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Sanned with amscannerg Building Material ------7-77000077777 a Conerete Technology a CPM & PERT-~ Building Construction and Maintenance Engineering ------------------ 13 a Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machine-------------------------------—- 15 O Strength of Materials----------------------------nn2---22---222enonnennnnnne 28 O Applied Mechanics ---------------------------2o2no-nonn cone cnnnnnnnnnnnn 34 O Soil Mechanics ---------------------------------------------2--------====== 36 O Highway Engineering vO Railway Engineering ------------ 48 O Bridge Engineering--------------------------------------------------------- 50 Q Airport Engineering Q Tunnel Engineering O Reinforced Cement Concrete ------------------------neeeeneeeeneenennnn 53 OF Steel Structure ———--------------n-enen-anenenneneneneneeeeenenenenenennee 58 O Structure Analysis ------------------enneeceeneenecneneenennenenneneneeneneee 62 Q Building Estimate, Costing & Evaluation Q Public Health Engineering Q Surveying Engineering -- Q Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering ----------------.----_.__ Civil Engineering Capsule 5 Seanned with CamscannerBUILDING MATERIALS Civil Engineering Capsule 2. Physical Unst Stratified Rock Stone B® Rock mineraly- Ex.-Grinite Ex.-Lime Mica, Gypsum, Dolomite, Amphibole, Calcite, asa, Trap nd Stone Quer Mice. Gi Dolemite, Ariphibels Diorite, Dolerite | Shale. Gypsum Feldspar ete. Dolomite, Syenite | Laterite ctc 1 Hardness of stone based on Moh’s scale= Gabbro etc. Tale 1} Scratched Foliated Rock Gypsum | 22 by the finger nail Ex-All stratified Calcite 3) Scratched Rocks except marble Fluorite 4 } by ‘and quartzite Apatite 5? knife . Feld of Saree sewed 5 Chemical Quartz J by knife Topaz 8 | Not scratched Silicious Rocks | Caleareous Rocks Corundum | 9 phy Ex-Granite, | Ex.-Gypsum, Diamond | 10? knife Basalt, Trap, Dolomite i Syenite, Gneiss,| Lime Stone, © Properties of Mincrals- Sand Stone, ‘Marble ete. ‘Measurement of the capability of Quartaite ete Cleavage | Some mincrals to split along 8 | certain planes parallel to the crystal Argillaccous Rocks faces Ex.-Laterite, Shale, Streak Colour ‘oF the muneral in powder Kaoline, Slate, Schist etc Lustre | Shine on the surface due to Classification of Rocks on the Basis of Mineral reflection of light of a mineral ‘Avallable« 1 Classification of Rocks Name of Rock. Example 1. Geoloy ‘Mono mineralic Rocks (Composed of only one Quart Gypsum Marble & Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic mineral) Ex.-Basalt, ExSand Stone, Ex.Gneiss, Granite, Trap, Trap. Lime Sone, Quartzite, : Dolerite, Laterie, Marble, Polymineralic Rocks | B#s@lt. Shale, Granite, Dolomite, Slate, Sand Stone, Syenite Gypsum, Shale, Schist etc Shale, Slate Gabbroctc. Chalk, ™ Metamorphism of Rocks- Magnesite ete Original Rock Metamorphic form Granite Gneiss Extrusive/VoleanidiEffusive Intrusive Syenite (Extremely fine) a 2 Ex. Basalt, Trap, Pumice etc. Send Stone Quarzite Lime Stone Marble Marl Marble Plutonic Hypabyssal Dolomite, Matble (Deep Depth) (Shallow depth) Shale Slate FG Crain) (Fine Grained) Mud Stone Slate x. Granite, ile Ex, Doler Ss Dolerite/Basalt Schist Scanned with Camscannerticity (kwem") |] Descriptive [= a Explosive Ten Pea. ie 303 |] | tMtasting ny to Use-n deep wells underground works, in wet conditions Sa Corton with the es (INO S09 OS ha Us a | powerful -where demolitions are required L028 10" 0.8510 | Nitroglyeerine (75%) + Fines a) * Fine sand 7 ~—— (25%) : Mav. bearing Dynamite ; Use- Both under water capacity (tonneim') id surface blasting 7 | Potassium nitrate (63%) © Sulphur (losing! | 8% + Charcoal powder 20%, powder | Usecin quareying large blocks Potassium Chlorate (19a) + Nitro benzo (21%) ‘olution at . [High yielding neck | Types of roek/soil Use-Under water and damp situation Ls 1 __ia__| blasting = Comprestve strength of different fypes of Sones Stone crusher and equipment= Some | OE ee ee ima 7 mo a Primary Jaw, Impact and Gyratory re crusher and Hammer mill paces ee Secondary | Roll crusher, Cone crusher Basa 150-185 ‘ Ball mill, Roll mill and Rod Slate 75-207 Tertiary mill Dolerite_ | 90-150 M Specific Gravity of Various Types of Stone- Syenne 1 90-150 Name of Stone | Granite 75-127 Sand Stone 1 Lime stone 34 Marble | ‘Sand stone 64 Granite 1 Liw of various types of stone- Basalt Name of Rock T Use Slate Railway Ballast, Roofing, Laterite Granite Abutment Pier and Sea walls Lime Stone Marble Omamental work Gnies: jLime Stone | Manufacture of cement"! Various types of test and purpose for stone. Slate Flooring. roofing Type of Te ‘Determine f c" [Retaining wall ‘ype of Test — Determine for Besa ————} ‘ork, Rubblemasonny|| | Abrasion Test ‘Wearing resistance (By Dorry Testing | Kankar Machine) Altrision Test Hardness, Toughns Tools Used in Quarrying of S al Testing. | rate of wearing Jumper To mi Mi ) - [Setaping spoon} Tor Cleaning hole dh Sa ‘Compressive strength [Dipper | For making. ch iest (By CLM) Naki Priming Needle | Tu make space for lus For tamping of explosive | Smith's Te ‘Soluble mineral’ Muddy matter Tamping Rod | Lenyth- 600 mm Bar's Test Frost resistanee Dia 16 mm Acid est Weather resistance Crystallization ing | [uss tntet Hardness Te |_(Moh's Seale) @ Steps for Blasting- Boring-> Cleaning Charging» 1 Quantity of Explosive- N=[L.L.R(in mf’ *1.5 (in gm.) amping~> Fi Inpaet Test Toughness _[L-LR(in mf (By Page Impact “0.008 chine) - Water Absorption | % Voids 5% fe = LELRCin em]? Test is 1124-1974) _| stone) Scanned with amscannerBDorry Testing Machine Test- 2 Friction Factor ‘Type of Rock Frog Toem xem x1 or 2em 0-14 Soll rock ‘Stock Board 2Iem x 10 emx Gem 117) Medium hard | (Yo make frog) 217 Pallet Board 300m x I2em% bem par TE |} | crodey the prick) | ™ = = Sequence for the Preparation of Brick Earth- oughness coefficient ighness Unsoiling > Digging -» Weathcring> 19 oF More Very tough Blending > Tempering/Kneeding. 161017 Moderate tough jing Zone of Bricks- 16 oF below tough ring Temperature- 900 - 1200°C. BAttrision Test- Dehydration Oxidation Vitrification Friction Co-efficient uality of Stones Zone Zon Zone we ‘Sealine ot Stone 4o0-6s0ec_|_650-900°¢ | _900-1200°C % ce Efficiency of Kiln- aM eae 1" Class Remark Teo is Usele: ‘Types of kiln Brick @ Common Brick Size~ outcome Brick Usual size Nominal Pazawah 50-60% - Classification ize ‘Allahabad iin [60-70% [Intermittent . Bull's Trench kiln | 70-80% | Semicontinuous Conventional/ oral x3” Hoffman's kiln 80-90% [Continuous Traditional’ . 2 1 Class of Brick on the Basis of Strength- user size (2311.287.0) | 23%11.487.6) || 1S: 10719587-1970 em cm ‘Class ‘Comp. Strength Standards Grade A £105 kg/em™ Modular/ (19*9*9) cm (20*10*10) > Normal size on Grade AA £140 kgem® Ingredients of Good Brick Earth- Grade B ¢ 10kg/em? Ingredients Silica Si.) Grade C #35 kg ‘Alumina (ALO) 30 i Types of Refractory Bricks and its composition Lime (CaO) Bricks ‘Composition iron Oxide ED y ‘Acid Refractory | Silien- 95-97%, vide (Pees Lime-__1-2% Magnesia (MgO), ‘Magnesia- 85% (max) Alkalies Basic Refractory | CaO- 25%(max) @ Functions of Various Brick Ingredients- Silica- 5.5%(max) Ingredients Function Neutral ‘Chrome + Iron ore + Bauxite Refractory ore+ Silica + Magnesia. Imparts Strength au i Tsien Silica Excess-Brittle Morescence Test- According to 1S 3495 (part): 1 . White patches Alkalies (Due to loss of cohesion) Upto 10% Slight - Impart plasticity 10-50%. ‘Moderate Alumina Excess-Cracks developed, 250%: Severe corner deformed Presence in large amount Serious teedas flux (Reduce melting || m Sample Required for Various Brick Test- point 1S. Code | No. of Lime eke Te Exeess- Brick over burnt and eee Sample shape changed Compressive strength test] 3495-Part 1 6 Red colour. Used as flux Water absorption test | 3495-PartI | 5 Iron Oxide Excess- Provide dark blue or || | Efflorescence test 3495-Part I | __— blackish colour Warpage test 3495-Part IV [__10 Yellow colour and its prevent Dimension test____]_1077 zo Magnesia to shrinkage, Note- Tolrance in brick dimension test - 2 ath - 380+ Excess-Give yellowish colour Length - 3802 9 Civil Engineering Capsule -18024em Seanned with amscanner® Special Forms of brie! Engineering = 4 rick Fiewe | BH Brick eh Rounded ended! Double cant Mad - Ec a — Pure lime stone m 1 Perforated Dolomite nose ae = | Kankar Tiydraulie lime Notlow Coping Chalk Pure lime | 7 7 Pure lime Queen cing Shee a Calcined lime stone ‘Quick lime closer loser : : i Calcined dolomite stone | No*-hydraulie Bick lime 4 Shale Pure lime & General Data about bricks- . a Chemical Formula Name of ime rere | steorp- | strength ie Calcium carbonate Lime Stone | tions) | grem) [CaCOs) i fagwok Quick time, Lump |r Cts <20 sus jee Calcium oxide [CaO] | lime, white lime. Rich k aa lime, Pure lime [2° Class <2 >70 Hidden Calcium Hydroxide Slaked lime, Fat lime Structure ™ “ | “Temporary [Ca (OW) - 3 Class 22s cas orien Caleium Sulphate Plaster of Paris L masonry [caso,. 3H.01 [3° cass pres ‘Calcium Sulphate ‘Gypsum | Ghamma or ballast, lime. Ly iYPst (oem ° 10-12 | 350. |eoncrete [CaSOy. 2H,0] fers foundation, || al Reaction of Lime road metals Mec : 1. CaCO, — CaO +CO,F Perforated van Cacraice * 580 +CO2 i Bricks 15 7 lat 2. CaO + HO > Ca(OH): is 2222) 3. Ca(OH) + CO; > CaCOr+ HLO + Heat For making a heat proof, Feedly Moderate | Eminently Hollow Bricks ly iy os 20 35 | sound proof, deen Hydrautte | tydrautie | Hydrautic 1s 3952) damp proof in me time ‘Litme walls % | swore | Wiz | 310% Tung purities Brick «x | 0 [feat Slcking | Few or e action ninutes fr Se) Setting J week oF 1 Sang oe sation ‘wore ts a <2 50 Von Hiydimilicity | Feebly Refractory Kiln fining, Bricks 4-0 aso. | firnace Use masonry [as 6902) boiler ‘work combustion Civil Engineering Capsule a ‘Scanned with CamScanner1.Cee 4 1 Brenenthy Hychnutic hime Uso Hydianbs Sintire + Compresave srength of 28 days -28kgen! + Tnstial semag time 2 boars and fina! sexing ie 48 hows & Chemical Compot Classification of lime as Per B.1S. (IS :712) 2.CaaB «© Serm-hydautelime *Use in masonry work and lime concrete + Compressive rena oF 2R ay 17 hye! of Portland Cement 3.CanC Claw D Chass sFartime ¢ Magnesium Lime + Kankar ime susein | or Dolomite limes Use in masonry mortar Pater work® Use in white washing ani and lire-concrete Finishing or Plastering According to 1S: 10262:1982 compressive strength | Oxide Composition Function for various grade of OPC- |_iAverage composition Grade ‘Compressive strength (MPa) [Tame (C20) ‘Strength & soundness x 31.9368 control B 368-417 [Silica Duc to excess reduces Cc S7-a66 strength D. 46.6- 515 | Responsible for quick E 515-564 = beak setting excess of its F 564-613 ‘ lowers strength Decreasing order of Bogue's compound based on [Trea oxiderFe: Used as flux. the following properties: Os-ttes 4 = Strength CS>CS>G ADC AF Magnesia (M imparts ey, lima Reaction with water _| CA>CAF>CS>CS an Used as retarder Heat of hydration GAP CS> CAFS L 26% = 3% Rate of hydration GAF>GASCS>CS | Sulphur (SO. Tmpart soundness iphur (SOs) * PE 1 Water required for hydration- Used as flux & * Bound water = 23% by weight of cement l 0.2-1% =< 1% Imparts efflorescence © Chemical Compositions or Bogue's compound of # Gel water = 15% by weight of cement cement- + Total minimum water for Complete hydration ChemieavBogue's | COmPOsition [Function oa c : JANE. ompoun composition Note- Cement reaction is an exothermic, [days || Required Consistency for Various Cement test at 3S (Alite) 25-50% ~42% | hardness |] (272°C). : & strength Initial & final setting time test O85P . udness test O.78P 2S (Belite) 20-45% =32% | Ultimate Soundness ts strength Compressive strength test P...\ CsA (Celite) 8-12% =11.5% | _ Flash set After 3 days - 16 Nim qe* Poorest AterT CAF (Felite) 6-10%~9% | cementing Tensile strength test Pasly : value ‘Ale 3 days -2 Ni 5125 ]% After 7 ys» 2.8 Ni @ Minimum Surface Area of Various Cement- Cement type Surface areacm’/gm || @ Reduction in comp. strength of cement due to OPC 2250 aging PPC 3000 3 months 20% aH Z200 6 months 30% HAC 2250 SSC 4000 12 months 0% Hydrophobic cement 3500 24 months 5 vil Givil Engineering Capsule Sanned with Camscanner1 Timber classification on the Basts of Growth Setting time Timber Initial | Final 7 7 Bridge, read Endogenous Exogtnous Harding |S} ong. | maint owth- Inward Outward, IS:8041) - or repairing Ex-Bamboo,Cocomut Teak, Mango ete [+———— a Cane, Palm ete, -Shisham, Deodar, reeast sinneture, Nigh ” refractory Conifers Deciduous Alumion / Min= [sa | tricks usa (Soft wood) (Hard wood) Cement 330 where — AUS: 6452) Mi chemie: Pm INNER Is, emia ARK INNER attacks are cAMBIUM more LAYER Foundation Quick basement, AP we | Setting S Min. | 30 Min, | "ler water nT ‘Cement structure, mass conerete raft ‘HEART WooD foundation Low Heat 0 600 | Mass cone. eet Cement Min. | Min, | Work suchas |] i Macro Structure of Exogenous Tree- as:iz60) | 5 Min. | Dam 7 | 7 The innermost part or core | Pernd so | oq. | Rinne water |] | Medley of the stem of a tree ozzolana. | 3 structure 5 Cement Min. | Min, | foundation, Heart wood Death portion of the tree (0S:1489 P-1) basement Sap wood Outer layers ofa log of | Super Ree pipes, ; weed Sulphate 30 600 where sulphate Cambium To growth wood cells Portland Mi Mi attack is more, Bark Protect the wood against | Cement a ™ | Hydraulic mechanical damage | as: 6909) structure Transverse sepia The vascular tissue which Sulphate ‘Sea water (Medullary rays) Encloses the pith Resisting 30 600 works, sewers, A cellular tissue and Cement Min. | Min, | ining of woody fibre arranged in (8:12330) canals distinct concentric circle Portland 1 Properties of a Good Timber- SlagCement | 4 609 | concreting Density S40 kgm (IS: 455- Mi Mi used as OPC = 1989) on me Specific gravity Ls4 - Moisture content 10-12% White ing |} | : Cement Omamental Shrinkage 0.1-0.3% along fibers Coloured works Terrazo 0.1-0.8% along length Cement floor nat Giudlamdl (asia) | 2-17 time more th: Hydrophobic Water tight th of timber ut 12% Moisture Co Cement structure in SG. (1S:8043) basement lr — a Bending strength 10. fasonry Masonry 7 a Cement | 9 Totti, | an” Compressive strength in s (83466) Tensile strength Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with Camscanner7 ASCU Treatment-Developed by Forest Institute Dehradun © Timber can be made fire resistant by Sir Abel's Process, Properties Base * Metallic oxide is the principal constituent ‘* Zine white is weather resistant, * Aluminium powder used for all Rindgall aluminium paints Ex.- White lead, Red lead, Zine & Defects of Timber oxide, Aluminium oxide, Iron Chosk Longitudinal” cracks which “i Snide Lithophone ee J Chocks nigitudinal cracks which Ts i tora the nore rnge Vehicle/”|'s Holds the constituent of paint oa 7 7 Binder and spread over surface ‘Shakes ongitudinal separation blw the +11 forms the body ofthe paint Annual rings. * Linseed oil is the most widel | Star shake Wide at outside and diminish used as vehicle % inside Heart shake | Wide at center and diminish out Ex. Linseed oil, Nut oil, Poppy side oil and Tung oil Cup shake | Caused due to rupture of tissue In Solvent“ ['s Used to thin the paints, increase circular direction, It is developed Thinners | the covering properties due 10 non uniform growth * Turpentine is used extensively Ring shake When cup shake cover the entire Ex.- Petroleum, Spirit, Naptha, ring. benzene, Turpentine oil ete. Radial shake | When timber is exposed to sun Driers/ * Accelerate drying of the vehicle for seasoning after being felled Plasticizers | © Quantity limited to 8% down + Red lead is best for prime coat Knots These are the base of branches over steel, which are broken or cut-off from the trees, Ex. Letharge (Oxidized lead), RindGalls | Abnormal growth or curved Lead acetate [Red lead (Pb,0,)] swellings on the body of tree, * Reduce weight, increase 1B Use of Various type of Timber- durability. a * Best Adultrant is Barium Guava Scientific instruments Adultrants! | Suiphate, , Babool Agricultural instruments Extenders Mulberry Sports Goods Ex.- Barium Sulphate, Calcium Jacktruit Musical instruments Cerbonni, Magnesium Silicate Benteak Boat eee. Plywood Teak @ Colouring Pigments- Note-Swelling of Woods along fiber length-0.1-0.8% Lamp black, twory black Dry Rot- Prussian blue, Indigo ‘* Turing of timber tissues into a dry powder duc to Chrome yellow, Yellow orchre fungi attack Burnt umber, Burnt Sienna, * Itis due to imperfect seasoning or ventilation, Vermillion, Red lead j Wet Rot- ry Copper sulphate, Chromium oxide | © Disintegration of tissues ofthe timber due to alternate nese ite wetting and drying White lead Lithophone ye 2 fl Engineering Capsule Seanned with amscannerIngredient for Different Types of Paint~ © B= 5700yf, N/mm [15.45 21978] Base Vehicle | Use Ege s000/f,, N/mm" [18:456: 2000] Spaitor” | Painting |] or Target mean strength of conerete Poles, Varnish | Tower, |] ERE 656] a “= Standard deviation Tabesios” | Asbestos Stoppin tr ie poot | minerals leakage tn Foy = Target mean strength paint sloppy Fex= Characteristic strength rook Permissible shear stress of reinforced concrete painting of utters ete, Bitumenous | Natural Mineral} High Pai Asphalt or | spirit or | Water. r- Prats | Nevtha [Resistance |! Coefictent of variation |c Plastic Paint ] Plastic Water | Interiors powder of Where, auditorium x : In 2] n= No.of sample Showroom Ba Sines, |] m ctassincation and Grades ofthe concrete- FaN eS | NetiaT or Povo Painting ||[Designati] tix. [Characteri] Group | No.of Cellulose ay ites on |Proporti| stic grade 7 lanes on — | Compressi aon (Cement |ve Strength Cement Water Exterior Sand: | in Nimm* Paint surface of Coarse is 410) building Aggregat Enamel, ‘Vamish Acid ) = hace’ ||| Ms [sao] 5 Lean water M-7.5, 1:4:8 75 ‘Concrete proof, Luminous Calcium ‘Varnish | Metal M-10 13:6 10. a paint Sulphide surface & O . rdinary sign board |]} M-1S ad 7 concrete | 3 M-20 15:3 20 Se Concrete Technology a - \ 7 4 M-30 30 & Stripping Time of Formwork- M-35 35 ipping Time of For ae qFormwork Types Stripping ||! M40 40 7 time Conerete : M-45, 45 Vertical formwork to column, | 16-24 Hours [Wall beams al MSO 9 Soffit formwork to slab [B days _ M-55_ | Design 55 Soffit formwork to beam jas M60 | mix 60 [ Props to stab M65 | Cone. | 65 (2) span upto 4.5 m Teays M-70 70 (b) span oversea Sn PBF einc6a dx (b) span over 6m Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with CamScanner& Fineness Modulus of Aggregate ‘ype of Aga. Fineness Modulus _ Range Coarse Age. 6-8.5_ 33-6. 72S 22:26—- 26-29 [29-32 ® Workability, Slump and Compacting Factor of Concrete with 20 mm and 40 mm Size of Aggregate Degree of | Slump | Compa-| Use for which i Nil to MIS 3 Worka- | inmm | cting | Conczis Suitable I x : bility Factor t Used in road | M-30 to M-SS- 5 - . Very Low} 0-25 | 0,78 |, making-roads @ For Maximum 20 mm Nominal Size Aggregate- = vibrated by power Seat |siaiGzomn [tic Graieell ma operated machines eee ence nee Cement” [Conercte For foundations |Cenainn | Contes Ratio | Cover with light (mm) Low reinforcement, ree} pc. [nce | re Jace Roads vibrated 5 by hand 200] = [20] 060 [oss] 20 ‘operated Machines 300 M25 | 0.60 | 0.50] 30 ‘manually compact- = = flat 250 | 320 050 Joss] as slabs using crushed 260 | 340 045 |o4s! 50 Son ans a |e Medium | 50-100 0.92 | forced concrete a | ‘manually 2x0 | 360 [125] wta0 | 040 oso] 75 compacted and l= = heavily rein- forced Plain Concrete, RCC= Reinforced sections with Cement Conerete vibrations _ Tor sections with Max, Water Content Per Cum of Cone. For congested ‘Nominal Max. Size of Aggregate High bo Reinforcement. Not| Nominal Max. Max. Water —_— normally suitable Size of Agg.(mm) Content (Kg) for baten, Size of ‘ontent as : 1 General Features of the Main Types of Portland 10 208, Cement- 20 * 186 ASTM Type Classification Typet Ordinary Portland cement 40 165 au 7 Type Moderate Sulphate Resistance 1 Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various} |” i A (Modified cement) ge ‘Age Strengihy% Type IIT Rapid Hardening cement day 16 Type IV Low Heat cement days 40 Type V Sulphate Resisting cement Lda 65. + ays SE Type IP Portland Pozzolana cement Ta days 3 — Step a Type IS Portland slag cement Civil Engineering Capsule i Scanned with amscannerPermissible limit for solids In conerete water as! Min, Grade of Cone, Reauited for Various Type, of Construction- Material Permissible Limit _| ‘Types of Construction rerete base MIS | ment concrete RCC (General construction M30 | Water tank, Domes M30 M40 — | Pre-tensioned CPM & PERT «RCC $00 mpl [oe iE] 2000 me ded 000 mgt | Effect of sugar in coment cone, Quantity Effect 0.05%, Nochicct Retander 2 Ageelerator Setimore Rapidly but loose strength Strength of conc. Increase with age- Tonth Age Factor 7 — 3 a 6 ns 12 Tad PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review ‘Technique)- | ‘Three time estimates are made * Follows distribution * Probabilistic Approach ‘* For Research and Development work ‘Some Useful Formula toa, Ht, variance| {= Expected completion time of an activity T= +02 only one path Consistency and Degree of Workability for Vee-| 7 Bee Degree- Vee-Bee | Consistency ] Degree of Degree Vorkabitity 20-40 VeryLow | Very very low workable concrete Low Very low Workable concrete 5-10 Medium | Low workable concrete aS Medium workable Pessimistic time concrete Most likely time AE Very High | High workable concrete Event Time- ca Fluid Very high workable concrete Ag. Water and W/C Ratio for Various Types of Ty = =t2 > only one path Concrete Grade- Slack: This is the time by which an event a aad ee batg delayed without affeeting the completion tin cement | cement project MS | 800kg | 60 liter 12 M-7.5_| 625kg | 45 liter 09 [Super Critical] =! M-10 | 480 ke 34 Titer 0.68 Event MAS” | 350kg_ | 32liter 0.64 M-20_ | 250kg 30 liter 0.60 7 Civil Engineering Capsule Sanned with CamscannerProbability Factor (7) phe T, 4 Scheduled Completion time Ty 2 Expected Completion time [_z role LF | [pea 1m | tate | ——l Fae CPN (Critica! Path Method) © Dexrrameec eppronth © Minimum coe is fonmd corresponding t0 xsi Fae repetitive type oF work © Normal dition 3 followed Activity Times: 2] «BT. LFT-T or LST=LFT-«" Float | Flot denotes the range within which activity time oF its finish time may fuctustes without effecting the pletion of the project. Total float Fy =L Free float F, = 7, — Independent F, ~ float Tail Event Slack- F, = 0 For critical path F,> 0 For sub eritical path F, © 0 For super eritical path Interfering float Finy S, = Fr- Fr [Plat = 30 200 600 Wy con 1000 ton Types of Fond. - Stretcher [Ail bricks are laid bond faces of the wall generally used for partition wall (10 erm) Header [Ail the bricks are laud as bond the face of wall, Use staining of well. corbels footing. _ ete ‘Alternate conrse of header & bond stretcher. Mostely used in government work It is costly and stronger than flemish bond Flemish | Each course has alternate header & bond | stretchers. Flemish bond give better | appearance then english bond | Facing — | Bricks of different thickness are to be | bond Used in the facing or tacking of the wall Classification of wall- Load bearing wall Non-load bearing wall Solid wall with piers Partition wall (pilasters) Vineered wall Panel wall Cavity wall Free standing wall Solid wall Curtain wall Crash cost ~ Normal c Cost slope I Building Construction & Maintenance Engineering SN. “Types of Buildings 1 Group A Residential Building 2, Group 8 | educational Building 3 Group C | Institutional Building 4 [_ Group D | Aswembly Hiulding 3. Group E__| Business Huilding ._|_ Group F_| Mereunile Building 7 | Group G | Industrial Building 8. | Group _| Storage Building 9. Group |__| Hazardous Building Civil Engineering Capsule 13 Pe © Frieze + A coarse of stone provided immediately below comice is called frieze © Bull nose/eow nose : Use for making comer or Win brick masoney Wis that vertical joint on face of the wall, which lie ditectly above the vertical joints in the alternate course. curve Door and window- Doors for residential building: # Eternal door (182) to (182m © Lnternal door (0.982) to (SZ) # Doors for bathrooms & wat (0.752) 10 (0.82). Public building (School, (b) (1.22.1) m,” (c) (1.2x2.25) m Seanned with amscannerUse of Door- * Maximum piteh/stope for public building - 33. STi ng door For AC building ng door * Minimum with of ain commercial bing tm ‘Head room must be # 2.05 m ® Relation b/w Riser and Tread or residential Folding door For covering large covering opening 2R+ T= 60 Revolving door : Rolling steel sh R+T=401045 Desi <0 Length “type of door Rx T= 40010450 * height ‘Where, R = Rise in em & Size of Timber Chaukhat- T= Tread in em (i) For door 8610em-10"1 em. I is it In public building the ma is (ii) For windows 888 em = 810 em isan pees Stnieds i) Ventilator- Sem x8 em aie In Case of straight staircase * Located on Northen side (maximum day tight | No. oftread=No, of riser-1 available) r In case of one landing and two fight * Minimum window area = 1/8 of total floor area No. of tread = No, of riser -2 of room Types of Roof Trusses and Their Span- Total area of window - (10-20)% of floor area ‘ofroom ‘Types of Roof Max. Span + Public building : Minimum area of window = 20% Lean to roof (Verandah) 25m of total floor area Couple root 35m . Coupl close roof 45m Particulate ‘Arch Tinted —— ‘Shape Caned Tozontal Collar beam roof 48m & straight King-Post russ Sto8m Bed joint — | Joints areradial | Joints are Queen Post raw tom exception horizontal Bel-Fast truss (Lattice roof) | up to30m monolithic construction North-Lightrooftruss—, | 201030m Leteral | Exert on vertical Donot || m Minimum Slope for the Main Roof Covering thrust Support Sat Roof Covering Materials Slope i a Not Rise Provide 9 ne ~ provided aw! Appearance | Good architectural | — Simple 2 appearance appearance Asbestos Sheet Strength | Quite sirong Equally Roof Tiler vertical uniform — | strong for Joading but weak | uniform & under point loading | point loading Property of Staircase * Width of stair in domestic building- 90 em © Width of stair in public building- (1.5-1.8) m ‘© Number of total step in a flight #12 + Number of steps in a flight € 3 * Angle of inclinations 25-40" Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with Camscanneri Properties of Ftnid Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machine femperature | Dynamic Viscosity Properties Formula Unit _ [Dimension en4 bwin’ | ML" : CGS ~cm'isee oF stoke Spevitic wom Nin or I stoke = 10 m/sec or | cm’/see women | yy Pa Par J mise ~ 10" stoke Dente [ene 9818 1000 |? Note Uy, > User eee °F For liquide surface tension |(decrease) with 1 Lene (increase) in temperature. the | WE dey of iguld Dinerson Grain | “Sscwoogrnnt | UB | Me” | m ExcesPresure- Density of tiquid + Pressure inside drop Sen to (solid like sphere) any mae | MIL | Pressure inside bubble, eae (Soap bubble) K= . Pare oe, | sm Pressure inside liquid jet “wiv w = Surface tension = a d= diameter of bubble “kK nin |M 1@ Rise or depression of liquid in capillary tube 3-Nin face 8 —_ ont cos- | MT? fh = S08 ee i dynefer ped a 0 =0? for pure water and glass tube Vapour | Fore( oF) | nim a ‘ Prevre | aa Py cca 0 = 128" for mercury and glass tube : i iment Note- Capillary action occurs due to adhesion and 7 velocity gradient 1 Dynamic Viscosity (y)- 7 u/dy| 1 Unit of Viscosity- SI-N-s/m? or Pa-s CGS - dyne-sicm? MKS— kgf-s/m? 1 poise = | y.gim? 10 1 Centipoises = 10 Poise Civil Engineering Capsule > Rate of shear stain or shea deformation, cohesion both 1 Types of Fluid. Ideal Fluid] It is incompressible and have no viscosity Real Fluid | It possess viscosity and Compressibiity Ideal plastie | In this shear stess i more than yield Fluid ralueand shears (r) x MY oy #8 ye at Newtonian | In this type of uid, shear stress is Fluid directly proportional to rate of shear strain or Newtonian fluid does not change with vi ueformation or shear strain, Ex. Water, Kerosene, Benzene, Ethanol Non- In this shear stress is not Newtonian | to the rate of shear stra Fluid does not obey Ni viscesity Seanned with CamscannerIdeal Solid Shear Stress ( Inverted Triangle he 7 | Circle , - | xed " 2 Adcal Fluid Velocity Gradient u/dy) —> ‘Type of Fluid ‘Trapezium ‘@ Non-Newtonian Fluid— == ‘Time Independent I (i) Dilatent Quick” sand, Sugar | Solution, butter he (i) Bingham Plastic Creams, Toothpaste, Half circle Drilling Muds 4dr 2p [35%4,38D (i) Pseudo Plastic Polymer solutions, 6 2 milk, blood, syrup B. Time Dependent © Metacentric height, (i) Thixotropic Lipstick, Printer inks, Enamels Paint, Jelly (i) Rheopectic Gypsum pastes and Bentonite slurry Geometric properties of some important shapes- Plane Surface Center of | Depth of Gravity | center of (ca) Pressure (CP) © Time period of Oscillation— Ts K xg k= Least Radius of gyration ‘F Metacentric height for rolling condition will be less than Metacentric height for pitching condition. 1 Floating body rotation axis in different condition— x 72d Pitching[ Transverse axis | 3 Rolling [Longitudinal axis \ Yawing [Transverse axis (Perpendicular tothe plane) _ | 1 Equilibrium condition for Submerged and floating ody Equilibrium [Submerged [Floating body | [condition body | xe Stable BisaboveG |MisaboveG Unstable BisbelowG |MisbelowG | Neutral B and G coincide |M and G b—+ | coincig Civil Engineering Capsule 16 Sanned with Camscannereight for various shipys cent jor ; ap Eypes of ship] Metacentrie For h, measured upward FF = G Mnmaps og Bo cargo Ship 1 Tene ss comfortahle som So cargo ship * Hydrostatic farce of curved surfaces- © Pascal's ta Fy = RAR’ Pressure at a point in a fluid xystem is equally t | dhstrbuted in all direction, 1 applied to fluid at rest. A Projected Area Paseal’s law 18 avoid if shear stress = 0 K- Vertical distance of C.0.G_ of body from free =r -n] surface Unit of Preseure= | * Resultant Force F = JF, 7 =F [iran aN? Wer= 10'Pa Fe Weight of liquid block above carved WEF ogi tot? surface "Total pressure and center of pressure for submerged plane at different surface position © Jatm = 101325Pa |e aps = 6894762 | ° | Torr= 133. Pasi mm Hg Surface | Total Pressure | Center of | | . I Position | = 7 Horizontal | F = pea Position _ = wAX Vertical F=pgax Position _ = wAX Pate = Pram + Prooge Inclined | F=ppax Proccum = Patm— Pras Position: wast * Hydrostatic Law- The rate of increase of pressure in vertical |) Curved direction is equal to weight density of the fluid || Surface at that point dp (& rs For h, measured downward * h Diaphragm PG . — inde Bourdon Tube PG. Simple Manometer eS Dead Weight PG Piezometer (Only liquid) J Bellows PG (for sinall & moderate positive G.P) = {To measure liquid pressure) + UsTube Differential MM. sire TG - Pressure gauge bea ype DMM MM - manometer Inclined DMM. ‘Micrometer D.M.M. U-Tube M.M (Positive & Nej (Gauge prewsure, High pressure) Sensitive MM (Modified form U-tube M.M. tive) Vertical Single Column Inclined Single Column Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with amscannerraid Flow- ‘Type of | Local or Convective | Totai a fm Types of Fluid Fl ie densi pressure) |] Flow | Temporal Jor Advective| tan’ [Steady Flow [Fluid property like density. Pressure, Acceleration| Acceleration | Acceleny ty doesnot change with ime, | ea — Acer oy eta 9, 2 Uniform a a Flow = Unsteady +] 7 -—_| Unsteady Flow hanges with time Unifon nf 0 Local Peo, Pro Flow a Unsteady +f 7 7 Tool Uniform Flow [At a given time, fluid property does| {|Non- Convective not change with respect to the space. — low (2) =o ||[Steady-and) 0 7 | Comecine 8S Jrecom Non-Uni- a : = form Flow Non-Uniform Ata given time, velocity changes with [a= Flow Be mace Forced Vortex Flow- [v=oxr] ov @.. ae Fluid particles “move along well Laminar Flow © Free Vortex Flow- [v=] e=constan ‘defined st " Pai 7 stream Hine and al the Forced Vortex Flow Free Vortex Flow fam Hines are straight and paratel| 115 For this some exterall > There is no external |Adjacent layer does not cross each||} — force/torque required to torque required. to| jother. rotate fluid mass, rotate fluid mass. > It is also known as stream line! ||E% Ex. : low or viscous flow. 1. Flow of water through the|1. Flow through kitchen| runner of a turbine. sink. Turbulent Fluid particle moves in a zig-zag or in|||2. Flow of Liquid passing|2. Liquid flow through a| Flow random order. through impeller of] hole at the bottom of| om; 7 centrifugal pumps, container. Compressible | Density of uid changes fom point toll]. Retin of Wer in al3. 5° whirelpool in al Flow Point or density is mot constant in}||"" ashing machine fiver. fluid flow ie. p* constant, ae Pat Riot |4. Flow fields due to Q 7 7 2 = ‘tomado. Incompressible [Density remains constant ie. p =| . 28 2 28d 5. Liquid flow around a Flow constant. ae ci of parabolid|?” Gear bend. ina Rotation: During flow along streamline, fluid a pipe. Flow particles rotate about their own axis in both the circular as well as straight| line motion. Irrotational [Fluid particle does not rotate about it sailonds netted leteley own axis in both circular as well s||« netic Energy correction factor- straight line motion. Actual K.E, a= : Local or|It is the rate of increase of velocity| KE Calculated from average velocity Temporal with respect to the time at a given] | * Momentum Correction factor- Acceleration {point ina flow field -__Actuallinear momentum/sec. ou ov aw Linear momentum’sec. calculated from V,,. oe ti . » Gor ocal acceleration Hien Condition 7 r > : i [Laminar flow in pipe 2 133 (Convective |Ivis the rate of change of velocity due| amines Pow in pipe a 1 [Acceleration [tothe change of postion of uid in} | et tes fluid flow. Turbulent flowin pipe _| 43 of 1.33 18 Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with Camscanner© Continuity equation is based on conservation of| mass principle ‘© Euler's equation is “based on- Conservation of ‘Momentum principle = +2=¢| pe 28 * Bernoulli's equation is based on- Conservation of Energy Principle © Each term of Bemoulli’s cquation represents Energy per unit weight © Rate of Flow or Discharge xV) where, A = Cross-scetional area of pipe V = Average velocity of Fluid. Unit = m'/see. © Continuity Equation— [pr ArV, = p:AzV2} Compressible Fluid [A.V, = A2V2F- Incompressible Fluid. p= densi ‘Area of Pipe, V = Average Velocity © Continuity Equation in 3-D- a © Bernoulli's equation = =u) Zov+Zo=0 for inspite Fi © Velocity Potential Function~ [roe ove us =A ew ex. ey © Stream Function— [steven -2| ox © Relation between Stream Funetion and Velocity Potential Function— ox ay} lay ox © Angular Deformation— =4[00,+00,] © Shear Strain Rate~ 2%, oe [2-2] 1 Equation of motion— T. Newton's Equation of Motion Fy > Fy + Fyt Fy + Fit Fe 2. Reynoldl's Equation of Motion FytF,tFetFy 3. Navier-Stokes Equation FoF, + Fp +Fy 4, Euler's Equation of Motion Fy=Fyt F, © Euler’s Equation [f+ fates fv consent] © Bernoulli's Equation— [Besgee- conn Pe 28 Where, P= Pressure hea Ps ve Jy Velocity head. z= Potential head. Piezometric Head = 2+2 Pe 2,v pe 28 ‘© Bernoulli's equation for real fluid Stagnation Head = Venturimeter— fe Ca= Co-efficient of venturimeter 0.97 - 0.99 if Liquid heavier then flowing liquid : + For Liquid lighter than flowing — Vorticity is twice the rotation "2. ‘Civil Engineering Capsule liquid in pipe) # S,~ Specific gravity of heavier liquid. specific gravity of liquid flowing in pipe specific gravity of lighter liquid. © Orificemeter or orifice plate- ay= Area of orifice Cy=0.65-0.70 Scanned with amscanner1m Value of Hydraulic Co-efficient- — (Coofficient of velocity 0.95-099 |= og + [Va =V2ah}, Ya = pa B= TE } (c) (Coefficient of 0.61-0.69 |=06a | «© Pupg ~ stagnation head © Px/pg ~ Static head contraction, Ce Important point- (Coefficient of Discharge] 0.61-0.64 |= 0,62 [Type of ow meter] Cost [Accuracy] Headloss |] {Cu Venturimeter [High [High |Low eee of 50.063 Resistance, C, [Orifice meter [Low [Low |i a ; . 1 Coefficient of Discharge (C,) for mouthpiece Flow Nozzle [Medium [Medium | Medium 5 : ; ‘Types of Mouthpiece Ce Instruments & Their Measuring Parameters External Mouthpiece 0855 Tnstrument Measaring parameter Internal mouthpiece /Venturimeter Discharge or flow rate (i) Running full 0.707 Orificemeter Discharge or flow rate (i) Running free 0.50 Flow nozzle Discharge o > (Convergent or convergent 1.00 oo Sea Hw re divergent mouthpiece Ww meter Discharge in vertical segment of] m Discharge Over a Notch or Wao flow rate 1. Rectangular Notch or Weir Nozzle meter Discharge or ow rate ree? Pitot tube Velocity of fluid flow Prandtl tube Velocity of fluid flow L= Width of weir |(Boundary layer Ifvelocity of approach = V, theory) Then, H= HH, or (u+¥) [Current meter | Velocity in open channel 28 Weirs Discharge in open channel 26 Lal)? "y - 5 PHY Rotameter [Flow rate or discharge in vertical : resment 2 According Francis Formala- Hot-wire For measuring the gas or air| Q= zCuve[L-0 Ink]? [Anemometer velocity = 184 (L-0.1 nk 4P2 Anemometer Velocity with high accuracy Contraction value is taken 0.1H for each ends of [Pyrometer [High temperature measurement Weir According to Benzin’s~ Hydrometer Specifie gravity 's 2g. Hygrometer Humidity Orifice- 1m Hydraulic Co-efficient © Co-efficient of velocity, C, __ Actual velocity ofjet at vena-contracta Vay Theoretical velocity Ve C,=0.98 for sharp edged orifices © Coefficient of Contraction, C. Area of jet at vena-contracta_ (a.) C=" Area of oifice “@ © Coefficient of Discharge, Cy Actua Discharge QQ cor ~ Theoretical Discharge Q, = G=Gxq ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 20 1f6=90° then tan 0/2 = 1 Q= Ac at 2 oR Q=1417H*? (If 6 = 90°) 4. Trapezoidal Notch or Wei Q=Qercreite + Qrnanee Seanned with CamScannerI W Effect on Discharge due (0 error meastirement of head for: ir Weir or Notch In the = 18%. Peron gon " | (ii) Triangular Weir or Noteh. a a fs oct) " & For Cit Wet woe Saat aN) ons i? > Broad Crested Weir Hoos i or tLe > Narron Crested Welr H >16 or2L HG.L, -Gi f V=C¥mi [c Hy "© 'T.E.L, always drop in the direction of flow due to if loss of head. Civil Engineering Capsuie 21 YCT ail Sanned with CamscannerFroude Number Weber (ae Number face tension Euler's | Inertia force Number Pressure force jastic pipe J Sime of etosing valve in see, thickness of pipe| (Cauchy Inertia force valve will be gradual Number Elastic force c Gloane afvalve will be [at Sisicton of flow ase on mach amber Insaantancous if = Mach “Types of flow Important Dimensiontess Number: Number | Number | | Nomber | ____ Definition <1 Sub-sonie flow | [Reynolds | eri force 1 |Number | Viscous foree aT Sonic flow j a > [hae inaria force T ‘Super sonic flow | LC Elastic fore >6 Hyper sonic flow | = Laminar flow through pipe- Velocity Shear stress Velocity Distribation — =i 1. Shear stress distribution 2ex nysa= aire Oc-0 aty = 0. T= tou ee 2. Velocity distribution- 2. Velocity distribution e(-#) ana L(B > = 0.707R (Average velocity = Local velocity) 3. Discharge- x_(_®)ys > =—|-— |D' a ol z) i D =Diameter of pipe +O 2p 4, Head Loss- ox > n, = 2Htx (Hagen-Poisculle formula) PoP yng = ee al Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with CamscannerModel laws and its upplicution- ‘Models ‘Applications —_ |Laminar Sub-layer Ithickness 1» = Kinematic viscosity V" = Friction velocity Displacement thickness | a7, = ffi-2 Ja I w) ” Momentum thickness Reynolds model law] Submarines completely under | water > Motion of air-planes Flow through venturi orifice meter low through small sized pipes. eter, a Energy thickness Shape factor Mach model law | Acrodynamie testing > Under water testing of torpedoes > Water-hammer problem, /Von-Karman's Momentum Equation It is used for- Laminar, Transition and ‘Turbulent boundary layer Integral] rs = shear stress at surface @ [555° >5"> 9] m Drag and lift force- [Froude model law ¥ Open channels, } Free surface flow such as flow over spillways, weirs, slic > Flow of jet from an oriti nozzle. > Flow of diferent density fluids one above the other. cor Je Drag force, Fp = —C,pAV" 2 J Lift force, F, FO PAV? Drag force on sphere, F, =3xp.V.D Where, Projected area of body Relative wind velocity Cy & Cx = Coefficient of drag and lift ‘Weber model law [> Flow over weir for small. heads > Capillary flows > Flow of very t liquid over Euler's model law [> Turbulent flow in pipeline where viscous force and surface tensile forces are entirely absent, Where the phenomenon of cavitations occurs. 7 a Important Relations (Blasius Results) : Characteristics Laminar Boundary layer | Turbulent boundary layer [Boundary layer thickness (6,) 6, <2 (6, x! OSTIK Og ocx" = Fe (5 #8") Beye Oe) Local skin friction coefficient (Cx) c, = 254 ae ©” JRe, “(Re)” |Average skin friction coefficient or drag coefficient (Cg or Cs) Displacement thickness (5) Momentum Thickness () Civil Engineering Capsule Sanned with amscanner@ On the basis of Nikuradse’s ‘mooth boundary layer ve “Transition boundary layer VK 5<—<70 v c | Rough boundary Tayer Vk Bos 0 Where — > V" = average shear velocity v vy ~ kinematic viscosity a K = Avg. roughness Open channel flow ~ ature of flow according to Reynolds number for pipe, and open channel flow ‘Nature of flow __Reynolds No, Ry = pVD/jt b/w parallel plates | Flow through | Pipe Flow Open channel flow Soil | Laminar flow Ry = 2000 Ry < 500 Ry < 1000 [Transitional flow 2000 < Ry < 4000_|500< Ry < 1000 |1000= Ra, = 2000 | Turbulent flow Ry > 4000. Ry> 1000 Ry > 2000 Lower entical flow point. {Ry = 2000 Ry = 500 Ry = 1000 [Higher enitical flow point [Ry = 4000 Ry= 1000 Ry = 2000 1 For most Economical channel seetion- | Rectangular Channel Width of channel, b = 24 Depth of flow, d= b/2 Hydraulic radius, (R) or Hydraulic mean depth m= d/2 >—— Trapezoidal Section > Length of sloping side = Half the top width view = 42nd 2 0=60° | rcle of radius (4) should be inscribed in| zoidal section, Semi circle touch the three sides of trapezoidal section (P, Q.R) vo oVvVY Triangular Channel > mor R= be Wi > Side slop = 1:1 ¥ 4s” Circular Section For Max, discharge- \ Civil Engineering Capsule Seanned with amscanner‘Type of flow Depth of flow Velocity of flow Froude Number ‘Subcritical/Tranquil y> Ye vey Fel streaming or Tangential flow Critical flow (At this ow | y= yy vv. Ret specific energy in min) Supercritical/Torrential/Rapid | y< y, vrv Ft of shooting flow Ye= Critical, depth | Ye Critical, Velocity & Classification of jump based on Froude number— Froude number (F,) Types of jump (Water Surface 17 Undular/Unsteady Undulating Weak ‘Small Rollers form Oscillating Water moving in random manner steady Roller and jump action strong ‘Very rough and choppy ‘Some Important formula for open channel- Hydraulic mean Depth ‘Manning's Formula v Chezy Formula V=CVma [Specific En i |p ergy E=y+-=y+ 2 (y= depth of flow) 2g 2A A=By +Sy’ (Trepezoidal section ) Critical Depth (Critical velocity Energy loss due to Hydraulic jump Laplace equation- Force acting in moving fluid — - Relation Between y. and E 1. Inertia Force, F,= pAV” (@ For Rectangular channel- (ii) For Triangular channel- Ye 2. Pissous Howes, F, (ii) For Parabolic channel. —_y, Civil Engineering Capsule 25 Seanned with amscannerd available and discharge~ Fo Efficiency of Turbines Discharge Head Example >) # Hydrate eMeteney- tow | >300 [Pelton Twrbi RP Head | b ¥ i Medium | Medium | 60-300 |Francis Turbine «Mechanica efcloey> Head SP Low High |< 60. Kaplan & Propetter [hore Head bine 4, Specific speed (N,)- Specific speed (N,) | Suitable Turbine ‘# Volumetric efficiency= M.KS, | Si. Unit Unit 10-35 | 8.530 | Pelton wheel with single jet 35-60 30-51 |Pelton wheel with two or| more jet * Relation between efficiencies- 60-300 | 51-225 | Francis Turbine Masgnate = Mawel “Nhe anol 300-1000 | 225-860 |Kaplan or Propeller Turbine [awa = Nhat * Maer * Naa 5| Type of Turbine | Velocity Overall Ratio efficiency no @ Classification of Hydraulic Turbine According to Pelton wheel 0.43-0.48 the. 1. Type of energy at inlet Francis Turbine e098 Type of | Energy Example Kaplan, — Propeller] 1.5-2.2 [88.35% = 90% Turbine | available at [Turbine inlet Impulse [Only Kinetic|Pelton Turbine, Turgo|| ® Model Relationship for Turbine Turbine [Energy (Cross flow Specific Speed Reaction [Both Kinetic] Fran Kaplan, Turbine and —pressure|Girard, — Fourneyron me on peers] Energy propeller Turbine 2. Direction of flow through runner- Shape Number NyPip ‘Type of Turbine Example (gh) Tangential flow {Pelton Turbine Unit Speed Turbine Radial flow Turbine Francis Turbine Vale Power ‘Axial flow Turbine |Kaplan, Propeller Turbine a plan, Propel [Unit Discharge Mixed flow Turbine |Modern Francis Turbine Civil Engineering Capsule Sanned with CamScannerharge Through a Turbine Discharge PC, Rant ‘Type of Turbine Pelton wheel [Francis Kaplan © Flow Co-cfficient, © Power Co-efficient, C Degree of Reaction- pio = Lhangein pressure energy ‘Change in total energy inside the runner For impulse Turbine, D.O.R = 0 ide the runner cota. (cota —cot8) For reaction Turbine, D.O.R= For pure reaction Turbine, D.O.R= 1 Percentage of slip = 22 Qus x 199 * Max. Hydraulic efficiency of an impulse Turbine- _T+cos¢ len = 5 = Angle of blade tip at outlet Max. Number of jets, generally, employed on Pelton wheel are six (6) Minimum Dia of Braking jet = 0.6 * d Width of Bucket for a Pelton wheel = Sd Depth of Bucket for a Pelton wheel = 1.2d Angle of deflections, = 160°-170° (Avg. Angle, = 165°) Vane Angle at outlet, 4 = 10° 20° (Avg, Ang 15°) ireadth Ratio 4 =(0.1-03) No. of lades|4 (Genel) | Depree of Reaction _|(0.5-1.0) Meripheral velocity at i et inlet and « © Types of pump: Roibdynamic toplacement Pump pomp Mixed flow pump Reciprocating Rotary “Axial Flow Pump Pump Pump Piston Pump L+Gear Pump Radial Flow Plunger Pump LSerew Pump imp Bucket Pump Levane Pump 1 Efficiencies of pump © Hydraulic/Manometric efficiency- _ Manometric Head *" Manometric Head + Hydraulic loss Manometric Head MP. Head imparted by impeller to water LP. © Mechai fficiency- __ Power at the impeller Power at the shaft © Volumetric efficiency- Q OG © Overall efficiency: _MP “SP. Ty =M*NAM, TL=MXM, — (V= Neglected) 1 Model Relationship for Pamps- Dimensional Parameter | Dimensionless Parameter u p(Q+a)v P LP. SP. MN No. of Blades on Francis Turbine = 16 ~24 “ND Kaplan Turbine Q Runner Power thy uy "ND" [Speed Ratio, (Ka) c= c= DF ry Flow Ratio, (y) Seanned with Camscannera“ — =i rial Material Flastic Independent Strength of Mater! Constants _| Elastic Constant 2 and Isotropi am Types of Mater Orthotropic 12 9 (wood) aa AIP tropic | 2 Tsotropic Material The, ool me || ngation In Different Types of Bar- jon at a point, _Type of bar Elongation 6! Anisotropic | It has different properties in ||| Prismatic bar Due to external load ‘Material all direction ata point in the PI al I LDody. F=4p een Er [Orthotropic A material which has : ~ |Materiat different properties ee | Circular tapered bar 4PI l lanes, Material Poission’s Ratio of) a nace Cork - 0 mn Glass - 02 - 7 oo eo a3 Rectangular tapered bar Pile, (® Elastic Material - -040 y=-——6) Steel = 027-033 rs er (b, =b, JE Rubber - 050 Paral ‘logram law of forces- 3. Range- for Rea» O= 45° > Resultant force, R= A? +B? +2ABcos0 8=0°, Cos" =1 if = 90°, Cos90° =0 @ Class of lever- 1. I" Class of lever — Effortarm P (Effort) 1 SMA. Civil Engineering Capsule Ex- Scissor, Hand Pump Seanned with amscanner Load arm 1B (Weight)2.2" Class of lever- Effort arm. M.A. > 1 always Ex. Wheel barrow, Nut-Cracker 3.3" Class of lever— (ton arm). Ex.- Sugar tongs Fishing rod > Mechanical Advantage- — Effort Ann VR > General condition of equilibrium- () S Nor DH=0 Gi) Sv orTv=0 (i) Su -0 > Coeff tion- fxR>f=pR t of | » Static friction coefficient- Note- y, > 14, > Newton's first law of motion- Ifa body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight ling, it will remains at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a some external forces. © Itis known as law of inertia. Civil Engineering Capsule > Second law of motion The rate of change of niomentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force. Er > Third tnw of motion- Every action has equal and opposite reaction. Kinetic ney e.= La! % Centroid of regular plane figure- P Ww Lamina Area |= z ‘Triangle 1 b b ton | 2 ie 2 3 3 Rectangle bah b h 2 2 Circle x r r Semicircle le r 4 2 3e Quadrant Circle te | a | a 4 ax | oe Three quadrant circle] 3.5 | ar | ar 4 ox > Center of gravity of an any area )X) FagX, FAX + YCT Sanned with CamscannerSoil Mechanics ‘© Father of Soil Mechanies —+ Dr. Karl Terzaghi 1 Geological cycle of soil formation la Upheaval ‘Transportation For Inorganic Soil Solid \ / © Mass specific gravity for Deposition Type of Soil Deposited by 1 Some Important Relations ‘Alluvial Soil © Specific gravity for soil Sot At shrinkage fmt V2=Vs&W) =w, For Organic Soil Solid River 7 running water [Loam = Sand + Silt+ Clay (Coa = Sand + Silt + Clay] + wacresient n= ®2, gw 30 * Effective Water content w'= = (osw' You > 1 Ya > You w © w= ow lew I-w' * Void ratio) = Ye, (e> always) * Porosity (n)= ¥ @ Taifomly graded |Most of the panicles has NON soil same No. of blows Civil Engineering Capsule 37 mal Seanned with amscanner|_ Consistency le = hy roughness Index veysit [>1 co = Tove 10.5 0-025 «© For most soil, toughness index is b/w 0-3. Medium si [0250.50 [025 03077] # For friable soil, 1y <1 | son 0,50 ~ 0.25 0.50 0.75 # Forclayey soil. Str $3 Very Son 025-0 075 10 Atterberg limits of soil. = : Liquid sate | -0 >I 5, ~ de) undisturbed] Sensitivity 8) = emoulded Notune | Sensitivity (S,) Soil Classification Ws = shrinkage limit 1 Insens ¢ (Gravel, Coarse Wp= plastic limit ne We= Liquid limit s 2-4 Normal sensitive or moderate 4-8 Sensitive (Silt + Clay) 8-16 Extra sensitive & Plasticity Index [I, = Ww, >16 Quick clay/unstable | Ip Plasticity _ Plasticity Index 7 Non Plasto wm Activity (A.) = 3 clay particles (6ize 2p) J o<7 Low Plastic A Classification 7-17 Medium Plastic <0.75 Inactive | 217 Highly Plastic 0.75 - 1.25 Normal on 7 im Soil Type > 1.25 Active L eee Plastic) Sand * Thixotropy— Increase in strength of remoulded soil I 10-15 Silt with passage of time. 15- le 100 Clay ™ Group Index [(GI)=0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01 bd 20-40 Kaolinite 35-60 Illite (P-35) Fao [Range 0 to 40] ‘ 50-100 ‘Montmorillonite = (P-15) ¥ 40 [Range 0 to 40} * Liquidity Index [w= water content in bulk soil) © fia, eth @ Classification of Soil based on ISSCS nm)~ c= (W40) ¥ 20 [Range 010 20} a= (lr-10) ¥ 26 [Range 0 to 20) Where, Jiquid limit (in%) ‘ Plasticity In Ip 'e passing from 0.075 mm (75) © Soil elusitied into 8 groups trom Ay to Ay With Ag for muck or peat soil, Boulder | Cobble Coarse Grained Soi Fine Grained Soil Gravel ‘Sand ; Coarse [fine Coarse | Medium —[ fine Silt [> 300 300-80] 80-20] 20-475 |4.75-2.0- | 2-0.495 } 0425-0 OTE 0.075 | 0-002 Zivil Engineering Capsule Seanned with amscanner |@ Properties of clay minerals o Minerals Bond Example Kotha ‘Kaolinite ‘Hydrogen ‘China clay i (strongest (ii) Falling head permeability test- Tie Toni ‘Green clay sand for fine grained soil Montnerfonie] Vander wall Black soi force, Water bond onite sol ok = 23030 A (Weakest bong) | Peweiteso Katto ‘® Bond Strength aolinite > Iiite > Montmontfonitq] Shrinkage/Swelling/Plasticity Indew/dry strength Kiontmeilfonite > Mite Rachid (B) Fleld Method- © Pumping out test : useful for homogeneous coarse ‘grained soil, ® Size of cl: jincral in descending order Hucoafie ulfer Confined Aquifer Raolinite ~ ilite> Monimonfontd lonit k= 2304 jog (2 ) ~ 2304 to. 4) Activity of clay minerals- a(ny mye" 2eD(h,-h) "Le [Miners [Activity value. © Faapin Uschi for r Kaolinite 0.1-0.4 Pumping in test- Useful for high permeable soil ite 10.5-1.0 ond [Montmorillonite 41-7 5.5tH . Soil structure: ‘Found in Single grained (Cohessionless Honey Comb Fine Sand & Silt [Flocculated |Clayey soil @ Theoretical/Indirect Methods— [Dispersed Clay (@ Consolidation Method © Plasticity Chart as per ISSCs— ‘A-Line equation Ip = 0.73 (W, ~ 20) U~ Line equation + Ip= 0.9 (Wi —8) * Critical hydraulic gradient- Yow = Gal} ty Ite -[E xa] © Darcy Law- [Vari Ve Ki ah ee ely,-4] e 4 2 a [Kr = Coefficient of percolation} Seepage velocity Discharge velocity ation of Coefficient of permeability— (A) Laboratory Method- (i Constant head permeability test © for coarse grained ‘Civil Engineering Capsule K=C\x My x Yw (ii) Allen Hazen's Method K=CDj, or K = 100D?, [C= 100 to 150] (iii) Kozney - Karman Method Lyte yl * On “Tre Det K, K, = Kozney - Karman Constant = void ratio i= Dynamic viscosity coefficient ‘Yu = Unit weight of water. Note: k xe” (iv) Louden’s formula Logic (KS")= a+ bn @ Permeability Coefficient of Stratified Soil— (i Incase of Horizontal flow (Parallel to bed) ii) In case of Vertical flow (Normal to bed) Hen + (iii) In case of two dimensional flow Kequivaten = (KK, XK, (iv) In case of three dimensional flow Kegan = ok, %k, xk, 39 Seanned with Camscanner© Primary settlement ue of permeability- 2.46 3. sir Type | Coefficient of ] Drainage an = 223.41, =m,.AG-Hy permeability Trey | th) ernisce_| © In case of normally consolidated Soil Gravel > n " - Sa TIO Pervions a= Cello togig| S048 Silt 107 10" Slightly Trey, 5 Tiay <10* Impervious o AN Ac © Laplace Equation— for 2D ey © Co-efficient of consolidation © Discharge through a flow net |q = Ne c, =* Na y my * tw Ny Ne Unit of Cy = em’/sec Ny=N Ny = Shape factor F 1 ‘ 7 cy «+o Temperature © Filter specification by Terzaghi— WwW siIp D, (filter) <5 @ Methods to find Cy Dy. Protected material) i) Square root of time fitting method- D,, (filter) Toy xd? 0 4< i = D,, (Protected materia <2? ove be « ——Palfiter) as ii) Logarithm of time fitting method D,, (Protected material) ~ Tyg xd? Cy = . vat 50 IS equipments to proctor test__||* Total settlement [8, =Syrsiae *Sp +5, ‘Standard | Modified | Light Heavy proctor | proctor | compac | compaction [aH _AV_ de 1] fest test tion HV “Ite, "ae Weight of | 2 54 454 2.60 49 © Coefficient of compressibility hammer Fall of hammer | 3048 | 4572 | 310 450 (rum) Number ofblows | 25 25 2s 2 © Coefficient of compre per layer ‘Number ortayer 3 5 3 5 Volume 944 944 1000 1000 of mould = Compaction energy ratio for- Modified standard proctor test Standard proctor test Standard proctortes 022 ‘Modified standard proctor test . Type of equipment __| Suitability for soil Rammers or tampers all types of soils ‘Smooth wheeled rollers [Crushed rocks gravels sand Pneumatic tyred Rollers [Sands, gravels, silts, clayey Soils but not suitable for Uniformly graded soils. * OCR > |, for over consolidated soil sheep foot rollers Clayey Soil * OCR =, for normally consolidated soi Vibratory rollers Sands * OCR <1, for under consolidated s Civil Engineering Capsule Scanned with amscanner© Time factor- d=H forone way drainage a= 1 foe tn way drainage © T= 0.196, Tay = O.848, Tyo = 0.287 ( u) joo | US 60% * Degree of cons: Too | ; okge Qn0ar7s © Westerguard’s equation (for anisotropic soil) 1. 1 fr-a(") [U) © Newmark's influence chart 1 men ‘9, of concentric circles (normally 10) No. of radial lines (normally 20) equivalent no, of areas 4 = Intensity of load @ Shear Strength of Soil- s, xqxN n= a ~~ changes measured, ‘Axial strain, deviator stress are determined. le forall types of soil. inconfined © Can be conducted in field Compression ceaily. Test © Used to test cohesive soil, rapid assessment of consistency of soil for clay classification, and find vity of elay soil * Suitable in plastic cohesive soil which 16 very sensitive. * When top & bottom end shear the soil Shear strengt “Vane shear Test Consolidated |» Drainage in both Drained Test stages. [cD] © It takes long time. Consolidated | * Drainage allowed in 1* stage. Tae TS | « done for check stability under sudden unloading. © Shear strength is the capacity to resist shear stress. © Columb’s Hypoth Crorand] Cratand] are total stress parameter * are effective stress parameter Where, C, Cc © Angle of repose- Minimum angle of an inclined plane which causes an object to slide down on the plane. © Angle of friction~ Angle between the normal reaction force and resultant force between friction and normal reaction forces when object just begins to move along surfaces. @ Some Important test for soil Drainage not allowed in any stage. Unconsolidated undrained (UU) © Active earth pressure— by this min, pressure exerted by the soil on the retaining wall 4 ‘(a Tesing tan (a8 + 2 © Passive earth pressure— Tsing _ jae 8 Tsing Direct shear Test | © Shear applied at constant rate of strain, © Effcetive stress and total stress Used for free draining soil~ sand, gravel. Shear plane is pre determine. © Barth pressure at rest= + for cohessionless soil [K, =1=sing] Note- Ko for dense sand is lesser than that of loose sand. For NC clays Ko < 1 For OC clays Ko > Min, Depth of foundation D. Drainage can be controlled. Tri-axial Test Pore water pressure, volume 4 ll Sanned with Camscannersettlement Void Ratio Tine Compressive © Max theoretical value of $, = 0.5, Max. particle 0.261 tan 6 Jeos’ B]for c-4 soit © Net safe Bearing Capacity(qay= Net ultimate bearing capacity Factor of Safety Goo _ 9. = 9D, F F * Safe Bearing Capacity en a = F * Elastic Settlement “+ yD, Bearing capacity for different types of footing Permissible Differencia! and toy settlement of soll ‘Specification of Total] _Permisibie Foundation settlement _| Ditt-Settiement Teolated Raft footing on | 40-65 mm | 25 mm Isolated footing on sand | 40mm | 25 mm Irolated Raft footing on | 65-100 mm | 40 mm clay Frolated footingon clay | 65mm | 40 mm Classification of piles based on various factors- (a) Funetion/ Action - Fender, sheets, batter, tension (uplift), load bearing etc, (b) Installation method - Driven, jack, serew & Bored (cast in- situ) piles. (c) Material- Steel, timber, concrete & composite piles. (4) Displace-Displacement and non- displacement piles. (©) Mode of load transfer- end bearing, friction and ‘combined piles. * Engineering News Formula : Ultimate load on pile a, - WH Qe 68+0) 6 Where, W = load in kg H= Height of fall in em $= Settlemenvbelow in cm & Soil sampler (1 C, always * Area ratio: A, Where, Dy = Inner dia, of cutting edge Note: Load carrying capacity in order strip < circular < square footing © Plate Load test (1S 1888-1982) 5 -[pe “ot . BeBe roay | "say sol at" 4 = for silts For C-$ soiln=0.5 For clayey soil n=0 Civil Engineering Capsule D; = Outer dia, of cutting edge D, = Inner dia, of sampling tube Dy = Outer dia, of sampling tube m Recovery Ratio: 1, Recovery length of the Sample, Tengiaton ee Penertration length of the Sample Recovery value Soil Property _| Lat Good recovery L<1 Compressed Le Soil has, Sanned with amscannerngineering WD.) Organization Establishment year Central Public Works |_Department (C.P.W.D.) us Public works Departmei epartment 1855 Jayakar Committee Formed in Nov. 1927 Recommendation © National Corridors — Shrinagar (North) Porbandar Jhasi (West) “Silchar (East) Kanyakumari (South) ‘Total length = 7300 km North-South = 4000 km East— West = 3300 km * Golden Quadrilateral Plan — 2b. 1928 ‘Central Road Fund (CRF) 1 March, 1929 Central Road Organization (C.R.O.) 1930 Indian Road Congress arc) = 1934 ™ Classification of Road — Motor Vehicle Act 1939 (Revised - 1988) As per traffic As per load I CRRI 1950 Type of | Vehicle | Type of | Vehicle load | National Highway Act 1956 Traffic | per—-day | Read (Tonnes) ‘Border Road Organization BRO) “ ite 600 poe 1500 Highway Research Board 1973 Tem Road NHAI 1988 ’ He He Highway Development and Planning- Trathe 250-600 Rood 1001-1500 Specificat | I 20 year | 1" 20/m™ 20 ion plan year plan_ | year plan Medium Medium 70-250 500-1000 Name of | Nagpur | Bombay | Lucknow Traffic Road Plan road plan_| road plan _| Road plan - Duration | 1943- 1961-1981 | 1981-2001 Light 1-70 Light 500 Traffic Road 1963, Target | 16km/100 | 32km/100K | 82km/100k || m Age of different type of roads — Density | km? m m? Road Star and[ ‘Square and Earthea Road 2 year Pattem —_| Grid Grid WBM Road 5 year Provision = 1600km | 2000 km’ Bituminous Road 10-15 year i Conerete Road 30 year expressway — Road Expressway | Monge |Notee Value of lateral rieion coeicient—0.15 Classificat Was added pote, Value of longitudinal friction coefficient - 0.35 ion Tits OO 0.40 ‘Skid- Longitudinal Distance > Circumference Distance Slip - Longitudinal Distance < Circumference Distance YcT Seanned with amscanner