AC

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
R 19
II/ IV B.E (ECE)
II–Semester
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELURU-534007
Vision Of The Institution
To emerge as a premier institution in the field of technical education and research in the state
and as a home for holistic development of students and contribute to the advancement of
society and the region.
Mission Of The Institution
To provide high quality technical education through a creative balance of academic and
industry oriented learning; to create an inspiring environment of scholarship and research;
to instill high levels of academic and professional discipline; and to establish standards that
inculcate ethical and moral values that contribute to growth in career and development of
society in general.
Vision Of The department
To be a premier department in the region that nurtures individuals for acquisition of

knowledge and skills with research orientation which suits the local and global needs of
industry and society in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Mission Of The Department
To impart quality education and encourage research with an emphasis on application and
innovation; to cater the emerging societal needs through all-round development of students;
to enable individuals face the global competition; to inculcate the importance of ethical and
moral values in students.
Program Outcomes
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using the first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, society, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in society and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multi-disciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi-disciplinary
environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
Program Educational Objectives
PEO 1: Develop a solid foundation in mathematics and sciences to solve electronics

and communication engineering problems.
PEO 2: Apply core engineering concepts to develop novel products and solutions
demanded by modern industry
PEO 3: Pursue higher studies, research & development in science & technology and
keep abreast of latest technological developments.
PEO 4: Inculcate professional and ethical attitude, effective communication skills,
Team spirit & leadership qualities
PEO 5: Contribute to the needs of the society in solving technical problems using
electronics communications engineering principles, tools and practices
Program Specific Outcomes
A graduate of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Program will be able to:
PSO1: Apply domain specific knowledge for the design and analysis of VLSI and
Communication System applications
PSO2: Demonstrate technical competency by developing hardware and software

applications in the fields of IOT, Embedded and related systems
Course Outcomes
At the end of this course the student will be able to
1. Verify the working of different modulation techniques and spectrum analyzer.
2. Analyze the operation of different modulation techniques for given input data.
3. Design the different communication circuits and verify the working of the circuits.
CO-PO & PSOs Mapping:
C.O
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12 PSO 1 PSO 2
U.No.
C327.1 3 3 3 2 2
C327.2 3 3 3 2 2
C327.3 2 3 3 1 2 2
LABORATORY MANUAL
R 19
LIST OF EXPERMENTS
Pg.No.
S. No Name Of The Experiment
Part - A: Hardware
1 Amplitude Modulation- Mod & Demod. 1
2 Am- Dsb Sc- Mod & Demod. 5
3 Spectrum Analysis Of Modulated Signal Using Spectrum Analyzer 8
4 Diode Detector 11
5 Pre- Emphasis &De- Emphasis 13
6 Frequency Modulation- Mod. & Demod. 16
7 Pluse Amplitude Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 19
8 Pluse Width Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 22
9 Pluse Position Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 27
10 Phase Locked Loop 31
11 Radio Receiver Characteristics 35
12 Study On Radio Receiver/TV Receiver Demo Kits 38

Part – B: Simulation
1 Amplitude Modulation- Mod & Demod. 42
2 AM- DSB SC- Mod & Demod. 45
3 Frequency Modulation- Mod. & Demod. 47
4 SSB - Mod & Demod 49
5 Pre- Emphasis &De- Emphasis 51
6 Pluse Amplitude Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 53
7 Pluse Width Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 56
8 Pluse Position Modulation – Mod. & Demod 58
9 Phase Locked Loop 60

10 Spectrum Analysis Of Modulated Signal Using Spectrum Analyzer. 63
11 Sampling Theorem 65
Add On Experiments
1 Frequency Response Of Band Pass Filter 68
2 Frequency Response Of Low Pass Filter 72
3 Harmonic Generator 76
ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
Exp no: Date:
1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the amplitude modulated waveform with modulation indices, and
demodulate the same.
APPARATUS:
1. PHYSITECH’S Amplitude Modulation and Demodulator Trainer

2. Function Generator
3. CRO
4. BNC Probes
5. Connecting Wires
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and measure the internal carrier frequency and
amplitude by using CRO. It will be around 100 KHz record this frequency as
fc.
2. Connect the built in carrier to the carrier input of modulator circuit.
3. Connect around 3 KHz to 10 KHz with 2Vp-p AF signal between AF input
terminal and ground terminals of the modulator circuit.
4. Vary the modulating signal frequency and amplitude and observe the input
and output signals simultaneously on CRO.
5. Calculate the maximum and minimum points of modulated wave under CRO
and calculate the depth of modulation
V Vmin
m  max
Vmax  Vmin
Vm
6. Compare the theoretical value given by m  where Vm is the modulating signal
Vc
amplitude and Vc is the carrier signal amplitude.
7. Repeat the above procedure for 60%, 80% and 100% modulation index.
8. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of demodulator circuit and
observe the output of demodulator and compare it with the modulating signal.
SIRCRRCOE 1 Dept of ECE

CIRCUIT:
Modulator and Demodulator:
Carrier Generator:

MODEL GRAPH:
Theoretical Calculations:
TABULAR FORM:
S.No Vmax Vmin M=( Vmax- Vmin)/ ( Vmax+Vmin)

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?

2. Compare different AM techniques?
3. What is narrow banding?
4. What is frequency translation?
5. What is synchronous detection?

Exp no: Date:
2. AM-DSB SC-MOD&DEMOD (BALANCED MODULATOR)
AIM: To study the process of balanced modulation and the corresponding

waveform.
APPARATUS:
1. Balanced modulator Trainer Kit

2. DSO
3. Probes
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and measure the internal carrier frequency and
amplitude by using CRO.
2. Check the output of Audio Oscillator Which is nothing but Message
signal.
3. Adjust the frequency and amplitude of message signal until we get the
Shape of DSB-SC signal.
4. Adjust the frequency of the Carrier signal to get phase reversals at Zero
crossings of Message signal.
5. Measure the frequency and Amplitudes of Message as well as the carrier
signal, plot the waveforms.
KIT:
DSB-SC Transmitter trainers kit

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Audio Oscillator
Frequency:300Hz-
3.4KHz
Amplitude: 0-2Vpp
fm fm
DSB-SC
Balanced Output
Modulator
fc
Carrier Generator
Frequency: 455 KHz
Amplitude: 400mvpp
WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is balanced modulator?

2. Draw the spectrum of BM?
3. What is the output of BM?
4. Name different DSB-SC modulators?
5. Compare different AM techniques?
6. What is VSB? And its main application?

Exp no: Date:
3. SPECTRUM ANALYZER: HORMONICS OF SINE WAVE & SQUARE

WAVE
AIM:
1. To measure Harmonics of Sine wave by using Spectrum Analyzer.
2. To measure Harmonics of Square wave by using Spectrum Analyzer.
EQUIPMENT USED:
1. Spectrum Analyzer
2. Signal source
3. BNC – BNC cable
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the Spectrum Analyzer and check if the instrument is meeting the
Calibrated requirements else refer to the manual supplied along with the
Instrument
2. Switch on the signal source and set as given below
FUNCTION KNOBE : SINEWAVE/SQUAREWAVE
FREQUENCY KNOBE: 1 M HZ
FREQ. VARIABLE KNOB: MAX
LEVEL KNOB: MIN
ATTENUATION P.B SWITCHES: BOTH PRESSED
3. Set the Spectrum Analyzer as given below
CENTER FREQUENCY: 000.01
ATTENUATION: ALL DEPRESSED
SCAN WIDTH 2MHZ / div
4. Connect Spectrum Analyzer and AMW signal generator via, BNC – BNC cable
Typical spectrum analyzer display, showing power vs. frequency/wavelength a
spectrum analyzer or spectral analyzer is a device used to examine the spectral
components.fig 1.2
5. On connecting both the instruments you shall observe a spectral lines other than
the
Zero frequency line as shown in fig 1.2

6. Now switch on the MARKEB PUSH button. MK is lit and the display shows the
Marker frequency. The marker is shown on the screen as a vertical needle. Now
adjust the
marker knob so as to align the needle with the highest spectral line. The Reading
as obtained on the display in the fundamental frequency.
7. Now move on the marker to the adjacent spectral lines on RHS and note down the
Display readings. These readings correspond to the harmonic frequencies.
8. Also note down the levels of each spectral line on the CRT display.
9. Repeat (7) and (8) till you can observe spectral lines and note down the readings
10. Repeat the same experiment by selecting the function of square wave in function
generator.
PRECAUTIONS:
Never exceed the input to the Spectrum Analyzer beyond 10m Vrms with no
attenuation and 1 Vrms with all attenuation switches pressed
OBSERVATIONS: SINE WAVE
Fundamental frequency Frequency on display Level in dBm
1 MHz 1st harmonic :

2nd harmonic:
3rd harmonic:
2MHz 1st harmonic :
2nd harmonic:
3rd harmonic:
3MHz 1st harmonic :
2nd harmonic:
3rd harmonic:
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a spectrum analyzer?
2. What are harmonics?

Exp no: Date:
4. DIODE DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To demodulate the modulated wave and to observe the characteristics of diode
detector.
APPARATUS:
Name Of The Specifications/Range Quantity

Component/Equipment
Diode(0A79) Max current 35ma 1
Resistor 10kΩ 1
Capacitor 0.1Uf 1
CRO 20MHz 1
AM Generator 0.1MHz-110MHz 1
Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig.1. Diode Detector

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as per fig.1.
2. Set the input amplitude modulate wave from AM generator.
3. Observe the modulating signal changes by varying the amplitudes of
the AM signal.
4. Note down the Amplitude of the demodulated wave.
5. Plot a graph between 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥Vs Detector wave amplitude as shown in
Fig.2.

SAMPLE READING:
TABLE 1: Reading of Diode Detector

S. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑚𝑉) 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛(mV) Detector O/P
NO. (mV)
1
2
3
4
5
MODEL GRAPHS:
Fig.2. Characteristics of Diode Detector
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Classify amplitude modulation detector or demodulators.
2. Why envelope detector is most popular in commercial receiver circuits?

Exp no: Date:
5. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
AIM: To obtain the characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.
APPARATUS:
1. Regulated power supply

2. CRO
3. Signal Generator
4. transistor SL100
5. resisters 47K, 3.3K, 560Ω, 22K, 10K, 470 Ω, 75K, 1K
6. capacitors 10μf – 2Nos, 33 μf – 1No, 1kpf – 1no
CIRCUIT:

PROCEDURE:
Pre-emphasis:
1. Apply input signal, through the signal generator and set the amplitude of
the input signal at 100mv (p-p).
2. Now vary the frequency of the i/p signal from 100Hz to 15 KHz in steps
and note down the output in each case.
3. Tabulate the above readings.
4. Draw the graph frequency Vs gain in db on a semi log sheet.
De-Emphasis:
1. Adopt the same procedure 1 to 4 as above
TABULAR FORM:
I/p signal Gain in db 20 log

S. No o/p voltage V0/Vi
frequency (Hz)

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the circuit of FM transmitter and receiver with pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis network?
2. Draw the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis curves corresponding to different
standards?
3. Compare FM discriminators?
4. What is hard limiter?
5. Define SNR?
6. What is pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?

Exp no: Date:

6. FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate frequency modulated waveform & demodulated waveform
APPARATUS:
6. Frequency Modulation and Demodulator Kit (SCIENTECH 2203 Techbook )

7. CRO
8. BNC Probes
9. Connecting Wires
INITIAL SETTINGS:
1. All Switch Faults : OFF condition

2. Amplitude pot of Audio Oscillator block : Minimum position
3. Frequency pot of Audio Oscillator block : Maximum position
4. Carrier Frequency pot of Reactance Modulator : Centre position
5. Carrier Frequency pot of Varactor Modulator : Centre position
6. Amplitude pot of LPF : Centre position
7. VCO Frequency adjust pot of PLL : Minimum position
8. Carrier Frequency pot of FM (IC XR2206based) : Minimum position
9. VCO Frequency pot of Frequency Demodulator : Minimum position
10. Amplitude pot of Mixer/Amplifier block : Maximum position
PROCEDURE:
1. Turn on power to the Scientech 2203 TechBook.

2. Observe modulating signal at the output test point of AF Oscillator block.Set
the modulating signal frequency(fm) to 3KHz
3. Select the desired modulator (reactance modulator, varactor modulator or IC
XR2206 based FM modulator) using “Modulator Select” switch. Selected
modulator is indicated by glowing LED’s at its input and output.
4. The frequency of the FM carrier signal (fc) should be approximately 455 KHz
at the moment.
5. Now vary the amplitude of modulating signal using the amplitude
potentiometer of the Audio oscillator block and observe the frequency
modulated waveform at the output test point of Amplitude limiter block if
reactance or varactor modulator is selected or at the output test point of
Frequency Modulator (IC XR2206 based) if FM (IC XR2206) is selected.
6. Observe the demodulated output at the output test points of low pass filter/
Amplifier block and compare it with the modulating signal. (Select the desired
demodulator using detector select switch (quadrature detector, detuned
resonance detector, Foster- Seeley/ Ratio detector, PLL detector), when
reactance or varactor modulator is selected in the modulator section))

KIT :
CALCULATIONS:
Carrier Frequency fc =
Modulating Signal Frequency fm =
fmax =
fmin =
δf = fmax - fc
𝛿𝑓
𝛽=
𝑓𝑚

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is analog modulation?
2. What is angle modulation?
3. Compare AM with narrow band FM?
4. What is exponential Modulation?
5. What is linear modulation and non-linear modulation?

Exp no: Date:

7. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To Study Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation using Sample Output,
Sample & Hold Output & Flat Top Output.
EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
1. NV6575 Trainer
2. 2mm Patch Cords
3. CRO with Test Probe
PROCEDURE:
PAM modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
 Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave & “Modulation Signal
Input” of PAM block.
 Keep the toggle switch at 1 KHz position.

 Now connect “8 KHz” Pulse Output to Pulse Input of PAM block.
 Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.
2. Now connect the SMPS Supply between mains socket & NV6575 Trainer.
3. Firstly switch On the SMPS supply & then trainer Power switch.
4. Now observe the output signals of Sample Output, Sample and Hold Output &
Flat Top Output on the CRO.
5. Now varying the amplitude using Amplitude Control pot & Change the frequency
through the position of toggle switch (2 KHz). Observe the effect on all the outputs.
6. Also, varying the frequency of pulse, by connecting the Pulse Input to the 4
frequencies available i.e. 8, 16, 32, 64 KHz in Pulse output block. Observe the effect
on all the outputs.

PAM demodulation:
1. Connect the “Sample Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter through the patch
cord.
2. Connect patch cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and “Input” of AC
Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot in counter clockwise position.
3. Observe the “Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. If it is not exact replica of

Input then adjust the Gain Control pot & obtain pure sine wave similar to input.
4. Similarly connect the “Sample & Hold Output” and “Flat Top Output” to Low
Pass Filter and see the demodulated waveform at the output of AC amplifier.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MODULATION:

DEMODULATION:
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Observation Amplitude Time
1. Modulating signal
2. Sampling signal
3. Natural Sampling output
4. Sample and hold output
5. Flat top output
6. Demodulated output

WAVEFORMS:
Sample and Hold signal
Demodulated Signal
RESULT:

Viva Questions:
1. Define Sampling theorem
2. What is nyquist rate?
3. How many types of samplings are there? Explain briefly
4. Define Pulse amplitude Modulation
5. Give few application of PAM

6. Discuss the Bandwidth requirements of PAM.

Exp no: Date:

8. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To Study Pulse Width modulation and demodulation using different sampling
frequency.
Equipment Needed :
1. NV6576 Trainer
2. 2mm Patch Cords
3. CRO with Test Probe/Recommended to use Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) for
better results
Procedure:
PWM modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig
 Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave & “Modulation Signal
Input” of PWM block.
 Keep the toggle switch at 1 KHz position.
 Now connect “32 KHz” Pulse Output to “Pulse Input” of PWM block.
 Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.
2. Connect the Channel 1 of CRO/DSO in between PWM Output & Gnd

(Modulated Signal)
3. Connect the Channel 2 of CRO/DSO in between Sine Wave & Gnd (Modulating
Signal)
5. First switch On the SMPS supply & then trainer Power switch.
6. Now observe the “PWM Output” of Pulse Width Modulation on the CRO.

PWM demodulation:
1. Connect the “PWM Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter through the patch
cord.
2. Connect patch cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and “Input” of AC
Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot in counter clockwise position.
3. Observe the “Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. If it is not exact replica of

Input then adjust the Gain Control pot & obtain pure sine wave similar to input.
Circuit Diagram:
PWM modulation:
PWM Demodulation:

Observations:
2. Pulse signal
3. PWM output
WAVEFORMS:
Pulse signal
Modulating signal
PWM output
Demodulated signal

RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1. Define Pulse width Modulation
2. Give few applications of PWM.
3. Discuss the Bandwidth requirements of PWM.
4. What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?
5. What are the disadvantages of PWM

Exp no: Date:

9. PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To Study Pulse Position modulation and demodulation using Sine Wave input.
Equipment Needed :
1. NV6576 Trainer
2. 2mm Patch Cords
3. CRO with Test Probe/Recommended to use Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) for
better results
Procedure:
PPM Modulation:
Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1
Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave & “Input” of PPM block.
Keep the toggle switch at 1 KHz position.
Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.
3. Firstly switch On the SMPS supply & then trainer Power switch.
4. Now observe the “PPM Output” of Pulse Position Modulation on the CRO.
5. Now varying the amplitude of sine wave using Amplitude Control pot & see its
effect on PPM Output.
6. Change the frequency through the position of toggle switch (2 KHz) & observe the
effect on PPM Output.
PPM Demodulation:
Connect the “PPM Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter through the patch
cord. Connect patch cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and “Input” of AC
Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot in counter clockwise position. Observe the
“Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. It is Demodulated wave form. If it is not exact
replica of Input then adjust the Gain Control pot & obtain pure sine wave similar to
input.

Circuit Diagram:
PWM modulation:
PPM Demodulation:

Observations:
2. Pulse signal
3. PPM output
Waveforms:
Modulating signal
Pulse Signal
Demodulated signal

RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1. Explain the principle of PPM?

2. What are the Bandwidth requirements of PPM?
3. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Pulse position modulation?
4. Give few applications of PPM.

Exp no: Date:

10. PHASE LOCKED LOOP
AIM: To find the lock range and capture range of a PLL.
APPARATUS:
1. IC LM565
2. Decade Resistance Box
3. Signal Generator
4. Multimeter -- 2 Nos
5. Resistors-- 680Ω, 670Ω, 10KΩ
6. Capacitors—1µF, 0.1µF, 0.01µF
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

2. Check the VCO output at pin 4 of LM 565
3. This is square wave form. The frequency of the wave form is fo .
4. Short the IC pins 4 and 5 and give any signal of (1V p-p, 1KHz) and observe
the VCO o/p.
5. When input and output frequencies are equal then note down it as f1 and by
increasing the I/P frequency slowly O/P frequency will also follow the I/P
frequency. This follow up will come up to f2 and going on increasing I/P
frequency, the O/P frequency will back at fo only.

6. Now decrease the I/P frequency slowly, at one point I/P and O/P frequencies
will be equal that point of I/P frequency is noted as f2 .
7. by still decreasing I/P frequency, O/P frequency will also follow up once
again, this follow up continuous up to f1 further decreasing I/P frequency,
O/P frequency will once again go back to fo only.

CIRCUIT:
Circuit of PLL:
PIN of IC 565:
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
1.2
fo  ,
4R0 C0
Capture range fc  2 f1 ,
2 3.6103C2
Lock range fL  1.39 f0

PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:
f0  10KHz,
Lock range fL  f2  f1
Capture range fc  f2  f1
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What type of feedback is used in PLL?
2. What is PLL?
3. What are main components in PLL?
4. Define the terms lock range; capture range and free running frequency?
5. What is loop filter?
6. What are main applications of PLL?

Exp no: Date:
11. RADIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
AIM: To obtain the sensitivity and selectivity characteristics of an RF amplifier.
APPARATUS:
1. Regulator power supply
2. CRO
3. Signal generator
4. Transistor – SL100
5. Resistors – 1KΩ ,39KΩ,10 KΩ,470Ω
6. Capacitor – 390pf,10µf,47µf
CIRCUIT:
THEORY:
Amplifiers are key building blocks in any communication system. In a
receiver week incoming signal needs to be amplified to a sufficiently large value so
that it can be detected. A radio frequency amplifier, or RF amplifier, is a tuned
amplifier that amplifies high-frequency signals used in radio communications. Since it
is a tuned amplifier it selects the wanted frequency and rejects all unwanted
frequencies. The frequency at which maximum gain occurs in an RF amplifier is
made variable by changing the inductance or capacitance of the tuned circuit. An RF

amplifier can tune over the desired range of input frequencies. The advantages of
having an amplifier as a front end in receiver are as follows:
I. Better Sensitivity.
II. Better Selectivity.
III. Improved Signal-to-Noise ratio.
IV. Improved Image frequency rejection.
V. Better coupling of receiver to antenna.
VI. Prevention of the reradiation of the local oscillator signal through the antenna
of the receiver.
Sensitivity: Sensitivity is the ability of a RF receiver to amplify the week signals. It is

often defined as the voltage that must be applied at the input of the receiver to give a
standard output power. Sensitivity is often expressed in micro volts or in db’s
Selectivity: The selectivity of a receiver is its ability to reject unwanted signals or
selectivity is a measure of the performance of a radio receiver to respond only to the
radio signal it is tuned to and reject other signals nearby in frequency. Selectivity is
usually measured as a ratio in decibels (dB).
PROCEDURE:
a) Sensitivity:
2. Switch on the power supply and function generator.
3. Apply 20mV, 100Hz signal as an input.
4. Now vary the input frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz, keeping the input
voltage constant and at each step note down the output.
5. Tabulate the results.
6. Note down the frequency at which the output voltage is maximum and it
corresponds to the resonant frequency (fo- practical) of RF amplifier
7. Draw the frequency response on semi log graph.
b) Selectivity:
3. Apply 20mV input at the frequency fo (practical)and note down the
outputVst .

4. Now vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz and vary the input
voltage to get the Vst in each step.
5. Calculate the attenuation in  dB  20 log Vinoffresonance 

 

  Vinatresoance 
6. Tabulate the results:
MODEL GRAPH:







RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is selectivity?
2. What is sensitivity?
3. What is fidelity?
4. What is noise figure?
5. What are the advantages of using RF stage?
6. What is image frequency?
7. Draw backs of TRF receiver?
8. What is double spotting?
9. Why RF amplifier is needed in radio receivers?
10. What are the problems if there no RF amplifier?
11. Compare TRF and SH receivers?
12. Explain the characteristics of radio receivers?
13. RF frequency range?

Exp no: Date:
12. STUDY ON RADIO RECEIVER/TV RECEIVER DEMO KITS



(SIMULATION)
MANUAL

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB:
MATLAB is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment
for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric
computation. Using the MATLAB product, you can solve technical computing
problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C,C++ and
Fortran.
You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image
processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial
modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of
special-purpose MATLAB functions, available separately) extend the MATLAB
environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application areas.
MATLAB provides a number of features for documenting and sharing your work.
You can integrate your MATLAB code with other languages and applications, and
distribute your MATLAB algorithms and applications. Features include:
 High-level language for technical computing
 Development environment for managing code, files, and data
 Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem sloving
 Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering,
optimization, and numerical integration
 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data
 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces
 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external
applications and languages, such as C,C++,Fortran, JAVATM, COM and
Microsoft Excel.

Exp no: Date:

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
MATLAB CODE:
fs=8000;
fm=20;
fc=500;
Am=1;
Ac=1;
t=(0:0.1*fs)/fs;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
Ka=0.5;
U=Ka*Am;
s1=Ac*(1+U*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,1:3);
plot(t,m);
title('modulating or message signal,(fm=20hz)');
subplot(4,3,4:6);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal (tc:500hz)');
subplot(4,3,7);
plot(t,s1);
title(' modulated signal(ka*Am=0.5)');
Am=2;
Ka=0.5;
u=Ka*Am;
s2=Ac*(1+4*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,8);
plot(t,s2);
title('exact modulated signal(Ka*Am=1)');
Am=5;
Ka=0.5;
U=Ka*Am;

s3=Ac*(1+U*cos(2*pi*fm*t).*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,9);
plot(t,s3);
title('over modulated signal(Ka:Am=2.5)');
r1=s1.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr1=filter(b,a,r1);
subplot(4,3,10);
plot(t,mr1);
title('demodulated signal for(Ka*Am=0.5)');
r2=s2.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr2=filter(b,a,r2);
subplot(4,3,11);
plot(t,mr2);
title('demodulated signal for(Ka*Am=1)');
r3=s3.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr3=filter(b,a,r3);
subplot(4,3,12);
plot(t,mr3);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

2. DSB-SC MODULATOR AND DETECTOR
MATLAB CODE:
t=0:0.000001:0.001;
vm=1;
vc=1;
fm=2000;
fc=50000;
m_t=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,m_t)
c_t=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c_t)
subplot(4,1,3)
s_t=m_t.*c_t;
hold on;
plot(t,s_t)
plot(t,m_t,'r')
plot(t,m_t,'r')
hold off;
r=s_t*c_t;
[b a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr=filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:
3. FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
MATLAB CODE:
fs=10000;
ac=1;
am=1;
fm=35;
fc=500;
b=10;
t=(0:0.1*fs)/fs;
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
mt=am*cos(wm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,mt);
title('modulating signal');
ct=ac*cos(wc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,ct);
title('carrier signal');
st=ac*cos((wc*t)+b*sin(wm*t));
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,st);
title('modulated signal');
d=demod(st,fc,fs,'fm');
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,d);
title('demodulated signal');

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

4. SSB- MODULATION AND DETECTOR
MATLAB CODE:
fs=8000;
fm=20;
fc=50;
am=1;
ac=1;
t={[0:0.1*fs]/fs;
subplot(5,1,1);
m1 =am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
plot(t,m1);
title(‘message signal’);
m2=am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(5,1,2);
c1=ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,c1);
title(‘carrier signal’)l;
c2=ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(5,1,3);
%susb=0.5*am*cos(2*pi*fm*t).*ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t)--
0.5*am*sin(2*pi*fm*t).*ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
Susb=0.5*m1.*c1-0.5*m2.*c2;
Plot(t,susb);
Title(‘ssb-sc signal with usb’);
Subplot(5,1,4);
Slsb=0.5*m1.*c1+0.5*m2.*c2;
Plot(t,slsb);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

5. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
MATLAB CODE:
num_samples=2^13;
fs=5000;
ts=1/fs;
fm1=20;
fm2=30;
fc=200;
t=(o:num_samples-1)*ts;
f=(-num_samples/2:num_samples/2-1)*fs/num_samples;
mt=sin(2*pi*fm1*t);
mf=fft shift(abs(fft(mt)));
f_cutoff_pe=15;
wn_pe=f_cutoff_pe/(fs/2);
[b_pe,a_pe]=butter(1,wn_pe);
[h_pe,w]=freqz(a_pe,b_pe);
a_de=b_pe;
b_de=a_pe;
[h_de,w]=frez(a_de,b_de);
mt_pe=filter(a_pe,b_pe,mt);
mf_pe=fft shift(abs(fft(mt_pe)));
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,mt);
axis([0.6min(mt)-1 max(mt)+1])
grid on;
title('modulatting signal(time domain)');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f,mf);
grid on;
axis([-50 50 0 max(mf)+100])
title('modulating signal(frequency domain)');
figure(2)

subplot(2,1,1);
semilogx(w*pi*(fs/2),abs(h_pe),'m','linewidth',2)
axis([0 fs/2 0 50])
grid on;
title('pre-emphasis filter magnitude response');
subplot(2,1,2);
semilogx(w*pi*(fs/2),abs(h_de),'m','linewidth',2)
axis([0 fs/2 0 1])
grid on;
title('de-emphasis filter magnitude response');
SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

6. PULSE AMPLITUDEDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
MATLAB CODE:
fs=8000;
fm=20;
fc=500;
Am=1
Ac=1
t=[0:0.1*fs]/fs;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
Ka=0.5;
U=Ka*Am;
s1=Ac*(1+U*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,1:3);
plot(t,m);
title('modulating or message signal,(fm=20hz)');
subplot(4,3,4:6);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal (tc:500hz)');
subplot(4,3,7);
plot(t5,s1);
title(' modulated signal(ka*Am=0.5)');
Am=2;
Ka=0.5;
U=Ka*Am;
s2=Ac*(1+4*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,8);
plot(t,s2);
title('exact modulated signal(Ka*Am=1)');
Am=5;
Ka=0.5;
U=Ka*Am;

s3=Ac*(1+U*cos(2*pi*fm*t).*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
subplot(4,3,9);
plot(t,s3);
title('over modulated signal(Ka:Am=2.5)');
r1=s1.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr1=filter(b,a,r1);
subplot(4,3,10);
plot(t,mr1);
r2=s2.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr2=filter(b,a,r2);
subplot(4,3,11);
plot(t,mr2);
title('demodulated signal for(Ka*Am=1)');
r3=s3.*c;
[b,a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr3=filter(b,a,r3);
subplot(4,3,12);
plot(t,mr3);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

7. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
MATELAB CODE:
%pulse width modulation & demodulation
close all
clear all
clc
fc=1000;
fs=10000;
f1=200;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(411);
plot(x1);
axis([0 100 0 1]);
title('modulating signal,f1=200,fs=10000')
subplot(412);
plot(y1);
axis([0 1000 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PWM')
%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'pwm');
[den,num]=butter(1,2*pi*f1/fs);
s11=filter(den,num,x1_recov);
s12=filter(den,num,s11);
subplot(413);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered,single tone,f1=200')
axis([0 100 0 1]);
subplot(414);
plot(s12);
title('filtered output')
axis([0 100 0 1]);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

8. PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
MATLAB CODE:
% pulse position modulation
close all
clear all
clc
fc=100;
fs=1000;
f1=80;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(311);
plot(x1);
axis([0 15 0 1]);
title('modulating signal,f1=80,fs=1000bn ')
subplot(312);
plot(y1);
axis([0 250 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PPM')
%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(313);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered, single tone, f1=80')
axis([0 15 0 1]);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:
9. PHASE LOCKED LOOP

MATLAB CODE:
reg1=0;
reg2=0;
reg3=0;
eta=sqrt(2)/2;
theta=2*pi*1/100;
Kp=[(4*eta*theta)/(1+2*eta*theta+theta^2)];
Ki=[(4*theta^2)/(1+2*eta*theta+theta^2)];
d_phi_1=1/20;
n_data=100;
for nn=1:n_data
phi1=reg1+d_phi_1;
phi1_reg(nn)=phi1;
s1=exp(j*2*pi*reg1);
s2=exp(j*2*pi*reg2);
s1_reg(nn)=s1;
s2_reg(nn)=s2;
t=s1*conj(s2);
phi_error=atan(imag(t)/real(t))/(2*pi);
phi_error_reg(nn)=phi_error;
sum1=Kp*phi_error+phi_error*Ki+reg3;
reg1_reg(nn)=reg1;
reg2_reg(nn)=reg2;
reg1=phi1;
reg2=reg2+sum1;
reg3=reg3+phi_error*Ki;
phi2_reg(nn)=reg2;
end
figure(1)
plot(phi1_reg);
hold on
plot(phi2_reg,'r');

hold off;
grid on;
title('phase plot');
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Phase');
figure(2)
plot(phi_error_reg);
title('Phase error of phase detector');
grid on;
xlabel('Samples(n)');
ylabel('Phase error(degrees)');
figure(3)
plot(real(s1_reg));
hold on;
plot(real(s2_reg),'r');
hold off;
grid on;
title('Input signal and output signal of VCO');
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
axis([0 n_data-1.1 1.1]);

SIMULATION RESULT:

Exp no: Date:

10. SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF MODULATION SIGNAL
USING SPECTRUM ANALZER
MATLAB CODE:
fs=100;
t=[0:2*fs+1]'/fs;
fc=10;
x=sin(2*pi*2*t);
Ac=1;
Xam=ammod(X,fc,fs,o,ac);
Zam=fft(Xam);
Zam=abs(Zam(1:length(Zam)/2+1));
frqam=[0:length(Zam)-1]*fs/length(Zam)/2;
Ydouble=ammod(X,fc,fs,fs,3.14,0);
Zdouble=fft(ydouble);
Zdouble=abs(zdouble(1:length(zdouble)/2+1));
frqdouble=[0:length(zdouble)-1]*fs/length(zdouble)/2;
ysingle=ssbmod(x,fc,fs,0,'upper');
zsingle=fft(ysingle);
zsingle=abs(zsingle(1:length(zsingle)/2+1));
frqsingle=[0:length(zsingle)-1]*fs/lengt(zsingle)/2;
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(frqam,zam);
title('spectrum of am signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(frqdouble,zdouble);
title('spectrum of double-sidebandsignal');
subplot(3,1,3);plot(frqsingle,zsingle);
xfm=fmmod(x,fc,fs,10);
zfm=fft(xfm);
zfm=abs(zfm(1:length(zfm)/2+1));
frqfm=[0:length(zfm)-1]*fs/length(zfm)/2;

figure;
plot(frqfm,zfm);
title('spectrum of fm signal');

Exp no: Date:

11. SAMPLING THEOREM
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
tfinal=0.05;
t=0:0.0005:tfinal;fm=input('enter the analotg frequency');
xt=cos(2*pi*fm*t);
fsl=1.3*fm;
nl=0:2/fsl:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*pi*nl*fm);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,xt,'b',nl,xn,'r');
title('under sampling plot');
fs2=2*fm;
n2=0:1/fs2:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*pi*fm*n2);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,xt,'b',n2,xn,'r');
title('nyquist plot');
fs3=5*fm;
n3=0:1/fs3:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*pi*fm*n3);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xt,'b',n3,xn,'r');
title('over sampling plot');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

SIMULATION RESULT:

ADD ON EXPERIMENTS

Exp no: Date:
1. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of active Band pass filter
APPARATUS:
1. Fixed power supply

2. CRO
3. Op Amp - µA 741
4. Resistors – 5.36kΩ, 5.6 kΩ, 5.6kΩ
5. Capacitor – 1000pf, 0.1µf
6. Signal Generator
7. Bread Board
PROCEDURE:

3. Apply 20mV signal as an input.
4. Now vary the input frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
5. tabulate the Result:
CIRCUIT:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
Cutoff frequency of a LPF is given by
1
fc =
2π√R2R3C2C3
Let R2 = R3 = R = 1.59KΩ, C2 = C3 = C = 0.1μf, R1 = 10KΩ, Av = 1.586
1 1
fc = = = 1KHz
2πRC 2π(1.59K × 0.1μ)
Rf
Av = 1 +
R1
Rf
1.586 = 1 +
10KΩ
0.586 × 10KΩ = Rf
Rf = 5.86KΩ

Tabular Form:
Input voltage (Vin) = (constant)
Output Gain in dB= 20 log(Vo/ Vin)

S.NO Frequency
voltage ( Vo)
RESULT & DISCUSSION:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define a filter. How filters are classified?

2. Explain various types of filters along with their frequency response.
3. What do you mean by pass band and stop band of the filter?
4. What is an all pass filter?
5. Write two differences between active and passive filters?
6. Find the center frequency of BPF with fH= 1KHz and fL= 100Hz
Find the quality factor of the narrow band pass filter with fL= 16 KHz and fH= 32 KHz.

Exp no: Date:

2. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LOW PASS FILTER
AIM: To obtain the frequency response of active Band pass filter
APPARATUS:
1. Fixed power supply

2. CRO
3. Signal generator
4. Op amp - µA 741
5. Resistors – 1.59KΩ- 2 No, 10KΩ-1 No, 5.86KΩ-1No
6. Capacitor – 0.1µf – 2 No
7. Bread Board
Design Steps:
1. Choose the cut-off frequency, fH.

2. Choose the capacitance usually between 0.001 and 1µF. Generally, it is
selected as 1µF or less than that.
3. Now, for the RC circuit
fH = 1/2πRC.
Here fH and C are known, Calculate the value of R.

4. The resistances Rf and R1 can be selected depending on the required gain in
the pass band.
Av = 1+(Rf/R1).
Take Av = 1.586.
PROCEDURE:
1. Apply 100mV, 100Hz signal as an input of this filter and note down the output
voltage.
2. Now vary the input frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
3. Tabulate the Result.

CIRCUIT:
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
1
fc 
 2 R2 R3C2C3

let R2  R3  R,C2  C3  C
take fc  1KHz,C  0.0047 f , R  33K


1
fc 
2 RC
Rf
but again AVo  1 , R1  27K, Rf  15.8k
R1








Tabular Form: Input voltage (Vin) = (constant)
Output Gain in dB= 20 log(Vo/ Vin)

S.NO Frequency
voltage ( Vo)
MODEL GRAPH:

Active Low pass Filter Theoretical Practical

Cutoff Frequency
Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a filter?
2. What are the different types of filters?
3. What are active filters?
4. Why inductors are not often used in active filters?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of active filter?
6. Name various active filters?
7. What does the term “pass” mean in any low-or-high pass filters?
8. Define transition Bandwidth?

Exp no: Date:

3. HARMONIC GENERATOR
AIM: To generate different harmonics for a given fundamental frequency of a
harmonic generator.
APPARATUS:
1. Regulator power supply (0-30v)

2. CRO
3. Signal generator
4. Resistor – 10KΩ
5. Capacitor – 0.01µf -2no.
6. Decade Capacitance Box
7. Decade Inductance Box
PROCEDURE:

3. Apply 10 KHz sinusoidal signal as an input.
4. calculate the theoretical value of inductance using the formula
1
f 

2 LC
5. repeat the process for 1st, 2nd, 3rd harmonics
6. Find the O/P frequency and compare the theoretical frequency with that of
practical frequency.
7. Tabulate the Result.
CIRCUIT:

The above figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) shows the circuit and corresponding graphs for
pre-emphasis and de-emphasis methods.
TABULAR FORM:
Vin =
I/P Output Theoretical

S.NO Capacitance
Frequency frequency frequency

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is frequency multiplier?

2. Difference between frequency multiplier and frequency mixing?
3. Applications of harmonic generator?
4. Harmonic generator operates in which mode?
5. What is main function of resonance circuit in harmonic generator?

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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Mission Of The Institution

To be a premier department in the region that nurtures individuals for acquisition of

Mission Of The Department

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

Program Educational Objectives

PEO 1: Develop a solid foundation in mathematics and sciences to solve electronics

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO2: Demonstrate technical competency by developing hardware and software

2 Am- Dsb Sc- Mod & Demod. 5

3 Spectrum Analysis Of Modulated Signal Using Spectrum Analyzer 8

5 Pre- Emphasis &De- Emphasis 13

6 Frequency Modulation- Mod. & Demod. 16

7 Pluse Amplitude Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 19

8 Pluse Width Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 22

9 Pluse Position Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 27

10 Phase Locked Loop 31

11 Radio Receiver Characteristics 35

12 Study On Radio Receiver/TV Receiver Demo Kits 38

2 AM- DSB SC- Mod & Demod. 45

3 Frequency Modulation- Mod. & Demod. 47

4 SSB - Mod & Demod 49

5 Pre- Emphasis &De- Emphasis 51

6 Pluse Amplitude Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 53

7 Pluse Width Modulation – Mod. & Demod. 56

8 Pluse Position Modulation – Mod. & Demod 58

9 Phase Locked Loop 60

Exp no: Date:

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

1. PHYSITECH’S Amplitude Modulation and Demodulator Trainer

SIRCRRCOE 1 Dept of ECE

Modulator and Demodulator:

SIRCRRCOE 2 Dept of ECE

S.No Vmax Vmin M=( Vmax- Vmin)/ ( Vmax+Vmin)

SIRCRRCOE 3 Dept of ECE

1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?

SIRCRRCOE 4 Dept of ECE

Exp no: Date:

2. AM-DSB SC-MOD&DEMOD (BALANCED MODULATOR)

AIM: To study the process of balanced modulation and the corresponding

1. Balanced modulator Trainer Kit

DSB-SC Transmitter trainers kit

SIRCRRCOE 5 Dept of ECE

SIRCRRCOE 6 Dept of ECE

1. What is balanced modulator?

SIRCRRCOE 7 Dept of ECE

Exp no: Date:

3. SPECTRUM ANALYZER: HORMONICS OF SINE WAVE & SQUARE

SIRCRRCOE 8 Dept of ECE

OBSERVATIONS: SINE WAVE