SL NO.

TOPIC PAGE

01 Revision of Python topics 2

02 Functions & Exception 21

Handling
03 Introduction to files & 32
Text Files
04 Binary Files 44

05 CSV files 57

06 Data Structures (Stack) 64

07 Computer Network 74

08 Database Management 94
System

09 Interface of python 115

with SQL database:
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
CLASS XI
AND
REVISION OF PYTHON
CLASS XII

Questions and Answers

1 Mark questions
Q1. Which of the following is not considered a valid identifier in Python:
(i)three3 (ii)_main (iii)hello_kv1 (iv)2 thousand
Q2.Which of the following is the mutable data type in python:
(i)int (ii) string (iii)tuple (iv)list
Q3. Which of the following statement converts a tuple into a list in Python:
(i) len(string) (ii)list(tuple) (iii)tup(list) (iv)dict(string)
Q4. Name of the process of arranging array elements in a specified order is termed as
i)indexing ii)slicing iii)sorting iv) traversing
Q5. What type of value is returned by input() function bydefault?
i)int ii)float iii)string iv)list
Q6. Which of the following operators cannot be used with string
(i) + ii) * iii) - iv) All of these
Q7. If L = [0.5 * x for x in range(0,4)] , L is
i)[0,1,2,3] ii)[0,1,2,3,4] iii) [0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5] iv) [0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0]
Q8. Write the output of the following python code:
x = 123
for i in x:
print(i)

i)1 2 3 ii) 123 iii)infinite loop iv) error

Q9. write the ouput of following code

A = 10/2
B = 10//3
print(A,B)
i)5,3.3 ii) 5.0 , 3.3 iii) 5.0 , 3 iv) 5,4
Q10. Name the built-in mathematical function / method that is used to return square root
of a number.
i) SQRT() ii)sqrt() iii) sqt() iv) sqte()
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 2 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the following python expressions:
a) (3-10**2+99/11) b) not 12 > 6 and 7 < 17 or not 12 < 4
c) 2 ** 3 ** 2 d) 7 // 5 + 8 * 2 / 4 – 3
Q2. i) Convert the following for loop into while loop
for i in range(10,20,5):
print(i)
ii) Evaluate:- not false and true or false and true
Q3. What are advantages of using local and global variables ?
Q4. Remove the errors from the following code Rewrite the code by underlining the errors .
x = int((“enter the value”)
for i in range [0,11]:
if x = y
print x+y
else:
print x-y
Q5. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax errors. Underline each
correction done in the code:
def func(x):
for i in (0,x):
if i%2 =0:
p=p+1
else if i%5= =0
q=q+2
else:
r=r+i
print(p,q,r)
func(15)
Q6. Write the output of the following code:-
String1="Coronavirus Disease"
print(String1.lstrip("Covid"))
print(String1.rstrip("sea"))
Q7. Write the ouput of the following code:-
Text = "gmail@com"
L=len(Text)
Ntext=""
for i in range(0,L):
if Text[i].isupper():
Ntext=Ntext+Text[i].lower()
elif Text[i].isalpha():
Ntext= Ntext+Text[i].upper()
else:
Ntext=Ntext+'bb'
print(Ntext)
Q8. L = [“abc”,[6,7,8],3,”mouse”]
Perform following operations on the above list L.
i)L[3:] ii) L[: : 2] iii)L[1:2] iv) L[1][1]
Q9.Write the output of the following:
word = 'green vegetables'
print(word.find('g',2))
print(word.find('veg',2))
print(word.find('tab',4,15))
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 3 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Write the python program to print the index of the character in a string.
Example of string : “pythonProgram”
Expected output:
Current character p position at 0
Current character y position at 1
Current character t position at 2
Q2. Find and write the output of the following python code :
string1 = "Augmented Reality"
(i) print(string1[0:3]) (ii) print(string1[3:6]) (iii) print(string1[:7])
(iv) print(string1[-10:-3]) (v) print(string1[-7: :3]*3) (vi) print(string1[1:12:2])
Q3. Find the output of the give program :
x = "abcdef"
j = "a"
for i in x:
print(j, end = " ")
Q4. Find output generated by the following code:
i=3
while i >= 0:
j=1
while j <= i:
print(j,end = ' ')
j= j+1
print()
i=i-1
Q5. Find output generated by the following code:
i=1
y = 65
while i<=5:
j=i
while j<=I:
print(chr(y),end=’ ‘)
j= j+1
y = y+1
print()
i=i+1

4 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.Differentiate between break and continue statement used in python.
Q2What is comment in python ? Explain its significance.
Q3.Explain the types of errors occurring in python programming language.

5 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.Differentiate between type conversion and type casting in python with examples.
Q2.Explain mutable and immutable objects in python with examples.
Q3. What is the use of else statement in for loop and in while loop ? Explain.

ANSWERS
ANSWER OF 1 MARK QUESTIONS

1) (iv)
2) (iv)
3) (ii)
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 4) (iii)
5) (iii)
6) (iii)
7) (iii)
8) (iv)
9) (iii)
10) (ii)

ANSWER OF 2 MARK QUESTIONS

1) a) -88.0 b) True c)512 d)2.0
2) (i) i=10
while(i<20):
print(i)
i+=5
(i) true
3. Advantages of Local Variable
o The same name of a local variable can be used in different functions as it is only
recognized by the function in which it is declared.
o Local variables use memory only for the limited time when the function is executed;
after that same memory location can be reused.
Advantages of Global Variable
o Global variables can be accessed by all the functions present in the program.
o Only a single declaration is required.
o Very useful if all the functions are accessing the same data.
4.
x = int(input(“enter the value”))
for y in range(0,11):
if x = = y:
print(x+y)
else:
print(x - y)
5. def func(x): Error 1
for i in range(0,x): Error 2
if i%2 ==0: Error 3
p=p+1
elif i%5= =0 Error 4
q=q+2
else:
r=r+i
print(p,q,r)
func(15)else: Error 4
print(c+10)
6. ronavirus Disease
Coronavirus Di
7. GMAILbbCOM
8. I) [‘mouse’] ii) [‘abc’,3] iii)[ [ 6,7,8] ] iv) 7
9. 8
6
10
ANSWER OF 3 MARK QUESTIONS
1) string1 = input("enter string")
for i in range(len(string1)):
print("current character",string1[i],"position at",i)
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 2) (i) Aug (ii) men (iii) Augment (iv)ed Real (v)RlyRlyRly (vi) umne e
3) aaaaaa
4) 1 2 3
12
1
5) A
BC
DEF
GH IJ
KLMN O

ANSWER OF 4 MARK QUESTIONS

1) The break statement terminates the current loop , i.e the loop in which it appears, and resumes
execution at the next statement immediately after the end of that loop.if break statement is
inside a nested loop(loop inside another loop), break will terminate the innermost loop.
When a continue statement is encountered, the control jumps to the beginning o f
the loop for next iteration, thus skipping the execution of statements inside the body of loop for
the current iteration. As usual, the loop condition is checked to see if the loop should continue
further or terminate. If the condition of the loop is entered again, else the control is transferred to
the statement immediately following the loop.

2) Comments in Python are identified with a hash symbol, #, and extend to the end of the line.
Hash characters in a string are not considered comments, however. There are three ways to
write a comment - as a separate line, beside the corresponding statement of code, or as a
multi- line comment block.
here are multiple uses of writing comments in Python. Some significant uses include:
• Increasing readability
• Explaining the code to others
• Understanding the code easily after a long-term
• Including resources
• Re-using the existing code
3. There are three types of Python errors.
1. Syntax errors
Syntax errors are the most basic type of error. They arise when the Python parser is unable to
understand a line of code. Syntax errors are almost always fatal, i.e. there is almost never a
way to successfully execute a piece of code containing syntax errors.
2.Logical errors
These are the most difficult type of error to find, because they will give unpredictable results
and may crash your program. A lot of different things can happen if you have a logic error.
3. Run time errors
Run time errors arise when the python knows what to do with a piece of code but is unable to
perform the action.Since Python is an interpreted language, these errors will not occur until
the flow of control in your program reaches the line with the problem. Common example of
runtime errors are using an undefined variable or mistyped the variable name.

ANSWER OF 5 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Type Conversion
In type conversion, the python interpreter automatically converts one data type to another.
Since Python handles the implicit data type conversion, the programmer does not have to
convert the data type into another type explicitly.
The data type to which the conversion happens is called the destination data type, and the
data type from which the conversion happens is called the source data type.
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 In type conversion, the destination data of a smaller size is converted to the source data type
of larger size. This avoids the loss of data and makes the conversion safe to use.
x = 20
y = 25.5
Z =x + y
Here value in z, int type is converted to float type
Type Casting
n type casting, the programmer has to change the data type as per their requirement
manually. In this, the programmer explicitly converts the data type using predefined
functions like int(), float(), str(), etc. There is a chance of data loss in this case if a
particular data type is converted to another data type of a smaller size.
x = 25
float(x)
It converts into float type

2. Mutable in Python can be defined as the object that can change or be regarded as something
changeable in nature. Mutable means the ability to modify or edit a value.
Mutable objects in Python enable the programmers to have objects that can change their
values. They generally are utilized to store a collection of data. It can be regarded as
something that has mutated, and the internal state applicable within an object has changed.
Immutable objects in Python can be defined as objects that do not change their values and
attributes over time.
These objects become permanent once created and initialized, and they form a critical part of
data structures used in Python.
Python is used in numbers, tuples, strings, frozen sets, and user-defined classes with some
exceptions. They cannot change, and their values and it remains permanent once they are
initialized and hence called immutable.
3. Else with loop is used with both while and for loop. The else block is executed at the end
of loop means when the given loop condition is false then the else block is executed.
i= 0
while i<5:
i+=1
print("i =",i)
else:
print("else block is executed")
Explanation
• declare i=0
• we know then while loop is active until the given condition is true. and we check i<5 it’s
true till the value of i is 4.
• i+=1 increment of i because we don’t want to execute the while loop infinite times.
• print the value of i
• else block execute when the value of i is 5.

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
for a in l:
print(a)
else:
print("else block is executed")
Explanation
• declare a list l=[1,2,3,4,5]
• for loop print a.
• else block is execute when the for loop is read last element of list.
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 STRINGS, LISTS AND
DICTIONARIES

MIND MAP

List is an ordered sequence Method

of heterogeneous elements len()
List is created using [ ] list()
bracket append()
Individual character in a list extend()
can be assessed using index insert()
Lists are mutable count()
index()
remove()
List Osperations LIST pop()
Concatination Operator (+) reverse()
Replication Operators (*) sort()
Comparison Operators ( == , sorted()
> , < , < = , > = , !=) min()
Membership Operators (in max()
& not in sum()
List supports slicing

Tuple is an ordered sequence of

heterogeneous elements
Tuple is created using ( ) bracket
Individual character in a tuple Method
can be assessed using index len()
Tuples are immutable tuple()
count()
TUPLE index()
Tuple Operations sorted()
Concatination Operator (+) min()
Replication Operators (*) max()
Comparison Operators ( == , > , < , sum()
< = , > = , !=)
Membership Operators (in & not in
Tuples supports slicing
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 MIND MAP

Dictionary is an unordered Method

collection of data values that store len()
the key : value pair dict()
Keys of a dictionary must be keys()
unique and of immutable data types values()
Dictionary is created using { } DICTIONARY
items()
bracket
Individual character in a dictionary get()
can be assessed using keys update()
Membership Operators (in & not in del()
checks if the keyis present clear()

Enclosed by single, double or Method

triple quotes len()
Individual character in a string title()
can be assessed using index lower()
Strings are immutable upper()
count(str, start, end)
find(str,start, end)
index(str, start, end)
STRING endswith()
startswith()
String Operations isalnum()
Concatination Operator islower()
(+) isupper()
Replication Operators isspace()
(*) istitle()
Comparison Operators ( lstrip()
== , > , < , < = , > = , rstrip()
!=) strip()
Membership Operators replace(oldstr, newstr)
(in & not in join()
String supports slicing partition())
split()

QUESTIONS ON STRINGS,LISTS AND DICTIONARY:

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What will be the output of the following set of commands
>>> str = "hello"
>>> str[:2]
a. lo b. he c. llo d. el
2. Which type of object is given below
>>> L = 1,23,"hello",1
a. list b. dictionary c. array d. tuple
3. Which operator tells whether an element is present in a sequence or not
a. exist b. in c. into d. inside
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 4. Suppose a tuple T is declared as T = (10,12,43,39), which of the following is incorrect
a. print(T[1]) b. T[2] = -2 c. print(max(T)) d. print(len(T))
5. Which index number is used to represent the last character of a string
a. -1 b. 1 c. n d. n – 1
6. Which function returns the occurrence of a given element in a list?
a. len() b. sum() c. extend() d. count()
7. which type of slicing is used to print the elements of a tuple in reverse order
a. [:-1] b. [: : -1] c. [1 : :] d. [: : 1]
8. Dictionaries are also called
a. mapping b. hashes c. associative array d. all of these
9. Which function returns the value of a given key, if present, from a dictionary?
a. items() b. get() c. clear() d. keys()
10. The return type of input() function is:
a. list b. integer c. string d. tuple
ANSWERS
1 B 6 d
2 D 7 b
3 B 8 d
4 B 9 b
5 A 10 c

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax error(s). Underline each
correction done in the code.
STRING=""WELCOME
NOTE""
for S in range[0,8]:
print (STRING(S))
Q2. Find output generated by the following code:
Str=”Computer”
Str=Str[-4:]
print(Str*2)
Q3. What will be the output of the following question
L = [10,19,45,77,10,22,2]
i) L.sort() ii) max(L)
print(L)
Q4. Find the output
L = [10,19,45,77,10,22,2]
i) L[3:5] ii) L[: : -2]
Q5. Distinguish between list and tuple.
Q6. Read the code given below and show the keys and values separately.
D = {‘one’ : 1, ‘two’ : 2, ‘three’ : 3}
Q7. Observe the given list and answer the question that follows.
List1 = [23,45,63, ‘hello’, 20, ‘world’,15,18]
i) list1[-3] ii) list1[3]
Q8. Assertion (A) :
s = [11, 12, 13, 14]
s[1] = 15
Reasoning (R) : List is immutable.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A .
(C) A is true, R is false.
(D) A is false, R is true.
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 Q9. a=(1,2,3)
a[0]=4
Assertion: The above code will result in error
Reason: Tuples are immutable. So we can’t change them.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.

ANSWERS
Q1. CORRECTED CODE:-
STRING= "WELCOME"
NOTE=" "
for S in range (0, 7) :
print (STRING [S])
Also range(0,8) will give a runtime error as the index is out of range. It shouldbe range(0,7)
Q2. Q3. Q4.
uter [2, 10, 10, 19, 22, 45, 77] [77, 10]
‘ComputerComputer’ [2, 10, 45, 10]
Q5.
List Tuple
Elements of a list are mutable Elements of tuple are immutable
List is declared in square brackets [] Tuple is declared in parenthesis ()
Iterating over elements in list is slower as Iterating over elements of tuples is faster as
compared to tuple compared to list
e.g L1 = [1,2,3] e.g T1 = (1,2,3)
Q6. Q7. Q8. (C) Q9. (A)
Keys: ‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’ ‘world’
Values: 1,2,3 ‘hello’

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Which of the string built in methods are used in following conditions?
ii) Returns the length of a string
iii) Removes all leading whitespaces in string
iv) Returns the minimum alphabetic character from a string
Q2. Write a program to remove all the characters of odd index value in a string
Q3. Write a python program to count the frequencies of each elements of a list using
dictionary
Q4. what will be the output of the following python code
L = [10,20]
L1 = [30,40]
L2 = [50,60]
L.append(L1)
print(L)
L.extend(L2)
print(L)
print(len(L)
Q5. Find the output of the given question
t = (4,0,’hello’,90,’two’,(‘one’,45),34,2)
i) t[5]
ii) t[3:7]
10

iii) t[1] + t[-2]

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 ANSWERS
Q1. i) len() ii) lstrip() iii)min()
Q2. str = input(“Enter a string “)
final = “ “
For i in range(len(str)):
if (i%2 == 0):
final = final + str[i]
print(“The modified string is “,final)
Q3. L1 = []
n = int(input(“Enter number of elements of the list “))
for i in range(0,n):
ele = int(input())
L1.append(ele)
print(“Original list = “,L1)
print(“Elements of list with their frequencies : “)
freq ={}
for item in L1:
if item in freq:
freq[item] += 1
else:
freq[item] = 1
for k,v in freq.item():
print(“Element”, k, “frequency”, v)
Q4. Q5.
[10, 20, [30, 40]] i) (‘one’,45)
[10, 20, [30, 40],50,60] ii) (90,’two’,’(‘one’,45),34)
iii) 34

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the output
i) 'python'.capitalize()
ii) max('12321')
iii) 'python'.index('ho')
iv) 'python'.endswith('thon')
Q2. Consider the following code and answer the question that follows.
book = {1:'Thriller',2:'Mystery',3:'Crime',4:'Children Stories'}
library = {5:'Madras Diaries',6:'Malgudi Days'}
v) Ramesh wants to change the book ‘Crime’ to ‘Crime Thriller’. He has written the
following code:
book['Crime'] = 'Crime Thriller'
but he is not getting the answer. Help him to write the correct command.
vi) Ramesh wants to merge the dictionary book with the dictionary library. Help him to write
the command.
Q3. Write the suitable method names for the conditions given below:
i) Add an element at the end of the list
ii) Return the index of first occurrence of an element
iii) Add the content of list2 at the end of list1
iv) Arrange the elements of a list1 in descending order

ANSWERS
Q1.
i) 'Python' ii) '3' iii) 3 iv) True
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 Q2. i) book[3] = 'Crime Thriller'
ii) library.update(book)
Q3. i) append() ii) index() iii) list1.extend(list2)
iv) list1.sort(reverse = True)

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the output of the following code:
a = (5,(7,5,(1,2)),5,4)
print(a.count(5))
print(a[1][2])
print(a * 3)
print(len(a))
b = (7,8,(4,5))
print(a + b)
Q2. Following is a program to check a list is same if it is read from front or from back.
Observe the program and answer the following questions:
a = [1,2,3,3,2,1]
i= # statement 1
mid = (len(a)) / 2
same = True
while : # statement 2
if a[i] != : # statement 3
print(“NO”)
same = False
break
# statement 4
if same == : # statement 5
print(“YES”)

vii) Which value will be assigned to the variable I in statement 1?

viii) Fill the blank line in statement 2.
ix) Fill the blank line in statement 3.
x) Fill the blank line in statement 4.
xi) Fill the blank line in statement 5.
Q3. Explain the following string functions with examples.
i) title() ii) count( ) iii) find() iv) index() v) join()

ANSWERS
Q1. 2
(1, 2)
(5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4)
4
(5, (7, 5, (1, 2)), 5, 4, 7, 8, (4, 5))

Q2. i) 0
ii) i < mid
iii) a[i] != a[len(a) – i – 1]
iv) i = i + 1
v) True
Q3. i) title()
Returns the string with first letter of every word in the string in uppercase and rest in
lowercase.
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 >>> str1 = 'hello WORLD!'
>>> str1.title()
'Hello World!'
ii) count( )
Returns number of times substring str occurs in the given string. If we do not give start index
and end index then searching starts from index 0 and ends at length of the string.
>>> str1 = 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.count('Hello',12,25)
2
>>> str1.count('Hello')
3
iii) find()
Returns the first occurrence of index of substring stroccurring in the given string. If we do not
give start and end then searching starts from index 0 and ends at length of the string. If the
substring is not present in the given string, then the function returns -1
>>>str1= 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.find('Hello',10,20)
13
>>> str1.find('Hello',15,25)
19
>>> str1.find('Hello')
0
>>> str1.find('Hee')
-1

iv) index( )
Same as find() but raises an exception if the substring is not present in the given string
>>> str1 = 'Hello World! Hello Hello'
>>> str1.index('Hello')
0
>>> str1.index('Hee')
ValueError: substring not found
v) join()
Returns a string in which the characters in the string have been joined by a separator
>>> str1 = ('HelloWorld!')
>>> str2 = '-' #separator
>>> str2.join(str1)
'H-e-l-l-o-W-o-r-l-d-!'
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 FUNCTION IN PYTHON
MIND MAP ON FUNCTION
Function: A function is a group of statements that exists within a
program for the purpose of performing a specific task.

Types Scope: Scope of a variable is the area of the program

where it may be referenced.

Built-in-functions: User Defined

Bulit-in functions are Function defined in
module: A module is functions: A functio n
the predefined is a block of code which
functions that are a file containing
functions and only runs when it is
already available in called. In Python, a
variables defined in Local: A variable
the python. Ex- int(), function is defined
separate files. created inside a
using the def keyword. function belongs to
the local scope of
that function, and
can only be used
Global: A variable declared inside that function.
outside of all functions/top Ex-
level of segment of a progra m
is said to have global scope. i.e. x = 300
it can be accessible in whole def myfunc():
program and all blocks. print(x)
myfunc()
Ex- print(x)
def myfunc():
x = 300
print(x)
myfunc()

Types of Arguments/Parameters

Default Arguments: A Keyword Arguments:

Positional Arguments: default argument is an Value can be provided by using
argument that assumes a their name instead of the position
Arguments passed to a default value if a value is not (order) in function call statement.
function in correct positional provided in the function call These are called keyword
order. for that argument. arguments.
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 Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
1. What is the default return value for a function that does not return any value explicitly?
(a) None (b) int (c) double (d) null
2. Which of the following items are present in the function header?
(a) Function name only (b) Parameter list only
(c) Both function name and parameter list (d) return value
3. Which of the following keyword marks the beginning of the function block?
(a) func (b) define (c) def (d) function
4. Pick one of the following statements to correctly complete the function body in the given
code snippet.
def f(number):
# Missing function body
print (f(5))
(a) return “number” (b) print(number) (c) print(“number”) (d) return number
5. Which of the following function header is correct?
(a) def f(a=1,b): (b) def f(a=1,b,c=2):
(c) def f(a=1, b=1, c=2): (d) def f(a=1,b=1,c=2,d);
6. Which of the following statements is not true for parameter passing to functions?
(a) You can pass positional arguments in any order.
(b) You can pass keyword arguments in any order.
(c) You can call a function with positional and keyword arguments.
(d) Positional arguments must be before keyword arguments in a function call
7. A variable defined outside all the functions referred to as………..
(a) Astatic variable (b)A global variable (c) A local variable (d) An automatic variable
8. What is the order of resolving scope of a name in a python program?
(L: Local namespace, E: Enclosing namespace, B: Built-In namespace, G: Global namespace)
(a) BGEL (b) LEGB (c) GEBL (d) LBEG
9. Assertion (A):- If the arguments in a function call statement match the number and order
of arguments as defined in the function definition, such arguments are called positional
arguments.
Reasoning (R):- During a function call, the argument list first contains default
argument(s) followed by positional argument(s).
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
10. The .........................refers to the order in which statements are executed during a program
run.
(a) Token (b) Flow of execution (c) Iteration (d) All of the above
11. Choose the correct option:
Statement1: Local Variables are accessible only within a function or block in which it is
declared.
Statement2: Global variables are accessible in the whole program.
(a) Statement1 is correct but Statement2 is incorrect
(b) Statement2 is correct but Statement1 is incorrect
(c) Both Statements are Correct
(d) Both Statements are incorrect
12. The ............................of a variable is the area of the program where it may be referenced
a) external b) global c) scope d) local
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 Answers
Questions Answers

1. (a) None
2. (c) Both function name and parameter list
3. (c) def
4. (d) return number
5. (c) def f(a=1, b=1, c=2):
6. (a) You can pass positional arguments in any order.
7. (b) A global variable
8. (b) LEGB
9. (c) A is True but R is False
10. (b) Flow of execution
11. (c) Both Statements are Correct
12. c) scope

Short Questions (2 Marks)

Q1. What do you mean by a function? How is it useful?
Answer: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are useful
as they can be reused anywhere through their function call statements.
Q2. Observe the following Python code very carefully and rewrite it after removing all
syntactical errors with each correction underlined.
def execmain():
x = input("Enter a number:")
if (abs(x)= x):
print("You entered a positive number")
else:
x=*-1
print("Number made positive : ",x)
execmain()
Answer:
def execmain():
x = int(input("Enter a number:"))
if (abs(x)== x):
print("You entered a positive number")
else:
x*=-1
print("Number made positive : ",x)
execmain()
Q3. What is an argument? Give an example.
Answer: An argument is data passed to a function through function call statement. It is
also called actual argument or actual parameter. For example, in the statement
print(math.sqrt(25)), the integer 25 is an argument.
Q4. What is the output of the program given below?
x = 75
def func (x) :
x = 10
func (x)
print ('x is now', x)
Answer: x is now 75
16

Q5. What will be the output of the following code:

Page
 total=0
def add(a,b):
global total
total=a+b
print(total)
add(6,6)
print(total)
Answer: 12
12
Q6. Is return statement optional? Compare and comment on the following two return
statements:
(i) return
(ii) return val
Answer: The return statement is optional only when the function does not return a value. A
function that returns a value must have at least one return statement.
From the given two return statements,
(i) The statement return is not returning any value. Rather it returns the control to
caller along with empty value None.
(ii) The statement return val is returning the control to caller along with the value
contained in variable val.
Q7. Divyansh, a python programmer, is working on a project which requires him to define a
function with name CalculateInterest(). He defines it as:
def CalculateInterest(Principal,Rate=.06, Time): # Code
But this code is not working, Can you help Divyansh to identify the error in the above
function and with the solution?
Answer. Yes, here non-default argument is followed by default argument which is wrong as
per python’s syntax. (while passing default arguments to a function ,all the arguments to its
right must also have default values, otherwise it will result in an error.)
Q8. Write a function that takes a positive integer and returns the one’s position digit of the
integer.
Answer: def getOnes(num):
oneDigit=num%10 # return the ones digit of the integer num
return oneDigit
Q9. Anita has written a code to input a number and check whether it is prime or not. His code
is having errors. Rewrite the correct code and underline the corrections made.
def prime():
n=int(input("Enter number to check :: ")
for i in range (2, n//2):
if n%i=0:
print("Number is not prime \n")
break
else:
print("Number is prime \n’)
Answer:
def prime():
n=int(input("Enter number to check :: ")) #bracket missing
for i in range (2, n//2):
if n%i==0: # = missing
print("Number is not prime \n")
break #wrong indent
else:
print("Number is prime \n”) # quote mismatch
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 Q10. What is the difference between parameter and argument?
Answer:
Parameters are temporary variable names within functions. The argument can be
thought of as the
value that is assigned to that temporary variable.
For instance, let’s consider the following simple function to calculate sum of two
numbers.
def sum(a,b):
return a+b
sum(10,20)
Here a, b are the parameters for the function ‘sum’. Arguments are used in procedure
calls, i.e., the values passed to the function at runtime.10, 20 are the arguments for the
function sum.
Q11. What is the significance of having functions in a program?
Answer: Creating functions in programs is very useful. It offers the following advantages:
(i) The program is easier to understand.
(ii) Redundant code is at one place, so making changes is easier.
(iii) Reusable functions can be put in a library in modules.
Q12. What is the difference between local variable and global variable? Also give a suitable
Python code
to illustrate both.
Answer:
S.No. Local Variable Global Variable
1. It is a variable which is declared within a It is a variable which is declared
function or within a block. outside all the functions or in a global
space.
2. It cannot be accessed outside the function It is accessible throughout the
but only within a function/block of a program in which it is declared.
program.
For example, in the following code x, xcubed are global variables and n and cn are local
variables.
def cube(n): # n and cn are local variables
cn=n*n*n
return cn
x=10 # x is a global variable
xcubed=cube(x) # xcubed is a global variable
print(x, “Cubed 15”, xcubed)

Short Questions (3 Marks)

Q1. Consider the following function that takes two positive integer parameters a and b.
Answer the following questions based on the code below:
def funct1(a,b):
if a>1:
if a%b==0:
print (b, end=’ ‘)
funct1(int(a/b),b)
else:
funct1(a,b+1)
(a) What will be printed by the fuction call funct1(24,2)?
(b) What will be printed by the fuction call funct1(84,2)?
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 (c) State in one line what funct1()is trying to calculate.
Answer (a) 2 2 2 3
(b) 2 2 3 7
(c) finding factors of A which are greater than and equal to B.
Q2. Write a user defined function to print the odd numbers from a given list passed as an
argument.
Sample list: [1,2,3,4,5,6,,7,8,9,10]
Expected Result: [1,3,5,7,9]
Answer:
def odd_num(l):
odd=[]
for n in l:
if n%2!=0:
odd.append(n)
return odd
print(odd_num([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]))
Q3. Which line in the given code(s) will not work and why?
def interest(p,r,t=7):
I=(p*r*t)
print(interest(20000,.08,15)) #line 1
print(interest(t=10, 20000, 0.75)) #line 2
print(interest(50000, 0.7)) #line 3
print(interest(p=10000,r=.06,time=8)) #line 4
print(interest(80000, t=10)) #line 5
Answer: Line 2: positional argument must not be followed by keyword argument, i.e.,
positional argument
must appear before a keyword argument.
Line 4: There is no keyword argument with name ‘time’
Line 5: Missing value for positional arguments, R.
Q4. Write a python function showlarge() that accepts a string as parameter and prints the
words whose length is more than 4 characters.
Eg: if the given string is “My life is for serving my Country”
The output should be
serving
Country
Answer:
def showlarge(s):
l = s.split()
for x in l:
if len(x)>4:
print(x)
s=" My life is for serving my Country "
showlarge(s)
Q5. Write a function Interchange (num) in Python, which accepts a list num of integers, and
interchanges the adjacent elements of the list and print the modified list as shown below:
(Number of elements in the list is assumed as even)
Original List: num = [5,7,9,11,13,15]
After Rearrangement num = [7,5,11,9,15,13]
Answer:
def Interchange(num):
for i in range(0,n,2):
19
Page
 num[i], num[i+1] = num[i+1], num[i]
print(num)
num=[5,7,9,11,13,15]
n=len(num)
if n%2==0:
Interchange(num)
Q6. Write a function INDEX_LIST(L), where L is the list of elements passed as argument to
the function. The function returns another list named ‘indexList’ that stores the indices of all
Non-Zero Elements of L.
For example:
If L contains [12, 4, 0, 11,0, 56]
The indexList will have - [0,1,3,5]
Answer:
def INDEX_LIST(L):
indexList=[]
for i in range(len(L)):
if L[i]!=0:
indexList.append(i)
return indexList

Long Questions/Case Study/Application Based (4 Marks)

Q1. Krishnav is looking for his dream job but has some restrictions. He loves Delhi and
would take a job there if he is paid over Rs.40,000 a month. He hates Chennai and
demands at least Rs. 1,00,000 to work there. In any another location he is willing to work
for Rs. 60,000 a month. The following code shows his basic strategy for evaluating a job
offer.
def DreamProject():
pay=
location=
if location == "Mumbai":
print ("I’ll take it!") #Statement 1
elif location == "Chennai":
if pay < 100000:
print ("No way") #Statement 2
else:
print("I am willing!") #Statement 3
elif location == "Delhi" and pay > 40000:
print("I am happy to join") #Statement 4
elif pay > 60000:
print("I accept the offer") #Statement 5
else:
print("No thanks, I can find something better") #Statement 6

On the basis of the above code, choose the right statement which will be executed when
different inputs for pay and location are given
(i) Input: location = “Chennai”, pay = 50000
a. Statement 1 b. Statement 2 c. Statement 3 d. Statement 4
(ii) Input: location = “Surat” ,pay = 50000
a. Statement 2 b. Statement 4 c. Statement 5 d. Statement 6
(iii) Input- location = “Any Other City”, pay = 1
a Statement 1 b. Statement 2 c. Statement 4 d. Statement 6
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 (iv) Input location = “Delhi”, pay = 500000
a. Statement 6 b. Statement 5 c. Statement 4 d. Statement 3

Answer: (i) b. Statement2 (ii) d. Statement6 (iii) d. Statement6 (iv) c. Statement4

Q2. Kids Elementary is a Playway school that focuses on “Play and learn” strategy that helps
toddlers understand concepts in a fun way. Being a senior programmer, you have taken
responsibility to develop a program using user-defined functions to help children differentiate
between upper case and lower case letters/ English alphabet in a given sequence. Make sure
that you perform a careful analysis of the type of alphabets and sentences that can be included
as per age and curriculum. Write a python program that accepts a string and calculates the
number of upper case letters and lower case letters.
Answer:
def string_test(s):
d={"UPPER_CASE":0,"LOWER_CASE":0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d["UPPER_CASE"]+=1
elif c.islower():
d["LOWER_CASE"]+=1
else:
pass
print("Original String:",s)
print("No. of Upper Case Characters:",d["UPPER_CASE"])
print("No. of Lower Case Characters:",d["LOWER_CASE"])
string_test("Play Learn and Grow")

Case Based/ Source Based Integrated Questions (5 Marks)

Q1. Traffic accidents occur due to various reasons. While problems with roads or inadequate
safety facilities lead to some accidents, majority of the accidents are caused by driver’s
carelessness and their failure to abide by traffic rules.
ITS Roadwork is a company that deals with manufacturing and installation of traffic
lights so as to minimize the risk of accidents. Keeping in view the requirements, traffic
simulation is to be done. Write a program in python that simulates a traffic light. The
program should perform the following:
(a) A user defined function trafficLight() that accepts input from the user, displays an
error message if the following is displayed depending upon return value from
light(); [2]
(i) “STOP, Life is more important than speed”, if the value returned by
light() is 0.
(ii) “PLEASE GO SLOW”, if the value returned by light() is 1.
(iii) “You may go now”, if the value returned by light() is 2.
(b) A user defined function light() that accepts a string as input and returns 0 when
the input is RED, 1 when the input is YELLOW and 2 when the input is GREEN.
The input should be passed as an argument. [2]
(c) Display “BETTER LATE THAN NEVER” after the function trafficLight() is
executed. [1]
Answer: (a)
#Program to simulate a traffic light comprising of two user defined functions trafficLight() and
light()
def trafficLight():
signal=input("Enter the colour of the traffic light:")
21
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 if signal not in ["RED","YELLOW","GREEN"]:
print("Please enter a valid traffic light colour in CAPITALS")
else:
value=light(signal)
if value==0:
print("STOP","Life is more important thanspeed")
elif value==1:
print("PLEASE GO SLOW")
else:
print("You may go now")
(a) # function light()
def light(colour):
if colour=="RED":
return 0
elif colour=="YELLOW":
return 1
else:
return 2
trafficLight()

# Display BETTER LATE THAN NEVER

print("BETTER LATE THAN NEVER")

Q2. Observe the following code and select appropriate answers for the given questions:
total=1
def multiply(l): # line1
for x in l:
total # line2
total*=x
return # line3
l=[2,3,4]
print(multiply( ), end=” “) # line4
print(“ , Thank You”)
(i) Identify the part of function in # line1
(a) Function header (b) Function calling (c) Return statement (d)Default argument
(ii) Which of the keyword is used to fill in the blank for # line2 to run the program
without error.
(a) eval (b) def (c) global (d) return
(iii) Which variable is going to be returned in # line3
(a) total (b) x (c) l (d) None
(iv) Which variable is required in the # line4
(a) total (b) x (c) l (d) None
(v) In the # line4 the multiple(l) is called
(a) Caller (b) Called (c) Parameters (d) Arguments
Answer: (i) (a) Function header
(ii) (c) global
(iii) (a) total
(iv) (c) l
(v) (a) Caller
22
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 Exception Handling
Exception: Contradictory or Unexpected situation or unexpected error, during program
execution, is known as Exception.
Exception Handling: Way of handling anomalous situations in a program-run, is known as
Exception Handling.
➢ Divide by zero errors Some common examples of Exceptions are: ➢ Hard disk crash
➢ Accessing the elements of an array beyond its range ➢ Opening a non-existent file
➢ Invalid input ➢ Heap memory exhausted
Example:
try :
print ("result of 10/5 = ", (10/5))
print ("result of 10/0 = ", (10/0))
except :
print ("Divide by Zero Error! Denominator must not be zero!")
The output produced by above code is as shown below :
result of 10 / 5 = 2
result of 10 / 0 = Divide by Zero Error! Denominator must not be zero!
1 Marks Question:
1. Errors resulting out of violation of programming language’s grammar rules are known as:
(a) Compile time error (b) Logical error (c) Runtime error (d) Exception
2. An unexpected event that occurs during runtime and causes program disruption, is called:
(a) Compile time error (b) Logical error (c) Runtime error (d) Exception
3. Which of the following keywords are not specific to exception handling ?
(a) try (b) except (c) finally (d) else
4. Which of the following blocks is a ‘must-execute’ block ?
(a) try (b) except (c) finally (d) else
5. Which keyword is used to force an exception ?
(a) try (b) except (c) raise (d) finally
Answers:
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
Predict the output of the following code for these function calls:
(a) divide(2, 1) (b) divide(2, 0) (c) divide(“2”, “1”)
def divide(x, y):
try:
result = x/y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("division by zero!")
else:
print ("result is", result)
finally:
print ("executing finally clause")
Solution.
(a) divide(2, 1) result is 2
executing finally clause
(b) divide(2, 0) division by zero!
executing finally clause
(c) divide(“2”, “1”)
executing finally clause
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'
23
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 FILE HANDLING – TEXT FILES
1- MARK QUESTIONS
1. To read three characters from a file object f, we use ……… .
(a) f.read(3) (b) f.read() (c) f.readline() (d) f.readlines()
2. The files that consists of human readable characters
(a) binary file (b) text file (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3. Which function is used to write a list of string in a file?
(a) writeline() (b) writelines() (c) writestatement() (d) writefullline()

4. What will be the output of the following Python code?

myFile = None
for i in range (8):
with open(“data.txt”, “w”) as myFile:
if i > 5:
break
print(myFile.closed)

(a) True (b) False (c) None (d) Error

5. What will be the output of the following Python code?

myFile = open(“story.txt”, “wb”)
print(“ Name of the file: ”, myFile.name)
myFile.flush()
myFile.close()

Suppose the content of the file ‘‘story.txt’’ is

Education Hub
Learning is the key of success.
(a) Compilation error (b) Runtime error (c) No output (d) Flushes the file when closing
them
6. What is the output of following code?
myfile=open(‘story.txt’,‘r’)
s=myfile.read(10)
print(s)
s1=myfile.read(15)
print(s1)
myfile.close()
a) Education b) Education c) Education d) Education
Hub Learning Hub Hub Hub
is Learning is Learning Learning is
is

7. What is the output of following code?

f=open(‘story.txt’, ‘r’)
s=f.readline()
lcount=len(s)
print(lcount)
f.close( )
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 8
24
Page
 8. What is the output of following code?
f=open(‘story.txt’, ‘r’)
str=“ ”
s=0
ts=0
while str:
str=f.readline()
ts=ts+len(str)
print(ts)
f.close()
(a) 44 (b) 43 (c) 37 (d) 45
9. What is the output of following code?
def test () :
s=open (“story.txt”, “r”)
f=s.read()
z=f.split( )
count=0
for i in z:
count=count+1
print(count)

Suppose the content of file ‘‘Para.txt’’ is

Education Hub
Electronic learning
Learning is the key of success.
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 9
10. What is the output of following code?
def test() :
f=open (“Para.txt”, “r”)
lines=0
l=f.readlines( )
for i in l:
if i [0] = = ‘E’ :
lines+=1
print(lines)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) Error

ANSWER – 1-MARK QUESTIONS

1. (a) ) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a)5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a)9. (b) 10.

2 MARK QUESTIONS

Q1. Write a single loop to display all the contens of a text file file1.txt after removing leading
and trailing WHITESPACES
out=open('output.txt','w')
out.write('hello,world!\n')
out.write('how are you')
out.close( )
open('output.txt').read( )
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Page
 Q3. Read the code given below and answer the questions
f1=open('main.txt','w')
f1.write('bye')
f1.close()
If the file contains 'GOOD' before execution, what will be the content of the file after
execution of the code
Q4. Observe the following code and answer the follow
f1=open("mydata","a")
#blank1
f1.close()
(i) what type of file is mydata
(ii) Fill in the blank1 with statement to write "abc" in the file "mydata"
Q5. A given text file data.txt contains :
Line1\n
\n
line3
Line 4
\n
line6
What would be the output of following code?
f1=open('data.txt')
L=f1.readlines()
print(L[0])
print(L[2])
print(L[5])
print(L[1])
print(L[4])
print(L[3])
Q6. In which of the following file modes the existing data of the file will not be lost?
i) rb
ii) w
iii) a+b
iv) wb+
v) r+
vi) ab
vii) w+b
viii)wb
ix) w+
Q7. What would be the data types of variables data in following statements?
i) Data=f.read( )
ii) Data=f.read(10)
iii) Data=f.readline()
iv)Data=f.readlines()
Q8 Suppose a file name test1.txt store alphabets in it then what is the output of the following
code
f1=open("test1.txt")
size=len(f1.read())
print(f1.read(5))
Q9. What is standard input, output and error steams?
26

Q10. Write a short note on flush() function.

Page
 ANSWER – 2-MARK QUESTIONS
Ans1 for line in open(“file1.txt”):
print(line.strip())
Ans2 The output will be
Hello,world!
How are you?
The first line of code is opening the file in write mode,the next two line writes text t file .the
last line
opens the file and from that reference reads the file content.file() performs the same functions
as open().Thus,the file(“output.txt”)will give the references to open the file on which read() is
applied.
Ans3 The file would now contains “Bye”only because when an existing file is openend in
write mode .it
truncates the existing data in file .
Ans4 i) Text file
ii) f1.write(“abc”)
Ans5 Line1
Line3
Line 6
Line 4
Ans6 ab and a+b mode
Ans7 a) string b)string c)string d)list
Ans 8 No Output
Explanation: the f1.read() of line 2 will read entire content of file and place the file pointer at
the
end of file. for f1.read(5) it will return nothing as there are no bytes to be read from EOF and,
thus,print statement prints nothing.
Ans 9
• Standard input device(stdin) reads from the keyboard
• Standard output device(stdout)- prints to the display and can be redirected as standard
input
Standard error device(stderr)- Same as stdout but normallyonly for errors. Having error output
separately allows the user to divert regular output to a file and still be able to read error messages.
Ans 10
• While writing, Python writes everything into a buffer and pushes it into file at a later
time.
• When flush() function is called it immediately empties the buffer and writes into the
file.
• This function is called automatically when file is closed.
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Page
 3 MARK QUESTIONS

Q1. Write a python code to find the size of the file in bytes, number of lines and number
of words.
# reading data from a file and find size, lines, words
f=open(‘Lines.txt’,’r’)
str=f.read( )
size=len(str)
print(‘size of file n bytes’,size)
f.seek(0)
L=f.readlines( )
word=L.split( )
print(‘Number of lines ’,len(L))
print(‘Number of words ’,len(word))
f.close( )
Q2. Write code to print just the last line of a text file “data.txt”.
Ans: fin=open(“data.txt”,”r”)
lineList=fin.readlines()
print(“Last line = “, lineList[-1])
Q.3 Write a program to count the words “to” and “the” present in a text file
“python.txt”.
Ans.
fname = "python.txt"
num_words = 0
f= open(fname, 'r')
words = f.read().split()
for a in words:
if (a.tolower() == “to” or a.tolower() == “the” ):
num_words = num_words + 1
print("Number of words:", num_words)
f.close()
Q.4. Write a program to display all the lines in a file “python.txt” along with line/record
number.
Ans.
fh=open("python.txt","r")
count=0
lines=fh.readlines()
for a in lines:
count=count+1
print(count,a)
fh.close()
Q. 5 Write a program to display all the lines in a file “python.txt” which have the word
“to” in it.
Ans.
fh=open("python.txt","r")
count=0
lines=fh.readlines()
for a in lines:
if (a.tolower().count(“to”) > 0) :
print(a)
fh.close()
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 3- MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write a python program to create and read the city.txt file in one go and print
the contents on the output screen.
Answer:
# Creating file with open() function
f=open("city.txt","w")
f.write("My city is very clean city.")
f.close()
# Reading contents from city.txt file
f=open("city.txt","r")
dt = f.read()
print(dt)
f.close()
2. Consider following lines for the file friends.txt and predict the output:
Friends are crazy, Friends are naughty !
Friends are honest, Friends are best !
Friends are like keygen, friends are like license key !
We are nothing without friends, Life is not possible without friends !
f = open("friends.txt")
l = f.readline()
l2 = f.readline(18)
ch3=f.read(10)
print(l2)
print(ch3)
print(f.readline())
f.close()
Output:
Friends are honest
, Friends
are best !
Explanation:
In line no. 2, f.readline() function reads first line and stores the output string in l but not printed
in the code, then it moves the pointer to next line in the file. In next statement we have
f.readline(18) which reads next 18 characters and place the cursor at the next position i.e.
comma (,) , in next statement f.read(10) reads next 10 characters and stores in ch3 variable and
then cursor moves to the next position and at last f.readline() function print() the entire line.
3. Write a function count_lines() to count and display the total number of lines from the
file. Consider above file – friends.txt.
def count_lines():
f = open("friends.txt")
cnt =0
for lines in f:
cnt+=1
lines = f.readline()
print("no. of lines:",cnt)
f.close()
4. Write a function display_oddLines() to display odd number lines from the text file.
Consider above file – friends.txt.
def display_oddLines():
f = open("friends.txt")
cnt =0
29

for lines in f:
Page
 cnt+=1
lines = f.readline()
if cnt%2!=0:
print(lines)
f.close()
5. Write a function cust_data() to ask user to enter their names and age to store data in
customer.txt file.
def cust_data():
name = input("Enter customer name:")
age=int(input("Enter customer age:"))
data = str([name,age])
f = open("customer.txt","w")
f.write(data)
f.close()

4 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. This question consists of 6 sub-questions . Attempt any 5 questions.
Below is a program to delete the line having word (passed as argument). Answer the
questions that follow to execute the program successfully.
def filedel(word) :
file1 = open(“Python.txt ”,“ ”) # Statement 1
nfile = open(“algo.txt”, “w”)
while True :
line = file1. # Statement 2
if not line :
break
else :
if word in line :
# Statement 3
else :
print(line)
nfile. (line) # Statement 4
file1.close()
. close() # Statement 5
filedel(‘write’)

(i) In which mode, program should open the file to delete the line in statement 2?
(a) w (b) r (c) r+ (d) a+
(ii) Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 3.
(a) read() (b) read(n) (c) readlines() (d) readline()
(iii) Identify the missing code for blank space in line marked as Statement 4.
(a) True (b) Flag (c) pass (d) False
(iv) Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 5.
(a) read (b) write (c) writelines (d) writeline
(v) Choose the correct option to fill up the blank in line marked as Statement 6.
(a) file 1 (b) file (c) nfile (d) None

Answer – 1
(i) (b) (ii). (d) (iii) (c) (iv). (b) (v). (c)

Q2. This question consists of 6 sub-questions . Attempt any 5 questions.

Below is a program to display all the records in a file along with line/record number from file
“status.txt”. Answer the questions that follow to execute the program successfully.
30
Page
 f= open ( , “r”) #Line 1
count= 0
rec=“ ”
while : #Line 2
rec = f . #Line 3
if rec = = “ ”:
#Line 4
count = #Line 5
print(count, rec, end = “ ”)
#Line 6

(i). Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 1.
(a) status (b) “status.txt” (c) status.txt (d) file.txt
(ii) Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 2.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) False (d) True
(iii) Which function will be used to read the content of file marked as Line 3?
(a) readline() (b) readlines() (c) read() (d) read(n)
(iv) Choose the correct option to fill up the blank marked as Line 4.
(a) continue (b) break (c) goto (d) label
(v) Which value will be assign to variable count in Line 5?
(a) count −1 (b) count*i (c) count +1 (d) count + i
(vi). Identify the missing code in Line 6.
(a) f.close (b) myfile.close (c) file.close() (d) f.close()

Answer – 2
(i). (b) (ii). (d) (iii). (a) (iv). (b) (v). (c) (vi). (d)

MIND MAP

Binary Files

FILE HANDLING

Text Files

Reading Text Files

Writing Text Files
read()
write()
readline()
writelines()
readlines()
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 File Handling (Binary File)
There are two types of files:
Text Files- A file whose contents can be viewed using a text editor is called a text file. A text
file is simply a sequence of ASCII or Unicode characters. Python programs, contents written
in text editors are some of the example of text files.e.g. .txt,.rtf,.csv etc.

Binary Files-A binary file stores the data in the same way as as stored in the memory. The
.exe files,mp3 file, image files, word documents are some of the examples of binary files.we
can’t read a binary file using a text editor.e.g. .bmp,.cdr etc.
Text File Binary File
Its Bits represent character. Its Bits represent a custom data.
Less prone to get corrupt as change reflects as Can easily get corrupted, corrupt on even single
soon as made and can be undone. bit change
Canstore different types of data (audio,
Store only plain text in a file.
text,image) in a single file.
Widely used file format and can be opened in any Developed for an application and can be opened
text editor. in that application only.

Mostly .txt,.rtf are used as extensions totext files. Can have any application defined extension.
Opening and closing of binary file is same as text file opening and closing. While opening
any binary file we have to specify ‘b’ in file opening mode.

Python has a module which does this work for us and is extremely easy to use. This module
is called pickle; it provides us with the ability to serialize and deserialize objects, i.e., to
convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into files and later be used to
reconstruct the original objects.
pickle.dump() function is used to store the object data to the file. It takes 3 arguments.First
argument is the object that we want to store. The second argument is the file object we get
by opening the desired file in write-binary (wb) mode. And the third argument is the key-
value argument.
Pickle.load() function is used to retrieve pickled data.The steps are quite simple. We have to
use pickle.load() function to do that.
A Binary file is a file that contains information in the same format in which the information
is held in memory, ie the file content that is returned to us is raw ( with no translation or
specific encoding )

● File Handling consists of following three steps :

a) Open the file.
b) Process the file ie perform read or write operation.
c) Close the file.
● The open( ) function is used to open a data file in a program through a file-object ( or
a file handle).
● A file mode specifies the type of operation(s) ( eg read / write / append ) possible in
the opened file ie it referes to how the file will be used, once it is opened.
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Page
 ● The close( ) function breaks the link of the file-object and the file on the disk.
● A binary file can be opened in the modes ( ‘rb’, ‘wb’, ‘ab’, ‘rb+’, ‘wb+’, ‘ab+’)
● Pickle module in Python provides us, with the ability to serialize and de-serialize
objects, ie to convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into files and later
be used to reconstruct the original objects.
● Serialization is also known as pickling.
● De-serialization is also known as un-pickling.
● Pickle module contains dump( ) function to perform pickling ie write data into a
binary file.
● Pickle module contains load( ) function to perform unpickling ie read data from a
binary file.
● Syntax of dump( ) function to write data :
dump(data_object, file_object)
Where data_object is the object that has to be written(dumped) to the file with the
file handle named file_object
● Syntax of load( ) function to write data :
store_object= load(file_object)
The pickled Python object is read (loaded) from the file having the file handle named
file_object and is stored in a new file handle called store_object.
● Read from and Write into a binaryfile :
Use ‘rb’ mode in the open( ) function to read binary files.
We hve read( ) and write( ) methods that works with string parameters and will not
work directly with binary files. Conversion of data at the time of reading and writing
is required.
Dump( ) method is used to write the objects in a binary file and load( ) method is
used to read data from a binary file.
● Search operation :
There is no pre-defined function available in python for searching records. It involves
reading of the binary file and then comparing each record with our given value. ( This
is the linear search process )
● Append operation :
To add/append data to a binary file, we must open a file in ‘ab’ mode. The file will
retain the previous records and append the new records at the end of the file.
● Update operation :
In order to update a binary file, the poisition of the file pointer must be known. To
check the position of the file pointer, we use the functions tell( ) and seek( )
● tell( ) function : It returns the current position of the file pointer in the file.
Syntax of tell( ) function : variable=file_object.tell( )
● seek( ) function : It changes the position of the file pointer by placing the file pointer
at the specified position in the open file.
Syntax of seek( ) function : file_object.seek( offset)
33
Page
 MIND MAP: Binary File
34
Page
 1 Mark Questions

1. Binary files commonly have the extension : 1

a) .TXT b) .DAT c) .DOC d) .PDF
2. The method is used to read data from a binary file. 1
3. State whether True or False : 1
When we open a file in append mode the previous data is erased.
4. Which module is required to use the built-infunction dump() ? 1
a) math b) flush c) pickle d) unpickle
5. The mode used for both writing and reading data from a binary file : 1
a) wb+ b) w c) wb d) a
6. State whether True or False : 1
The type of operation that can be performed on a file depends upon the mode in
which the file is opened.
7. The module pickle is used for which of the methods in file handling : 1
(a) open( ) and close( )
(b) read( ) and write( )
(c) dump( ) and load( )
(d) None of the above
8. The statement automatically closes the file afterprocessing on the file gets 1
over.
9. The method is used to read data from a binary file. 1
10. The method used to write an object into a binary file is : 1
a) load() b) dump() c) write() d) None of these

2 Marks Questions

1. State whether True or False : 2

a) Data stored inside the file is permanent in nature.
b) A binary file can be opened in write mode using “w” mode only.
2. Write two features of Binary files . 2
3. Write a statement in Python to perform the following operations : 2
a) To open a Binary file “BOOK.DAT” in read mode
b) To open a Binary file inread and write mode
4. Observe the following code and answerthe questions that follow : 2
File = open(“Mydata”,”a”)
# Blank 1
File.close()

a) What type of file( Text / Binary ) is Mydata ?

b) Fill the Blank 1 with statement to write “ABC” in the file Mydata

5. Q (i) and (ii) are ASSERTION ( A ) and REASONING ( R ) based questions. 2

Mark the correct choice as :
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation for A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
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Page
 Q (i)
Assertion ( A ) : Access mode ‘a’ adds data to the file.
Reason ( R ) : If file exists data added to end of file, if file does not exists a new
file is created.

Q(ii)
Assertion ( A ) : Access mode ‘a’ opens a file for appending.
Reason ( R ) : The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists.

6. Write in short : 2
i) What is the use of open( ) method ?
ii) What is the use of tell( ) method ?
7. What is the use of load( ) and dump( ) methods? 2
8. Answer in brief : 2
i) Purpose of close( ) function.
ii) Purpose of flush( ) function.
9. Explain seek( ) method. 2

3 Marks Questions

1. a) Explain the wb+ mode in binary files. 3

b) Explain the ab+ mode in binary files.
c) Explain the rb mode in binary files.

2. a) What do you mean by serialization and de-serialization ? 3

b) What are the usage of dump( ) and load( ) functions ?
c) What are the usage of close( ) and flush( ) functions ?

3. Write a program that reads a binary file “emp.dat” and displays all records of 3
employees one by one.

4. Write a program that reads a binary file “emp.dat” and display the records of all 3
those employees who are getting salary greater than 20000.

5. a) Which method is used to write list, tuple and sequence data types in a binary file ? 3
b) Which function forces Python to write the contents of buffer to file?
c) Which area is automatically associated with the file when we open it?

4 Marks Questions

1. Consider a binary file EMP.DAT containing details empno:name:salary : 4

(separator ‘:’) Write a function function Readfile( ) to display details of those
employees who are earning between 20000 and 40000 ( both values inclusive)

2. For a Binary file, explain the processes : 4

i) Search operation
ii) Append operation
iii) Update operation
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Page
 iv) tell(0 function

3. Create the file phonebook.dat that stores the details in following format : 4
Name Phone
Alex 7865443
Neha 8855342
Obtain the details from the user.

4. A file phonebook.dat stores the details in following format : 4

Name Phone
Alex 7865443
Neha 8855342
Write a program to edit the phone numbers of “Anish” in file. If there is no record
for “Anish” report error.

5 Marks Questions

1. Write a function to write numbers into a binary file and read the same. 5

2. Read the following passage and answerthe questions that follow : 5

Ramesh, was assigned anincomplete task search( ) function whose purpose was to
search in a pickled file student.dat The following information about student.dat is
known :

● File contains details of students in [ roll, name, marks ] format

● File contains details of 10 students ( ie from roll 1 to 10 ) ans separate list of
each student is written in the binary file using dump( )

Ramesh has been assigned the task tocomplete the code and print details of roll
number 1 .

def search( ) :
f=open("student.dat", ) # statement-1
: # statement-2

while True :
rec=pickle. # statement-3
if( ) : # statement-4
print(rec)
except : pass
# statement-5

i) In which mode Rameshshould open the file in statement-1 ?

a) r b) r+ c) rb d) wb

ii) Identify the suitable code to be used at blank space in statement-2.

a) if(rec[0]==1) b) for i in range (10) c) try d) pass
37
Page
 iii) Identify the function (with argument) to be used at blank space in
statement-3.
a) load( ) b) load(student.dat) c) load(f) d) load(fin)

iv) What will be the suitable code for blank space in statement-4?
a) rec[0]==2 b) rec[1]==2 c) rec[2]=2 d) rec[0]==1

v) Which statement should Ramesh use at blank space in statement-5 to

close the file?
a) file.close( ) b) close(file) c) f.close( ) d) close( )

3. A binary file “Book.dat” has structure [BookNo, Book_Name, Author, Price].

1. Write a user defined function CreateFile() to input data for a record and add to
Book.dat .
2. Write a function CountRec(Author) in Python which accepts the Author name as
parameter and count and return number of books by the given Author are stored in
the binary file “Book.dat
3.
4. A binary file “STUDENT.DAT” has structure [admission_number, Name, Percentage].
Write a function countrec() in Python that would read contents of the file “STUDENT.DAT”
and display the details of those students whose percentage is above 75. Also display
number of students scoring above 75%.

5 Write a function in python to search and display details, whose destination is “Cochin”
from binary file “Bus.Dat”. Assuming the binary file is containing the following elements in
the list:
1. Bus Number
2. Bus Starting Point
3. Bus Destination
4.
6. Write a function addrec() in Python to add more new records at the bottom of a binary
file “STUDENT.dat”, assuming the binary file is containing the following structure :
[Roll Number, Student Name]

7. Write a function searchprod( pc) in python to display the record of a particular product
from a file product.dat whose code is passedas an argument. Structure of product contains
the following elements [product code , product price]

8. Write a function routechange(route number) which takes the Route number as

parameter and modify the route name(Accept it from the user) of passedroute number in a
binary file “route.dat”.

9. Write a function countrec(sport name) in Python which accepts the name of sport as
parameter and count and display the coach name of a sport which is passed as argument
from the binary file “sport.dat”. Structure of record in a file is given below ——————– –
[sport name, coach name]

10. A binary file “salary.DAT” has structure [employee id, employee name, salary]. Write a
function countrec() in Python that would read contents of the file “salary.DAT” and display
the details of those employee whose salary is above 20000.
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Page
 11. Amit is a monitor of class XII-A andhe stored the record of all the students of his class in
a file named “class.dat”. Structure of record is [roll number, name, percentage]. His
computer teacher has assigned the following duty to Amit
Write a function remcount( ) to count the number of students who need remedial class
(student who scored less than 40 percent)

Marking Scheme
1 Mark Questions

1. b) .DAT 1
2. load() 1
3. False 1
4. c) pickle 1
5. a) wb+ 1
6. True 1
7. (c) dump( ) and load( ) 1
8. with 1
9. load() 1
10. b) dump() 1
2 Marks Questions

1. a) True 2
b) False
2. i) It can handle large files. 2
ii) It consists of data with a specific pattern without any delimiter,
3. a) f1=open(“BOOK.DAT”,”r”) 2
b) f2=open(“BOOK.DAT”,”w+”)
4. a) Textfile. 2
b) File.write(“ABC”)
5. i) Option B is correct. 2
ii) Option A is correct.
6. i) It opens a file on disk and associates it witha file handle. 2
ii) It tells us the current position of the file pointer within the file.
7. load( ) function is used for reading data fromn a binary file. 2
dump( ) function is to write the object in a binary file.
8. i) It breaks the link of the file object and the file on disk. After file is closed, no file 2
operations can be don on the file.

ii) It forces the writing of data on the disk still pending in output buffers.
9. Syntax is seek( offset, from_what) 2
It changes the current file pointer position. The offset argument indicates the
number of bytes to be moved. The from_what argument specifiesthe reference
[position from where the bytes are to be moved.
3 Marks Questions
39
Page
 1. a) wb+ mode is used to open a binary file in write and read modes both. 3
b) ab+ mode is used to open a binary file in append and read mode both.
Previous content is preserved.
c) rb mode is used to open a binary file in read only mode. No other operation can
be performed.
2. a) Serialization is to convert objects into bitstreams which can be stored into 3
files, whereas de-serialization is used toreconstruct the original objects. It is
also known as pickling.
b) The dump( ) function is used to perform pickling ie write data into a binary file.
Whereas the load( ) function is used to perform unpickling ie read data from a
binary file.

c) close( ) function delinks the file_object with the file on the disk. The flush( )
function forces the write operation on the disk file which remains in the pending
status.
3. import pickle 3
f1=open("emp.dat","rb")
e=pickle.load(f1)
for x in e :
print(x)
f1.close( )
4. import pickle 3
f1=open("emp.dat","rb")
e=pickle.load(f1)
for x in e :
if(e[x]>20000) :
print(x)
f1.close()
5. a) writelines( ) 3
b) flush( )
c) buffer
4 Marks Questions
1. def Readfile( ) : 4
i=open(“EMP.DAT”,”rb+”)
x=i.readline()
while(x) :
I=x.slpit(‘:’)
If ((float(I[2])>=20000) and ( float(I[2])<40000)) :
print(x)
x=i.readline()
i.close()
2. 4
i) Search operation :
There is no pre-defined function available in python for searching records. It
involves reading of the binary file and then comparing each record with our
given value. ( This is the linear search process )

ii) Append operation :

40
Page
 To add/append data to a binary file, we must open a file in ‘ab’ mode. The
file will retain the previous records and append the new records at the end of
the file.

iii) Update operation :

In order to update a binary file, the poisition of the file pointer must be
known. To check the position of the file pointer, we use the functions tell( )
and seek( )

iv) tell( ) function : It returns the current position of the file pointer in the
file.

Syntax of tell( ) function : variable=file_object.tell( )

3. fp1==open("phonebook.dat","w") 4
fp1.write("Name")
fp1.write(" ")
fp1.write("Phone")
fp1.write("\n")
while True :
name=input("Enter name : ")
phno=input("Enter phone no : ")
fp1.write(name)
fp1.write(" ")
fp1.write(phno)
fp1.write("\n")
ch=input("Want to enter more = y / n :")
if ch=='N' or ch=='n' :
break
fp1.close( )
4. fp==open("phonebook.dat","w+") 4
list=" "
while list :
pos=fp.tell( )
list=fp.readline( )
name,phone=list.split( )
if name= = "Anish" :
phone=input("Enter new number : ")
fp.seek(pos,0)
fp.write(name)
fp.write(" ")
fp.write(phone)
fp.close( )
break
5 Marks Questions
1. def binfile( ) : 5
import pickle
file=open("mydata.dat","wb")
while True :
x=int(raw_input("Enter number : " ))
41

pickle.dump(x.file)
Page
 ans=raw_input(More data y / n : ")
if ans.upper( ) =='N ' :
break
file.close( )
2. i) Correct option is c) rb 5
ii) Correct option is c) try
iii) Correct option is c) load(f)
iv) Correct option is d) rec[0]==1
v) Correct option is c) f.close( )
3 import pickle 5
def createfile():
fobj=open("Book.dat","ab")
BookNo=int(input("Enter Book Number : "))
Book_name=input("Enter book Name :")
Author = input("Enter Author name: ")
Price = int(input("Price of book : "))
rec=[BookNo, Book_name ,Author, Price]
pickle.dump(rec, fobj)
fobj.close()

createfile() # This function is called just to verify result and not required in exam

def countrec(Author):
fobj=open("Book.dat", "rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if Author==rec[2]:
num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2],rec[3])
except:
fobj.close()
return num

n=countrec("amit") # This function is called just to verify result and not required in
exam
print("Total records", n) # This statement is just to verify result and not required in
exam

4 import pickle 5
def countrec():
fobj=open("student.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>75:
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Page
 num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
return num
5 import pickle 5
def countrec():
fobj=open("bus.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]=="Cochin" or rec[2]=="cochin":
num = num + 1
print(rec[0],rec[1],rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
return num
n=countrec() # This function is called just to verify result
print(n)
6 import pickle 3
def addrec():
fobj=open("student.dat","ab")
rollno=int(input("Roll Number : "))
sname=input("Student Name :")
rec=[rollno,sname]
pickle.dump(rec,fobj)
fobj.close()
addrec()
7 import pickle 5
def searchprod(pc):
fobj=open("product.dat","rb")
num = 0
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==pc:
print(rec)
except:
fobj.close()

n=searchprod(1) # This function is called to verify the result

8 import pickle 5
def routechange(rno):
fobj=open("route.dat","rb")
try:
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==rno:
rn=input("Enter route name to be changed ")
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Page
 rec[1]=rn
print(rec) #This statement is called to verify the change in the record
except:
fobj.close()

routechange(1) # This function is called to verify the result

9 def countrec(sn): 5
num=0
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Sport Name","\t","Coach Name")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[0]==sn:

print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1])
num=num+1
return num
except:
fobj.close()
10 def countrec(): 5
num=0
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Emp id\tEmp Name\tEmp Sal")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>20000:
print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1],"\t\t",rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
countrec()# This function is called to verify the result
11 def countrec(): 5
fobj=open("data.dat","rb")
try:
print("Emp id\tEmp Name\tEmp Sal")
while True:
rec=pickle.load(fobj)
if rec[2]>20000:
print(rec[0],"\t\t",rec[1],"\t\t",rec[2])
except:
fobj.close()
countrec()# This function is called to verify the result
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 File Handling (CSV File)
CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a file format for data storage which looks like a text
file. The information is organized with one record on each line and each field is separated by
comma.

CSV File Characteristics

• One line for each record
• Comma separated fields
• Space-characters adjacent to commas are ignored
• Fields with in-built commas are separated by double quote characters.
When Use CSV?
• When data has a strict tabular structure
• To transfer large database between programs
• To import and export data to office applications, Qedoc modules
• To store, manage and modify shopping cart catalogue
CSV Advantages
• CSV is faster to handle.
• CSV is smaller in size
• CSV is easy to generate
• CSV is human readable and easy to edit manually
• CSV is simple to implement and parse
• CSV is processed by almost all existing applications
CSV Disadvantages
• No standard way to represent binary data
• There is no distinction between text and numeric value.
• Poor support of special characters and control characters.
• CSV allows to move most basic data only. Complex configurations cannot be
imported and exported this way
• Problem.s with importing CSV into SQL(no distinction between NULL and quotes)
Write / Read CSV FILE
Writing and reading operation from text file is very easy. First of all we have to import csv
module for file operation/method call.
Writing: we open file in ‘w’ writing mode using open() method which create newFile like
object. Through csv.writer() method ,we create writer object to call writerow() method to
write objects.
Reading: we open the file in ‘r’ mode and create newFile like object,further we create
newfilereader object using csv.reader()method to read each row of the file.

CSV File
• CSV (Comma-separated values) is a common data exchange format used by the
applications to produce and consume data.
• A CSV file is a simple text file where each line contains a list of values (or fields)
delimited by commas (mostly), but you will encounter CSV files where data is
delimited using tab (\t) or pipe (|) or any other character.
• The first line of the CSV file represents the header containing a list of column names
in the file.
• CSV file is commonly used to represent tabular data
45

See the following table

Page
 CODING
import csv
f = open(“data.csv” , ‘r’)
row = csv.DictReader(f, fieldnames = [‘Name’ , ‘Class’ , ‘Subject’])
for i in row:
print(i)
f.close()
OUTPUT
{‘Name’ : ‘Amit, ‘Class’ : ‘XII’ , ‘Subject’ : ‘CS’}
{‘Name’ : ‘Sumit, ‘Class’ : ‘X’ , ‘Subject’ : ‘IP’}
{‘Name’ : ‘Ashu, ‘Class’ : ‘XI’ , ‘Subject’ : ‘CS’}
data.csv
Amit, XII, CS
Sumit, X, IP
Ashu, XI, CS

Mind Map- CSV File

Definition: CSV (Comma

Mode of CSV File: Three file writer() Function of CSV File:
Separated Values) is a file looks
opening modes are there 1. writerow()- print record line
like a text file. The information is
‘w’,’r’,’a’. ‘a’ for append. After by line
organized with one record on
file operation close ,opened Syntex:
each line and each field is
file using close() method wr_obj.writerow(row_name)
separated bycomma.

2. writerows()- print all record

at a time.
Syntex:
wr_obj.writerows(field_name)
CSV File Characteristics
• One line for each record
• Comma separated fields
• Space-characters adjacent to
commas are ignored
• Fields with in-built commas
are separated by double quote CSV File
characters. Function of CSV File:
1. reader()
2. writer()
3. DictReader()
4. DictWriter()method
close():
After file operation close ,opened
file using close() method
Syntex:
file_object.close()

reader(): writer() method ,we create writer

object to call writerow() method to write
objects.
Syntax:
Reading a CSV file with DictReader: reader_obj= csv.reader(file_object)
This function(DictReader) is working similar to
reader(). This function return lines as a dictionary writer():reader()method to
instead of list. read each row of the file.
Syntex: Syntex:
DictReader_Object = csv.DictReader(file_obj) writer_obj= csv.writer(file_object)
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 1 Marks
Q1. Which of the following module is provided by Python to do several operations on the
CSV files?
(A) os (B) xls (C) csv (D) py
Q2. Which of the following is tasks cannot be done or difficult with CSV module?
(A) Storing data in tabular form (B) Finding data uniquely
(C) Saving data permanently (D) All of these
Q3. The writer() function of csv module has how many mandatory parameters?
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q4. Which of these is not relevant to csv file?
(A) Text file (B) Binary file
(C) Easily openable in text editor (D) None of the above
Q5. You are having myfile.csv file on c drive. You want to access it in python, how can you
do this?
(A) source=”c:\\myfile.csv” data = pd.read_csv(source)
(B) source=”c:\\myfile.csv” data = pd.reads_csv(source)
(C) source=”c:\\myfile.csv” data = pd.reader(source)
(D) None of the above
2 Marks
Q4.
Assertion: To specify a different delimiter while writing into a csv file, delimiter argument
is used with
csv.writer().
Reason: The CSV file can only take a comma as a delimiter.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Q7.
Assertion: Every record in a CSV file is stored in reader object in the form of a list.
Reason: writerow() method allows us to write a list of fields to the CSV file.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Q10.
Assertion: The CSV module in Python’s standard library presents methods to perform
read/write operations on CSV files.
Reasoning: To write data to a CSV file, we can use built-in function writer().
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true
Q11.
Assertion: To open a CSV file employee.csv in write mode, we can give python statement
as follows:
fh=open('employee.csv’)
Reasoning: If we try to write on a csv file that does not exist, the file gets Created
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
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 5 Marks
Q1 Rohit, a student of class 12th, is learning CSV File Module in Python. During examination, he has
. been assigned an incomplete python code (shown below) to create a CSV File 'Student.csv' (content
shown below). Help him in completing the code which creates the desired CSV File.
CSV File
1,AKSHAY,XII,A
2,ABHISHEK,XII,A
3,ARVIND,XII,A
4,RAVI,XII,A
5,ASHISH,XII,A
Incomplete Code
import #Statement-1
fh = open( , , newline='') #Statement-2
stuwriter = csv. #Statement-3
data = []
header = ['ROLL_NO', 'NAME', 'CLASS', 'SECTION']
data.append(header)
for i in range(5):
roll_no = int(input("Enter Roll Number : "))
name = input("Enter Name : ")
Class = input("Enter Class : ")
section = input("Enter Section : ")
rec = [ ] #Statement-4
data.append(rec)
stuwriter. (data) #Statement-5
fh.close()
i. Identify the suitable code for blank space in line marked as Statement-1.
a) csv file b) CSV c) csv d) Csv
ii. Identify the missing code for blank space in line marked as Statement-2?
a) "School.csv","w" b) "Student.csv","w"
c) "Student.csv","r" d) "School.csv","r"
iii. Choose the function name (with argument) that should be used in the blank
space of line marked as Statement-3
a) reader(fh) b) reader(MyFile) c) writer(fh) d) writer(MyFile)
iv. Identify the suitable code for blank space in line marked as Statement-4.
a) 'ROLL_NO', 'NAME', 'CLASS', 'SECTION' b) ROLL_NO, NAME, CLASS, SECTION
c) 'roll_no','name','Class','section' d) roll_no,name,Class,sectionc) co.connect()
v. Choose the function name that should be used in the blank space of line marked
as Statement-5 to create the desired CSV File?
a) dump() b) load() c) writerows() d) writerow()

Marking Scheme
1 Marks
Q1. (C) csv
Q2. (B) Finding data uniquly
Q3. (D) 1
Q4. (B) Binary file
Q5. (A) source=”c:\\myfile.csv” data = pd.read_csv(source)
2 Marks
Q4. (C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Q7. (B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
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 Q10. (C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Q11. (D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
5 Marks
Q1
i. Correct Answer : c) csv
ii. Correct Answer : b) "Student.csv","w"
iii. Correct Answer: c) writer(fh)
iv. Correct Answer : d) roll_no,name,Class,section
v. Correct Answer : c) writerows()

STACK DATA STRUCTURE

Syllabus :
Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using LIST
Data Structure is the method of organising data in the memory of the computer for efficient
processing of Data.
Types of Data Structures :
1. List 2. Stack 3. Queue
We already have studied Lists in class 11 and its review in class 12. The topic STACK is in the
syllabus of class 12 . ( Queue is not in syllabus)
Stack: A stack is an arrangement of a set of homogeneous elements one upon another and is
based on the principle of Last – In – First – Out (LIFO).
It has two major operations PUSH & POP .
PUSH :This operation adds an element at the top of the stack. Then the added element becomes
the top of the Stack.
If the STACK is already full and no element can be pushed into the STACK ,
it is known as OVERFLOW.
POP : This operation removes an element from the top of the stack.
Then the previous element from the deleted position becomes the top of the Stack.
If the STACK is empty it is known as UNDERFLOW.
Implementation of Stack in Python: We can implement Stack in python using List. Let us
write a program in python to create a stack of integer and perform some Push and Pop operation
according to the user choice.
#Program: To implement Stack Using List.
#Function to push element in stack.
def PUSH(stk,ele):
stk.append(ele) #Function to pop element from stack.
def POP(stk):
if len(stk) == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
ele = stk.pop() #Function to display elements of stack.
def DISPLAY(stk):
L = len(stk)
if L == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
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 else:
print("The elements in the stacks are:")
for i in range(L-1, -1, -1):
print(stk[i])
# main
stk = [] #Creating an empty List for Stack
while True:
print ("PRESS 1 for Push \n PRESS 2 for Pop")
print ("PRESS 3 for Display \n PRESS 4 for Exit")
ch = int(input())
if ch == 1:
item = int(input("Enter data: "))
PUSH(stk, item)
elif ch == 2:
POP(stk)
elif ch == 3:
DISPLAY(stk)
elif ch == 4:
break
else:
print ("Invalid Choice...")
Mind Map:
STACK

POP:
• UNDERFLOW
PUSH:
• POP(Stk):
• OVERFLOW
o if len(Stk) == 0:
• PUSH(Stk,ele): ▪ print(“Underflow”)
o Stk.append(ele) o else:
▪ Stk.pop()

APPLICATIONS OF STACK :
1. Reverse a word / line : In a Stack, the elements can be read from TOP end, ie the last
element. Hence it is used to reverse a word or line.
2. The Compiler uses Stack to store the previous state of a program, when a function is
called(activated) . ( During Recursion / Recursive funcrion calls)
3. Undo Mechanism in Text Editors.
First of all , let us solve some basic questions :
A) Fill in the blanks : ( These are 1 marks questions )
i) means organization of data. (Ans: Data structure)
ii) Stack is also known as ...............list. (Ans: LIFO)
iii) Insertion of an element in a Stack is known as ......... (Ans: push )
iv) Deletion of an element from top of Stack is known as ...... (Ans: pop)
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 v) LIFO stands for ........... (Ans: Last-In-First-Out)
B) State whether the statements are True or False : ( These are 1 marks questions )
i) Insertion and Deletion from a Stack, takes place only from TOP. (Ans: True)
ii) If a Stack is Empty, it is termed as STACK OVERFLOW. (Ans: False)
iii) Removal of an element from top of stack is termed as POP. (Ans:True)
iv) Undo mechanism of text editors is an application of Stack. (Ans: True)
v) Insertion of an element to the top of stack is termed as PUSH. (Ans: True)

Questions:
S.No. Question
Q 01 Stack is also known as: 1
a) First-in First-out b) Last-in-First-out c) Both a and b d) None of these
Ans b) Last-in-First-out
Q 02 In a stack, if a user tries to remove an element from empty stack, it is known as: 1
a) Underflow b) Empty c) Overflow d) None
Ans a) Underflow
Q 03 What type of data structure a stack is? 1
a) Linear b) Non-Linear c) Both A and B d) None
Ans a) Linear
Q 04 Which one of the following is an application of Stack Data Structure? 1
a) Managing Function Call b) Arithmetic Expression Evaluation
c) Undo Redo d) All of the above
Ans d) All of the above
Q 05 Which data structure we can use for reversing a string? 1
a) Queue b) List c) Stack d) Dictionary
Ans c) Stack
Q 06 Stack can be implemented in Python using: 1
a) Tuple b) Dictionary c) Set d) List
Ans d) List
Q 07 What are the two operations of stack? 1
Ans The two operations of stack are Push and Pop
Q 08 How do we test for empty stack? 1
Ans if len(stk) == 0:
print(“Stack is Empty.”)
Q 09 Why do we use append() method of list in push operation? 1
Ans To push data at the top of the stack.
Q 10 ASSERTION AND REASONING based questions. Mark the correct choice as 1
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
Assertion (A): - In stack during pop operation it is necessary to check for
underflow.
Reasoning (R): - Underflow is the when the memory allocated to the stack gets
full.
Ans c) A is True but R is False
Q 11 Define any two characteristics of stacks. 2
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 Ans Stack is a data structure in which insertion and deletion is done from one end
only, usually referred to as TOP.
Stack follows LIFO principle using which an element inserted in the last will be
the first one to be out.
Q 12 Define any two application of stacks. 2
Ans Reversing a string.
In text/image editor for redo/undo the editing.
Q 13 Write down the status of Stack after each operation: 2
Stack = [10,20,30,40] where TOP item is 40
Push 70
Push 100
Pop an item from Stack
Ans |100|
| 70 | | 70 | | 70 |
| 40 | | 40 | | 40 |
| 30 | | 30 | | 30 |
| 20 | | 20 | | 20 |
| 10 |, | 10 | and | 10 |
Q 14 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def PUSH(L):
Stk = []
for i in L:
if i % 5 == 0:
Stk.append(i)
for i in range(len(L)-1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
else:
print(“Stack is Empty”)
PUSH([12,23,34,54,56,67,87,89])
Ans Stack is Empty
Q 15 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
if x[0] not in “AEIOUaeiou”:
print(x)
Stk = [“Hello”, “How are you”, “I am fine”, “Thank you”]
POP(Stk)
Ans Thank you
How are you
Hello
Q 16 What will be the output of the following code: 2
def G75(D):
Stk = []
for k in D:
if D[k] > 75:
Stk.append(k)
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 if len(Stk) == 0:
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
print(Stk.pop())
D = {“Ajay”:76, “Vijay”:99, “Sanjay”: 75}
G75(D)
Ans Vijay
Ajay
Q 17 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
Def POP(Stk):
If len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Ans def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Q 18 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w IN L:
if w[0] IN “AEIOUaeiou”:
Stk.extend(w)
Ans def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w in L:
if w[0] in “AEIOUaeiou”:
Stk.append(w)
Q 19 Find the error in the following code and write the correct code and underline the 2
corrected ones:
def Display(L)
l = len L
if l == 0:
print(Stack is Empty!!!)
else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
For i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Ans def Display(L):
l = len(L)
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 if l == 0:
print("Stack is Empty!!!")
else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
for i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Q 20 Write a function in Python PUSHD3(L), where L is a list of numbers. from this 3
list push all numbers divisible by 3 into a stack implemented using a list. Display
the stack if it has at least one element, otherwise display appropriate error
message.
Ans def PUSHD3(L):
Div3 = []
for i in L:
if i % 3 == 0:
Div3.append(i)
if len(Div3) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
while len(Div3) != 0:
print(Div3.pop())
Q 21 Sakshi has created a dictionary D, containing names and salary as key value pairs 3
of 5 employees. Write two separate functions to perform the following
operations:
● PUSH(HS, D), where HS is the stack and D is the dictionary which containing
names and salaries. Push the keys (name of the employee) of the dictionary into
a stack, where the corresponding value (salary) is greater than ₹75,000.
● POP(HS), where HS is the stack. Pop and display the content of the stack.
Ans def PUSH(HS, D):
for k in D:
if D[k] > 75000:
HS.append(k)
def POP(HS):
if len(HS) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
while len(HS) != 0:
x = HS.pop()
print(x)
Q 22 Write the functions in python, PUSH(Stk, L) and POP(Stk), where Stk is the 3
stack and L is a list of strings. In PUSH function read the list and push those
string into the stack which start with a vowel. And in POP function display the
stack.
Ans def PUSH(Stk, L):
for w in L:
if w[0] in “AEIOUaeiou”:
Stk.append(w)
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
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 while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
print(x)
Q 23 What will be the output of following code: 3
def PUSH(Stk, N)
for i in range(N,0,-1):
Stk.append(i)
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
F=1
while len(Stk) != 0:
F = F * Stk.pop()
return F
Stk = []
PUSH(Stk, 5)
print(POP(Stk))
Ans 120
Q 24 Write a function DoubleStack(Stk), where Stk is a stack containing integers. In 3
the function pop all the element of the stack and double the elements then push
back to the stack in its original place.
For example:
Stk = [10,20,30,40,50]
After the execution of the function the stack should be:
Stk = [20,40,60,80,100]
Ans Def DoubleStack(Stk):
tempStk = []
while len(Stk) != 0:
x = Stk.pop()
tempStk.append(x*2)
while len(tempStk) != 0:
x = tempStk.pop()
Stk.append(x)
Q 25 Write the functions in python, PUSH(L, data), POP(L), DISPLAY(L) to add a 4
new integer, delete an integer from a List of numbers L and display the element
of the stack, considering them to act as push and pop operations of the Stack data
structure.
Ans def PUSH(L, data):
L.append(data)
def POP(L):
if len(L) == 0:
print("Stack is empty!")
else:
return L.pop()
def Display(L):
l = len(L)
if l == 0:
print("Stack is Empty!!!")
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 else:
print("Elements in stack are:")
for i in range(l - 1, -1, -1):
print(L[i])
Q 26 Write a program to reverse a string using stack. 4
Ans def revStr(S):
stk = []
rS = ‘’
for i in S:
stk.append(i)
while len(S) != 0:
rS = rS + S.pop()
return rS
S = input(“Enter a String:”)
rS = revStr(S)
print(“Reverse String is:”, rS)
Q 27 Write a function PUSH(L) and POP(Stk), where L is List of integers and Stk is 4
a stack. In PUSH function create two stack StkO and StkE, then read the list L
and push all the even element in StkE and push all the odd element in StkO. At
last return both the stacks. In POP function pop the number from the stack and
display.
Ans def PUSH(L):
StkO = []
StkE = []
for i in L:
if i%2 == 0:
StkE.append(i)
else:
StkO.append(i)
return StkO, StkE
def POP(Stk):
if len(Stk) == 0
print(“Stack is Empty”)
else:
while len(Stk) != 0:
print(Stk.pop())
Q 28 def PUSH(Stack,N): 5
Stack. ( N) #Statement 1
def POP(Stack):
if : #Statement 2
return "Underflow"
else:
return Stack. #Statement 3
Stack=[]
Books=[‘Python’, ‘C’, ‘Java’, ‘C++’, 'PHP', ‘C#]
for i in range(0,len(Books), ): #Statement 4
PUSH(Stack,Books[i])
while len(Stack) != 0:
print( ) #Statement 5
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 Required Output:
C
C++
C#
Fill the above statement based on given questions:
i Identify the suitable code for the blank of statement 1.
a) .append b) .insert c) .extend d) .add
Ans a) append
ii Fill the statement 2, to check the stack is empty.
a) Stack = [] b) Stack.isEmpty()
c) len(Stack) == 0 d) No of the above
Ans c) len(Stak) == 0
iii Fill the statement 3, to delete an element from the stack.
a) pop(1) b) pop() c) del Stack[1] d) delete(1)
Ans b) pop()
iv Fill the statement 4, to insert the alternate element from Books list.
a) 3 b) 0 c) -1 d) 2
Ans d) 2
v Fill the statement 5, to call the pop function.
a) pop(Books) b) pop(Stack)
c) call pop(Stack) d) def pop(Stack)
Ans b) pop(Stack)
Q 29 PUSH(S,N): #Statement 1 5
S.append(N)
def POP(S):
if S != []:
S.pop() #Statement 2
else:
return None
R={"OM":76, "JAI":45, "BOB":89, "ALI":65, "ANU":90, "TOM":82}
ST=[]
for k in R:
if R[k] >= 75:
PUSH( ) #Statement 3
True: #Statement 4
if ST != []:
print(POP(ST))
else:
#Statement 5
Required Output:
TOM
ANU
BOB
OM
Fill the above statement based on given questions:
i Fill the Statement 1, to define a function.
a) DEF b) Def c) def d) define
Ans c) def
ii Fill the Statement 2, to return the popped data.
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 a) send b) pass c) assign d) return
Ans d) return
iii Fill the Statement 3, to pass the proper arguments.
a) ST, k b) k, ST c) ST d) k
Ans a) ST, k
iv Fill the Statement 4, to complete the looping structure.
a) for b) do while c) if d) while
Ans d) while
v Fill the Statement 5, to stop the infinite loop.
a) stop b) Stop c) break d) Exit
Ans c) break
Q 30 status = #Statement 1 5
def PUSH(cust):
if cust[2] == "Goa":
L = [cust[0],cust[1]]
.append(L) #Statement 2
def POP():
if (status) == 0: #Statement 3
print( ) #Statement 4
while != 0: #Statement 5
x = status.pop()
print(x)
PUSH([“Gurdas”, “99999999999”,”Goa”])
PUSH([“Julee”, “8888888888”,”Mumbai”])
PUSH([“Murugan”,”77777777777”,”Cochin”])
PUSH([“Ashmit”, “1010101010”,”Goa”])
POP()
Required Output: [“Ashmit”,”1010101010”]
[“Gurdas”,”9999999999”]
Fill the above statement based on given questions:
i Fill the Statement 1, to create a empty stack using list.
a) () b) {} c) [] d) “”
Ans c) []
ii Fill the Statement 2, to complete push operation.
a) cust b) status c) cust[top] d) status[top]
Ans b) status
iii Fill the Statement 3, to find the size of stack.
a) size b) length c) count d) len
Ans d) len
iv Fill the Statement 4, to display proper message where underflow occurs.
a) “Stack is Empty” b) Stack is Empty
c) [Stack is Empty] d) {Stack is Empty
Ans a) “Stack is Empty
v Fill the Statement 5, to iterate the loop properly.
a) size(status) b) len(status) c) count(status) d) length(status)
Ans len(status)
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 NETWORKING
Mind Map
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 Number of computers in each of the buildings is as follows:
Law block 15
Technology block 40
HR Centre 115
Business block 25
(a) Suggest a cable layout of connection between the blocks.
(b) Suggest the most suitable place to house the server of the organization with suitable
reason.
(c) Which device should be placed/installed in each of these blocks to efficiently connect all
the computers within these blocks?
(d) The university is planning to link its sales counters situated in various parts of the other
cities. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed?
(e) Which network topology may be preferred in each of these blocks?

Most Important Notes Applicable to All Questions based on the above patterns, which may
be kept in mind –
i) In a Wing / Block / Lab connect all computers using a HUB or SWITCH. This
is known as LAN connectivity. But now a day we use SWITCH only as it
transmits data to the required destination only and thus faster in transmission.
ii) Computers in a Block are connected to the SWITCH/HUB using Cat 5 Cable.
In place of Cat 5 Cable we can also use Fibre Optics cable if we require more
speed and can afford cost.
iii) Server is placed where there is maximum number of computers as maximum
traffic will be in this block only.
iv) An additional switch may also be used to connect the block’s switches for faster
transmission of data and this is also placed in the block where we have put the
server. These switches can be connected to the additional switch using fibre
optics since it will increase speed but cost has to be born.
v) If the company desires to have connectivity to the Internet, Internet connection
is taken and connected to switch. From here all other buildings and further
computers can access the Internet connection. If the Company wants to connect
these blocks to their office in some other distant place then we can connect these
blocks with that office using an Internet Connection, Radio Wave Connection
(if office is in hilly area), WAN connection if company can afford cost and
requires security of data also. When WAN connectivity is established, switch
is further connected to a ROUTER. Router is costly and filters the network
traffic. It routers the data to the destinations using most optimal path.
vi) Connectivity between the block’s switches is done using Cat 5 cables. If there
is a distance of more than 100 m between any two blocks then a suitable
REPEATER has to be placed to join Cat 5 cables as in a LAN we can use Cat 5
cable up to a maximum length of 100 m as the signal power attenuates with
more distances. So REPEATER is used to regenerate the signal.
So keeping in mind the above presumptions we answer
(a)
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 (b) HR centre because it consists of the maximum number of computers to house
the server.
(c) Switch should be placed in each of these blocks.
(d) MAN
(e) star

Question andAnswer
Objective Type Question (1 Mark Each)
1. What is the Use of Bridge?
(a) To Connect two LAN (b) To Connect two LAN Segment
(a) To Connect Internet (d) Amplify Signal
2. With the use of computer network, we can share
(a) Data (b) Resources
(c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following is used in computer network
(a) Router (b) Switch (c) Bridge (d) All of the Above
4. When we connect our mobile with Laptop then we call it
(a) MAN (b) WAN (c) PAN (d) LAN
5. Mbps stands for
(a) Mega Byte Per Second (b) Million Byte Per Second
(c) Megabits Per Second (d) Maximum Bit Per Second
6. Full form of NIC
(a) New Interface Card (b) Network Interface Card
(c) New Internet Card (d) Network Internet card
7. Which device Convert Analog to Digital and vice-versa
(a) Hub (b) Bridge (c) Modem (d) Switch
8. Arun wants to create his own website, which language he can use to create new website.
(a) XML (b) HTML (c) Python (d) C++
9. Amit’s computer is running slow due to virus. Then what he has to do.
(a) Format Computer (b) Install Firewall
(c) Install Antivirus (d) Do Nothing
10. Hari is copying Mohan’s software without taking permission with Mohan.So which
type of crime is Hari doing
(a) Cyber Bulling (b) Cyber Stalking
(c) Cyber Theft (d) Copyright Infringement
Answers:
1. To Connect two LAN Segment 6. Network Interface Card
2. Both of the above 7. Modem
3. All of the Above 8. HTML
4. PAN 9. Install Antivirus
5. Megabits Per Second 10. Copyright Infringement
Very Short Answer Type Question (2 Marks each)
1. What is the difference between Packet switching and circuit switching techniques?
Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires a dedicated path before Packet switching does not require any dedicated path
sending data from source to destination. to send data from source to destination.
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 Circuit Switching Packet Switching

It reserves the entire bandwidth in advance. It does not reserve bandwidth in advance

No store and forward transmission It supports store and forward transmission

Each packet follows the same route A packet can follow any route

2. Write the full form of the following

a. FTP: File Transfer Protocol
b. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
c. VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol
d. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3. Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN is private. WAN can be private or public.

The full form of LAN is Local Area The full form of WAN is Wide Area Network.
Network.
The speed of LAN is higher. The speed of WAN is slower.

The configuration and maintenance is The configuration and maintenance is harder

easy in LAN. than LAN.

LAN covers smaller areas like school, WAN covers a large area like a country.
hospital, etc.

Coaxial or UTP cable is the transmission PSTN or satellite link is a transmission

medium used by LAN. medium used by WAN.
4. Explain Any two Wired Media
a. Twisted Pair Cable
A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires,
which are twisted together and run in parallel.
b. Fibre Optics
Fibre optic cables are mainly used to transmit information over long
distances with minimum loss. The information through optical fibres is
transmitted in the form of light pulses. The core of the optical fibres is made of
glass or plastic
5. Define Any Two Topologies
a. Star
Star topology is a network topology in which each network component
is physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub or switch. In a
star topology, the central hub acts like a server and the connecting nodes act like
clients
b. Bus
A bus topology is a type of local area network configuration in which
computers or terminals (also known as nodes) are connected to a single cable
(as known as the backbone)
6. Write short note on the following:
(a) Bandwidth
(b) DNS

Answer: -
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 (a) Bandwidth: - Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for
transmission of data through that channel. Higher the bandwidth, higher the data
transfer rate. Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum
frequency contained in the composite signals. Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).
(b) DNS: - Away to translate a URL (domain name) into IP address and vice-versa.

7. Write the name of the most suitable wireless communication channels for each of the
following situations.
a. Communication between two offices in two different countries.
b. To transfer the data from one mobile phone to another.
Answer:
a. Satellite Communication
b. Bluetooth or infrared whichever is supported by the phone.

Short Answer Type Question (3 Marks each)

1. What is Cloud Computing? Name three types also
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the
user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each of
which is a data centre.
Types of Cloud
a. Private clouds
b. Public clouds
c. Hybrid clouds

2. What is ARPANET? What is NSFNET?

ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) is a project
sponsored by US Department of Defense.

NSFNET, developed by the National Science Foundation, was a high-capacity network

and strictly used for academic and engineering research.

Long Answer Type Question (4 Marks each)

1. Define web browser and web server.
Web Browser: - A web browser is a software which is used for displaying the
content on web page(s). It is used by the client to view websites.
Examples of web browser: - Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera,
etc.
Web Serve r: - A web server is a software which entertains the request(s) made by a
web browser. A web server has different ports to handle different requests from web
browser, like generally FTP request is handled at Port 110 and HTTP request is handled
at Port 80. Example of web server is Apache.
2. Difference between HTML and XML
HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup XML stands for extensible Markup
Language. Language.
HTML is static in nature. XML is dynamic in nature.
HTML is a markup language. XML provides framework to define
markup languages.
HTML can ignore small errors. XML does not allow errors.
HTML is not Case sensitive. XML is Case sensitive.
HTML tags are predefined tags. XML tags are user defined tags.
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 Very Long Answer Type Question (5 Marks each)

1. You as a network expert have to suggest the best network related solutions for their
problems raised in (i) to (v), keeping in mind the distances between the buildings and
other given parameters.

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN TO ACCOUNTS 55M
ADMIN TO RESULT 50M
ACCOUNTS TO RESULT 50M
ADMIN TO EXAMINATION 90M
DELHI Head Office to MUMBAI 2150M
ACCOUNTS TO EXAMINATION 55M
EXAMINATION TO RESULT 45 45M

Numbers of computers installed at various buildings are as follows:

ADMIN 110
ACCOUNTS 75
EXAMINATION 40
RESULT 12
DELHI HEAD OFFICE 20

1. Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the MUMBAI campus (out
of the four buildings) to get the best connectivity for maximum number of computers.
Justify your answer.
2. Suggest and draw cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
MUMBAI campus for a wired connectivity.
3. Which networking device will you suggest to be procured by the company to
interconnect all the computers of various buildings of MUMBAI campus?
4. Company is planning to get its website designed which will allow students to see their
results after registering themselves on its server. Out of the static or dynamic, whic h
type of website will you suggest?
5. Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face to face
communication between the people in the ADMIN office of Mumbai campus and Delhi
head office?
a) Cable TV
b) Email
c) Video conferencing
d) Text chat

Ans:
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 i. Server should be installed in Admin department as it has maximum number of
computers.

ii.
Star topology 5 Admin examination accounts Result
iii. Hub/Switch
iv. Dynamic
v. Video conferencing

Additional Exercise:
1. Which protocol is used to exchange files on Internet
2. What is the purpose of using a MODEM?
3. What type of address is the following?
20:B9:F1:63:2F:FB
4. Identify the topologies from the followings:
(i) In it the nodes form a circular path for data to travel and each node is connected to
two other nodes.
(ii) In it devices are connected through hub/switch, hub/switch is responsible for
receiving and transmitting data from each node to destination.
1. A School would like to go in for network of all the computers. Which topology would
you recommend and why?
2. What is communication channel? What choices do you have while choosing a
communication channel for a network?
3. What do you mean by network topology? Name most popular topologies.
4. Akhil is transferring songs from his mobile to his friend’s mobile via Bluetooth
connection. Name the network used by Akhil.

Case Based
9. In Hyderabad, 5 ABC Bank branches are available. One is at RR Pet, other at Market, other at
Ashok Nagar, other at Fire Station and the last one at Bus Stand. Higher official wants to keep
a network between these 5 branches. The branch names (A to E) and the number of
computers in each branch (given inside the rectangle) is givenbelow.
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 Distance between various buildings
A to B 50 Mts
B to C 30 Mts
C to D 30 Mts
D to E 35 Mts
E to C 40 Mts
D to A 120 Mts
D to B 45 Mts
E to B 65 Mts
(i) Suggest a possible cable layout for connecting the buildings.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable place to install the server of this organization with a suitable
reason
(iii) Suggest the placementof the following devices withjustification.
(a) Hub/Switch (b) Modem
(iv) The Bank wants to link its head Office in ‘A’ building to its main office at Mumbai.

(a) Which type of transmissionmedium is appropriatefor such a link?

(b) What type of network this connection result into?
11. Xcelencia Edu Services Ltd. is an educational organization. It is planning to set up its India
campus at Hyderabad with its head office at Delhi. The Hyderabad campus has 4 main buildings -
ADMIN, SCIENCE, BUSINESS and ARTS. You as a network expert have to suggest the best network
related solutions for their problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between the
buildings and other givenparameters.

[CBSE 2015 Main]

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN to SCIENCE 65 m
ADMIN to BUSINESS 100 m
ADMIN to ARTS 60 m
SCIENCE to BUSINESS 75 m
SCIENCE to ARTS 60 m
BUSINESS to ARTS 50 m
DELHI Head Office to HYDERABAD Campus 1600 Km

Number of computers installed at various buildings are as follows:

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 ADMIN 100
SCIENCE 85
BUSINESS 40
ARTS 12
DELHI Head Office 20

(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the HYDERABAD campus
(out of the 4 buildings), to get the best connectivity for maximum number of
computers. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
HYDERABAD campus for connecting the computers.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to be procured by the company to be
installed to protect and control the internet uses within the campus?
(iv) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face-to-face
communication between the people in the Admin Office of HYDERABAD campus and
DELHI Head Office?
a. Email
b. Text Chat
c. Video Conferencing
d. Cable TV

1. Perfect Edu Services Ltd. is an educational organization. It is planning to setup its India campus
at Chennai with its head office at Delhi. The Chennai campus has 4 main buildings – ADMIN,
ENGINEERING, BUSINESS and MEDIA. You as a network expert have to suggest the best
network related solutions for their problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances
between the buildings and other given parameters.
[CBSE COMP 2015]

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN to ENGINEERING 55 m
ADMIN to BUSINESS 90 m
ADMIN to MEDIA 50 m
ENGINEERING to BUSINESS 55 m
ENGINEERING to MEDIA 50 m
BUSINESS to MEDIA 45 m
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 DELHI Head Office to CHENNAI Campus 2175 km

Number of Computers installed at various buildings are as follows :

ADMIN 110 110

ENGINEERING 75 75
BUSINESS 40 40

MEDIA 12 12

DELHI Head Office 20 20

(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the CHENNAI campus (out of
the 4 buildings), to get the best connectivity for maximum no. of computers. Justify your
answer.
(ii) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the
CHENNAI campus for connecting the computers.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to be procured by the company to be installed to
protect and control the internet useswithin the campus?
(iv) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face-to-face
communication between the people in the Admin Office of CHENNAI campus and DELHI
Head Office?
a. Email b. Text Chat c. Video Conferencing d. Cable TV
10. Expand the following:
a) ARPANET
b) MAC
c) ISP
d) URI
11. What do you understand by the term network?
12. Mention any two main advantages of using a network of computing devices.
13. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
14. Write down the names of few commonly used networking devices.
15. Two universities in different States want to transfer information. Which type of network
they need to use for this?
16. Define the term topology. What are the popular network topologies?
17. How is tree topology different from bus topology?
18. Identify the type of topology from the following:
a) Each node is connected with the help of a single cable.
b) Each node is connected with central switching through independent cables.
19. What do you mean by a modem? Why is it used?
20. Explain the following devices:
a) Switch b) Repeater c) Router d) Gateway e) NIC
21. Sahil, a class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet and web
technologies. He is a bit confused in between the terms “World Wide Web” and
“Internet”. Help him in understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples
of each.
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 DATA BASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
THROUGH
STRUCTURED QUERY
LANGUAGE

Questions:
1. What is MySQL used for? Abhay wants to start learning MySQL. From where can he obtain the
MySQL software ?
2. In the table “Student”,Priya wanted to increase the Marks(Column Name:
Marks) of those students by 5who have got Marks below 33. She has entered the following
statement:
3. SELECT Marks+5 FROM Student WHERE Marks<33;
Identify errors(if any) in the abovestatement. Rewritethe correct SQL statement.
4. Write SQL statement to add a column ‘‘COUNTRY’’ with data type and size as VARCHAR(70) to
the existing table named ‘‘PLAYER’’.Is it a DDL or DML or TCL command ?
5. Table Student has the columns RNO and SCORE. It has 3 rows in it. Following two SQL
statements were enteredthat produced the output (AVG(SCORE) as 45and COUNT(SCORE) as 2)
:

(i) AVG(SCORE)
(ii) Count(score)
6. ‘Employee’ table has a column named ‘CITY’ that stores city in which each employee resides.
Write SQL query to display details of all rows except those rows that have CITY as ‘DELHI’ or
‘MUMBAI’ or ‘CHANDIGARH’.
7. How is a database related to a table ?
8. Mr. Sen has to create a table named ‘Employee’ withColumns to store EmpID, Name,
Designation, Age and Salary. EmpID is the Primary key and Name cannot be NULL. Some of the
rows that will be inserted are shown below.

Write SQL query to create the above table with appropriate data types and sizes of columns.
9. Ms. Rajshri is the Class Teacher of Class XII. She wants to create a table named ‘Student’ to store
marks in different subjectsof her class. Identify any 4columns for the table along withtheir
suitable data types.
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 10. “XYZ” Company conducts workshops for employees of organizations. The company requires
data of workshops that are organized. Write SQL query to create a table ‘Workshop’ with the
following structure:

11. Ariya wants to add another column ‘Gender’ in the already existing table ‘CUSTOMERS’.
She has written the following statement. However, it errors. Rewrite the correct statement.
MODIFY TABLE CUSTOMERS GENDER char(1);
12. Explain the following statement withthe help ofexample:
13. “In a transaction either all the SQL statements be committed or all rolled back.”
14. How is HAVING clause similar to WHERE clause? How is HAVINGclause different from
WHERE clause? Explainwiththe helpof examples of each.
15. Consider the followingtable ‘Transporter’ that stores the order details about itemsto be
transported. Write SQL commands for the statements (i) to (viii).
Table: T R A N S P OR TE R
ORDERNO DRIVERNAME DRIVERGRADE ITEM TRAVELDATE DESTINATION
10012 RAMYADAV A TELEVISION 2019-04-19 MUMBAI
10014 SOMNATHSINGH FURNITURE 2019-01-12 PUNE
10016 MOHANVERMA B WASHINGMACH 2019-06-06 LUCKNOW
10018 RISHISINGH A REFRIGERATOR 2019-04-07 MUMBAI
10019 RADHEMOHAN TELEVISION 2019-05-30 UDAIPUR
10020 BISHENPRATAP B REFRIGERATOR 2019-05-02 MUMBAI
10021 RAM TELEVISION 2019-05-03 PUNE

(i) To display names of drivers and destination city where TELEVISION is being
transported.
(ii) To display driver names and destinationswhere destinationis not MUMBAI.
(iii) To display the namesof destinationcities where items are being transported. There
should be no duplicate values.
(iv) To display details of rowsthat have some value in DRIVERGRADE column.
(v) To display names of drivers, names of itemsand travel dates for those items that are
being transported on or before 1st April 2019.
(vi) To display the number of drivers who have ‘MOHAN’ anywhere in their names.
(vii) To display the names of drivers, item names and travel dates in alphabetic
(ascending) order of driver names.
(viii) To display names of driverswhose names are three characters long.
17. In CHAR(10) and VARCHAR(10),what does the number 10indicate ?
18. ‘Employee’ table has a column named ‘CITY’ that stores city in whicheach employee resides.
Write SQL query to display details of all rows except those rows that have CITY as ‘DELHI’ or
‘MUMBAI’ or ‘CHANDIGARH’.
19. Consider the table given below. Write SQL queriesfor (i) to (vii).
Table: Gym
R EG I D N AME PR EW EI G H T CU R R W EI G H T D OJ G EN D ER B R AN CH

1001 S H EELAS I A 115 98 2017-09-02 F AD AR S H V I H AR

1002 F AW AD KH AN 92 80 2018-10-11 M MOD ELTOW N

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 1003 PAW AN S I N G H 85 80 2018-02-03 M N I R MAN N AG AR

1004 S U PR I YA AR ORA 113 100 2018-01-16 F MOD ELTOW N

1005 AJOYB AS U 67 75 2017-12-09 M N I R MAN N AG AR

1006 T A N M A Y JA C OB 100 71 2017-11-18 M AD AR S H V I H AR

1007 LAKS H MI VEN KAT 98 95 2018-06-09 F MOD ELTOW N

Columns REGID stores Registration Id, PREWEIGHT stores weight of the person before joining
Gym, CURRWEIGHT stores current weight, DOJ stores Date of Joining, BRANCH stores the
branch of Gym where the person has enrolled.
(i) To display names of members along with their previous and current weights who are in
Model Town branch.
(ii) To display all names of members, previous weight, current weight, Change in weight (i.e.
how much increase from previous weight or decrease from previous weight, Decrease
will be displayed with negative sign)
(iii) To display BRANCH wise count of members in the Gym. (i.e. display the BRANCH and
number of members in each BRANCH)
(iv) To display names and date of joining of all the members who joined in the year 2018.
(v) To display Names and Current weight of all the members in descending order of Current
Weight.
(vi) To display the names and date of joining of male members who have joined after 27th
September 2018.
(vii) To display names and date of joining of members who have their names starting with ‘S’
and ending with ‘a’.
20. Consider the table Flight given below, write command in SQL for (i) to (iv) and output for (v) to (viii)
Table : FLIGHT
Flight_No Origin Destination Seats FlightDate Rate

1005 Varanasi Nepal 275 12-Dec-07 3000

2785 Delhi Kerala 290 17-Jan-08 5500

6587 Mumbai Varanasi 435 19-Feb-08 5000
1265 Varanasi Nepal 200 02-Jan-08 5400
4457 Delhi Lucknow 150 22-Feb-08 4500
6856 Varanasi Mumbai 180 03-Mar-08 6000

i) To display Flight flying between Varanasi and Nepal.

ii) To display the different Origin of Flights.
iii) To display list of flights in descending order of Rate.
iv) To display flight details of the flight whose flightdate is after Jan 2008.
v) SELECT Flight_No, Destination FROM Flight WHERE Destination LIKE ‘_u%’;
vi) SELECT Origin, COUNT(*) FROM Flight GROUP BY Origin;
vii) SELECT Origin, Destination FROM Flight WHERE seats>400;
viii) SELECT SUM(Rate),MAX( Seats) FROM Flight;
JOINS
➢ A relational database consists of multiple related tables linking together using
common columns, which are known as foreign key columns.
➢ It is used retrieve data from multiple tables.
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 ➢ Consider the tables below EMP, DEPT & SALGARDE that stored related
information, all the examples on join will be explained with help of these following
three tables
EMP Table
empno ename job mgr hiredate sal comm deptno
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 1993-06-13 800.00 0.00 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1998-08-15 1600.00 300.00 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 1996-03-26 1250.00 500.00 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 1995-10-31 2975.00 20
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1992-06-11 2850.00 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 1993-05-14 2450.00 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1996-03-05 3000.00 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1990-06-09 5000.00 0.00 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1995-06-04 1500.00 0.00 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 1999-06-04 1100.00 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 2000-06-23 950.00 30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 2000-01-21 1300.00 10
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 1997-12-05 3000.00 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1998-12-05 1250.00 1400.00 30

DEPT Table
deptno dname location
10 Accounting New York
20 Research Dallas
30 Sales Chicago
40 Operations Boston
SALGRADE Table
grade losal hisal
1 700.00 1200.00
2 1201.00 1400.00
4 2001.00 3000.00
5 3001.00 99999.00
3 1401.00 2000.00
➢ Types of Join
❖ Cartesian Product or Cross join
❖ Equi Join
❖ Natural Join
❖ Non-Equi Join
❖ Self Join
❖ Left Outer Join
❖ Right Outer Join
➢ Cartesian Product or Cross join
❖ The cross join makes a Cartesian product of rows from the joined tables.
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 ❖ The cross join combines each row from the first table with every row from the
right table to make the result set.
❖ If Table1 has degree d1 and cardinality c1 and table2 has degree d2 and
cardinality c2, their Cartesian Product has degree d=d1+d2 and cardinality
c=c1*c2;

Ven Diagram
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table1, table2;
Or
SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
Or
SELECT * FROM table1 JOIN table2;
e.g. SELECT * FROM emp, dept;
SELECT * FROM emp CROSS JOIN dept;
SELECT * FROM emp JOIN DEPT;
Output:
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | dname | loc |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| 7369 | SM ITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7369 | SM ITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7369 | SM ITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7369 | SM ITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7566 | JONES | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7566 | JONES | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7566 | JONES | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7566 | JONES | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7654 | M ARTIN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7654 | M ARTIN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7654 | M ARTIN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7654 | M ARTIN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7698 | BLAKE | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7698 | BLAKE | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7698 | BLAKE | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7782 | CLARK | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
10 |
| 7782 | CLARK | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7782 | CLARK | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
10 |
| 7782 | CLARK | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
20 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
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 | 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7876 | ADAM S | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7876 | ADAM S | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7876 | ADAM S | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7876 | ADAM S | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7900 | JAM ES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7900 | JAM ES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7900 | JAM ES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7900 | JAM ES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
| 7934 | M ILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 7934 | M ILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7934 | M ILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7934 | M ILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
56 rows in set (0.02 sec)
Note: Above output has 56 row (14*4) and 11 columns (8+3)
➢ Equi Join-
❖ It performs a JOIN against equality or matching column(s) values of the
associated tables.

Ven Diagram
Syntax
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM Table1, Table 2
WHERE table1.column=Table2.column;
Or
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM Table1 join Table2 on Table1.Column=Table2.Column;
Example: SELECT * FROM emp JOIN dept ON emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Or
SELECT * FROM emp,dept WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Output:

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | dname | loc |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
| 7369 | SM ITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7566 | JONES | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7654 | M ARTIN | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7698 | BLAKE | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES
74

| CHICAGO |
Page
 | 7782 | CLARK | M ANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESM AN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7876 | ADAM S | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7900 | JAM ES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 7934 | M ILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Example 1: Display the employee name, sal and name of department name
Ans: In the above query ename and sal belong to emp table whereas dname belongs to
DEPT table. So, to retrieve data in this we will use join
SELECT emp.ename, emp.sal, dept.dname
FROM emp, dept WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
Output:
+ + + +
| ename | sal | dname |
+ + + +
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+ + + +
Note:
❖ In case of join full qualified (table_name.column_name) name is used to avoid
ambiguity as both table contains common columns as PRIMARY KEY and
FOREIGN KEY.
❖ Table Alias – Like column alias table alias can be used in case of join as given
below.
SELECT e.ename, e.sal FROM emp e, dept d WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
❖ Here ‘e’ & ‘d’ are table alias for EMP & DEPT table respectively.

➢ Non- Equi Join

❖ It uses comparison operator instead of the equal sign like >, <, >=, <= along with
join condition.
Syntax:
SELECT * /Column_list
FROM table1, table2,..
WHERE table1.column relational_operator table2.column;
Note: Where relational operator are other than equality operator and between.
Example: Display the employee name, salary and grade of each employee.
Ans: In the above query the involved table are EMP and SALGRADE.
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 SELECT e.ename, e.sal, s.grade
FROM emp e, salgarde s
WHERE e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;
Output:
+ + + +
| ename | sal | grade |
+ + + +
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+ + + +
➢ Natural Join
❖ A natural join is a type of join operation that creates an implicit join by combining
tables based on columns with the same name and data type.
❖ It makes the SELECT query simpler with minimal use of conditions.
❖ There is no need to specify the name of common column in the SELECT
statement.
❖ Common column is present only once in the output.
Syntax:
SELECT */column_list
FROM Table1 NATURAL JOIN TABLE2;
Or
SELECT */column_list
FROM TABLE1 join on common_column_name;
Example :
SELECT * FROM emp JOIN dept USING(deptno);
Or
SELECT * FROM emp NATURAL JOIN DEPT;
Output:
+ + + + + + + + + + +
| deptno | empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | dname | loc |
|+ 20 | +7369 | SMITH
+ +| CLERK + | 7902
+ | 1980-12-17
+ | 800.00
+ | NULL
+ +
| RESEARCH +| DALLAS |
| 30 | 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 30 | 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 30 | 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 10 | 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
| 20 | 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 10 | 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW
YORK |
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 | 30 | 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 20 | 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 10 | 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK
|
+ + + + + + + + + + +

➢ Difference between Equi-Join vs Natural Join

Equi-Join Natural Join

Join performed on equality of value of the Join is performed on column haing
columns common name.
Where clause is used to specify the There is no need to use where clause
condition
Both columns from tables are displayed in Common column is displayed only
the result. once
Solved Exercise on Join:

Consider the following two table Customer and Saleman

Customer Table:
salesman_id name city commission
5001 James Hoog New York 0.15
5002 Nail Knite Paris 0.13
5005 Pit Alex London 0.11
5006 Mc Lyon Paris 0.14
5007 Paul Adam Rome 0.13

Customer Table:
customer_id cust_name city grade salesman_id
3002 Nick Rimando New York 100 5001
3007 Brad Davis New York 200 5001
3005 Graham Zusi California 200 5002
3008 Julian Green London 300 5002
3004 Fabian Johnson Paris 300 5006
3009 Geoff Cameron Berlin 100 5003
3003 Jozy Altidor Moscow 200 5007

Q1. Write a SQL query to display Salesman, cust_name and city from above table where the
salesperson and customer belongs to same city.
Ans:
SELECT s.name AS "Salesman",
c.cust_name, c.city
FROM salesman s,customer c
WHERE s.city=c.city;
Or
SELECT salesman.name AS "Salesman",
customer.cust_name, customer.city
FROM salesman,customer
WHERE salesman.city=customer.city;
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 Q2. write a SQL query to display ord_no, purch_amt, cust_name, city of those orders where
order amount exists between 500 and 2000.
Ans:
SELECT o.ord_no,o.purch_amt,
c.cust_name,c.city
FROM orders o,customer c
WHERE o.customer_id=c.customer_id
AND o.purch_amt BETWEEN 500 AND 2000;

Q3. Write a SQL query to display Customer Name, city, Salesman, commission the all
salesperson(s) and their respective the customer(s).
Ans:
SELECT c.cust_name AS "Customer Name",
c.city, s.name AS "Salesman", s.commissio n
FROM customer c, salesman s
WHERE c.salesman_id=s.salesman_id;

Q4. What are Joins in SQL?

Ans. Joins in SQL are the statements or clauses using which we can combine two or more
tables, based on some common fields present among the tables.
Q5.Explain the different types of Joins in SQL?
Ans: Some of the major joins in SQL are-
❖ Equi Join – Inner join is used to return the records which are having matching
values in both the tables.
❖ Left Join – Left join is used to concatenate all the rows of the left table and the
matching rows in the right table.
❖ Right Join-Right join is used to concatenate all the rows of the right table and the
matching rows in the left table.
❖ Full Join-Full join is used to return all the records of both the tables as long as
there is a matching record in either table.
❖ Self Join-Self join is a join that is used to join a table to itself. In a self-join, a
table is considered as if it were two tables.
❖ Cartesian Join-Cartesian join is used to return the number of rows in the first table
multiplied by the number of rows in the second table. It is also referred to as cross
join.
Q6. What is Natural Join?
Ans: Natural join is used to create an implicit join clause based on the value of common
attributes in the two tables. Common attributes are the attributes that have the same name in
both tables. Natural join does not need any comparison operator as in the case of equi join.

Q7. What is an Equi Join?

Ans: An Equi Join is a type of join that combines tables based on matching values in the
specified columns.
❖ The column names do not need to be the same.
❖ The resultant table can contain repeated columns.
❖ It is possible to perform an equi join on more than two tables.

Q 8. What is the difference between cross join and natural join?

Ans: A cross join produces a cross product or cartesian product of two tables whereas the
natural join is based on all the columns having the same name and data types in both the
tables.
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Page
 INTERFACE OF PYTHON WITH
SQL DATABASE
Introduction:
• Every application required data to be stored for future reference to manipulate data.
Today every application stores data in database for this purpose.
• For example, in school student detail are saved for many reasons like attendance, fee
collections, exams, report card etc.
• Python allows us to connect all types of database - Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, etc.
• In our syllabus we have to understand how to connect python programs with MySQL.
• Before we connect python program with any database like MySQL we need to build a
bridge to connect Python and MySQL.
• To Build this bridge we need a connector called “mysql.connector”, which we have to
install first.
Steps to create a database connectivity in Python application are:
1. Open python.
2. Import the package required for database programming:
Here we need to import mysql.connector package in our python scripts.
3. Open a connection:
Here we need to establish a connection to MySQL database using connect(). The syntax
for this is as follows:
<Connection_object> = mysql.connector.connect(host= <host_name>, user=
<user_name>, passwd =<password> , [database = <database>]).
Here host_name means database server name, generally it is given as “localhost”,
user_name means user by which we connect with MySQL, generally it is given as
“root”, password is the password of user, database is the name of the database whose
data we want to use.
For example:
import mysql.connector as sqltor
mycon = sqltor.connect(host ="localhost" , user ="root", passwd = "mypass", database
="test")
4. Create a cursor instance:
Here we have to create an instance of cursor by using cursor(), the syntax is as follows:
<cursorobject> =<connectionobject>.cursor()
For example:
cursor = mycon.cursor()
5. Execute a query:
Here we use the execute() with following syntax.
< cursorobject>.execute(<sql query string>)
For example:
cursor.execute("select * from data;”)
6. Extract data from result set:
Here you can fetch the data from the resultset byusing fetch functions.
• fetchall(): it will return all th record in the form of tuple.
• fetchone(): it returns one record from the result set.
• fetchmany(n): it will return n number of records.
• rowcount: it will return number of rows retrieved from the cursor so far.
7. Clean up the environment.
A database Connection object controls the connection to the database. It represents a unique
session with a database connected from within a script/program. A Database Cursor is a specia l
79

control structure that facilitates the row by row processing of records in the result set. The result
set refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing an SQL
Page

query and made available to the application program.

 For INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE queries, we must run commit() with the connection
object after executing the SQL query.
Mind Map:

Interface of python
with an SQL database

Statements used for the above statements:

Steps to create a database connectivity in
Python application are: • Open Python IDLE
• Open python. • import mysql.connector
• Import the package required for • mycon = mysql.connector.connect(host
database programming. ="localhost" , user ="root", passwd =
• Open a connection "mypass", database ="test")
• Create a cursor instance. • cursor = mycon.cursor()
• Execute a query. • cursor.execute("select * from data;”)
• Extract data from result set. • Use fetchall()/fetchone()/fetchmany(n)
• Clean the environment. to extract data from result set.

Questions:
1 Marks Questions
1 To establish connection between Python and MySql Which connector is required.
(a) mysql.connection (b) connector (c) mysql.connect (d) mysql.connector
2 If you want to check whether connection between Python and MySql is established or not. Which
function is used?
(a) con.isconnected() (b) con.connected() (c) con.is_connect (d) con.is_connected
3 Fill the connection string with the required parameter name: -
con=mysql.connector.connect(<1>= localhost , user= “scott” <2>= ‘tiger’ , database=’mydb’
(a) <1>= host , <2> =passwd (b) <1>= host , <2> =password
(b) <1>= 127.0.0.1 , <2> =password (d) <1>= 127.0.0.1, <2> =pass
4 Which of the following component act as a container to hold all the data returned from the query and
from there we can fetch data at a time?
(a) Resultset (b) Container (c) Table (d) Cursor
5 Differentiate between fetchone() and fetchall() ?
6 Which properties of cursor is used to get number of records stored in cursor(Assuming cursor name
is dbcursor?
(a) dbcursor.count (b) dbcursor.row.count
(b) dbcursor.records (d) dbcursor.rowcount
7 Out of which of the following symbol is used for passing parameterized query fro execution to cursor?
a) { } b) % c) $ d) Both (a) and (b)
8 Which cursor function is used to fetch n number of records from cursor?
a) fetchone() b) fetch( ) c) fetchmany() d) fetchall()
9 Which cursor function is used to fetch one record at a time from cursor?
a) fetchone() b) Onefetch() c) fetch() d) fetchonce()
10 Which cursor function is used to send query to connection?
(a) query() (b) execute() (c) run() (d) send()
2 Marks Questions
1 Consider the following table EMP containing information about an employee: -
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Page
 EMPNO ENAME DEPT SALARY
1 ALEX MUSIC 60000
2 PETER ART 67000
3 JHONY WE 55000
4 RAMBO P&HE 48000
Following python code is written to access the records of the table. EMP. What will be the output of
the following code:
query = “Select * from emp”
mycursor.execute(query)
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
result1= mycursor.fetchone()
d= int(result1[3])
print(d*3)
(a) P&HEP&HEP&HE (b) 144000
(b) WEWEWE (d) 165000
2 Consider the following Python code written to access the record of CODE passes to
function.Complete the missing statements:
def Search(eno):
#Assume that all the basic setup import, connection and cursor is already created
query=”select * from emp where emp where empno = ”.format(eno)
mycursor .execute(query)
result = mycursor.
print(results)
(a) { } and fetchone() (b) fetchone() and {}
(b) %s and fetchone() (d) %eno and fetchone()
3 Consider the following Python code written for updating the records:
def Update(eno):
#Assume basic setup import, connection(con) and cursor(mycursor) is created
query = “update emp set salary = 90000 where empno =”+str(eno)
mycursor.execute(query)
Code is running but the record in actual database is not updating, what could be the possible reason?
(a) save() function is missing (b) con.save() function is missing
(b) con.commit() function is missing (d) commit() is missing
4 Consider the following python code to display all records from table: EMP
def ShowAll()
#Assume basic setup import, connection(con) and cursor(mycursor) is created
query=”select * from emp”
mycursor .execute(query)
result = mycursor. fetchall()
for results in row:
print(results)
But query is giving error, what could be the possible reason?
(a) fetchmany() should be used in place of fetchall()
(b) fetchone() should be used in place of fetchone()
(c) print(row) should be used in place of print(results)
(d) loop and print function is wrong, for row in results: snd print(row) should be used.
5 Differentiate between fetchone() and fetchmany() /
6 What is the role of a cursor? Write syntax to create a cursor?
7 To perform query sting based on some parameter. There are two method. Write the given query in (i)
String Templates with % formatting and (ii) String Template with { } formatting
“select all fields from table student where marks >70”
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Page
 4 Marks Questions
1 What is resultset? Write code to execute the query “Select * from student” and store the retrieved
record in the cursor object after creating cursor.
2 Explain the purpose of the following lines in the given code:-
import mysql.connection as con
mycon = con.connect(host=”localhost”, user=”root”,passwd= “admin” , database=”employee”)
mycursor=mycon.cursor() ------------ 1
mycursor.execute(“select * from emp”)  ------------ 2
mydata = mycursor.fetchall()  ------------3
nrec = mycursor.rowcount()  ------------- 4
print(“Total records fetched till now are:”,nrec)
3 What will be the generated query string of the following code, also write statement to execute Query
and save the changes:-
import mysql.connection as con
mycon = con.connect(host=”localhost”, user=”root”,passwd= “admin” , database=”mybooks”)
mycursor = mycon.cursor()
Query = “INSERT INTO books (title, isbn, author, price) VALUES (%s, %s, %s,
%s)”.%(“Panchatantra’,123456, “John Fedrik”,500.00)
5 Marks Questions
1 Consider the following python and MySql connectivity code and answer the following questions:
import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345",database= "student")
if mydb.is_connected()==True:
print("connection ok")
else:
print("error connecting to mysql database")
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
r=int(input("enter the rollno"))
n=input("enter name")
m=int(input("enter marks"))
mycursor.execute("INSERT INTO student(rollno,name,marks) VALUES({},'{}',{})".format(r,n,m))
mydb.commit()
print(mycursor.rowcount,"RECRD INSERTED")
(i) Which of the following statement is connecting database server?
(ii) What is the role of the statement ‘mycursor=mydb.cursor()’?
(iii) Which statement will add record to the table?
(iv) What is the purpose of the ‘cursor.rowcount in the following print statement.
print(mycursor.rowcount,"RECRD INSERTED")
(v) What is the purpose of ‘mydb.commit()’ ?
2 What are the various methods for fetching record from the table? Explain the purpsose of different
fetch function available in Mysql and fill in the blanks given 1 and 2.
import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345",database="student")
if mydb.is_connected()==True:
print("connection ok")
else:
print("error connecting to mysql database")
1
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM STUDENT")
2
for row in rs:
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 print(row)
3 Consider the following menu driven program of python and MySql Connectivity and fill the gap with
the correct statement.
import sys
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="12345")
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
while True:
print("MENU")
print("1-Creating Database\n 2-Displaying Database List\n 3-Creating Table\n 4- Showing tables
List\n 5-To See the structure of Table\n 6-exit\n")
ch=int(input("enter your choice"))
if ch==1:
(i)
if ch==2:
(ii)
for x in mycursor:
print (x)
if ch==3:
(iii)
if ch==4:
(iv)
for x in mycursor:
print(x)
if ch==5:
(v)
for x in mycursor:
print(x)
sys.exit()
(i) Write command to create database SCHOOL.
(ii) Write command for displaying database list.
(iii) Write statement to create table FEES with FIELD [ROLLNO, NAME, AMOUNT] assume
datatype from your own.
(iv) Write statement to display tables in current user.
(v) mycursor.execute("DESC STUDENT")
Solution:
1 Marks Questions
1 (d)mysql.connector
2 (d) con.is_connected()
3 (a) <1>= host , <2> =passwd
4 (d) Cursor
5 fetchone() is used to fetch one record at a time. Subsequent fetchone() will fetch next records.If no
more records to fetch ,it returns none. fetchall() is used to fetch all the records from cursor in the form
of tuple.
6 (d) dbcursor.rowcount
7 Both (a) and (b)
8 (c) fetchmany()
9 (a) fetchone()
10 (b) execute()
2 Marks Questions
1 (c) 165000
2 (a) { } and fetchone()
3 (a) con.commit() function is missing
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 4 (d) loop and print function is wrong, it should be “for row in results” and print(row) should be used.
5 (i) fetchone() ->This method retrieves the next row of a query resultset and returns a single
sequence or None if no more rows are available. By default it returns tuple.
(ii) fetchmany() -> This method fetches the next set of rows of a query resultset and returns a list
of tuples. If no more rows are available it returns an empty list.
6 A database cursor is a special control structure that facilitates the row by row processing of records in
the resultset, i.e. the set of records retrieved as per query.
<cursor object> = <connection-object>.cursor()
7 (i) st =“Select * from student where marks >%s” %(70)
(ii) st= “Select * from student where marks >{ }”.format(70)
4 Marks Questions
1 The resultset refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing an SQL
query and made available to the application program.
cursor = con.cursor()
cursor.execute(“select * from student”)
2 1. Create an instance(object) of a cursor using cursor()
2. Executing sql query to retrieve all the records of the table emp in the mycursor object.
3. Fetch all the record in the resultset.
4. To count the number of rows/records returned by sql query.
3 INSERT INTO books (title, isbn, author, price) VALUES (“Panchatantra’,123456, “John
Fedrik”,500.00)
mycursor.execute(Query)
mycon.commit()
5 Marks Questions
1 (i) mysql.connector.connect
(ii) Creates an instance of a cursor
(iii) mycursor.execute(Sql Query)
(iv) To count and display the number of record effected by the query.
(v) Confirms the changes made by the user to the database.
2 (i) fetchone() ->This method retrieves the next row of a query resultset and returns a single sequence
or None if no more rows are available. By default it returns tuple.
(ii) fetchmany() -> This method fetches the next set of rows of a query resultset and returns a list of
tuples. If no more rows are available it returns an empty list.
(iii) fetchall() -> This method will return all the rows from the resultset in the form of a tuple
containing the records.
(iv) Fill in the blanks 1 ---- mycursor=mydb.cursor()
(v) Fill in the blanks 2 -----rs=mycursor.fetchall()
3 (i) mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE SCHOOL")
(ii) mycursor.execute("SHOW DATABASE")
(iii) mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE FEES (ROLLNO INTEGER(3),NAME VARCHAR(20),
AMOUNT INTEGER(10));")
(iv) mycursor.execute("SHOW TABLES")
(v) Write statement to display the structure of the table.
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