DESIGN OF BRIDGES
PART – 3 : BRIDGE DESIGN TO IRC : 112-2019
Devang Patel
Founder
sid consultants
ahmedabad
BRIDGE DESIGN
• Brief of IRC: 112 – 2019
• Properties of Concrete
• Properties of Steel
• ULS
• SLS
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
1. Purpose: To establish common procedures for design and construction of concrete road bridges including foot bridges in India.
2. Aim: To achieve construction of Safe, Serviceable, Durable and Economical bridges.
3. Aspects covered: Design principles, detailed designed criteria and practical rules, material specifications, workmanship, quality
control, all such aspects which affect characteristics/ability of bridge to meet the aims.
4. Assumptions:
Choice of structural system and design carried out by competent personnel
Execution carried out by competent personnel
Adequate supervision and quality control
Construction material and products used are as per relevant standards
Intended properties considered for design are available
Use as intended & Adequate maintenance
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LIMIT STATE METHOD OF BRIDGE DESIGN
LSM
ULS SLS
Internal Fatigue
Equilibrium Stresses
Strength Deflection Vibration
Other
Crack Width Secondary
Effects
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Basis of ULS-Shear SLS-
IRC 112 Scope Material Analysis ULS-Flexure Durability Detailing
Design + Torsion ULS-Induced Stresses,
Deformation Deflection
& Crack
Concrete width
Un-tensioned
Steel
Prestressing
Steel
Clauses relevant to Design of RCC T-Beam Bridge
Superstructure
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Un-Confined Concrete
Rectangular Parabolic Simplified Bi-linear Simplified Rectangular
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship
SIMPLIFIED RECTANGULAR
Simplified
𝑛 Where, λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 60 MPa
𝜀𝑐
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1− 1−
𝜀𝑐2 λ = 0.8 – (fck – 60) / 500 for 60 ≤ fck ≤ 110 MPa
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜀𝑐 ≤ 𝜀𝑐2
η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 60 MPa
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑
η = 1.0 – (fck – 60) / 250 for 60 ≤ fck ≤ 110 MPa
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐2 ≤ 𝜀𝑐 ≤ 𝜀𝑐𝑢2
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es
es
Parabolic Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of Simplified Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of
RCC Section RCC Section
Strain in Steel = fyk/(gm x Es)
es
Bilinear Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of
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RCC Section
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
𝛼𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚
Where, α = 0.67, factor for effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time [ref. 6.4.2.2(2)]
γm = Partial factor of safety for material = 1.5 for Basic & Seismic combination
= 1.2 for Accidental combination
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
1.5 10
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
The average stress fav & centroid ratio β (depth to the centroid of the compressive force over
depth of compression zone) have been produced from following expressions
es
Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship
1 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐3
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 0.5 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝜂𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3
2 2 2 2
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 𝜀𝑐3
2 − (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) − 6
𝛽 =1− 2 𝛽 = 𝜆/2
𝛽 =1− 𝜀 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀 𝜀
2
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 − 𝑛𝑐𝑢2
2
𝜀𝑐𝑢3 − 𝑐𝑢32 𝑐3
+2
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Un-Tensioned Steel (reinforcement)
Fe415
Hot Rolled Fe415D
Table from Code
Thermo- Mild Steel
Mechanical
Fe500
(Grade-I)
treated Untensioned
Steel
HYSD
Fe500D
De-coiled Steel
Fe550
Cold-worked
Fe550D
Fe600
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Ductility = ft/fyk
E = 200 GPa
Mild Steel
fyk = yield strength for Mild Steel
= 0.2% proof strength for HYSD Hot rolled / Heat
treated HYSD Steel Cold Worked HYSD
Steel
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
For Design purpose, either idealized bilinear or simplified bilinear diagram can be used
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
ss 𝛾𝑠
Idealized Bilinear Diagram
Where, γs = Partial Factor for Material
ft
Factored Idealized Design
= 1.15 for Basic & Seismic Combination
fyk Bilinear Diagram = 1.00 for Accidental Combination
Simplified Bilinear Diagram
fyd=fyk/gs
Factored Simplified Design
Bilinear Diagram
euk es
0 fyd/Es eud = 0.9 euk
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Use of Stress Strain Relationship
for
Design of a Section
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
General
For simple geometry like beam, column and slab; we follow design approach wherein bending
moment + axial force & Shear + Torsion are dealt with separately.
These design models are not completely compatible but are acceptable for design.
However, for complex geometries such as shell, membrane element design has to be based on net
effect of all forces acting together, ensuring compatibility of strains.
ULS
Flexure (Pure Flexure + Induced
Shear Torsion Punching
Bending) Axial Force Deformation
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ULS – Flexure
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Parabolic Rectangular Diagram
18
19
20
1 𝜀𝑐2
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1−
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2
21
M
d reqd
0.1658 f ck b
Ru
22
u
23
b2
24
25
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)
Capacity of a flexure member can be found by use of strain compatibity method as shown below:
1. Assume a neutral axis depth and calculate the strains in the tension and compression reinforcement by assuming linear strain
distribution and a strain of εcu2 (or εcu3 as the case may be) at the extreme fiber of the concrete in compression.
2. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the steel stresses appropriate to the calculated steel strains.
3. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the concrete stresses appropriate to the strains associated with the assumed neutral
axis depth.
4. Calculate the net tensile and compressive forces at the section. If they are not equal, adjust the neutral axis depth and return
to step-1.
5. When net tensile force is equal to net compressive force, take moment about a common point in the section and determine
moment of resistance.
Let us understand by means
of an Example
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending) Example (Strain Compatibility Method)
300mm fck = 25 MPa α=0.67 γm=1.5 fcd = 11.17 MPa
fyk=500 MPa γs=1.15 fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Considering Simplified Rectangular Stress V/s Strain Diagram:
400mm
450mm
εcu3 = 0.0035, η = 1 & λ = 0.8
Assume x = 200 mm
400−200
3 Nos – 25mm dia. Strain in steel εs = × 0.0035
200
= 0.0035 ≥ εs,yield = 0.0021
f yk OK
e s , yield
g s .Es
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending) Example (Strain Compatibility Method)
300mm Distance of Compressive Force from extreme compression fibre (a) = β x = 0.4 x 200 = 80 mm
Compressive Force (Fc) = ηfcd . b . λx = 1x11.17 x 300 x 0.8 x 200 / 1000 = 536.16 kN
450mm 400mm Tensile Force (FS) = fyd x As = 435 x 1472 / 1000 = 640.00 kN
Here Fc ≠ Fs Revise Assumed Neutral Axis depth & re-calculate the forces from 1st Step.
3 Nos –
25mm dia.
After Various iteration, for depth of x = 238.8 mm
Fc = Fs = 640 kN
Now to find Moment of Resistance of this balanced section
M.R. = Fs z = Fs (d – b.x) = 640 (400 – 0.8/2 x 238.8) = 195 kN-m
Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)
As it can be seen, Strain Compatibility is an iterative method, is tedious for hand calculations.
However It is very useful for evaluating non-uniform sections.
Standard formulas for widely used sections such as Rectangular and Flanged-Tee are given in
subsequent slides.
Its imperative to mention here that, “special care must be taken regarding strain level in steel so as to
avoid brittle failure (when strain in concrete reaches it limiting value prior to steel)”
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)
For rectangular section:
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝛽𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 For tension steel to yield
1. Singly under- reinforced: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝛾𝑚 𝛾𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑑
𝛽𝑥 𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1
2. Singly Balanced: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥𝑑 1 − = ≤
𝑑 𝑑 𝛾𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 + 1
3. Doubly reinforced : 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥 𝑑 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝛾𝑚 𝑠𝑐
𝑥 1
≥
For compression steel to yield before concrete: 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑦𝑘
1−𝛾 𝐸 𝜀
𝑚 𝑠 𝑐𝑢2/3
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)
For Flanged Section:
1. Neutral Axis lies in Flange: Similar to Singly reinforced rectangular section
2. Neutral Axis lies in Web:
I. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is greater than the depth of flange
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐷𝑓 𝑥 𝛾𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥 𝑑 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑 − = ≤
2 𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 + 1
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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)
II. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is less than the depth of flange
Considering Whitney stress block, replace Df by
𝒚𝒇 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝑫𝒇 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Limiting value of x/d for all three idealizations of strain block
𝜀𝑐2/3 − 0.2𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 0.2[𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 − 0.2𝜀𝑐2/3 ] Steel
𝐵= MS-G-I Fe415 Fe500 Fe550 Fe600
𝐴= Concrete
𝜀𝑐2/3 𝜀𝑐2/3
fck ≤ 60 0.77 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57
65 0.76 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.56
70 0.75 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.54
Limiting value x/d can directly be taken from Table 75 0.73 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.53
80 0.73 0.6 0.56 0.54 0.51
85 0.72 0.6 0.55 0.53 0.51
90 0.72 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.5
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ULS FLEXURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RCC T-BEAM BRIDGE
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