Lesson 1

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

Nature of Research, Characteristics,
Processes, and Ethics
 RESEARCH

ART? SCIENCE?
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i v s i i n

to try to find out the facts about something

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i n v e s t i g a t i o n

to try to find out the facts about something

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i c i n e

a branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher education

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d i s c i p l i n e

a branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher education

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i u r

the act of asking questions to gather information

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i n q u i r y

the act of asking questions to gather information

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s i n i c

done in an organize way that agrees with the methods and principles
of science
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s c i e n t i f i c

done in an organize way that agrees with the methods and principles
of science
4 PICS 1 WORD
WORD POOL

RESEARCH
investigation guessing exploration
phenomena data theory
intuition process analysis
facts subjective probe
discovery instrument inquiry
interview experiment science
experiences search
Create your own definition of Research
based on the activities that we had.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research follows a step-by-step process

of investigation that uses standardized
approach to answer questions or solving
problems (Polit & Beck, 2004).
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research plays an important role in tertiary

education. Though there are many problems
confronted by higher education,
developments are realized through research.
After all its main purpose is to answer a
question or to solve an issue (Palispis, 2004).
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research is a continuous undertaking of making

known the unknown (Sanchez, 2002).

It entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of

new ideas, methods, or improvements. It is an attempt to widen
one’s outlook in life. It always proceeds from the known to the
unknown. Thus, the end of research is to arrive at a new truth.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research is an investigation
following ordered steps leading to a
discovery of new information or
concepts (Sanchez, 1999).
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research is a very careful investigation of

something that purports the contribution of
additional or new knowledge and wisdom
(Basseyy, as cited by Coleman & Briggs, 2002).
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research is a tested approach of thinking and employing

validated instruments and steps to obtain a more
adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise,
impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford,
as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research provides a
scientific basis for any
practice or methodology in
any field or discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research is undertaken for the

continuous development and
further productivity in any
field.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research helps develop tools for

assessing effectiveness of any
practice and operation such as
psychological tests, intelligence
quotient tests, psychological
assessments, among others.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research provides solutions to

problems concerning at most all
issues encountered in the
different areas of work.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research impacts
decision-making.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research develops and

evaluates alternative
approaches to the educational
aspects of any discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research aims to advance the

personal and professional
qualifications of a practitioner.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Lifestyle Lounge also lists down seven importance of research. It says that
“contrary to popular belief research need not only pertain to science.” Research
is important in all spheres of life. (“Importance of Research,“ 2017)

Research is important:
1. to gather necessary information
2. to make changes
3. to improve standard of living
4. to have a safer life
5. to know the truth
6. to explore our history
7. to understand the arts
 QUIZ #1:
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Research starts with inquiry.
2. Research is mere information gathering.
3. All efforts of improvement are research-based.
4. Research is not an important aspect of any organization.
5. Research is needed to investigate and expose the truth.
6. One of the goals of research is to produce results-based
practice.
7. Only through research can new inventions and discoveries
come to life.
8. Research is an apolitical activity intended for the betterment of
the society.
9. Research has improved the life expectancy and health
conditions of human race in all parts of the world.
10.Research entails an investigation of new facts leading to the
discovery of new ideas, methods and improvements.
Characteristics of Research

Research is based on direct

EMPIRICAL experience or observation by
the researcher.
Characteristics of Research

Research is based on valid

LOGICAL procedures and principles.
Characteristics of Research

Research is a cyclical
process because it starts
CYCLICAL with a problem and ends
with a problem.
Characteristics of Research

Research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in
ANALYTICAL gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
Characteristics of Research

Research exhibits careful and

CRITICAL precise judgment.
Characteristics of Research

The research design and

procedures are replicated or
REPLICABILITY repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
Characteristics of Researcher

A researcher undertakes a
Intellectual deep thinking and inquiry of
the things and situations
Curiosity around him.
Characteristics of Researcher

Healthy The researcher is always

doubtful as to the truthfulness
Criticism of the results.
Characteristics of Researcher

Intellectual An intelligent researcher is

honest to collect or gather data
Honesty or facts to arrive at honest
results.
Characteristics of Researcher

Intellectual A productive and resourceful

investigator always creates
Creativity new researches.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP #1: Define the Research Problem
The first step in research process is to develop a
research question.

This can be a problem that needs to be solved or some

piece of information that is missing about a particular
topic. Answering this question will be the focus of the
research study.
STEP #2: Review the Literature
The researchers must now learn more about the topic they
are investigating. This not only provides important
background information about the issue they are
researching, but it also tells them what other studies have
already been conducted, how they were designed, and
what those studies found.

In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies,

but rather add something new to the field.
STEP #3:
Formulate the Hypothesis/Assumptions
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to
be investigated.

It should be specified before research is conducted and

openly stated in reporting the results.
STEP #4: Research Design

The research design refers to the overall strategy that

you choose to integrate the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby,
ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.
STEP #5: Collect Data
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the
information needed to answer the research question. Every
study includes the collection of some type of data.

Whether it is from the literature or from subjects to answer the

research question. Depending on the plan of the research,
data can be collected in the form of words on a survey, with a
questionnaire, through observations, or from the literature
STEP #6: Analyze the Data

Analysis of data plays an important role in the

achievement of research aim and objectives.

Once the data have been collected , these must be

analyzed to answer the original research question.
STEP #7: Interpret and Report

In this final part, you will have to justify why you think
that research aims and objectives have been achieved.

Proofread the paper you have created and report the

results.
STEP #7: Interpret and Report
There are different ways to share the results of your research, among
them is by publication either in print or on the internet.

Another is by sending or submitting the research report to those

persons concerned or stakeholders such as policy makers,
government officials, company or business executives, etc.

Another way to share the results of your research is through a

colloquium where the researcher presents orally the research report
to an audience or to the public.
ETHICS OF RESEARCH
Ethics of Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right
or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad.

According to a dictionary definition, to be ethical is to conform to

accepted professional practice.

Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning,

to gathering of data, to the analysis and interpretation and
evaluation (oral examination) of the research.
Ethics of Research

Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible

conduct of research.

In addition, it educates and monitors scientists

conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard.
HONESTY

Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures,

and publication status.

Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

OBJECTIVITY

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,

data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
INTEGRITY

Keep your promises and agreements; act with

sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
CAREFULNESS

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully

and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers.

Keep good records of research activities.

OPENNESS

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources.

Be open to criticism and new ideas.

RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of

intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission.

Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

CONFEDENTIALITY

Protect confidential communications, such as

papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION

Publish in order to advance research and

scholarship, not to advance just your own career.

Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Strive to promote social good and prevent or

mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
NON-DISCRIMINATION

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students based on sex, race, ethnicity, or other
factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.
COMPETENCE

Maintain and improve your own professional

competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science.
LEGALITY

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional

and governmental policies.
ANIMAL CARE

Show proper respect and care for animals when

using them in research.

Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed

animal experiments.
HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION

When conducting research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
RESEARCH MISCONDUCTS
FABRICATION

Making up data or results and recording

or reporting them.
FALSIFICATION

manipulating research materials, or

changing or omitting data or results such
that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.
PLAGIARISM

The appropriation of another person's

ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.
R.A. 8293
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R.A. 8293
contains provisions regarding published works and copyright
ownership.

The term “published works” means works which, with the

consent of the authors, are made available to the public in such
a way that these works can be sourced from a place and time
individually chosen by them.