Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
Institute of Engineering & Management
Department of Electrical Engineering
Class Notes
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (PCC-EE 06)
Part 1
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 1
Topics Covered: Concept and background of field theory
Objectives:
1. To get an idea about the subject
Electromagnetics is the study of the effect of charges at rest and charges in motion.
Some special cases of electromagnetics:
Electrostatics: charges at rest
Magnetostatics: charges in steady motion (DC)
Electromagnetic waves: charges in time-varying motion
When an event in one place has an effect on something at a different location, we talk about the
events as being connected by a “field”.
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; in general, it can be either scalar or vector in nature.
Electric and magnetic fields:
Are vector fields with direction in addition to amplitude.
Vary as a function of position in 3D space as well as time.
Are governed by partial differential equations derived from Maxwell’s equations.
Maxwell’s equations are the fundamental postulates of classical electromagnetic - all classical
electromagnetic phenomena are explained by these equations.
Class Notes IEM, EE Dept
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 2
Topics Covered: Introduction to Co-ordinate systems
Objectives:
1. Cartesian coordinates
2. Circular cylindrical coordinates
Cartesian coordinates
In Cartesian system a point P is defined by
(x, y, z) coordinate
Where x, y, z are the perpendicular distance
of the point P from y-z, x-z and x-y plane
respectively.
The position vector and distance vector in
Cartesian are defined as follows
Cylindrical Coordinates
In Cylindrical system a point P is defined by
(ρ, φ, z) coordinate
Where ρ is the perpendicular distance from z
axis
φ is the azimuthal angle between x axis and
the projection of ρ on x-y plane.
z is the perpendicular distance from x-y plane
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
Point Transformation
The relation between (x, y, z) and (ρ, φ, z)
can be found out as follows
And
Vector Transformation
If a vector in Cartesian system is defined as
Then in Cylindrical system it will take a form like
The relation between the unit vectors
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 3
Topics Covered: Spherical coordinate system
Objectives:
1. Spherical coordinates
2. Transformation from one coordinate to another
Spherical Coordinates
In Spherical coordinate system a point P is
defined by (r, θ, φ) coordinate
Where
r is the distance from origin
θ is the angle between z axis and r
φ is the azimuthal angle.
Point Transformation
The relation between (x, y, z) and (r, θ, φ)
can be found out as follows
And
Vector Transformation
The relation between the unit vectors
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 4
Topics Covered: Calculation of length, area and volume in different
coordinate systems
Objectives:
1. Differential length area and volume calculation
Differential elements in cylindrical coordinates
Differential normal surface areas in cylindrical
coordinates: (a) dS = ρ dɸ dz aρ, (b) dS = dρ dz
aɸ, (c) dS = ρ dρ dɸ az.
Differential elements in spherical coordinates
Differential normal surface areas in spherical
coordinates: (a) dS = r2 sin θ dθ dɸ ar , (b) dS = r
sin θ dr dɸ aθ, (c) dS = r dr dθ aɸ.
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 5
Topics Covered: Introduction to Vector calculus
Objectives:
1. Gradient of a scalar
2. DEL operator
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the
maximum space rate of increase of V.
For Cartesian coordinates
For Cylindrical coordinates
For Spherical coordinates
Del Operator
The del operator, written as ∇, is the vector differential operator. In Cartesian coordinates,
This vector differential operator, otherwise known as the gradient operator, is not a vector in itself,
but when it operates on a scalar function, for example, a vector ensues. The operator is useful in
denning
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 6
Topics Covered: Divergence of a vector
Objectives:
1. Significance of divergence
2. Divergence theorem
Divergence of a vector A is defined as
In Cartesian coordinate system
In Cylindrical coordinate system
In Spherical coordinate system
Divergence theorem states that
The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a closed surface is equal to the
integral of the divergence of this vector field throughout the volume enclosed by the closed surface.
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 7
Topics Covered: Curl of a vector
Objectives:
1. Significance of curl of a scalar
2. Stokes’ theorem
Curl of a vector H is defined as
It measures the degree of rotation of a vector around a point.
In Cartesian coordinate system
In Cylindrical coordinate system
In Spherical coordinate system
Stokes’ theorem states that
The circulation of a field H around a path ‘l’ is equals to the surface integration of the curl of that
vector.
Paper Name: Electromagnetic Fields Paper Code: PCC-EE 06
LESSON 8
Topics Covered: Classification of vector field
Objectives:
1. Different types of vector field
2. Helmholtz theorem
A vector field A is said to be solenoidal (or divergenceless) if ∇ • A = 0.
Hence, flux lines of A entering any closed surface must also leave it.
A vector field A is said to be irrotational (or potential) if ∇ X A = 0
This implies that the line integral of A is independent of the chosen path. Therefore, an irrotational
field is also known as a conservative field.
Helmholtz Theorem
It states that if the curl and divergence of a vector field are known, then the field can be uniquely
defined if that field tends to zero at infinity.
∇. =
∇× =
In that case the vector can be written as a sum of two vectors, one irrotational and one solinoidal.
= −∇ + ∇ ×
