Jss3 Maths First Term Note (1)

ST.
FINBARR’S COLLEGE,
AKOKA-YABA, LAGOS.
FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

&
CONTENTS
JSS 3
MATHEMATICS
ST. FINBARR’S COLLEGE, AKOKA
CITADEL OF EXCELLENCE 1
JSS3 MATHEMATICS FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS SUB-TOPICS/CONTENTS
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC 1  Simple Interest
1.
(REVISION)  Compound Interest
 Discount
2. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC 2  Commission
 Installment/Hire Purchase
 Profit &Loss
 Percentage Increase and Decrease
3. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC 3 Percentage Error
 Bank Draft
 Value Added Tax
 Area & Volume of Cone
4 MENSURATION 1
 Area Volume of Cylinder
5–6 MENSURATION 2  Capacity
 Similar Triangle
 Scale Factor and Enlargement
7 SIMILAR SHAPES  Area Factor.
 Volume of Similar Shapes
 Scale Drawing
 Rules for Using Distance and Bearing.
 Location of Position of Places and Angular
Positions
8 BEARING AND DISTANCE  Types of Bearing
 Relationship Between the Two Types of
Bearing
 Reversed Bearing
9 REVISION
10 – 12 EXAMINATION
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Express 0.0004107 in standard form
A. 4107 x 107 B. 41.07 x 105 C. 4.107 x 104 D. 4.107 x 107 E. 4.107 x 10-4
2. Simplify √3 64
A. 5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6 E. 8
3. Express 5.35 x 106 in ordinary form
A. 53 600 B. 5 350 000 C. 535 000 D. 5 530 000 E. 53 500
() ()
−9
3 5 3
×
4. Simplify 4 4
() ()
− 45 −14
() ()
14 4
3 3
() 3
−4
3 3
A 4 B. 4 C. 4 D. 4 E. 4
1 -2
5. Rewrite ( ) using negative index
3y
1
A. 9y B. 9y2 C. -9y D. -9y2 E.
9y
6. Solve the inequality 8 – 3x ≤ x – 4
A. x ≥ 4 B. x ≥ 3 C. x ≤ 3 D. x ≥ -3 E. x ≤-4
7. A sales man sold a wrist watch for ₦ 5400. If he received 12% commission, how much is the
commission.
A. ₦ 648 B. ₦ 468 C. ₦ 846 D. ₦ 655 E. ₦ 600
8. A trader made a profit of 35% on an article bought for ₦7000, how much did he sell the article?
A. ₦ 1750.00 B. ₦3250.00 C. ₦ 4750.00 D. ₦ 9450.00 E. ₦ 7500.00
9. Calculate the size of each exterior angle of a 6-sided regular polygon?
A. 600 B. 300 C. 450 D. 680 E. 300
10. In the diagram below triangle P is enlarged to obtain triangle Q. What is the value of x
A. 6cm B. 12cm C. 15cm D. 30cm E. 15cm
11. The sum of interior angles of a polygon is 19800. how many sides has the polygon.
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13 E. 14
12. The sum of the interior angle of a regular pentagon is?

A. 8400 B. 7200 C. 10800 D. 3600 E. 5400
13. The angel marked b in the diagram is an example of a/an __________ Angel
A. Acute B. Reflex C. Obtuse D. Opposite E. Adjacent
Use the diagram below to answer questions 14 and 15
15cm x
y
T u
9cm 5cm
14. Find y.
A. 13 B. 14 C. 16 D. 20 E. 12
15. Find x
A. 10 B. 12 C. 9 D. 7 E. 12
16. Which of the following is a solid shape?
A. triangle B. Parallelogram C. trapezium D. Cylinder E. circle
22
17. A cylindrical can of radius 3.5cm and height 4cm, where π= , the volume is ?
7
A. 144cm3 B. 134cm3 C. 154cm3 D. 164cm3 E. 174cm3
22
18. The curved surface area of the cylinder of radius 3.5cm and the height 4cm where π= is ?
7
19. Given that the slant height and the vertical height of a cone are 5cm and 4cm respectively, what is the
radius of the cone?
A. 3cm B. 6cm C. 9cm D. 12 cm E. 15cm
22
20. What is the curved surface area of a cone of slant height 10cm and radius 7cm if π= ?
7
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC (REVISION)

Objectives:
 Calculate simple interest on savings and loans.
 Calculate simple interest amount.
 Calculate compound interest.
Definition of Simple Interest

Simple interest is interest calculated on the principal portion of a loan or the original contribution to saving
account i.e easy method of calculating the interest change on a loan.
PRT
S.I=
100
where S.I – Simple Interest (extra money)
P – Principal (amount of money we invest or borrow)
R – Rate (expressed in percent per annum)
T – Time (the number of years or month the money was invested or borrowed)
Using change of subject of the formulae

100 I
P=
RT
100 I
R=
PT
100 I
T=
PR
[
Where, Amount=Principal+ Interest

A=P+ I
Example 1: Madu borrowed N1450.00 from Fredrick and paid back N1806.25 after 4 years. At what rate
percent per annum was the interest was charged.
Solution.
P=N 1450.00 A=N 1806.25 T =4 Years R=? (unknown)
A=P+ I
N 1806=N 1450.00+ I
I =N 1806.25−1450.00
I =N 356.25
PRT
I=
100
1250 ×3 × R
356.25=
100
3750 R
356.25=
100
35625=3750 R
Divide both sides by 3750
35625 3750 R
=
3750 3750
1
∴ R=9 %
2
Example 2: The simple interest on N 50000 for 8 years at 6% per annum
Solution
Principal × Rate ×Time
S.I=
100
50000× 6 ×8
¿
100
50000× 48
¿
100
500× 48
¿
1
S . I =N 24000
1 1
Example 3: Find the total amount to be paid back on ₦86000 for 2 years at 8 % simple interest per
2 2
annum.
Solution
A=P+I
Principal × Rate ×Time
S.I=
100
86000 ×5 ×17
S.I =
100 ×2 ×2
S.I = ₦18275.00
Compound Interest
Definition
Compound (or compounding) interest is the interest on a loan or deposit calculated based on both initial
principal and the accumulated interest (i.e.capital gains or interest are re-invested to generate additional
earnings over time)
N.B: the principal for compound interest changes every year.
Formula:
Compound Interest = Amount (A) — Principal (P)
C . I = A — P ⋯ ⋯ ⋯⋯ ⋯(i)
where:
( )
n
R
Amount (A )=P 1+
100
Remember:
A – Amount
P – Original principal
R – Rate of interest per year
N – Number of years.
Example 3: Find the compound interest on N40,000 for 2 years at 10% per annum
Solution
Compound interest = A—P
Where:
( )
n
R
A=P 1+
100
¿ 4000 (1+0.1)2
¿ 40000 (1.21)
A=N 48,400
But, C . I = A — P
¿ N 48400 — N 40000
¿ N 8400
Note: Alternatively, we can apply simple interest method to simplify the above question on compound
interest.
P= N40000, T = 2 years (but yearly event) R =10%
PRT
S.I=
100
For first year: P=N 40000T =1 yr R=10 %

40000× 10 ×1
S.I=
100
400000
¿
100
¿ N 4000
At the end of the first year principal ¿ N 40000+ 4000

¿ N 44000
For second year: P=N 44000 ,T =1 year , R=10 %

PRT
S.I=
100
44000× 10 ×1
S.I=
100
440000
¿
100
¿ N 4400
At the end of second year principal ¿ N (44000+4400)
¿ N 48,400
Therefore, Amount at the end of second year is N48,400
C . I = Amount — Principal
¿ N 48400 — N 40000=N 8400
Note: We can use simple interest method or compound interest formulae in solving any exercise on
compound interest.
Evaluation
1. Find the compound interest on N 3000 for 2 years at 10% per annum. Ans= N630
2. What is the amount when N50,000N is solved for 4 years at 5% per annum compound interest?
Ans = N60,775.31
3. Find the difference between the compound and the simple interests on N20000 for 2 years at 4% per
annum. Ans = N32.
4. Find the principal which earns ₦3,300 simple interest in 3 years at 2% (BECE 2022)
5. Find to the nearest naira, the compound interest on ₦350.00 in 3 years at 7% per annum.
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
Objectives:
 Solve simple commercial arithmetic involving discount.
 Solve simple commercial arithmetic involving commission.
 Solve simple commercial arithmetic involving installment buying.
Discount
Discount simply connotes a reduction in price of an article. Discount is expressed as percentage of the
marked price or catalogue price of an article.
The equation of the discount is; Sale Price — Discount =Cost
[[
Example 1: The sale price of a wrist watch is N20,000 if a discount of 25% is allowed, what is the price.
Solution
Sale Price (wrist watch) = 20,000 (100%)
Discount of 25% is allowed
25
¿ ×20000
100
¿ N 5000
Cost Price=N 20000 — N 5000
¿ N 15,000
Method 2:
Sale price=100 % — 25 %=75 %
75
Cost Price= of sale price
100
75
¿ ×20000
100
¿ 75 ×200
¿ N 15,000
Example 2: The sale price of a led television set was N120, 000.00 if Mr. Komolafe bought it for N100,
000.00, how much discount percent was affected?
Solution
Sale Price = N 120, 000 (100%), Discount = X% Cost Price = 100, 000
Sale Price=Cost Price+ Discount
(100,000 ×100)
100 %= +X %
120000
(5 ×100)
100= +X%
6
250
100= +X %
3
250
100− =X %
3
50
=X %
3
∴ X ≈ 16.7 %
[ Method 2:
Sale Price — Cost Price
Discount offered= ×100
Sale Price
S . P — C . P 100
¿ ×
S. P 1
120000 — 100000 100
¿ ×
12000 1
20000 100
¿ ×
12000 1
1 100
¿ ×
6 1
¿ 16.7 %
Example 3: In a shop, there is a 10% discount on the marked prices of cell phones. If a cell phone has
marked price of N18,000, then,
(i) What is the discount on the phone
(ii) What is the net price of the phone?
Solution
(i) Sale price of cell phone=N 18,000
Discount=10 % of 18,000
10
¿ ×18,000
100
∴ Discount=N 1800
(ii) Cost Price=Marked Price – Discount
¿ 18000 – 1800
¿ N 16,200
Alternatively
Cost Price of the phone=(100 %−10 %)× marked price
¿ 90 % × 18000
90
¿ ×18000
100
¿ 90 ×180
¿ N 16,200
[
Example 4: Donald enjoyed a discount of 15% on an article that originally cost N3400. How much did he
pay?
Solution
Original Cost =N 3400
15
Discount= × 34000
100
¿ 15 ×34
¿ N 510
Donald pays=N 3400 – N 510
¿ N 2,890
[[
Example 5: A puppy was sold at the net price of ₦2200. What was the original marked price of the puppy,
if the discount of 45% was allowed on the sale?
Solution
Let the original price of the puppy be y naira
Net price = (100 – 45) % of y
55% of y = ₦ 2200
55
× y = 2200
100
100
y = 2200 x
55
y = ₦4000
Commission
Commission is the amount paid to an agent for the sales of certain goods over a period of time.
Example 6: A motor dealer received N 250,000 as a commission on each car sold. If the cost of a Lexus car
sold was N6,750 000. What is the remaining sum expressed as a percent.
Solution
Percent of amount remaining
6,750000 — 250000 100
¿ ×
6750000 1
650 000000 100
¿ ×
675000000 1
650 100
¿ ×
675 1
¿ 96.3 %
Example 7: Tommy works in a block industry as a sales agent. He gets 10% of commission on every 100
six by four blocks sold. If he sells 1000 6by4 blocks all at the rate of ₦20000, how much does he
receive as commission?
Solution
1000
Number of every 100 in 1000 blocks =
100
= 10
Commission on every 100 blocks = 10% of ₦22000
10
× ₦ 2000
100
₦2000
∴ Commission received on 1000 blocks = ₦2000
Installment Buying/ Hire Purchase

Installment/Hire purchase is a method of paying for goods and services over an agreed period of time. A
deposit has to be paid first and the remaining amount plus the interest will be repaid at regular interval.
(Weekly or monthly) over a period of time i.e. Installment payment.
The difference between hire purchase and installment buying is:

In hire purchase, the goods legally remain the property of the seller until the last installment payment is made
while in Installment buying the goods becomes the property of the buyer from the time first payment is
made.
Example 7: The cost of a wrist watch is either N35,000.00 in cash or a deposit of N4,000.00 and 12 monthly
payments of N2,800.00. Find the difference between the hire purchase price and the cash
payment.
Solution
Hire purchase / Instalment payment
N k
Deposit 4000 00
Installment (12×2800) 33600 00
37,600 00
Cash price / payment 35,000 00
Price difference = N(37,600—35000) =N2,600
Example 8. A computer can be bought for cash sale of ₦25,000 or on hire purchase for a deposit of 15% and
12 installments of ₦2200.
Calculate:
(a) The deposits to be paid
(b) The installment price
(c) The amount borrowed
(d) The amount that can be saved by paying in cash.
Solution
(a) Deposits paid = 15% of ₦22500
15
= × ₦ 22500
100
= ₦3750.00
(b) 12 monthly installments of ₦ 2200.00

= 12 × ₦ 2200 = ₦26400.00
Installment price is deposite + installments
= ₦3750 + ₦26400 = ₦30150.00
(c) Amount borrowed = cash price – deposite

= ₦25000 - ₦3750
= ₦21250
(d) The amount saved by paying cash

= installment price – cash price.
= ₦30150 - ₦2500
= ₦515
Evaluation
1. The cash price of a tokunbo car (Toyota) is N897,060.00. To pay by hire purchase requires a 10%
deposit and 36 monthly payment of N24,420. Calculate the saving when paying in cash.
2. If the hire purchase price of a 52 flat screen television is N174,000.00 and it includes hire purchase
charges of 16%. Find the cash price for the television.
3. Aderemi was given a discount of 20% on an article that originally cost ₦360.00. How much did she
pay?
4. Bolly is a clerical officer in a company, serving as agent. He gets 12% commission on every article
sold. If his total sales in a month reveals ₦1200, how much is his commission?
5. An agent’s commission is twice as much as the equivalent amount of 20% of ₦15000. What is the
commission with the amount he raised by 30%?
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC III

Objectives:
 Solve simple commercial arithmetic involving profit and loss.
 Solve simple commercial arithmetic involving percentage profit & percentage loss.
 Calculate percentage increase & decrease
 Calculate percentage error
 Calculate bank draft and VAT
Profit and Loss

Profit is the excess of selling price over the cost price of an article. When we talk about profit, we mean the
excess of revenues over expenses for a set of transactions. it is also known as gain.
Loss is the excess of cost price over the selling price of an article.
In summary, profit means gain. i.e. selling price is greater than cost price while loss simply means deficit i.e.
selling price is less than cost price.
N.B: Interest is a return on investment i.e. money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money
lent or for delaying the repayment of a debt.
[[
Example 1: Mr. Tony bought 96 item of milk for N3,360.00 and sold them at N39.00 each. Calculate his
profit on the 96 items of the milk.
Solution
Cost price N3360.00
Selling price (N39×96) N3744.00
Since selling price > cost price, hence, profit
Profit=S . P — C . P
¿ N 3744 — N 3360
¿ N 384.00
Profit and loss percent formulae

Gain∨Profit 100
1) Gain∨Profit Percent= ×
Cost Price 1
loss
2) Loss percent= ×100
Cost Price
Example 2: A stationer bought an encyclopedia for N2500. She sold it for N2700. What is her gain or loss
percent?
Solution
CP=2500 , S . P=2700
CP< SP=Gain
SP – CP
%Gain= × 100 %
CP
2700 – 2500 100
¿ × %
2500 1
200 100
¿ × %
2500 1
200
¿ %
25
∴ Gain=8 %
Example 2: A dealer bought a car for N120,000 and sold it for N110,000. At what profit or loss percent did
she sell the car?
Solution
CP=N 120,000 SP=N 110,000
CP > SP = loss
C . P – S . P 100
%loss= x %
C.P 1
120000 – 110000 100
¿ × %
120000 1
10000 100
¿ × %
120000 1
100
¿ %
12
25
¿ %
3
∴ %Loss=8.3 %
Example 3: What is the cost of a motor car which is sold for N24 at a profit of 20%
Solution
CP=? , SP=N 24 , Profit=20 %
100 × SP
CP=
100+%Profit
100× 24
¿
100+ 20
2400
¿
120
∴ CP=N 20.00
[
Example 4: A school bag costs N400 and it was sold at a profit of 24%. Find the selling price
Solution
CP = N 400, SP = ?, % Profit = 24%
100+%profit CP
SP= ×
100 1
100+24 400
SP= ×
100 1
124 400
¿ × = = 124 x 4 = SP=N 496.00
100 1
Percentage increase & decrease and percentage error
Note the following formulae:
Actual Increase 100
1. Percentage Increase= × %
Initial Value 1
Actual Decrease 100
2. Percentage Decrease= × %
Initial Value 1
Actual Error 100
3. Percentage Error= × %
True Value 1
Where actual increase, actual decrease and actual error is the difference between the old and the new value.
Note: when you are given the percentage increase or decrease and the present value after the increment or
decrement and you are asked to find the original value. Use the formulae below
100 × Present Value
4. Original Value= (for increment)
%Increase+ 100

5. Original Value= (For decrement)
100−%decrease
Example 5: The population of a school increase from 400 to 420. What is the percentage increase?
Solution
Actual increase=420 – 400=20
Actual Increase 100
% Increase = × %
Initial Value 1
20 100
% Increase = × %
400 1
20
¿ %
4
¿5%
Example 6: If the radius of a circle decreased from 10cm to 8cm by what percentage is the area decreased?
Solution
Old radius=10 cm
New radius=8 cm
2
Old Area=π r
¿ π × 10 ×10
2
¿ 100 π cm
2
New Area=π r
¿ π × 8 ×8
2
¿ 64 π cm
Old Area−New Area 100
% Decrease ∈ Area= × %
Old Area 1
100 π −64 π 100
¿ × %
100 π 1
36 π 100
¿ × %
100 π 1
¿ 36 %
Example 7: A man measured a rope as 5cm instead of 2cm. Find the percentage error.
Solution
Actual Error 100
% Error= × %
True Value 1
5−2 100
¿ × %
2 1
3 100
¿ × %
2 1
¿ 150 %
[ Example 8: A number was decreased by 20% and it became 480. Find the original number
Solution
Original number=? , %decrease=20 % , Present Value=480.
Original Number=
100−%decrease
100× 480
¿
100−20
4800
¿
80
¿ 600
∴ the original number=600
Bank Draft
A bank draft is a banker cheque issued by a bank in place of cash to the customers. The customer sending the
draft pays commission to the bank.
For instance, if the bank commission on bank draft are

Amount on Draft Commission
N1—N5000.00 42.00
N5001— N10,000 52.00
N10,001— N15,000 62.00
N15,001 — N20,000 72.00
1. Calculate the commission on a draft of N4,090
2. Find the commission on a draft of N21,000.00
3. How much does one need to send a draft of N65, 520.00?
Value Added Tax (VAT)

Value added is the proportion of money government recodes on certain goods and services or a fixed rate of
tax on tax on good and service. Presently government charge 5% VAT on the cost of VAT able goods.
Example 9: In 2014, company a paid a N200,500.00 telephone bill to MTN limited. The bill changed
VAT at 5%. Calculate how much money the government received as VAT from MTN Ltd.
Solution
N 200,500 includes 5 %VAT ⇒ means 105 % i. e (100 %+5 % VAT )
the actual telephone bill=N 200500⇔ 105 %
105 % ⟶ N 200500.00
N 200500
1%⟶
105
N 200500
5%⟶ ×5
105
¿ N 9547.62
∴ The government receives N 9,547.62 as value added tax
Note:
1. Hire purchase (HP) is a process by which a buyer takes possession of the goods partly paid for with
agreement that the balance and charges on it are paid instantaneously.
2. Discounts are a reduction in percentage form, in the cost of goods and services to encourage more
buying and early or cash payment.
3. Commission is additional gives for services rendered or sales made.
Evaluation
1. If the selling price of an article is N905.00 and profit is N190.00, find the cost price.
2. Emmanuel sold a calculator at N16, 000.00 and had a loss of N850. What was the cost price of the
calculator?
3. A trader bought a basket of tomatoes N1800.00. Some of them got damage during transportation. The
rest were sold at a total amount of N1565.00
(a) Did he gain or lose?
(b) By how much?
4. David bought 5000 recharge cards at the rate of N495.00 per card and sold them at N500.00 each. What
profit did she made?
5. A vehicle costing N3,500, 000.00 was sold at a loss of 13%. Find the selling price and loss percentage.
6. A loss of N1.14 was made by selling an article for 4.25. What was the cost price?
7. A dealer bought a fairly used Peugeot car for N45000. Repair cost him additional sum of N5000. If he
sold the car N60,000. Find the percentage profit or loss?
8. A woman loses 20% by selling an article for N16.00. what was the cost price of the articles.
MENSURATION: VOLUME OF SOLID SHAPES
Objectives:
 Find the areas of cylinders.
 Find the volumes of cylinders.
 Find the areas of cones.
 Find the volumes of cones.
 Solve problems involving the areas and volumes of cylinders and cones.
Solid shapes include cube, cuboids, pyramid, prism etc.
Area and Volume of a Cone

A cone is a figure with circular base and slide slanting to a common point or vertex. It is a shape with a
curved surface, circular base and pointed end.
Examples of cone are snail shell, Chinese hat, funnel, Christmas cap etc. A cone can be formed from cutting
out a sector of a circle and folding in such a way that the radii at the end of the sector meet as shown below.
A
A
O B
a) Curved Surface Area=πrl¿ )

b) Total surface area=Area of Circular Base +Curved Surface Area
¿ ( π r 2 +πrl )
¿ πr ( r+ l ) sqr .unit
1
c) Volume of cone= × Areaof base × height
3
1 2
¿ × π r ×h
3
d) Slant height (l)
Using Pythagoras rule (Hyp)²=(opp)²+( Adj)²
2 2 2
l =h +r
Where r = base radius of the cone
l = slant height of the cone
h= vertical height of the cone
Note: i. When the total surface area of a cone is required, the base is included
ii. When only the word surface area is used it excludes the base
[
Example 1: The slant height of a right circular cone is 8.54cm and the radius is 3cm. Calculate to 3
significant figures the total surface area of the cone.
Solution
3cm
Total surface area = curved surface area + area of circular base

The curved Surface area of a cone=πrl
¿ 3.142 ×3 ×8.54
¿ 9.426 × 8.54
¿ 80.49804
2
≈ 80.5 c m
2
Areaof circular base=π r
2
¿ 3.142 ×3
¿ 3.142 X 9
¿ 28.278
2
¿ 28.3 c m
2
Total Surface Area=( 80.5+28.3 ) c m
2
¿ 108.8 c m
2
≈ 109 c m
Example 2: Find the curved surface area and total surface area of a closed cone of height 4cm and radius
3cm
Solution
4cm
Using Pythagoras theorem,

2 2 2
l =h +r (Where l is the slant height r= the base radius h = height
2 2 2
l =4 +3
2
l =16+ 9
2
l =25
l= √ 25
l=5
Curved surface area of cone=πrl

22
¿ ×3 ×5
7
330
¿
7
2
¿ 47.143 c m
Total Surface Area=πr (r +l)

22
¿ ×3( 3+5)
7
22
¿ ×3 × 8
7
528
¿
7
2
¿ 75.43 c m
Example 3: Find the Volume of a cone with slant height 5cm, base radius 3cm. Leave your answer in 2d.p
Solution
2 2 2
l =h +r
2 2 2
h =l −r
2 2 2
h =5 −3
2
h =25−9
h=√ 16
h=4 cm
1 2
Volume= × π r × h
3
1 22 2
Volume= × ×3 × 4
3 7
198
¿ ×4
7
792
¿
7
= 113.14cm3
Example 4: A cone has a base radius of 7cm and height 10cm. Calculate it's:
(a) Volume
(b) Curved surface area
(c) Total surface area
10cm
7cm
1 2
(a) Volume= × π r × h
3
1 22 2
Volume= × ×7 × 10
3 7
154
¿ × 10
3
1540
¿
3
3
≈ 513.3 c m
(b) Curve surface area=πrl

Since we do not know the value of l (Where l is the slant height r= the base radius h = height
Where, h=10 cm ,r =7 cm
Using Pythagoras theorem,
2 2 2
l =h +r
2 2 2
l =10 +7
2
l =100+ 49
2
l =149
l= √149
l ≈12 cm
Recall, Curved surface area=πrl
22
¿ ×7 ×12
7
¿ 22 ×12
2
¿ 264 c m
(c) Total Surface Area=πr (r +l)

22
¿ ×7 (7+12)
7
22
¿ ×7 ×19
7
¿ 22 ×19
2
¿ 418 c m
Example 5: A sector of a circle of radius 21cm subtending an angle 30° at the centre of the circle, is used
to form a cone. Calculate to the nearest the whole number the:
(a) Base radius of the cone
(b) Height of the cone
(c) Total surface area of the cone
(d) Volume of the cone
(e) Vertical angle of the cone.
Solution
(a) O
O
21cm
21cm
°
30
r
Y A T
θR
Base radius of the cone (r) =
360
21
r =30×
360
7
¿
4
¿ 1.75 cm .
≈ 2 cm
(b) Height of the cone (h)

2 2 2
h =l −r
2 2 2
h =21 −2
2
h =441−4
2
h =437
h=√ 437
h ≈ 21cm
(c) Total Surface Areaof the Cone=πr (r +l)

22
¿ ×2(2+21)
7
22
¿ ×2 ×23
7
1012
¿
7
2
≈ 145 c m
1 2
(d) Volume= × π r × h
3
1 22 2
¿ × × 21 ×2
3 7
1 22
¿ × × 21× 21× 2
3 7
¿ 22 ×21 ×2
3
¿ 924 c m
(e) Vertical angle of the cone
α α
21cm
2
sin α =
21
sin α =0.095
−1
α =sin 0.095
α =6 °
Vertical angle=α + α=2α
¿ 2 ×6
¿ 12 °
Area and Volume of a Cylinder

A cylinder is a solid of uniform circular cross section. Examples of cylinders are unsharpened pencil, tin of
milk etc.
1. Area of curved surface of cylinder = 2πrl square units.
The area of the curved surface of a cylinder of radius r units and length L units is the area of rectangle of
length h units and breadth 2πr unit.
2πr
length=L
Area of curved surface of cylinder =2πrL
2. A cylinder may be closed at one end in which case the total surface = area of curved surface + area of
one circular end face
= 2 πrl + π r 2 sq
= πr (2 l+ r )
3. If the cylinder is closed at both ends
Area of circle =πr2 Area of rectangle =2πrl Area of circle = πr2

Total surface area = 2πr2 + 2πrl
= 2πr (r+l) square unit
Volume of Cylinder
¿ Areaof Cross section × l
2
¿πr l
Example 6: Find the total surface area of the following cylinder covered at the booth ends of length 12cm,
where the radius of circular ends is 6cm take π = 3.14.
Solution
Total surface area = 2πr (l +r) sq units
l=12 cm r=6 cm π=3.14
Total Surface Area=2× 3.14 ×6 (6+12)
¿ 12 ×3.14 ×18
2
¿ 678.7 c m
Example 7: Find the volume of the closed cylinder with thickness 12cm and diameter 181cm
Solution
Here the height of cylinder is the thickness of the cylinder
2
Volume of the cylinder =π r × h(cubic unit )
( )
2
181
¿ 3.14 × × 12
2
2
¿ 3.14 × ( 90.5 ) × 12
¿ 3.14 × 8190.25× 12
3
¿ 308608.62 c m
3
≈ 308609 c m ¿ nearest whole number
Evaluation
1. Find the curved surface area and the total surface of a cone radius 4cm with slant height 5cm
2. Find the curved surface and total surface area of a right circular cone of base radius 8cm and height
10cm
3. What is the radius of a circular cone with slant height 15cm and curved surface area 201cm 2
4. Taking π =3.14, the base radius of a cone is 2.5cm with curved surface area 75.4cm2. Find
a. The slant height of the cone
b. The total surface area of the cone
5. A solid cone base of radius 3cm and height 4cm is made of metal find
a. The curved surface area
b. The total surface area
c. The volume of the cone
2
6. Find the volume of a cone with height 6 and radius 5cm
3
7. The total surface area of cylinder is 260cm 2. If the radius of its base is 5cm. Find the height of the
cylinder.
8. Calculate the volume of a cylinder whose height and base radius are 14cm and 4cm respectively
9. Determine the height of a right circular cylinder of volume 346.5cm3 with radius 3.5cm
22
10. Find the volume of a cone with base radius 7cm and vertical height 6cm. (𝛑 = ) NECO 2022.
7
MENSURATION 2
Objectives:
 Find the capacity of a tank.
 Find the depth of a tank.
 Find the volume of a cuboids
Capacity
Capacity is the amount of liquid a container can hold. It is measured in liters. Thus 1000cm 3 = 1L
Example 1: Calculate the capacity of a drum 30cm in diameter and 90cm high (Take π=22/7)
Solution
Capacity means what the drum can take in terms of volume in liters. Drum is an example of a cylinder
Thus,
Volume of cylinder = π r 2 h
diameter
Here h=90 cm r= i. e 15 cm
2
22 2
Volume of drum= ×15 ×90
7
22
¿ ×15 ×15 × 90
7
22
¿ ×15 ×15 × 90
7
3
¿ 63642.857 c m
Recall, 1000 c m3 =1litre

3
∴ 63642.857 c m =63.6 litres
Example 2: Find the volume of a water tank which has length 10cm, breath 6cm and height 3cm when it is
half full.
Solution
Volume=L× B × H
¿ 10 ×6 × 3
3
¿ 180 m
180
But its half full=
2
2
Volume=90 cm
Example 3: The volume of a rectangular tank is 120m3. If the height is 6m and the breath is 4cm, what is
the depth of the tank?
Solution
3
Volume of tank=120 m
L × B× H=120
6 × 4 × H =120
24 H =120
120
H= ¿5 ∴ Depth of tank=5 m
24
Summary of Formulae
PLANE SHAPE PERIMETER AREA VOLUME
Square 4s s²
Rectangle 2(l+b) lb
Triangle a+ b+c 1 1
bh,Hero's formula ab sin C
2 2
Parallelogram ∑ of the 4 sides bh∨½ of product of diagonal

1
( × d1 × d2 )
2
Trapezium Sum of the 4 sides 1

(a+b)h
2
Circle 2 πr ∨πd πr ²
Sphere 4 πr ² 4
πr ³
3
Hemisphere 2 ar ² 2
πr ²
3
Length of a α
2 r sin
Chord 2
Cube 6l
2
Base Area × Height
¿l ³
Cuboids 2(lb+bh+lb ) Base Area × Height=lbh
Prism Ah
Cylinder 2 πrh+ 2 πr ²=2 πr (h+ r) πr ² h

(With 2 ends)
Cone πrl+ πr ²=πr (l+r ) 1 2

πr h
3
Evaluation
22
1. How many liters can be held by a cylindrical can 16cm in diameter and 30cm high? Use for π
7
22
2. A tank in form of a cylinder of diameter 2cm is 7cm long. What is the capacity of tank? (Take π= )
7
3. How many liters can be held by a cylindrical can of 14cm in a diameter and 20cm high
3. The volume of a cuboid is 480cm3. If it is 12cm long and 10cm wide, find its height?
4. A triangular tank 50cm by 20cm by 30cm is filled with water. Find the capacity of the water it contains
in liters (Note: 1000cm3 = 1litre).
5. 90 liters of water was poured into a cylinder bucket of 30cm diameter. Find the depth of water in the
22
bucket. Take the value of π=
7
SIMILAR SHAPES
Objectives:
 Identify similar shapes such as triangles, squares etc. and their scale factors.
 Name similar shapes in correct order using their corresponding sides and angles.
 Use scale factors in calculating the unknown lengths of similar shapes.
 Identify enlarged shapes and their scale factors
Definition: Two shapes of object are similar if their corresponding angles are the same and their
corresponding sides are proportional.
Similar Triangle
Two triangles are said to be similar if they have the following properties
i. Same shape but not necessarily the same size
ii. Corresponding angles are the same
iii. Corresponding sides are in the same ratio R
C
b
a
q
p
A c B
a b c
= =
p q r
P Q
r
Scale Factor and Enlargement

When we have two similar shapes, the ratio of their corresponding side is called scale factor.
Note: To find the scale factor, you must locate two corresponding sides, one on each figure.
Example 1: For the two similar shapes A & B given below. From triangle A to triangle B, is there an
enlargement or reduction.
10 12.5
5 6
4 15
Solution
10 12.5 15 5
Scale factor= = = =
4 5 6 2
5
>1 (Enlargement)
2
Note: scale factor < 1 (reduction)

Scale factor >1 (enlargement)
Example 2: Figures MNPQ and RSTU are similar shapes as shown below. What are the values of x , y , z
1. N
18
R
M 0 20 1150 30
115
x U S
z
y 25
Q
15
P T
Solution
Since< M =¿ R
30 25
=
18 x
Cross multiplying gives
30 × x=25 × 18
30 x=450
450
x=
30
x=15
30 y
=
18 15
30 ×15= y × 18
450=18 y
Divide both sides by 18
450
=y
18
y=25
30 20
=
18 z
30 × z=20 × 18
30 z=360
360
z=
30
z=12
∴ x , y , z=15 ,25 ,12
Example 3: X
U
5
3 12
4 Y
W V Z
Find ¿ XZ /¿ and ¿ YZ /¿
Solution
|XY | |XZ|
=
|UV | |UW |
12 | XZ|
=
3 5
60=3| XZ|
60
=|XZ|
3
| XZ|=20
| XY| |YZ|
=
|UZ| |WV |
12 |YZ|
=
3 4
48=3|YZ|
48
=|YZ|
3
|YZ|=16
OR
12
First find the scale factor =4 then since we are moving from smaller shape = by shape we multiply the
3
corresponding value of the unknown term by the scale factor
zy = 4xscale factor
= 4 x 4 = 16
5 x scale factor /xz/ = 5x4 =20
Note: When moving from bigger object, to the smaller object, we will divide the corresponding given value
by the scale factor
Example 4:
10 3
4 x
Solution
10 5
Scale Factor= =
6 3
Since we are moving from big to small we will divide by the scale factor
5
x=4 ÷
3
3
x=4 ×
5
3
¿2
5
Area Factor
The area factor is equal to the square of the scale factor.
Example 5: Find the area factor of the shapes below

(a)
15
10 12
8
6 9
Solution
Area of (a) ¿ ½(b ×h)
1
¿ ×6 × 8
2
¿ 3 ×8
¿ 24 cm2
Area of (b)¿ ½ × b ×h
1
¿ ×9 × 12
2
¿ 9 ×6
¿ 54 cm2
54 9
The ratio of their Areas¿ =
24 4
12 3
Scale factor ¿ =
8 2
Also, Area factor = (Scale factor)2
()
2
3 9
Area factor ¿ =
2 4
Example 6: Find the Value of r in the figure below
20cm2 45cm2
15cm r
2
45 c m 9
Area factor= 2
=
20 c m 4
Scale factor= √ Area factor
¿
√ 9
4
=
3
2
r 3
=
15 2
45
2 r=45 r=
2
1
¿ 22 cm
2
Example 7: In fig below ∆ ABC and ∆ AMN are similar triangle AM = 6cm, MB = 4cm and the area of ∆
AMN is 12cm2
A
6cm
12cm2
M N
4cm
B C
Find the area of (a) ABC (b) MNCB
Solution
big shape 10 5
Scale factor= = =
small shape 6 3
Recall, Area factor=( Scale Factor )2
()
2
5 25
¿ =
3 9
25 2
Areaof ∆ ABC= ×12 c m
9
300 100
¿ =
9 3
2
≈ 33.3 c m
Areaof MNCB= Area of ∆ ABC −Area of ∆ AMC
2 2
¿ 33.3 c m −12.0 c m
2
¿ 11.3c m
Volume of Similar Shapes

Volume factor = (scale factor)3
Examples 8: Two similar drum; have height of 30cm and 60 cm respectively. If the volume of the smaller
drum is 300cm3. Find the volume of the bigger drum.
Solution
Volume of the smaller drum = 300cm3
Height of smaller drum = 30cm
Height of bigger drum = 60cm
Height of Bigger Drum

Scale factor=
Height of Smaller Drum
60 cm
¿
30 cm
¿2
3
Volume factor=( scale factor )
3
¿2
¿8
2
Volume of the bigger drum=300 c m ×8
2
¿ 2400 c m
Example 9: Find the value of x in the figure below
270cm3
80cm3
4.5cm
Xcm
Solution
First find the scale factor
Scale factor=3 × volume factor
3
270 c m
Volume factor= 3
80 c m
27
¿
8
Scale factor= √ volume factor
3
¿
√
3 27 3
= =1.5
8 2
bigger length
Where, scale factor =
Smaller length
4.5
1.5= 1.5 x=4.5
x
4.5
x= ¿ 3 cm
1.5
Scale Drawing
Definition: A scale drawing is a drawing which has been reduced or enlarged from its original size to
another size using a specified scale
Scale
The scale is a ratio or proportion that shows the relationship between a length on a drawing and
corresponding length on the actual object.
¿ the drawing
Scale =
original¿ ¿ ¿
Note: In a scale drawing

i. All length must be in proportion to the corresponding lengths of the actual object.
ii. All angles must be drawn equal to the corresponding angles of the actual object.
Any length on scale drawing
Scale=
Corresponding length of actual object
OR
Any length on actual object
Scale=
Corresponding length of scale drawing
Examples 10: The length of a school dining hall measuring 60m is draw to a scale of 1cm represents 15m.
Find its length on the paper.
Solution
15m is represented by 1cm
1 cm
1 m=
15
1
60m is represented by ×60=4 cm
15
∴ Length of the paper is 4 cm
Example 11: A plan of an hotel is drawn to a scale of 1cm represents 5m. If the reception hall is 25m by
12m find its length and breadth on the drawing sheet
Solution
5m represent 1cm
1
1m represents cm
5
1
25 m= cm ×25
5
¿ 5 cm
1
12 m= cm ×12
5
¿ 2.4 cm
∴ On the drawing sheet the hall wall be 5cm long and 2.4cm wide
E
Evaluation
6cm
(1) Find the length of |RS|
S F
x 4cm
R
G
8cm
(2) Find the area A of the smaller triangle below

Y
A
40.5cm2
18cm
28cm
(3) The triangles XYZ and NYM in the figure below are similar ( | XZ| and |MN | are not parallel). If | XY |=
12cm, |NY | = 6cm and the area of ∆ MYN =9 c m2, find the area of ∆ XYZ .
X M
12cm
Y N
6cm
Y Z
(4) The radio of two spheres are in the ratio of 8:20. The volume of the smaller sphere is 64cm 2. Calculate
the volume of the larger sphere.
(5)
3cm3
2.2cm y
3
81cm
6. The linear scale factor of two similar shapes is 2: 5. If the area of the smaller shape is 120cm 2 what is the
area of the bigger shape? (NECO 2022)
4
7. The linear scale factor of two similar shapes is if the volume of bigger shape is 500cm2, determine the
5
volume of the smaller shape. (NECO 2022)
8. Copy and complete the table below, the first one has been done for you.
Actual length Scale Length of drawing
A 550 m 1 cm¿ 50 m 11cm
B 90 cm 1 cm¿ 10 m
C 27 km 7.5 cm
D 2.86 km 5 cm ¿1 km
E 5 cm ¿1 km 6.8 cm
9. A rectangular field is 240m long and 150m wide. Using a scale of 1cm to 50m draw the rectangle. Find
the measurement the distance between the opposite corners of the actual field.
10. The scale on a map is 1: 50000
(a) Two villages A and B on the map are 5.5cm apart. Find the actual distance in km between A and B
(b) If town C is 4km from the village A, what is the distance of C from A on the map?
BEARING AND DISTANCE
Objectives:
 Recognize and describe compass bearing
 Recognize and describe three-figure bearing
 Use bearing to find the position of an object from another object.
 Use bearing and distance to find the location of a location of a place by scale drawing.
Bearing and Distance

A bearing can be defined as the clockwise angular movement between two distinct points/places.
It is used to describe the position or location of a given place with reference to one another.
Identification of the cardinal point

The cardinal points are made up of:
 Primary Direction
 Secondary Direction
a. Primary Direction: North , East, South and West (NESW)

Divide the angle at a point (360o) into four equal parts of 900 each
North
West East
South
b. Secondary Direction: North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW) and North-West (NW)
(angle at this point is 45o each)
. North
North East (NE)
West (NW) North
900 900
Rules for using Bearing and Distance

i. Take reading in bearing from North pole in clockwise direction
ii. All angles formed will add up to 3600
iii. Bearing always lead into the formation of a triangle
Location of Position of Places and Angular Positions

Examples 1
i. Oyo is 37km north of Ibadan
Oyo
37km
Ibadan
ii. Ikeja is 60km North-East of Lagos.

Ikeja
60km
Lagos
iii. What is the angle taken in a clock-wise direction from North to
(a) South-East (b) South
(c) North-West (d) West
Solution
North
(a)
West East
North
(b)
900 + 900 = 1800
West East
South
(c) N
900 + 900 + 900+ 450= 3150

W E
(d) N
900 + 900 + 900 = 2700

W E
Types of Bearing
Compass Bearing
This concept is based on cardinal points as it can be obtained in any standard compass.
The starting point or movements are based on North or South which are measured to either East or West.
It is also known as acute-angle bearing because the angle is less than 900
Examples 2: North
(i)
N 500 E
(ii)
North
West East
350
South S550W
Three Digit Bearing

This type of bearing bases its starting point from the North only. It moves clockwise direction. The
movement is between 00 and 3600
Below are examples of 3 digits bearing?
(1) 0190 (2) 1150 (3) 2500 (4) 3200
190 1150
2550
3200
Relationship between Three Digits and Compass Bearing

Any three-digit bearing can be converted to compass bearing and vice-versa
Example 3
a) Convert 3 digit bearing to compass bearing
(i) 0400 (ii) 1700 (iii) 3200
400
400 W E = N 400 E
=
(i)
400
3600 – 3200
= 400
= N 400 W
b) Converting the following compass bearing to a 3-digit bearing

(i) N 650 E (ii) S 40 W
N
Solution
650
W
E = = 0650
0
65
S
N
400 + 1800
W E = 2200
400
S
Reversed Bearing
If the bearing of a point A is described from another point B, the bearing of B can be describe from A based
on the first description.
Example 4
(i) The bearing of R from S is 1300. Find the bearing of S from R
N
130o
S
W E
S
b R
The bearing of S from R = a + b

But a = 1800 (angle on a straight line)
b = 1300 (alternative angles)
Thus: a + b = 1800 + 1300 = 3100
(ii) Write down the bearing of (i) X from Y (ii) Y from X in the figure below
Y
1900
X
Solution
i. The bearing of X from Y = 1900
ii. The bearing of Y from X
N
Y
a = b (alternate angles)and b
1900
= 1900 – 1800
b
N
=10o
a
Note:
(a) When the given angle is less than 1800 the back bearing = the given angle + 1800
(b) When the given angle is greater than 1800 the backward bearing = the given angle - 1800
Evaluation
1. What is the angle taken in clockwise direction from north to
i. South ii. South-West iii. West
2. What is the angle taken in an anticlockwise direction between?
(a) North and East (b) North-East and South-West (c) West and North East
3. Ibadan is on a bearing of 1400 from Yola. What is the bearing of Yola to Ibadan?
4. The bearing of X from Y is 1480. Find the bearing of Y from X
5. A is on a bearing of 2400 from B. what is the bearing of B from A.

6. If the bearing of A from B is 0530, the bearing of B from A is – (NECO 2022)
7. A boat sails 160km from a port P on a bearing of 0360 and then 200km on a bearing of 1250 to another
port Q.
(a) What is the distance between P and Q?
(b) What is the bearing of P from Q?
(c) What is the bearing of Q from P?
8. A boy runs 200m on the bearing of 2300.
(a) How far south of the starting point is he now?
(b) How far west of the starting point is he now?
(c) What is the bearing of the starting point from his current position?
REFERENCE
M.FMacrae(1974) et. al: New General Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools, Pearson Publisher.
A.A Arigbabu (2016) et. al: New Concept Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools, Learn Africa
Publisher.
J.S. Oluwasanmi (2012): WABP Essential Master Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools, West
African Book Publishers.
Mathematical Association of Nigeria, Man Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools. University Press
Plc
ASHIRU T.M. & Co (2012): “Functional Mathematics SS1 2nd edition”, Ibadan Nelsan Publishers Limited.
FRANK WOOD (1995): “Business Accounting 16th Edition”, London Pitman Publishing.

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ST.

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

JSS3 MATHEMATICS FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

3. Express 5.35 x 106 in ordinary form

A. 53 600 B. 5 350 000 C. 535 000 D. 5 530 000 E. 53 500

6. Solve the inequality 8 – 3x ≤ x – 4

A. ₦ 648 B. ₦ 468 C. ₦ 846 D. ₦ 655 E. ₦ 600

A. ₦ 1750.00 B. ₦3250.00 C. ₦ 4750.00 D. ₦ 9450.00 E. ₦ 7500.00

9. Calculate the size of each exterior angle of a 6-sided regular polygon?

A. 600 B. 300 C. 450 D. 680 E. 300

A. 6cm B. 12cm C. 15cm D. 30cm E. 15cm

12. The sum of the interior angle of a regular pentagon is?

A. Acute B. Reflex C. Obtuse D. Opposite E. Adjacent

Use the diagram below to answer questions 14 and 15

A. triangle B. Parallelogram C. trapezium D. Cylinder E. circle

A. 110cm2 B. 55cm2 C. 240cm2 D. 120cm2 E. 60cm2

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC (REVISION)

Definition of Simple Interest

Using change of subject of the formulae

Where, Amount=Principal+ Interest

Example 2: The simple interest on N 50000 for 8 years at 6% per annum

For first year: P=N 40000T =1 yr R=10 %

At the end of the first year principal ¿ N 40000+ 4000

For second year: P=N 44000 ,T =1 year , R=10 %

Installment Buying/ Hire Purchase

The difference between hire purchase and installment buying is:

(b) 12 monthly installments of ₦ 2200.00

(c) Amount borrowed = cash price – deposite

(d) The amount saved by paying cash

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC III

Profit and Loss

Profit and loss percent formulae

100 × Present Value

For instance, if the bank commission on bank draft are

Value Added Tax (VAT)

MENSURATION: VOLUME OF SOLID SHAPES

Solid shapes include cube, cuboids, pyramid, prism etc.

Area and Volume of a Cone

a) Curved Surface Area=πrl¿ )

Total surface area = curved surface area + area of circular base

Using Pythagoras theorem,

Curved surface area of cone=πrl

Total Surface Area=πr (r +l)

(b) Curve surface area=πrl

(c) Total Surface Area=πr (r +l)

(b) Height of the cone (h)

(c) Total Surface Areaof the Cone=πr (r +l)

(e) Vertical angle of the cone

Area and Volume of a Cylinder

Area of curved surface of cylinder =2πrL

3. If the cylinder is closed at both ends

Area of circle =πr2 Area of rectangle =2πrl Area of circle = πr2

Recall, 1000 c m3 =1litre

PLANE SHAPE PERIMETER AREA VOLUME

Parallelogram ∑ of the 4 sides bh∨½ of product of diagonal

Trapezium Sum of the 4 sides 1

Cuboids 2(lb+bh+lb ) Base Area × Height=lbh

Cylinder 2 πrh+ 2 πr ²=2 πr (h+ r) πr ² h

Cone πrl+ πr ²=πr (l+r ) 1 2