Chapter 1:: Revision tour 1 (Topics covered in grade

11 )
Python (a computer language)
• We know that Python is a powerful and high level language and it is an interpreted
language.
• Python gives us two modes of working-
– Interactive mode
– Script mode

ScriptMode
Interactive
Mode

• It is possible to develop various Apps with Python like–

 – GUI Apps
– Web Apps
– Games
– DBMS Apps
– Scripting etc.

Python (Limitations)
There are few limitations in Python which can be neglected because of its
vast usage.
• It is not a Fast Language.
• Libraries are very less.
• It is week in Type binding.
• It is not easy to convert some other
language.

Tokens
• Token- is the smallest unit of any programming language.

It is also known as Lexical Unit. Types of token are-

i. Keywords
ii. Identifiers (Names)
 iii. Literals
iv. Operators
v. Punctuator

Keywords::
• Keywords are those words which provide a special meaning to the interpreter.
• These are also known as reserve words. These can’t be used as identifiers variable name or
any other purpose.

Available keywords in Python are

 Identifiers
• These are building blocks of a program and are used to give names to
different parts/blocks of a program like - variable, objects, classes, functions.
• An identifier may be a combination of letters and numbers.
• An identifier must begin with an alphabet or an underscore ( _ ).
Subsequent letters may be numbers (0-9).
• Python is case sensitive. Uppercase characters are distinct from lowercase characters
(P and p are different for interpreter).
• Length of an Identifier is unlimited.
• Keywords can not be used as an identifier.
• Space and special symbols are not permitted in an identifier name except an underscore( _ ) sign.
• Some valid identifiers are –
• Myfile, Date9_7_17, Z2T0Z9, _DS, _CHK FILE13.
• Some invald identifiers are –
• DATA-REC, 29COLOR, break, My.File
Literals / Values

• Literals are often called Constant Values.

• Python permits following types of literals -

– String literals - “Pankaj”

 – Numeric literals – 10, 13.5, 3+5j

– Boolean literals – True or False

– Special Literal None

– Literal collections

String Literals:
String Literal is a sequence of characters that can be a combination of letters, numbers and special
symbols, enclosed in quotation marks, single, double or triple(“ “ or ‘ ‘ or “’ ‘”).
In python, string is of 2 types
Single line string
Text = “Hello World” or Text = ‘Hello World”
Multi line string
Text = ‘hello\ or Text = ‘’’hello
world’ word”
Numeric Literals
• Numeric values can be of three types -

– int (signed integers)

• Decimal Integer Literals – 10, 17, 210 etc.
 • Octal Integer Literals - 0o17, 0o217 etc.
Hexadecimal Integer Literals – 0x14, 0x2A4, 0xABD etc
– float ( floating point real value)
• Fractional Form – 2.0, 17.5 -13.5, -.00015 etc.
Exponent Form - -1.7E+8, .25E-4 etc
– complex (complex numbers)
• 3+5i etc.
• Boolean Literals :: It can contain either of only two values – True or False
▪ A= True
▪ B=False

• Special Literals:: None, which means nothing (no value).

▪ X = None
Operators
• An Operator is a symbol that trigger some action when
applied to identifier (s)/ operand (s)
• Therefore, an operator requires operand (s) to compute upon. example :
c=a+b
Here, a, b, c are operands and operators are = and + which are performing differently.
Punctuators
• In Python, punctuators are used to construct the program and to make balance between instructions
and statements. Punctuators have their own syntactic and semantic significance.
 • Python has following Punctuators -
‘, ”, #, \, (, ), [, ], {, }, @. ,, :, .. `, =
CORE DATA TYPES

CORE
DATA TYPE

Numbers None Sequences Mappings

Floating
Integer Complex String Tuple List Dictionary
Point

Boolean

Variables and Values :

An important fact to know is-
In Python, values are actually objects.
 And their variable names are actually their reference names.
Suppose we assign 10 to a variable A.
A = 10

Here, value 10 is an object and A is its reference name

Mutable and Immutable Types

Following data types comes under mutable and immutable types-

• Mutable (Changeable)
lists, dictionaries and sets.

• Immutable (Non-Changeable)

integers, floats, Booleans, strings and tuples

Operators

• The symbols that shows a special behavior or action when applied to operands are called operators.
For ex- + , - , > , < etc.
• Python supports following operators-
I. Arithmetic Operator
II. Relation Operator
 III. Identity Operators
IV. Logical Operators
V. Bitwise Operators
VI. Membership Operators

Operator Associativity

• In Python, if an expression or statement consists of multiple or more than one operator then operator
associativity will be followed from left-to- right.

• In above given expression, first 7*8 will be calculated as 56, then 56 will be divided by 5 and will
result into 11.2, then 11.2 again divided by 2 and will result into 5.0.
*Only in case of **, associativity will be followed from right-to-left.

Above given example will be calculated as 3**(3**2)

Type Casting
• As we know, in Python, an expression may be consists of mixed datatypes. In such cases, python
 changes data types of operands internally. This process of internal data type conversion is called
implicit type conversion.
• One other option is explicit type conversion which is like-
<datatype> (identifier)
If a=5 and b=10.5 then we can convert a to float. Like d=float(a)

Other example:: a=“4”

b=int(a)

Statement Flow Control

• .
In a program, statements executes in sequential manner or in selective manner or in iterative manner
Sequential Selective Iterative
Python -----if Statements

• In Python, if statement is used to select statement for processing. If execution of a statement is to be

done on the basis of a condition, if statement is to be used. Its syntax is-

if <condition>:
statement(s)
l
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Python---if-else Statements
If out of two statements, it is required to select one statement for processing on the basis of a condition,
if-else statement is to be used. Its syntax is-

if <condition>:
statement(s) when condition is true
else:
statement(s) when condition is false
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Nested If -else:

Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift

 Loop/Repetitive Task/Iteration
These control structures are used for repeated execution of statement(s) on the basis of a condition. Loop
has 3 main components-
1. Start (initialization of loop)
2. Step (moving forward in loop )
3. Stop (ending of loop)

Python has following loops-

• for loop
• while loop

.
 Range () Function

• In Python, an important function is range( ). its syntax is-

range ( <lower limit>,<upper limit>) If we write - range (0,5 )
Then a list will be created with the values [0,1,2,3,4] i.e. from
lower limit to the value one less than ending limit.
range (0,10,2) will have the list [0,2,4,6,8]. range (5,0,-1) will have the list [5,4,3,2,1]

Jump Statements Break Statement

.
 for <var> in <sequence>: statement1
while <test-condition>: statement1 if <condition>: break
if <condition>: break statement2
statement2 statement3
statement3 Statement4
Statement4 statement5
statement5
Jump Statements Break Statement

Output Output

.
 in and not in operator

• in operator-
3 in [1,2,3,4] will return True.

5 in [1,2,3,4] will return False .

• not in operator-
5 not in [1,2,3,4] will return True.

.
Jump Statements Continue Statement

Output of both the program---

.
 Nested Loop

OUTPUT

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Previous Year Questions

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