Flexural Beam Analysis &

1
Design
Reinforced Concrete II
CENG 411

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb

It is corresponding to that amount of steel which will cause
yielding of steel at the same time when concrete crushes
At ultimate stage:
εcu= 0.003

εs = ε y and fs = f y
cb
d- cb
εcu = 0.003 εy
From the internal Force diagram Strain Diagram

C c = 0.85f c 'b  a b
ab = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block when balanced steel
ratio is used.
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd)

T = A s f y = (ρ b  b  d)  f y
For the longitudinal equilibrium

T = Cc
(ρ b  b  d)  f y = 0.85f c 'b  a b

fc ' a b
ρ b = 0.85 (1)
fy d
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd)
From the strain diagram
εcu= 0.003
B C
Δs ABC & ADE cb
A
0.003 εy
= d- c b
cb d − cb
E D

0.003d εy
cb =
0.003 + ε y Strain Diagram

0.003 Es
cb =  d
f Es
0.003 + y
Es

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb (contd)

0.003Es
cb = d
0.003E s + f y

600
cb = d
600 + f y

As we know a b = β1  C b
600
a b = β1  d (2)
600 + f y
Put (2) in (1)
fc' 600
ρ b = 0.85  β1 
fy 600 + f y
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Types of Cross Sections w.r.t Flexure at
Ultimate Load Level
1. Tension Controlled Section
A section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than or equal to 0.005 when the corresponding concrete strain at the
compression face is 0.003.

0.003 0.005
=
εcu= 0.003
c d−c
0.003 c
c= d = 3/8d
0.008
d- c

3
c d and 3
a  β1 d εs=>0.005
8 8 Strain Diagram
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate
Load Level (contd)
2. Transition Section
The section in which net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is
greater than εy but less than 0.005 when corresponding concrete strain
is 0.003.

εcu= 0.003

c
3
a  β1 d a  ab d- c
8
εy<εs<0.005
Strain Diagram
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Types of Cross Sections w.r.t. Flexure at Ultimate

Load Level (contd…)
2. Transition Section (contd…)
To ensure under-reinforced behavior, ACI code
establishes a minimum net tensile strain of 0.004
at the ultimate stage. εcu= 0.003

0.003 0.004
= c
c d−c

3 3 d- c
c= d a = β1 d
7 7
0.004
Strain Diagram
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
9 Types of Cross Sections w.r.t
Flexure at Ultimate Load Level (contd)
Both the “Tension Controlled Section” and Transition Controlled
Section” are “Under-Reinforced Section”
In Under-Reinforced Sections steel starts yielding before the crushing
of concrete and:

ρ<ρb
It is always desirable that the section is under-reinforced otherwise
the failure will initiate by the crushing of concrete. As concrete is a
brittle material so this type of failure will be sudden which is N OT
DESIREABLE.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

10 Types of Cross Sections w.r.t Flexure at
Ultimate Load Level (contd)
3. Compression Controlled Section (over-reinforced section)
 The section in which net steel strain in the extreme tension steel is lesser than εy when the
corresponding concrete strain is 0.003.
⚫ Capacity of steel remains unutilized.
⚫ It gives brittle failure without warning.

a  ab C  Cb

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ

⚫ Tension Controlled Section, Φ = 0.9
⚫ Compression Controlled Section

Member with lateral ties, Φ = 0.65

Members with spiral reinforcement, Φ = 0.75
⚫ Transition Section
For transition section Φ is permitted to be linearly
interpolated between 0.65 or 0.75 to 0.9.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), Φ

⚫ Transition Section (contd…) Φ

0.9
For members with ties
Φ 0.25

Φ = 0.65 +
0.25
0.005 − ε y
(ε t − ε y ) 0.65
Compression
Transition Tension

ε
Controlled
Controlled

For members with Spirals εy εt 0.005

0.15 (ε − ε )
Φ = 0.75 + εt = strain in extreme tension steel
0.005 − ε y
t y
when concrete crushes.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Maximum Steel Ratio, ρ max

For
T=C

A s  f y = 0.85f c 'b  a
ρ  bd  f y = 0.85f c 'b  a
fc ' a
ρ = 0.85 
fy d
3
For tension controlled section ε s = 0.005 a = β1 d
8
So
fc'  3 
ρmax = 0.85   β1 
fy  8 
Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411
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Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax (contd)

For transition section

3
ε s = 0.004 a = β1 d
7

fc'  3 
ρ max = 0.85   β1 
fy  7 

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members

(ACIM 318-19– 9.6.1.2)

f c ' 1.4
ρ min = 
4fy fy

⚫ The minimum steel is always provided in structural members

because when concrete is cracked then all load comes on steel, so
there should be a minimum amount of steel to resist that load to
avoid sudden failure.
⚫ This formula is not used for slabs.

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

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Concluded

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411