researcher may utilize
as an output. a literature review synthesis matrix to
better see how the gathered data from
4. Code the literature. Categorizing the literature review will be presented in the
themes of the concepts found in study. As cited from Ashford University
different literature must be done for (2020), synthesis matrix refers to a table
better analysis and evaluation. Themes used for organizing important ideas
can be categorized from the similarities found in the literature. This matrix further
to the differences found among those allows the researcher to see overlapping
relevant works. Meanwhile, tools for ideas among the authors. Here below is
reading and reviewing should also be an example of a synthesis matrix:
considered by the researcher to save
more time since these allow him/her to ● Source
easily revisit the concepts that may be a ● Problem or purpose
help in the process of literature review. ● Design Sample
Two of the commonly used tools for ● Methods
reading and review purposes are as ● Instrument Findings
follows:
6. Begin writing literature review. With a
a. Highlighting. This tool uses complete vision of necessary data that
marks and symbols that will help came from reading and reviewing
the researcher to easily revisit literature, the researcher may now begin
the important ideas found in a the draft of the manuscript for review of
scholarly work. This can also aid the related literature section. He/she
the researcher to easily must not forget to cite the author of any
distinguish the similarities and data that will be used for the study. The
differences found in various use of transitional words will also be
sources. helpful in order to arrange ideas
Practical Research 1

accordingly (e.g., the use of “similarly” to there is none, internet is the best way to
present that ideas have in common). do it. Here are some websites that can
help you search for any related
literature: www.googlescholar.com,
Guidelines in Writing coherent review
www.researchgate.com, elsevier.com,
of Related Literature
proquest.com, eric.ed.gov,.and
springer.com.
According to Morgan-Rallis (2018), there are
guidelines that researchers need to ponder in 3. Analysing the literature. On this part of
crafting their literature review. literature review, you need to analyse
what you have read. It requires you to
1. Identify your variables. This is to evaluate the findings of the research.
determine what are your variables in You just need to identify what the
your research. In short, you should know literature has to say on the variable that
your topic (Minch, 2018). For example, you have considered.
your research title is like this:
4. Summarizing what you read by
a. Title: Lived experiences of PWD highlighting important things. On this
Students Engaged Community part, you need to summarize the
Services in a Rural Area literature you read. There are many
ways of summarizing it. However, you
b. Variables: can consider my way of summarizing
i. PWD students literature through tables.
ii. PWD students and
community services a. Tabular Method
iii. PWD students in a rural
area i. Title - indicate the title of
iv. PWD engaged in the research you have
community services read.
So, you can search for literatures:
journal articles, published articles from ii. Author - list the author or
credible websites, magazines, authors of the study of
newspapers related to the following. The the article.
question is how many literatures are you
going to search and what is the time iii. Year - put the year it was
frame? Some schools require ten (10) published or finished if it
to twenty (20) literatures conducted is unpublished.
within five (5) years.
iv. Type - indicate whether it
2. Use online or library sources. is a book, journal, article,
Literature review requires reading. If online sources, thesis, or
there is a nearby school or public dissertation.
libraries, you can go there to read their
books related to your study. However, if
Practical Research 1

v. Findings - write the

findings if it is a study or a. Criteria in arranging literature.
important claim if it is an
article. i. Relevance. On this
criterion, you need to
vi. Conclusion - write the answer the question: Is
conclusion if it is a study this literature directly
or implication if it is an connected to the present
article. study? In what manner?
By means of this, you can
have a concrete reason
Ways of Organizing Literature Review
why you considered a
certain literature as more
1. Categorize by variables. Ten (10) or important than the others.
more literatures that are comprised of
books, journals, theses or dissertations, ii. Quality. On this criterion,
or online publication are hard to you need to answer the
organize. In organizing them, you need question: Is this literature
to stick on the variables you have scientific? Is it peer
considered and they will be bases of reviewed by experts?
your searching. On this manner, you can Well, you can answer it
segregate them according to what they through looking at where
are discussing. it was published. If it
came from renowned
a. Title: Lived experience of the publishing company,
grade 11 working students during educational institution or
COVID 19 pandemic established websites,
then it assumed that it is
b. Categorizations: Grade 11 in good quality.
Working Students, Life During
COVID 19 Pandemic, Effects of iii. Assumption. On this
COVID 19 Pandemic Education criterion, you need to
During COVID 19 Pandemic answer the question: Is
this literature affirmative
2. Arrange by importance. After or a negation of my
categorizing your literatures by study? If the literature
variables, you need to arrange them by you searched is an
importance. The question is how can we affirmation of your study,
arrange them by importance? Though better place it in the
arranging them will be subjected beginning of your
because you will decide and choose literature review.
what literature is more important than However, if it is a
others, you need to be guided by some negation, better place it
criteria. at the last part.
Practical Research 1

acknowledgment through giving credit who

3. Connecting literatures. After arranging stipulated the ideas and concepts.
the literatures that you searched, now it
is time for you to connect them because ● In-text citation with single author
these are already categorized and used in the beginning. Fernandez
arranged. Literatures that discuss on the (2020), stressed that proper citation has
same topic and same assumption need to be observed among novice
to be connected drawing similarities researchers.
from each other and to the present
study. However, the literature stressing ● In-text citation with single author
an opposite finding should be used at the end. Proper usage of
differentiated with the other literatures. citation styles promotes integrity among
novice researchers (Fernandez, 2020).

Citing Review of Related ● In-text citation with article title. In

Literature using APA style Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism:
Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper
American Psychological Association (APA) citation has to be observed among
referencing style is the most used referencing novice researchers. In Fernandez’s
style in the field of education. It is also known (2020) book, “The Secrets of
as “author-date referencing”. However, this is Plagiarism”, discussed on ways
not the only referencing style available. There plagiarism can be avoided.
are Chicago manual of style (CMOS), Modern
Language Association Style (MLA) Modern ● In-text citation without quotation. In
Humanities Research Association (MHRA), Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets
American Sociological Association (ASA), and of Plagiarism, discussed on ways
the like. But in the meantime, your focus is on plagiarism can be avoided.
APA 6th Edition Manual of Style There are two
(2) things that you need to remember in using ● In-text citation in the middle of the
APA. First, it is used as an in-text citation and statement. Fernandez (2020) attested
second, it is used in reference citation. that citation can be used only at the
beginning and end of the sentence,
whereas Munez (2020) claimed
In-text citation
otherwise. Conduct of research enables
novice researchers to deal on practical
The in-text citation is a reference citation that aspect of education (Fernandez, 2020),
is made within the body of the text or essay as well as the theoretical foundations of
(Waikato Institute of Technology, 2010). The different philosophies.
main question now is when are we going to use
in-text citation? Practically, we use in-text When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.”
citations every time we quote, summarize, and is a Latin term for “et alia” which means “and
paraphrase statements, information, and ideas others”. This is used when you have multiple
that came from others. It is a scholarly authors. Multiple authorship is authorship
composed of six (6) or more authors. Thus,
Practical Research 1

when you have less than six authors, you need

to write their surname. If you use in-text citation ● In-text citation already cited by an
at the beginning, just connect their surname author. Montemayor as cited in
with a comma and “and”. However, if it is at the Fernandez (2020) that citation can be
end of the statement, you connect the authors’ used only at the beginning and end of
surname with the use of comma and the statement. Montemayor (2001)
ampersand. attested that citation can be used only at
the beginning and end of the statement
● In-text citation with three (3) authors (as cited in Pitt, 2020).
(beginning). Fernandez, Munez, and
Valencia (2020), attested that citation ● In-text citation using website article
can be used only at the beginning and without author. “Man in need” (2020),
end of the statement. eating healthy foods gives us more time
for our love ones. Eating healthy foods
● In-text citation with three (3) authors gives us more time for our love ones
(end). It was attested that citation can (“Man in need,” 2020).
be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement (Fernandez, Munez, & Many of the in-text citations omit page
Valencia, 2020). numbers. However, it is encouraged to declare
even the page number. Aside from it, this adds
● In-text citation with six (6) or more credibility to your sources if you are going to
authors. Fernandez et al. (2020), declare it.
attested that citation can be used only at
the beginning and end of the statement. ● In-text citation with page number.
Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods
● In-text citation with six (6) authors gives us more time for our love ones (p.
(end). It was attested that citation can 99).
be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement (Fernandez, et al., ● In-text citation using paragraph
2020). number. According to Fernandez
(2020), eating healthy foods gives us
What if you have two or more authors with more time for our love ones (para. 99). It
similar facts or information? In dealing with this was highlighted that eating healthy
scenario, all of them are placed on the same foods gives us more time for our love
parenthesis. However, they are separated with ones (Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).
a semicolon. Likewise, authors’ name has to be
listed in alphabetical order.
Reference Citations
● Multiple entry with similar
information. It was attested that citation Reference citations provides authority to your
can be used only at the beginning and statements by providing your readers' access to
end of the statement (Fernandez, 2020; those sources. Likewise, it is an
Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, acknowledgment of the information you have
2018). brought out on your research. Practically, it is
Practical Research 1

the list of the sources you have cited throughout c. Six or more authors.
your paper. This will provide your readers Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020).
access to all the sources you have considered Lived experiences of students
in your research. Because we have used the engaged community services.
APA 6th edition citation style in your in-text Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6),
citation, we use also APA 6th edition reference 88-95. doi:
style in your reference entry. 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

1. Books 3. Thesis and Dissertation

a. Single Author. Fernandez, D. V. a. Thesis or Dissertation in

(2020). Quest for happiness. Hardcopy. Fernandez, D. V.
New York: Fern Publishing (2020). Development of reading
Company Press. comprehension through
contextualized graphic novel.
b. Three authors. Fernandez, D. (Unpublished master’s thesis).
V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Bataan Peninsula State
Y. M. (2020). Quest for University, Philippines.
happiness. New York: Fern
Publishing Company Press. b. Thesis or Dissertation from
Repository. Fernandez, D. V.
c. Six or more authors. (2020). Development of reading
Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). comprehension through
Quest for happiness. New York: contextualized graphic novel.
Fern Publishing Company Press. (Master’s thesis, Bataan
Peninsula State University,
2. Journal Article Philippines). Retrieved from
http://hdl.thesismasters.net/1092
a. Single Author. Fernandez, D. V. 87/99
(2020). Lived experiences of
students engaged community c. Thesis or Dissertation from
services. Journal for Young Database. ProQuest is an
Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: example of online database for
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047 theses and dissertation.
Fernandez, D. V. (2020).
b. Three authors. Fernandez, D. Development of reading
V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, comprehension through
P. Y. M. (2020). Lived contextualized graphic novel.
experiences of students engaged (Master’s thesis). Available from
community services. Journal for ProQuest Dissertations &
Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: Theses Global database. (UMI
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047 No. 3371229)
Practical Research 1

4. Online Sources work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014;

Plagiarism.org, 2011).
Fernandez, D. V. (2020).
Reading comprehension and ● Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed
graphic novel. Retrieved from when you take phrases from a source
https://www.easybib.com/referen without using quotation marks or
ce/guide/apa/website citation; thus, you just find synonyms to
the authors’ words while keeping the
same though as it is in the original
(Roka, 2017).
Plagiarism
● Accidental Plagiarism. This is
Plagiarism is often committed when you use committed when unintentionally
words and ideas without making credit to the neglected to cite a source or quoted by
person who formulated it, making those words using similar words or sentence
and ideas your own (Sulaiman, 2018). structure. This can be avoided through
responsible writing and running your
work in an initial plagiarism test
Types of Plagiarism
available in internet (Learning Services
Writing Center, 2018).
● Direct Plagiarism. This type of
plagiarism is committed when you copy
word-forword a section of others’ works Paraphrasing
without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).
The stage of dialogue was the action of Paraphrasing is the answer for us not to fall to
conversation. any type of plagiarism (Wallwork, 2011).
However, this needs your attention to learn the
○ On this manner, the incident was competencies in achieving proper
immediately addressed and paraphrasing. Careful reading, in-depth
effects were identified. comprehension, and good writing are the skills
you need to improve for you to come up with
○ This is the proper way of citing a good, paraphrased sentences.
direct quotation. “The stage of
dialogue was the action of
Five Ways to Paraphrase
conversation. On this manner,
the incident was immediately
addressed and effects were 1. Take time to read. Careful reading of
identified”. the text enables you to grasp the
meaning of the sentence you are going
● Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often to paraphrase. It is recommended to
committed when you mix your previous read it three times or even more. This is
works to come up with new article to give you enough time to comprehend
without proper citation and permission to the meaning of what you are reading
the teacher you previously submitted the (University of New England, 2020).
Practical Research 1

2. Take note of the key points. This is in the Department of Education

done through highlighting or listing the (DepEd), they use DepEd Manual of
points or ideas presented in the text that Style and Chicago Manual of Style.
you are reading. Through this, you will
see the things that the author wanted to
impart in his or her write ups. However,
Elements of good literature
for you as a reader, those will also be review:
the bases on how you will explain the
ideas that were presented (Chi & What makes a good literature review? There
Nguyen, 2017). are many ways of coming up with a good
literature review. Hence, every writer has their
3. Rewrite what you have read but use own style on how they can create a good
your own words. Rewriting what you literature review (Thomas et al., 2015). Here are
have read does not mean you will just some suggestions that you may use in polishing
copy it. Nevertheless, you are going to your work. These are the five (5) elements of
write what you have read based from good literature review:
what you have understood from it.
However, you need to be careful not to 1. Literature review is intensive. The
eliminate the ideas of what you have main purpose of literature review is to
paraphrased (Oshima, 1999). provide background of your research
(Ramdhani, Ramdhani, & Amin, 2014). It
4. Compare what you have written with has to be intensive wherein all relevant
the original text. Through this, you may discussion must be included to clearly
be able to see the similarities and understand the parameter and bases of
difference between the original text and your study. Likewise, this provides an
what you have paraphrased. You need explicit background of what you are
to remember that the paraphrased writing. Thus, a good literature review is
sentence or paragraph has structural concentrated, wherein all aspects of it
difference from the original even the are focused, explored, and identified.
choice of words. However, the thought
presented in the original text must not 2. Literature review is concise. Literature
be different from the paraphrased text. review does not represent the entire
claim of the research being reviewed. It
5. Make citation. There are so many is just a part of your research that
citation styles available to you. But, provides information about the variables
always refer back to what is prescribed that you are exploring that were already
to you by the organization or institution explored by other researchers on their
you are writing. If they prescribe you to studies. Therefore, a short discussion of
use a particular citation style, then you their processes, findings, and implication
need to follow that standard. For is more than enough to establish the
example, many colleges and universities concepts being dealt on your research
in the Philippines use American (Wee & Banister, 2015). One reviewed
Psychological Association (APA) 6th literature has to be comprised of one (1)
edition citation style. On the other hand, paragraph with six (6) to ten (10)
Practical Research 1

sentences. However, you can exceed

review
depending on the information and its
relevance to your research.
3. Literature review is logical. Literature Ethics etymologically came from the Greek
review has to be logical, analytical and word ethos which means right action. In any
rational. It is accomplished through society, standard action is ought to be followed.
deductive or inductive presentation. For example, if you go out, you need to wear
Deductive presentation may begin with facemask. If you will buy goods, you need to fall
most important to lesser important. On in queue. Aside from that, we respect elders,
the other hand, inductive presentation those in authority, and people around us. In
may begin with local going to global. literature review, we also follow ethics. But this
Nonetheless, each sentence has to be ethics is not expressed through concrete action
in harmony with each other. like bowing our heads, using “po” and “opo”, or
being generous to others. This is manifested to
4. Literature review is complete. the way we write our literature review. Hence,
Saturation of the studies related to you these are five (5) ethical ways on writing our
research has to be practiced. It should literature review that we need to follow.
not be based on the quota of literature
you need to cite but on the relationship 1. Observe proper citation. In writing
of previous researches to your research. academic text like research, you ought
But of course, it is impossible to exhaust to observe proper citation. This is from
all literature in the world related to your proper paraphrasing to correct citation
work. It is up to you to decide whether entry in different citations. Observance
the literature considered clarified all the of this is one way of acknowledging their
inquiries related to your research or not. contribution, as well as your
Thus, all important parts are present professionalism. As a novice researcher,
(Reijers et al., 2018). you need to master different kinds of
citation styles depending on what your
5. Literature review is recent. The institution is requiring you.
literature to be used have to be
conducted within ten (10) years for it to 2. Keep the original thoughts. There are
be called recent. However, there are many times that we lose the original
institutions that are requiring literature to thoughts of the text that we are
be only within five (5) years. Though paraphrasing. It is unethical if we will
these time frames differ from each other, just cite writing wherein the original
their suggested time has to be recent. essence of the sentence is different from
The more recent it will be, the better. what we have interpreted it or written
The wisdom behind this idea is that down. We need to be abreast with
every day we discover new things. proper skills in paraphrasing and
There is a great possibility that the interpreting others’ work.
information on a certain topic may
possibly change. 3. Avoid biases. As a novice researcher, it
is important that you eliminate personal
Ethical ways of writing literature interest or biases on your studies
Practical Research 1

(Fleming & Zegwaard, 2018). You

should be fair, not one sided. This is not
just demeaning your literature but also
destroying the integrity of research as
vessel of new knowledge. Therefore,
any form of biases has to be eliminated.

4. Be scientific. Becoming scientific is to

have strong basis on reviewing
literature. One has to state only what is
written and provided evidence alone not
on personal and intuitive deductions of
interpretation.

5. Embrace positivism. Research is

always geared towards positivity. Thus,
the literature review has to be in line
with positivism (Polonski, 2004). Though
not all reviewed literature is an
affirmation of your research, negation of
it on the other hand provides clearer
picture of implication.