PHYSICS FORMULAE & CONCEPTS
KINEMATICS 7. Instantaneous velocity : The velocity of
a body at any particular instant in its journey
1. Distance : is known as instantaneous velocity.
The length of the path is known as distance. ds
Distance is a scalar. Vinst =
Displacement:
dt
8. Relative velocity : velocity of one body
The distance between two points with spe- with respect to that of another body is called
cific direction is known as displacement. relative velocity. The velocity of `A` with
Displacement is a vector quantity. respect to that of `B` is given by
Both distance and displaments are same units
and dimensions. VAB VA VB
If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are moving with speed VA VB
2. Speed : The rate of distance traveled by a
at an angle with one another..
body is known as speed.
Distance |V AB | = V A2 VB2 2V AVB cos .
Speed =
Time If is the angle made V AB with V A there
Speed is a scalar quantity.
3. Velocity : The rate of displacement is known VB
Tan
as velocity. VA .
Displacement 10. Acceleration : the rate of change of veloc-
Velocity ity of a body is called acceleration .
Time Acceleration
Velocity is vector quantity.
Final velocity Initial velocity
Both speed and velocities have same units =
and dimensions. Time
4. Average speed The direction of acceleration lie along the
direction of change in velocity.
Total distance travelled 11. Retardation : The negative acceelration is
= known as retardation.
Total time
Any body travelling with decreasing velocity
Distance travelled = Average speed x time S possess retardation or deceleration.
=vxt 12. Equations of motion ( moving with uniform
5. Average velocity acceleration)
u = intital velocity, v = final velocity
Resultant displacement
= a = acceleartion , s = displacement ,
Time t = time of travel
Resultant displacement = Average velocity 1 2
X time 1. V = u + at 2. S = ut + at
If a body cover first half of the total displace- 2
ment with a velocity v1 and second half with 1
3. v2 - u2 = 2as 4. Sn = u + a n 2
velocity v2.Then the average velocity is given
by
Where S n is the distance travelled in nth sec-
ond of its journey.
13. Equations of motion of a freely falling
body (take u = 0 and a = g)
1 2
2v1v2 1. v = gt 2. S = gt
Vav = this is the harmonic mean of 2
v1 v2
1
v1 and v2 3. v2 = 2gs 4. Sn = g n
2
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PHYSICS FORMULAE & CONCEPTS
14. Equations of motion for a body thrown 17. Time of ascent is always equal to time of
vertically up (a = -g , s = h) descent if resistance forces due to air are
1 2 neglected.
1. v = u- gt 2. h = ut - gt If we consider the force of buoyancy the time
2 of ascent is less time of descent (ta < td).
3. v 2 u 2 2 gh 18. For a body throws vertically up with velocity
‘u’ the maximum height reached is given by
1
4. hn u g n u2
2 h= or h u 2
2g
15. For a body thrown up vertically from the top 19. If a body is thrown vertically up with a ve-
of a tower (or) a body dropped from a bal- locity ‘u’ if returns to ground with velocity
‘v’ which is equal is magnitude of ‘u’ but
loon moving vertically up
opposite in direction (ie) v u .
1 2
1. v = - u+gt 2. h = -ut + gt 20. For a body falling freely through a height ‘h’
2
3. v 2 u 2 2 gh
2h
The time of descent t =
g
1
4. hn u g n The velocity gained V 2 gh .
2
21. If a body is allowed to fall freely from the
16. For a body thrown vertically up with veloc-
top of a tower of height ‘h’ and another is
ity ‘u’
projected simultaneously from the foot of
a.maximum height : Maximum vertical dis-
tower in the upward direction with velocity u
tance travelled is known as maximum height
u2 h
H then they meet after time t = .
2g u
b. Time of ascent : The time taken by a 22. Projectile : The body projected in to air
body to the maximum height is known as time with some velocity at an angle (other than
of ascent. 900) with the horizontal is called a projectile.
u 23. The path of a projectile is a parabola.
ta =
g
24. If a body is projected at an angle '' to the
c. Time of descent
horizontal with velocity ‘u’ its horizontal and
The time in which body comes down
vertical components of initial velocities are
from maximum height is known as
u cos and u sin .
time of descent.
25. After a time ‘t’ the horizantal displacement
u = x = u cos t
td = vertical displacement =
g
d. Time of flight 1 2
y = u sin t gt .
The total time for which a body re 2
mains in air before reaching the ground 26. The velocity of projectile is not zero at any
is known as time of flight.
point. Its value is minimum ( u cos ) at the
u u 2u highest point of its path. At this point only
T = ta + td =
g g g vertical component of velocity is zero.
Page No. 2
PHYSICS FORMULAE & CONCEPTS
a. The equation of the trajectory is given by
27. At any instant of time ‘t’ the horizontal com-
ponent of velocity is Vx = u cos . g
Y 2 X 2 .
The vertical component of velocity is 2u
v y u sin gt 2h
b. The time of descent t
2 g
The resulant velocity is V v x v 2y .
2h
The direction ‘v’ makes angle with hori- c. The horizontal range R = u x t = u
g
zontal
d. At any instant ‘t’ horizontal velocity is
Vy vx = u, vertical velocity vy = gt
Where Tan
Vx e. The resultant velocity v = v x2 v 2y
28. Equation for the trajectory of the body f. The angle made by V with horizontal is
g 2 vy
y = x tan 2 2 x .
2u cos given by Tan
vx
u sin 38. Suppose a bomb is dropped from a plane mov-
29. Time of ascent = ta =
g ing horizontally with uniform velocity ‘u’. the
path of bomb as observed by a man station-
u sin ary on ground is parabola and as observed by
30. Time of desent = td =
g the pilot of the plane is a vertical straight line.
2u sin
31. Time of flight T = ta + td =
g
32. Maximum height reached = H max =
u 2 sin 2
2g
u 2 sin 2
33. horizontal range R =
g
34. Angle of projection for maximum range is
450
35. Two angles of projection for same range are
' ' and 90
36. If the range and maximum height of a pro-
jectile are equal, the angle of projection
tan 1 4
37. The path of a body projected horizontally from
the top of a tower of height ‘h’ is a parabola.
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