Chapter-5

Multidimensional Arrays

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Motivations

• Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear collections of elements. You
can use a two-dimensional array to represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following
table that describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a two-
dimensional array.

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Objectives

• To give examples of representing data using two-dimensional arrays (§7.1).

• To declare variables for two-dimensional arrays, create arrays, and access array
elements in a two-dimensional array using row and column indexes (§7.2).
• To program common operations for two-dimensional arrays (displaying arrays,
summing all elements, finding min and max elements, and random shuffling)
(§7.3).
• To pass two-dimensional arrays to methods (§7.4).
• To write a program for grading multiple-choice questions using two-dimensional
arrays (§7.5).
• To solve the closest-pair problem using two-dimensional arrays (§7.6).
• To check a Sudoku solution using two-dimensional arrays (§7.7).
• To use multidimensional arrays (§7.8).

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 Two-dimensional Arrays

• A two-dimensional array is a one-dimensional array in which each element is another one-dimensional array.

x
x[0][0] x[0][1] x[0][2] x[0][3]
x[0]
x[1] x[1][0] x[1][1] x[1][2] x[1][3]

x[2]
x[2][0] x[2][1] x[2][2] x[2][3]

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• Multidimensional arrays can be initialized with array initializers in
declarations.
• A two-dimensional array b with two rows and two columns could
be declared and initialized with nested array initializers as follows:
• int[][] b = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
• The initial values are grouped by row in braces.
• The number of nested array initializers (represented by sets of
braces within the outer braces) determines the number of rows.
• The number of initializer values in the nested array initializer for a
row determines the number of columns in that row.
• Rows can have different lengths.
• The lengths of the rows in a two-dimensional array are not required to be the same:
• int[][] b = {{1, 2},
{3, 4, 5}};
• Each element of b is a reference to a one-dimensional array of int variables.
• The int array for row 0 is a one-dimensional array with two elements (1 and 2).
• The int array for row 1 is a one-dimensional array with three elements (3, 4 and 5).
A multidimensional array with the same number of columns in every row can be created with an
array-creation expression.
int[][] b = new int[3][4];
3 rows and 4 columns.
The elements of a multidimensional array are initialized when the array object is created.
A multidimensional array in which each row has a different
number of columns can be created as follows:
int[][] b = new int[2][]; // create 2 rows
b[0] = new int[5]; // create 5 columns for row 0
b[1] = new int[3]; // create 3 columns for row 1
Creates a two-dimensional array with two rows.
Row 0 has five columns, and row 1 has three columns.
Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays

// Declare array ref var

dataType[][] refVar;
// Create array and assign its reference to variable
refVar = new dataType[10][10];
// Combine declaration and creation in one statement
dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];
// Alternative syntax
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];

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Declaring Variables of 2DArrays and Creating 2DArrays

int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];

//OR
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
matrix[0][0] = 3;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)//row

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) //coumn
matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);

double[][] x;

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class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//Single-Dimensinal Array //
int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
System.out.println("Single-Dimensinal Array");
for(int a: numbers) //Single Dimensinal Array//
{
System.out.println(a);
}

//Multi-Dimensinal Array //
int[][] array2D = {
{5, 2, 9},
{1, 7, 6},
{3, 8, 4}
};
System.out.println("Multi-Dimensinal Array");
for (int[] row : array2D) //Multi-Dimensinal Array row//
{
for (int elem : row) //Multi-Dimensinal Array column//
{
System.out.print(elem + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] array2D = {
{5, 2, 9},
{1, 7, 6},
{3, 8, 4}
};
System.out.println("Multi-Dimensinal Array");
// for (int[] row : array2D) //Multi-Dimensinal Array row//
for(int i=0; i< array2D.length;i++)
{
// for (int elem : row) //Multi-Dimensinal Array column//
for(int j=0; j< array2D[i].length; j++)
{
//System.out.print(elem + " ");
System.out.print(array2D[i][j] +" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Two-dimensional Array Illustration

int [] [] matrix = new int[5][5];

matrix[2][1] = 7;
matrix[3][4] = 7;

Caution
It is a common mistake to use matrix[2, 1] to access the element at row 2
and column 1. In Java, each subscript must be enclosed in a pair of
square brackets like this matrix[2][1]

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Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using Shorthand Notations

• You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and initialize a two-dimensional array.
• For example,

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Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays

• A two-dimensional array is an array in which each element is a one-dimensional

array.
• The length of an array x is the number of elements in the array, which can be
obtained using x.length.
– the elements, x[0], x[1],….., and x[x.length-1], are arrays.
• Their lengths can be obtained using
– x[0].length, x[1].length, ……,andx[x.length-1].length.

– Arrayname.length

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Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays

• For example, suppose x =new int[3][4],

• x[0], x[1],and x[2] are one-dimensional arrays and each contains four elements, x.length is 3, and
• x[0].length,x[1].length,and x[2].length are 4.

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Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays, cont.

int[][] array = {
{1, 2, 3}, array.length = 4 this is the number of rows
{4, 5, 6, 4}, array[0].length = 3
{7, 8}, array[1].length = 4
{10, 11, 12, 5, 7} array[2].length = 2
}; array[3].length = 5

array[4].length //Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception

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Ragged Arrays

• Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array.

• So, the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is known as a ragged array.
For example,

int[][] matrix = { matrix.length is 5

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5},
matrix[1].length is 4
{3, 4, 5},
{4, 5}, matrix[2].length is 3
{5} matrix[3].length is 2
}; matrix[4].length is 1

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Ragged Arrays,

You cancreatearagged
arrayusingthesyntaxthat
follows:

Youcannowassignvaluesto
thearray.For example,

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Exercise Questions from text book

8.1 Declare an array reference variable for a two-dimensional array of int values, create
a 4-by-5 int matrix, and assign it to the variable.
8.2 Can the rows in a two-dimensional array have different lengths?
8.3 What is the output of the following code?
int[][] array = new int[5][6];
int[] x = {1, 2};
array[0] = x;
System.out.println("array[0][1] is " + array[0][1]);
8.4 Which of the following statements are valid?
int[][] r = new int[2];
int[] x = new int[];
int[][] y = new int[3][];
int[][] z = {{1, 2}};
int[][] m = {{1, 2}, {2, 3}};
int[][] n = {{1, 2}, {2, 3}, };
8.5 Show the output of the following code:
int[][] array = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < array[i].length; j++)
sum += array[][j];
System.out.println(sum);
Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays

• Initializing arrays with input values

• Printing arrays
• Summing all elements
• Summing all elements by column
• Which row has the largest sum
• Finding the smallest index of the largest element
• Random shuffling

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public class TwoDimensionalArrayOperations
{ // Method to sum all elements in the array
public static void main(String[] args) { public static int sumElements(int[][] array) {
// Create a 2D array int sum = 0;
int[][] array2D = { for (int[] row : array) {
{5, 2, 9}, for (int elem : row) {
{1, 7, 6}, sum += elem;
{3, 8, 4} }
}; }
// Display the array return sum;
System.out.println("Original Array:"); }
displayArray(array2D); }
// Sum all elements
int sum = sumElements(array2D); OUTPUT:-
System.out.println("Sum of all elements: " + sum); Original Array:
} 529
// Method to display the array 176
public static void displayArray(int[][] array) { 384
for (int[] row : array) { Sum of all elements: 45
for (int elem : row) {
System.out.print(elem + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays: Examples

//Initializing arrays with input values

java.util.Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter " + matrix.length + " rows and " +
matrix[0].length + " columns: ");
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = input.nextInt();
}
}
//Initializing arrays with random values
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
}
//Printing arrays
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
System.out.print(matrix[row][column] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}

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Summing 2DArray
//Summing all elements
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
total += matrix[row][column];
}
}
System.out.println("Sum for row " + row+ " is " + total);
//Summing elements by line
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
int total = 0;
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
total += matrix[row][column];
}
System.out.print ("Sum for row" + row+ " is " + total);
}
// Summing elements by column
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[0].length; column++) {
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++){
total += matrix[row][column];
}
System.out.print ("Sum for column" + column+ " is " + total);
}

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Write a Java program to multiply two matrices.
public class MatrixMultiplicationExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
//creating two matrices
int a[][]={{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3}};
int b[][]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};

//creating another matrix to store the multiplication of two matrices

int c[][]=new int[3][3]; //3 rows and 3 columns

//multiplying and printing multiplication of 2 matrices

for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}//end of k loop
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" "); //printing matrix element
}//end of j loop
System.out.println();//new line
}
}}
Write a Java program to add two matrices.

public class AddingTwoMatrices{

public static void main(String args[]){
int a[][]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
int b[][]={{1,1,1},{1,1,1},{1,1,1}};
int c[][]=new int[3][3];

for(int i = 0;i<3;i++){
for(int j = 0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j] = a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Methods
• When passing a two-dimensional array to a method, the
reference of the array is passed to the method.
• You can pass a two-dimensional array to a method just as you
pass a one-dimensional array.
• You can also return an array from a method.
Listing 8.1 gives an example with two methods.
• Question:
• The first method, getArray(), returns a two-dimensional array,
and the second method, sum(int[][] m), returns the sum of all
the elements in a matrix.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PassTwoDimensionalArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] m = getArray(); // Get an array//
System.out.println("\nSum of all elements is " + sum(m));// Display sum of elements//
}
public static int[][] getArray()
{
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); //Create a Scanner
int[][] m = new int[2][3]; // Enter array values
System.out.println("Enter " + m.length + " rows and “ + m[0].length + " columns: ");
for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) //row//
for (int j = 0; j < m[i].length; j++) //column//
m[i][j] = input.nextInt();
return m;
}
public static int sum(int[][] m)
{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < m.length; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < m[row].length; column++)
{
total += m[row][column];
}
}
return total;
}
}
8.7 Show the size of array:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] array = {{1, 2, 3. 4},
{5, 6, 7, 8}};
System.out.println(m1(array)[0]);
System.out.println(m1(array)[1]);
}
public static int[] m1(int[][] m)
{
int[] result = new int[2];
result[0] = m.length; // row
result[1] = m[0].length; //column
return result;
}
}
OUTPUT:
2
4
 WAP to check the grade of students answers by the array key
public class GradeExam {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args)
// Grade all answers
{
for (int i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {
// Students' answers to the questions
// Grade one student
char[][] answers = {
int correctCount = 0;
{'A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
for (int j = 0; j < answers[i].length; j++) {
{'D', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
if (answers[i][j] == keys[j])
{'E', 'D', 'D', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
correctCount++;
{'C', 'B', 'A', 'E', 'D', 'C', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
}
{'A', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
System.out.println("Student " + i + "'s correct count is " + correctCount);
{'B', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
}
{'B', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
}
{'E', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'}};
}
// Key to the questions
char[] keys = {'D', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'E', 'A', 'D'};
Multidimensional Arrays

• Occasionally, you will need to represent n-dimensional data structures. InJava, you can
create n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.

• The way to declare two-dimensional array variables and create two-dimensional arrays
can be generalized to declare n-dimensional array variables and create n-dimensional
arrays for n >=3.

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Multidimensional Arrays

double[][][] scores = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}}};

Which student Which exam Multiple-choice or essay

scores[ i ] [ j ] [ k ]

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Problem:Calculating Total Scores

• Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for students in a class.
• Suppose the scores are stored in a three-dimensional array named scores.
• The first index in scores refers to a student, the second refers to an exam, and
the third refers to the part of the exam. Suppose there are 7 students, 5 exams,
and each exam has two parts--the multiple-choice part and the programming
part.
• So, scores[i][j][0] represents the score on the multiple-choice part for the i’s
student on the j’s exam. Your program displays the total score for each student.

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WAP to display 2D Array & find the minimum, maximum & sum of the 2D Array elements
import java.util.Random; // Method to find the maximum element in the array
public class TwoDimensionalArrayOperations public static int findMax(int[][] array)
{
{ int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
public static void main(String[] args) { for (int[] row : array) {
int[][] array2D = {{5, 2, 9},{1, 7, 6},{3, 8, 4} }; for (int elem : row) {
System.out.println("Original Array:") if (elem > max) {
displayArray(array2D); max = elem;
// Find min max & sum elements }
}
int min = findMin(array2D); }
System.out.println("Minimum element: " + min); return max;
int max = findMax(array2D); }
System.out.println("Maximum element: " + max); // Method to calculate the sum of all elements
int sum = calculateSum(array2D); public static int calculateSum(int[][] array)
System.out.println("Sum of all elements: " + sum); {
int sum = 0;
} for (int[] row : array) {
for (int elem : row) {
// Method to find the minimum element in the array sum += elem;
public static int findMin(int[][] array) { }
int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; }
for (int[] row : array) { return sum;
}
for (int elem : row) { // Method to display the array
if (elem < min) { OUTPUT:-
public static void displayArray(int[][] array) {
min = elem; Original Array:
for (int[] row : array) {
} for (int elem : row) { 529
} System.out.print(elem + " "); 176
} } 384
System.out.println(); Minimum element: 1
return min; }
} Maximum element: 9
}
Sum of all elements: 45
}
AnyQuestions?

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