CHAPTER Bu: «-Bar Protection INSIDE THIS CHAPTER. aero 49.2. Bus-Bar Arrangements 13.3. Bus Zone Faults 13.4. Backup Protection for Bus-Bars 13.8. Frame ‘pus Protection 13.6, Differential Overcurrent Protection. gs. nrRODUCTION sin elec power Stations and substations are the tet vtal elements. Although with the advent of a mn methods the probability of occurrence of faults en PH) to negligible, but if a favlt occurs on a bus- settable damage and dsiapion of supply will occur efor of guich-asting automatic protection is ie slaton ofthe faulty buschar, The buscbar area ef purpose of protection, inches not only the wep bemeltes but also the isTating suitches, circuit eee instument transformers and bus-sectionalizing sain futur potetion needs special attention because of the saving reasons 1 fat evel at bus-bars is very high 2 Tieton the bus tserpton Teeysem subility is adversely affected by fault in bus re. ‘would result in widespread supply tne event of fault on any section of the bus-bar, all the ‘tat gupments connected to that section must be tripped Weve complete isolation in shortest possible time e.g. "iso that damage is avoided to the installation due to ‘225 of conductors. Intemal bus faults are less frequent “ene fouls. A bus fault tends to be appreciably more ‘st bxh with respect to the safety to personnel, system ted the damage. A major system shutdown may be ‘Selin the absence of adequate bus protection. > f utmost importance therefore the bus-zone protection tear acting, stale and most reliable. The desirable bus protection are given below: el option es than 3 cpl an Discrimination between fault in its protected section and fault elsewhere. 3. Stability for extemal faults 4. fom from unwanted operation. S.No operation due to CT saturation or power swings. 6. Separate control of trip circuit of each circuit breaker. 7. ‘Main’ and “check” protection to ensure the isolation only when desirable. 8. Non-autoreclosure, no single pole tripping of circuit breakers for bus-fault. 9. Interlock overcurrent protection for tripping. generator unit in the event of operation of bus-zone protection. Some experts are of the opinion that the local bus protection should not be provided and the bus faults cleared by the backup relays at the neighbouring stations, as the provision of the local bus protection would certainly increase the risk of inadvertent tripping. In case local bus protection is provided care is taken by providing two independent protective circuits, both of which must be satisfied before tripping can occur. Before discussing the nature and causes of faults ‘occurrence in bus zones and different protection schemes we will like to discuss different bus-bar arrangements 13.2, BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENTS Bus-bar (or buy in short) term is used for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. The term bus is derived from the word omnibus, meaning collector of things. Thus electrical bus-bar is the collector of electrical energy at one location. Bus-bars are merely convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment into various arrangements. The usual arrangement of connections in most of the substations permitsle 7, Ring Main ArangoJACKUP PROTECTION Fon Soe aKAGE OR FAULT-OUS, ACT hs wa at runt see aye ama ot we oe ior (CT connected wo the operating wl of te check relay ea Sha HESeders tion of Feede! Protec n Lines and Transmissio' 21st Pc es pace Rae ‘only two relay Scheme fs shown in Fig. bite Fig, 2, Connection For Overload Praeton 414.3. OVERCURRENT AND EARTH FAULT 2rout to coordinale and requires et of bode me Fig 143, vereuant an Earth Fst Protection Scent bed sly eae ange of 1010 CT cans te relay lal feeders wits ne oe meron ‘ery sort ie delay, bas been designed. may be st power st ome by a ahernative route. The Pec= FG Hn ny te tt re a Fe tele mad Conny ee Pm gn iTeauitng pilot chan 866s the Mecca or ecnoen capris of sant sen Fo Rs newton. Ate 2 ANE atone “ fromthe bv ar 14.7. CURRENT BALANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION Fle 148, Ring Feder Wid Fe Sections and Supp Oe Pit Fie Tua, BYCo Crating Curent Proton For Single Phase Siemrca for Tee Phe Stem eco ena © te 11, Pron Sm Far Single Phas Poeermine 1 ee a enoucnes ot 2 egnDUCTOR PROTECTION OF SEEDERS feo Precio ne 11k Teme gus corcens andFi et Tanamsson Uoes ne Uae ens od SONS Dien of Caron Pom Par at i. 1.1%, Schematic Rpretentation of Phe Comparon Caer Ptcionree see red openly 40% of ne seen impedance eh‘appear to the relay Tapedance val IER AIDED 44.44, CARR! ISTANCE Pag, sequence impedance = 100x055 Tre Ua Sop 0 Sep. tatye CHAPTER —_— 86 > tection Against Prervoltages Due to tightning 7