TOPIC # 1:INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS CE 234
WHERE IT FITS Ad. Structural
Structural
Stability
[CE 102] Mechanics
Engineering
Mechanics
Structural
Design
…
Solid Structural
Mechanics Mechanics Continuum
[CE 203] [CE 234]
Mechanics
Engineering
Earthquake
Advanced Solid
Mechanics
ABOUT THE COURSE
• Course will be running from January to April 2025
• Instructor:
o Prof. RS Jangid
o Office Room # 125 (Civil Engineering Department)
o Phone # 7346 (Extension)
o E-mail: rsjangid@civil.iitb.ac.in
o Course Material: E-mail
• Course Location:
• Schedule: Slot 6 - Lectures, Slot X2, X3 – Tutorials
Lectures: Wednesdays and Fridays 11:05 am to 12:30 pm (VMCC33)
Tutorials: Wednesdays 3:00 pm – 5:00 pm (IC2)
TOPICS
Topic Description
COURSE INTRODUCTION
#1 Introduction to Structural Analysis; Static Determinacy/Indeterminacy;
Reaction Calculation (Beams + Frames) + Truss Analysis
STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
#2 SFD, BMD, Qualitative Deflected Shape (QDS) – Beams and Frames
#3 Influence Line Diagrams
#4 Deflections using Energy Methods (Virtual Work)
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
#5 Force/Flexibility Method of Analysis
#6 Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope Deflection Equations
#7 Displacement Method of Analysis: Stiffness Matrix Method (Trusses)
ASSESSMENT SCHEME
Exam Weightage Date
Quiz I 15 % February 03 (Monday)
Mid Semester 30 % As per Institute Timetable
Quiz II 15 % April 01 (Monday)
End Semester 40 % As per Institute Timetable
CE 221 - MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
EXAM SYLLABUS [Exact Syllabus for each exam may slightly vary and will be preannounced]
Topic Description Q1 MS Q2 ES
#1 Introduction to Structural Analysis; Static Determinacy/Indeterminacy; ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
Reaction Calculation (Beams + Frames) + Truss Analysis
#2 SFD, BMD, Qualitative Deflected Shape (QDS) – Beams and Frames ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
#3 Influence Line Diagrams ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
#4 Deflections using Energy Methods (Virtual Work) ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔
#5 Force/Flexibility Method of Analysis ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔
#6 Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope Deflection Equations ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔
#7 Displacement Method of Analysis: Stiffness Matrix Method (Trusses) ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔
TIPS
• Problems, Problems, Problems! – Do More Problems
• Do tutorial problems by yourself – Helps you understand the basics
• Ask questions – No question is a stupid question
• Refer and read from good textbooks. Recommended textbooks include:
o Norris, Wilbur, Utku – Elementary Structural Analysis
o Hibbeler – Structural Analysis
o Leet, Uang, Gilbert – Fundamentals of Structural Analysis
o Aslam Kassimali – Structural Analyis
• Classroom Policies – Please Follow Strictly
CE 221 - MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
(QUITE STRICT) CLASS POLICIES
Mandatory Study Material – Bring Everyday
Yourself (Rather, leave your worries behind)
Calculator (Mobile phones do not qualify )
Attendance is compulsory. If Attendance < 80% (for whatever reasons):
DX Grade
Tutorial Attendance – Only if you finish a set number of problems in class
No cell phones / activities other than this course – attracts attendance
loss for 10 lectures
Show up on time. No entry if you arrive at t > 5 minutes
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Members in Tension
Cables
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Members in Tension
Membranes
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Members in Compression
Arches
Columns
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures with members undergoing either tension or compression
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures with members undergoing either tension or compression
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures with members undergoing either tension or compression
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures with members undergoing either tension or compression
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures with members undergoing either tension or compression
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BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures undergoing bending
Beams
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structures undergoing bending
Beams
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Frames (with Rigid connections)
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Frames (with Rigid connections)
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Frames (with Rigid connections)
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS + BEAM + FRAME + COLUMN
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
LOAD PATHS
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LOAD PATHS
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LOAD PATHS
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LOAD PATHS
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LOAD PATHS
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SUPPORTS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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SUPPORTS
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IDEALIZATION OF STRUCTURES
10.8 kN/m
43.2 kN 43.2 kN
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY & STABILITY
• Internal Stability: If the structure maintains its shape when detached from support
Internally Stable
Internally Unstable
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES
• Statically determinate if all support reactions ( ) can be obtained by solving
equations of equilibrium
• Since for planar 2D structures there are three eqbm eqns, it can help solve at most 3
unknown reactions
• Hence for a plane (internally stable) structure to be statically determinate, it must be
supported by exactly 3 reactions
Examples:
In all these cases, 𝑟 = 3
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES
• If structure is supported by more than 3 reactions(i.e. ), then all reactions cannot be
obtained using the three equations of equilibrium.
• These structures are called Statically Indeterminate externally.
• The number of reactions in excess of three is known of Degree of (external) Indeterminacy:
Examples:
𝑟 = 4, 𝐷𝐼 = 4 − 3 = 1
In all these cases, 𝑟 > 3 𝑟 = 5, 𝐷𝐼 = 5 − 3 = 2
𝑟 = 4, 𝐷𝐼 = 4 − 3 = 1
𝑟 = 6, 𝐷𝐼 = 6 − 3 = 3
𝑟 = 6, 𝐷𝐼 = 6 − 3 = 3 𝑟 = 4, 𝐷𝐼 = 5 − 3 = 2
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES
• If structure is supported by less than 3 reactions(i.e. ), then reactions are not sufficient
to prevent all possible movements of the structure
• These structures are Statically Unstable externally.
Examples:
In all these cases, 𝑟 < 3
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES
SUMMARY
Necessary and Sufficient
Necessary, but not
Sufficient
Examples:
Parallel Reactions Concurrent Reactions
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 1: Without Separating Members
• Equation of Condition (Hinges that release force or moment or both)
∴ Statically Determinate when 𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒
A Moment releasing hinge
(𝑀 = 0) (𝑀 = 0)
B A B C D E F
C
𝐴
(𝑀 = 0)
(Equation of Condition 𝑒 )
𝐴 𝐶 𝐸 𝐹
𝑟=4 𝑟=5
𝑟 = 3+𝑒 𝑟 = 3+𝑒
𝐸𝑞𝑏𝑚. 𝐸𝑞. = 3 𝐸𝑞𝑏𝑚. 𝐸𝑞. = 3
𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑒 = 1 ∴ Statically Determinate 𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑒 =2 ∴ Statically Determinate
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 1: Without Separating Members
• Equation of Condition (Hinges that release force or moment or both)
(𝑀 = 0) (𝑀 = 0)
A C
𝑟=6
𝑟 > 3+𝑒
𝐸𝑞𝑏𝑚. 𝐸𝑞. = 3
D ∴ Statically Indeterminate
𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑒 = 1
𝐷𝐼 = 6 − (3 + 1) = 2
𝑟=5
𝐸𝑞𝑏𝑚. 𝐸𝑞. = 3 𝑟 > 3+𝑒
𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑒 = 1 ∴ Statically Indeterminate ∴ Statically Indeterminate when 𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒
𝐷𝐼 = 5 − (3 + 1) = 1
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 1: Without Separating Members (Summary)
• Equation of Condition (Hinges that release force or moment or both)
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 2: Separating the Members at Hinges
• Release internal forces at hinges (no consideration of equation of condition)
• Check determinacy using standard approach
A
B A B C D E F
C 𝐴
𝐴 𝐶 𝐸 𝐹
𝑓 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2 𝑓 =4
𝑟 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 4 𝑟 + 𝑓 = 3𝑛 𝑟=5 𝑟 + 𝑓 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = no. of members = 2.
∴ Statically Determinate 𝑛=3 ∴ Statically Determinate
∴ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑏𝑚. 𝑒𝑞𝑛𝑠. = 3 × 𝑛 = 6
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 2: Separating the Members at Hinges
• Release internal forces at hinges (no consideration of equation of condition)
• Check determinacy using standard approach
(𝑀 = 0) (𝑀 = 0)
A C
D 𝑓 =2
𝑓 =2 𝑟=6 𝑟 + 𝑓 > 3𝑛
𝑟=5 𝑟 + 𝑓 > 3𝑛 𝑛 =2 ∴ Statically Indeterminate
𝑛=2 ∴ Statically Indeterminate
𝐷𝐼 = (6 + 2) − 6 = 2
𝐷𝐼 = (5 + 2) − 6 =1
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
Approach # 2: Separating the Members at Hinges (Summary)
• Release internal forces at hinges (no consideration of equation of condition)
• Check determinacy using standard approach
STATIC DETERMINACY: INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
• There are always exceptions…
TRY THE FOLLOWING
• Comment on stability/determinacy/indeterminacy:
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRY THE FOLLOWING
• Comment on stability/determinacy/indeterminacy:
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
PROBLEM: DETERMINE SUPPORT REACTIONS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
PROBLEM: DETERMINE SUPPORT REACTIONS
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PROBLEM: DETERMINE SUPPORT REACTIONS
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STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
PROBLEM: DETERMINE SUPPORT REACTIONS
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PROBLEMS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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PROBLEM
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS
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LOADS ACT ON THE JOINTS
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 67
JOINTS ARE PINS
B
BIG QUESTION - What are the member forces?
5 kN 5 kN
5 kN 5 kN
? ?
5 kN
? ? 5 kN
? ? ? ?
B ? ? ?
Bx
By Ay
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 69
TRUSS – BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
We look at plane trusses – 2D analysis is often sufficient (due to symmetry)
Members joined by smooth pins at the ends
Each member is a two-force member, that undergoes either tension or compression
Trusses are designed so that loads are applied only at the joints
Trusses are NOT designed for bending (i.e. intermediate loads). Self weight is assumed negligible
FIRST UNDERSTAND THE DIRECTION OF FORCES
Joint A
Carefully notice the direction of forces at Joint A
Members in either tension or compression Force away from joint means member in Tension
Force towards the joint means member in Compression
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 71
CLASSIFICATION OF TRUSS
• Simple Truss – Usually made of simple triangular elements to render stability
(Stable)
(Unstable – Forms Mechanism)
• Start with basic stable configuration and keep adding new members/joint to maintain configuration
CLASSIFICATION OF TRUSS
• Simple Truss – Usually made of simple triangular elements to render stability
CLASSIFICATION OF TRUSS
• Compound Truss – Connect two or more simple trusses. Possible in multiple ways
Common joint & bar connection Bars to connect smaller simple Using common joints, but replacing
truss to outer larger simple truss bars of a large simple truss (main
truss) with secondary simple trusses
TRUSS: DETERMINACY
• We again need to compare number of unknowns v/s number of eqbm equations
• Number of Unknowns: Member forces + External Reactions =
• Equilibrium Equations: 2 per joint. If the truss has total j joints, then:
• Number of Equilibrium Equations: 2j
Note: Degree of Indeterminacy = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS: STABILITY
• If , truss will inherently unstable (doesn’t matter if determinate or not)
• For other cases – need to check:
External Stability
• Same concept as earlier.
Unstable if all the reactions
are concurrent or parallel
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS: STABILITY
• If , truss will inherently unstable (doesn’t matter if determinate or not)
• For other cases – need to check:
Internal Stability
• Must check if there is a
formation of “mechanisms” i.e.
joints move relative to each other
A simple truss by definition is always stable
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS: STABILITY
• If , truss will inherently unstable (doesn’t matter if determinate or not)
• For other cases – need to check:
Internal Stability
• Must check if there is a
formation of “mechanisms” i.e.
joints move relative to each other
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRUSS: STABILITY
• If , truss will inherently unstable (doesn’t matter if determinate or not)
• For other cases – need to check:
Internal Stability
• Must check if there is a
formation of “mechanisms” i.e.
joints move relative to each other
(Summary)
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
TRY THE FOLLOWING
• Comment on stability/determinacy/indeterminacy:
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS
METHOD # 1 : METHOD OF JOINTS
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 82
METHOD OF JOINTS – SOLUTION STEPS
Step # 1: Use 2D equilibrium conditions to first solve for support reactions
F E
Q Q
A
RAx D
B C
P RAy P RDy
METHOD OF JOINTS – SOLUTION STEPS
Step # 1: Use 2D equilibrium conditions to first solve for support reactions
F E
Q Q
A
RAx D
B C
P RAy P RDy
Step # 2: Solve for member forces joint by joint using equilibrium
METHOD OF JOINTS – SOLUTION STEPS
Step # 1: Use 2D equilibrium conditions to first solve for support reactions
F E
Q Q
A
RAx D
B C
P RAy P RDy
Step # 2: Solve for member forces joint by joint using equilibrium
Start with a joint with at most two unknown forces
Use the equilibrium equations ∑𝐹 = 0 and ∑𝐹 = 0 to solve for these unknown forces at a joint. Note
that the moment = 0 equation is useless, since forces at a joint are concurrent.
METHOD OF JOINTS – SOLUTION STEPS
Step # 1: Use 2D equilibrium conditions to first solve for support reactions
F E
Q Q
A
RAx D
B C
P RAy P RDy
Step # 2: Solve for member forces joint by joint using equilibrium
Start with a joint with at most two unknown forces
Use the equilibrium equations ∑𝐹 = 0 and ∑𝐹 = 0 to solve for these unknown forces at a joint. Note
that the moment = 0 equation is useless, since forces at a joint are concurrent.
In the above example, Start with Joint A or Joint D, and then continue with other joints
PROBLEMS:
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 89
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 90
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT
Two NON-colinear members AND no external force or reaction at the joint.
Force in both members will be ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 91
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT
Example
Two NON-colinear members AND no external force or reaction at the joint.
Force in both members will be ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 92
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT (with collinear force)
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 93
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT (with collinear force)
P
Two NON-colinear members AND external force collinear with one member.
Force in other member will be ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 94
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: TWO MEMBER JOINT (with collinear force)
P Example
Two NON-colinear members AND external force collinear with one member.
Force in other member will be ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 95
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: THREE MEMBER(withJOINT
two collinear members)
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 96
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: THREE MEMBER JOINT
TWO members are collinear AND no external force or reaction at joint.
Force in THIRD NON-COLLINEAR member is ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 97
ZERO FORCE MEMBERS: THREE MEMBER JOINT
Example
TWO members are collinear AND no external force or reaction at joint.
Force in THIRD NON-COLLINEAR member is ZERO
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 98
SPECIAL MEMBERS: TWO PAIRS OF COLLINEAR
MEMBERS
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 99
SPECIAL MEMBERS: TWO PAIRS OF COLLINEAR
MEMBERS
TWO PAIRS of collinear members AND no external force or reaction at joint.
Forces in EACH PAIR will be EQUAL and OPPOSITE
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 100
SPECIAL MEMBERS: TWO PAIRS OF COLLINEAR
MEMBERS
Example
TWO PAIRS of collinear members AND no external force or reaction at joint.
Forces in EACH PAIR will be EQUAL and OPPOSITE
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 101
P
PROBLEM
• Identify the zero-force members
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 102
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 103
P
PROBLEM
• Identify the zero-force members
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 104
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 105
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 60
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 60
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 60
SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS
METHOD # 2 : METHOD OF SECTIONS
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 61
METHOD OF SECTIONS
Force in Member BD?
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 62
METHOD OF SECTIONS
Force in Member BD?
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN
Cut through three non-concurrent member forces
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 62
METHOD OF SECTIONS
Force in Member BD?
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 2
10 kN 20 kN
0
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 63
METHOD OF SECTIONS
Force in Member CE?
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 2
10 kN 20 kN
0
CE 102 - ENGINEERING MECHANICS 64
PROBLEM
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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