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ALSTOM
NN & DISTRIBUTION
Prot trol
Course PC3, Dubai
Application of Protective Relaying to
- Distribution and Sub-Transmission Systems
25% - 29! March 2000
Busbar Protection:- General Principles
and Application Examples
(Lecture)
Presented by
A. Varghese BUSBAR
PROTECTION
ory
In the early days of Power Systems, Busbars were
regarded as intrinsically safe and left without specific
protection. It was anticipated that system or back—up
protection would provide sufficient cover.
Many feared that accidental operation of Busbar
protection, if fitted, would cause more disruption than
that by a fault on unprotected bars.
Teanee BUSBAR PROTECTION
x x
! |
I t
Los ra
Tw fi?)
T I ” T T
| x x x
I \ {
| |
t i * i
There are fewer faults on busbars than on other parts
of the power system.
WITHOUT BUSBAR PROTECTION
* No dislocation of system due to accidental
operation of busbar protection
* Slow Fault Clearance.
Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by
remote time delayed protection on circuits
feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection As the Power System developed and fault levels
increased Busbar Protection became essential since
damage resulting from one uncleared fault may
extend in magnitude up to the complete loss of the
station by fire
It is now usual to subdivide the Busbar into sections
each of which is separately protected. A fault in one
section does not involve tripping the complete
station. Important loads can be then fed from two
or more sections, and will not suffer interruption of
supply if one section is tripped.
ease BUSBAR FAULTS ARE USUALLY PERMANENT.
CAUSES:
*
Insulation Failures
Circuit Breaker Failures
Falling Debris
Isolators Operated Outside Their Ratings —
Safety Earths Left Connected.
Current Transformer Failures
THEREFORE:
CIRCUIT BREAKERS SHOULD BE TRIPPED AND
LOCKED OUT BY BUSBAR PROTECTION BUSBAR PROTECTION
a
|
+
WITH BUSBAR PROTECTION
~ *
Fast Clearance by Breakers at the Busbars
Where Busbars are Sectionalised,
Protection can Limit the Amount of System
Disruption for a Busbar Fault SINGLE BUSBAR
SINGLE BUSBAR WITH BUS SECTION
DEN DAR WR BUS SECTION yoy yy yy yy yy
Is
x x x x
~
DOUBLE BUSBAR WITH BUS COUPLER
*_]
TTT td
7 4 S474 4747 7
“Ly WwW LI Ly
x x
7 7
DOUBLE BUSBAR WITH TRANSFER FACILITIES
AND BUS SECTION BREAKER BUSBAR PROTECTION MUST BE :
RELIABLE
Failure could cause widespread
damage to the substation
STABLE
False tripping can cause widespread
interruption of supplies to customers
DISCRIMINATING
Should trip the minimum number of breakers
to clear the fault
FAST
To limit damage and possible power system
instability. ~ METHODS OF PROVIDING BUSBAR PROTECTION
1. Remote Time Delayed Protection
2. Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection
3. Directional Comparison Protection
4. Phase Comparison Protection
- 5. Differential Protection: High Impedance
Low Impedance FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION.
ADVANTAGES.
1). Simple and economic form of protection.
2). Ideal for the protection of phase segregated switchgear
where earth fault protection only is required.
DISADVANTAGES.
1). Insulation is required between switchgear sections.
2). It is not possible to discriminate between faults on two
sets of busbars running through common switchgear
frames.
3). Care must be taken in construction of the substation in
order to ensure that the fixing bolts do not come in to
contact with the steel reinforcing of the concrete.
7>— FRAME EARTH PROTECTION SCHEME —,
> Only an earth fault system
> Involves measuring fault current from switchgear
frame to earth
> Switchgear insulated by standing on concrete plinth
> Only one earthing point allowed on switchgear
> C.T. mounted on single earth conductor used to
energise instantaneous relay
> All cable glands must be insulated
Fro y— SINGLE ZONE FRAME-EARTH PROTECTION
‘Switchgear frame
rs x H t t K
Frame-earth
fault relay
y 1
{ '
“ @—212
Trip all breakers circuit
r— CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FOR EXTERNAL FAULT———
Outgoing feeder Swtchgearframe 5 ngear ame
Frame-leakage current bar
Ip=ly+ Io transformer / poone
|
Ch) Generator
Frame insulation
resistance to earth
System earthing resistor
Iy+ Tp
Earthing electrode
resistance GeENeeAToe
SYSTEN ERNIE
Reterance
FAgTiWG ELEeroDE
fesisranee
FIG. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION FRAME LEAKAGE BUSBAR PROTECTION
Simple, Economical
Suitable for Phase Segregated Indoor Metalclad
Switchgear. Only E/F protection required.
‘SYSTEM
EARTHING
RESISTANCE
SUBSTATION
EARTHING
ELECTRODE
0.1 Ir(Max)
Disadvantages:
Insulation of switchgear frame
and between sections.
Insulation of cable glands to
prevent spurious currents during through faults FRAME LEAKAGE BUSBAR PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULT
lon
T, + 4 ott,
) 24
INSULATION BARRIER
ZONE 1 / ZONE 2
POT i
oo
XA y KS cx
! 7 |
LLL Ae a
0-2-1SEC. €
TRIP A <= Ve 4 es
FRAME-LEAKAGE SCHEME WITH SINGLE
INSULATION BARRIER INSULATION BARBER
cy
i
1
1
I
I
—
'
L
[
ao
1
'
'
J
FIG. FRAME LEAKAGE SCHEME WITH DOUBLE INSULATION BARRIER ZONE 1 ZONE 2 [
INSULATION BARRIER
ZONE 3
R
AS
0
Mi L es
8
Tis
xe
|
+
PAGE 30
Q
ire
FIG. FRAME=LEAKAGE SCHEME FOR DUPLICATE BUSBARS FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION.
CHECK FEATURE.
To differentiate between a genuine busbar fault and a fault
in the secondary winding of a c.t.
The check feature provides a second line of defence.
The check relays pick up for both internal and external
faults.
Both check and discriminating relays must operate before
tripping can occur.
~
The various methods of obtaining the check feature are:—
(a). Neutral check provided by a relay energised from a
single c.t. in the power system neutral.
(b). Residual check provided by a relay energised from a
residually connected c.t. on the busbar incomers.
(c). Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay
energised from a broken delta v.t. supply.
Check relays are normally self—reset in order to avoid
having to reset the relay after each external fault. WITH NEUTRAL CHECK
‘Switchgear frame
y— SINGLE ZONE FRAME - EARTH PROTECTION ————>
zouTa + IN OUT.
Loo+-om!
1 | ssezt
IN OUT
i
oll |
TRIP_SUPPLY
SUPERVISION
FIG.
-N----2 -BF----2
Q LAMP:
|
a LAMP
Z LAMP
|
ALARM
BUZZER
LAMP
ALARM SUPPLY
‘SUPERVISION
TYPICAL TRIP_AND ALARM CIRCUITS FOR FRAME LEAKAGE
WITH DOUBLE INSULATION BARRIER AND CI
FEATURE
PAGE 31
~ FIC. DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON SCHEME. POSITIVE HALE CYCLE
INTERNAL FAULT
CURRENT TRANSFORMER _//
SECONDARY CURRENT
RELAY OPERATION
PHASE COMPARISON SCHEME FEEDER Y PAGE 24
EXTERNAL FAULT
INTERNAL_FAULT
FIG. BASIC CIRCULATING CURRENT SCHEME DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
zeuTe
Uses Merz—Price circulating current principle. All currents
entering and leaving Busbar'are compared.
One set of CT’s for each circuit associated with a
particular zone are all connected to a relay.
A single element relay gives earth fault protection only.
A three element relay gives phase and earth fault protection
Earth Fault Protection Only
-— BASIC CIRCULATING CURRENT SCHEME
|
kx
Et
A
Lb
EeePC ERE Et
K
®
xy
Differential
relay
zur y
PHASE AND EARTH FAULT CIRCULATING CURRENT ——
SCHEME USING THREE-ELEMENT RELAY
XG
| F
&
J
A
B
——
288
Differential relay
zoure
-—HIGH IMPEDANCE PROTECTION
This is a versatile and reliable protection system applied
to many different Busbar configurations.
If CT requirements are met, scheme performance may be
predicted by calculation without heavy current conjunctive
tests. HIGH IMPEDANCE BUSBAR PROTECTION
Simple system to apply and extend
High sensitivity for phase and earth faults.
Extremely stable for external faults
| Rst
Metrosil
CT Requirements: Equal ratios
Class 'X'
May require stabilising resistors , Rs
May require non-linear resistors (Metrosils) 1 HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Uses equal ratio CT’s
Scheme assumes that with heaviest through fault, one CT
saturates, the other not
To ensure stability, voltage setting of relay circuit made
higher than voltage developed across relay circuit. To
achieve this an extra relay circuit resistance is required
this is known as the stabilising resistance
—— EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ——————___]
Rot Ly Rix Ber
Rst LL
RR
zeus PAGE 320 Va
yu + Ren)
Vy(Rux + Ror)
R
=R- Re
PRINCIPLE OF HIGH IMPEDANCE PROTECTION Hieu_ IMPEDANCE THEORY
Assusa€ ONE CT SATURATES
ASSUME RELAY RESISTANCE 1S HIGH
Ve Ie (2k. +Rer)
2 Vs>V
I we Choose I From mun, FAULT CURRENT
i. (4 30%)
Rs 2 Vs = Inks + IgRe
Vs s IgRs = Vs -IrRe
Ra Rs = Vs _ Re
Te
Rs = Vs - VA
Ire I,
Tuus We Can CHoose A VALUE OF Ks
Kesowine ') Max. & MIN FAULT LEVELS ,
2) CT. Cureuir IMPEDANCES ,
3) RELAY INFoRMATIOW ,
4) 6.7 kATIO. EXcITING VoLTAGE (Vs)
Tek
Exciting CureenT (I,)
Kes - Point” VOLTAGE
DEFINITION
FoR HIGH IMPEDANCE PRoTECTION Choose Vie
SUCH THAT =
Ve 2 2Vs
TMS ENSURES FAST OPERATION Fok ALL FAULTS
6QEATER THAN THE SETTING CURRENT.
‘Ve Is Thus DEPEWDENT ON SETTING VoLTAsG AND HENCE
ON MAXIMUAA THROUGH FAULT CURRENT. -— EFFECTIVE SETTING
Since in each zone of protection there are several CT’s in
parallel with the relay and each other, the combined CT
magnetising currents will increase the primary operating
current. (P.O.C)
P.O.C. =
CT ratio (Int Ita +ntm)
Where :—
IR = Relay setting current
Iq = CT magnetising current (one CT at relay setting voltage)
n= Number of paralleled CT’s
Iutp= Non linear resistor current at relay setting voltage
raMe9
-— PRIMARY OPERATING CURRENT (P.O.C.)
The value of primary operating current should be around
30% of minimum fault current available. This ensures
sufficient relay current during internal fault conditions for
high speed operation.
route Fic. INTERNAL FAULT On HIGH \MPEDANCE SCHEME
zt,
= Tp: Ret Rx)
Te
Effective settling
I, In 2 lm with 2 circuits
sgt? on Wieh Ne Graits
Primary effective setting
y= T-Cetnb)
o eT (tee Tat Int Leet 4) Top = Inthe
FIG. USE OF FAULT SETTING RESISTOR -— THROUGH FAULT STABILITY
Busbar protection stability limit is based on maximum
through fault current.
Generally this value is derived from the rating of the
associated switchgear irrespective of existing fault level,
since it can be expected that system will develope up to
limit of rating.
-— CHECK FEATURE
Usually provided by duplication of primary protection using
second set of CTs on all circuits other than bus section and
coupler units. Check system forms one zone only, covering
whole of busbar systems and not discriminating between faults
on various sections.
x
3
x
x
Zone A
1
ow)
4 Zone B
Check zone 4
Dp
1
1— ©)
764400 Mergosic LiMITATION OF RELAY VouTAGE
Foe HEAVY INTEAWAL FAULTS LARGE VoLTAGES MAY
DEVELOP ACROSS RELAY + STAR. RESISTOR .
> 3kV vecracéS — MuST USE METEoSIL.
> Ve = 2N2Vc(Ve- Ve)
Vic = Kncé Por VOLTAGE
Ve =
MAX. Rens VouTAGE IF CI" Dida)! SATURATE
Ie(Rer+ 2h. + Ret Red
FoR METROSIL:
Vv
"
cI (b.c.)
NZ V,= C (Zens I
a (A.c.) V-I Curve of 600A/S1/Spec 256 Metrosil
5 TO IC RISC CTO I LILI
OC o PEAK CURRENT
V-I Curve of 600A/S1/ Spec 1088 Metrosil
“ sana thomas USE OF NON LINEAR RESISTORS
Under in zone fault conditions it is possible for voltages above the
relay withstand of 3kV peak to be produced. “Metrosil” non linear
resistors may be neccessary to limit the peak voltage below this level.
Approx peak volts = 2./2VK (VF — VK)
“Metrosil” characteristic :~ V= C18
where :— Vand] are peak values
C = constant depending on metrosil
construction
B = constant in range of 0.2 to 0.25
The values of C and B are chosen to limit metrosil voltage to less
than 3kV peak at maximum fault current.
-— METROSIL LIMITATION OF RELAY VOLTAGE
lop
To ensure primary operating current not adversely affected,
metrosil constant ‘C’ must be sufficiently high to restrict
metrosil current at relay setting voltage VS.
Typical currents :—
30ma for use with 1 amp CTs
100ma for use with 5 amp CTs
Tous -— DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
Relays used for high impedance protection are high
stability, unbiased and tuned to nominal frequency.
Two modular types are available :—
MCAG14/34
Current calibrated with external stabilising
resistor.
MFAC14/34
Voltage calibrated with internal high impedance.
-—CT WIRING SUPERVISION |
Open circuit connections between CT’s and relay circuit
result in unbalance currents which may operate the
protection.
Supervision is applied by a voltage relay across differential
relay circuit.
Supervision relay is time delayed, gives alarm and also shorts
out bus wires to protect differential relay circuit.
Typical effective setting is 25 primary amps or 10% of lowest
circuit rating, which ever is greater.
Zeus PAGE 36
i
1
T
1
hh In Is le
Telgtis4le
HEALTHY CONDITION
CTI OPEN CIRCUIT, 11 FLOWS THROUGH MAGNETISING IMPEDANCE AND
RELAY CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
Fl SUPERMISION AGAINST OPEN CIRCUIT ‘Ss
VOLTAGE MEASURED 8Y SUPERVISION RELAY
v= M1 (Rij wdlZusll2wa)
IF SUPERVISION RELAY SETTING = Vso
OUT-OF-BALANCE CURRENT TO OPERATE THE SU
|= Me Ve ie Me
R Zu2 Zus Zue
VISION RELAY crt (| st
ge Y Zo | [ema | | 24
| telay @) y
Voltage measured by supervision relay
V =H RilZma2ilZu3illZma)
If supervision relay setting = Vsp
Out-of—balance current to operate the supervision relay
I=Vsp , Vsp , VsP , VSP
Ro ZmM2 2M3 2M4
Zone
—— DIFFERENTIAL RELAY CIRCUIT
— 4
B Zone bus wires
N
95x
95X <— Bus wire shorting contacts
9X
fo ,
95 | Supervision relay
mel
Isle
2°
3.
4 ( |"~ Stabilising resistors
1
Metrosil
#
resistors _)
HI
@ |@'|©
Erory CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
~
Current transformers must be of low reactance type (classx)
and have identical turns ratio (1 in 100). They should be of
similar design, or if not, of reasonably matched magnetic
characteristics. It is common practice to use CT's having
1 amp secondaries
~
Tau
-— CURRENT TRANSFORMER WIRING ——+
-~
Lead burdens between various sets of CT’s must be kept
low. Usually buswires are run in closed ring between
breaker control panels.
Typical route is :—
> CT’s to marshalling kiosk
> Marshalling kiosk to isolator auxiliaries
> Loop between marshalling kiosks
Conductor size :—
Normally 2.5mm?
zeae CURRENT TRANSFORMERS.
DESIGN
All of the low reactance type.
Le a knowledge of the secondary exciting current, the
secondary winding resistance and the turns ratio is
sufficient to assess its performance and conesquently avoids
the necessity to carry out heavy current conjunctive tests.
WIRING
Stability and sensitivity is maintained by keeping the lead
burdens between c.t.'s as low as possible.
Buswires are run in the form of a ring to give the
following advantages:—
(a). This prevents inadvertant operation due to disconnection
of the buswires
(b). It permits easier future extension of the scheme. EFFECT OF C.T. LOCATION ON BUSBAR —
PROTECTION PERFORMANCE
4 Interlocked
Circuit 3 evra
4 Protection x cous 3 ea
x i} protection 3 ined
q Busbar protection
$-Om. 2X man F
~ a relay
Overtapping C.T-s AI C.T.s on line side AILG.T.s on Busbar
ircuit bre side of circuit breaker
TYPICAL DOUBLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT ————_
= ©) Generators
x x
ae 4k
132kV | 52 |
yO LNA YAY LH 4
(ancl oe
yf
— ZONES OF PROTECTION FOR DOUBLE BUS STATION
Typical feeder circuits ISOLATOR AUXILIARY Suit TCHES,
—*
—9
oF
r
Buswikes ©
Auxiviaky SwiTeHES SHourD =
1) Ctosé BEFORE THE ISoLATOR CLOSES
2) OPéN AFTER THE ISoLATOR OPENS
IW oR0GA To MAINTAW STAG ITY ON SwiTeHING ISOLATOR AUXILIARY SWITCHES ~
On double bus installations, the two bars are treated as
separate zones. The bus isolator switches must carry
auxiliary contacts to transfer CT’s and also tripping circuits
between zones.
Auxiliary switches should be “Early make - Late break”,
silver plated with 2 switches in parallel per phase.
-— DOUBLE BUSBAR SCHEME
Reserve LL
\b
Main 2
I
—p
Isolator b 7
auxiliaries | ao \ >} _____@)
Check bus wires
Main bus wires @)
Reserve bus wires ®
zoaee -— TRIPPING CIRCUITS
One tripping relay (device 96) is required for each
feeder breaker and 2 for each bus section or bus
coupler breakers. Both main and check relays must
be energised before tripping relays trip all breakers
associated with zone.
-— TYPIGAL TRIP RELAY ARRANGEMENT ——
Double Busbar System
60502 ( q ‘92819 ‘IV INOL Yad AVTAY 3NO AWIHIS YvESNd Tenog 4 (
sg St
| |
sawn se
‘WaNOZ
va (f
ewiaoe
| (ri
vanoz ElG@. DOUBLE 8USBAR SCHEME ONE RELAY PER. ZONE . D.C. CikCUrTS. —\
—\
hoe. y Ly —\4
-\ \
r web doe \4
+ X—\
I
\— & NN
1 BREAKER SCH ELTE
— —
bon eer oT
ae
—\
[oe
Han LL
G (2
IZBRERKER Bets PROTECTION. -— BUSBAR PROTECTION AND BREAKER FAIL
Where breaker fail protection is applied to a system,
back tripping of associated breakers is required in the event
of a breaker failure.
Often, breaker fail protection is arranged in conjunction with
busbar protection tripping circuits to initiate tripping of
breakers on a busbar zone associated with the failed
breaker.
-—MIDOS RELAYS FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE PROTECTION —
Differential Relay
Supervision Relay
Tripping Relay (Hand Reset)
No Volt Relay
Zone Indication Relay
MCAG34 or MFAC34
MVTP31
MVAJ13
MVAX12
MVAA13
26806 -— LOW IMPEDANCE BUSBAR PROTECTION
Low impedance protection has been used for many years.
In particular on installations where CT output not sufficient
for high impedance application.
Low impedance protection also operates on circulating
current. Through fault stability often assured by low value
stabilising resistance plus through load bias.
64807 MODERN LOW IMPEDANCE BUSBAR PROTECTION
Fast
Modular scheme design allows relays to relate to each
circuit and function of the protection. This enables
the user to easily understand the principles of
application.
High sensitivity for phase and earth faults. Protection
for each phase can be relatively independent
Earlier schemes were less stable than high impedance
schemes. Modern schemes incorporate saturation
detectors and are extremely stable.
Duplicate measuring circuits are included.
Current transformers can be :
of different ratio
of relatively small output
shared with other protections
Current transformer secondary circuits are not
switched.
Continuous supervision of CT circuits and constant
monitoring of vital circuits are included. TOTAL CURRENT It = Stn + Etout (lal
Typical bias characteristic.
“| &/ me
—t ry =
ff
2 rs
i 5 orceaion zane
ii
2
i | 7
gg 1 a
ayy
13
) 2
2k
r
seal
25
2
A
¢
2
2
22
2Ck
23
10 DOUBLE BUS PROTECTION
a eh = é 5
Bt a 5 tsi “Ja
g--4 ~~ a
r e
é Ste
tJ
-----4 Ew eg | Pt sry
t= « a
= uw
a
= 2 te
5 - &
o.||}©)6 | dP
occ E-
pe -— 3
7 =
[=]
MBCZ
a
ry
2k ral
23
~-1t qu 4
\ fA
7] TI "| bell 1
fl u 13} Ick BS 22 i zu F2 Bc }, [PSt | |Ps2 | |Ps3y| TH
i |
I! |
pt Wit i
t
i
REFERENCE DESCRIPTION MODULE DESIGNATION
21.23, 10K ZONE DIFFERENTIAL MBCZIG
FiJ Fe FEEDER MODULE MBCZI2Z
BS BUS SECTION MODULE macZ 13
8c BUS COUPLER HODULE MaCzI
an ALARM MODULE MBC
PSI, PSZ POWER SUPPLY MSTZ03
TH TEST HODULE maczi8
FIGURE CONNECTIONS FoR DOUBLE BLS PROTECTION SCHEME a BS
2 ae 2b
ee FI F2 FF Fe BC?
600mm
TT
pst |ps2 [ps3 | TH
71 | 73 |72}24 | | ps power suppLy
+++ |_ TM TEST MODULE
zex} gs am] | Z MAIN ZONE MODULE
ZK CHECK ZONE MODULE
- 5 | | AM ALARM MODULE
180mm BS BUS SECTION
F FEEDER MODULE
FA FA BE BUS COUPLER
ee |
BCI BC2
;
RACK/ CUBICLE LAYOUT FRONT VIEW Stability with Saturated CTs
Stability with Saturated CTs. Operation with Saturated CTs
Operation with Saturated CTs Duplication of Circuits
rr] Sup. t
Bias [| Biditt rl
— En, |
nea [| tite
areal | &
deel] |
Dual 4 Out of 4 Logic
Main zone Check zone
Dc1 BD1 Det BD1
—. —.
Dc2 BD2 Dc2 BD2 ( )
_—_-. __-.
—
Trip Isolator Repeat Relay
+
xOR}
L
Alarm
Matching Transformer
4A
0.15,
0.15
0.15
0.15
018,
0.15
0.05
0.05
Ratio
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
Pt
P2
P3 st
m ‘Secondary
Ps winding
Pe 82
P7,
Pa Module Designation
= MBCZ11
= MBCZ12
= MBCZ13
= MBCZ14
MBCZ15
MBCZ16
MBCz17
MBCZ18
MBCZ19
Bus coupler modul
Feeder module
Bus section breaker module
Special applications module
Module Designation
Bus section isolator module
Bus differential (measuring) module
Alarm module
Test module
Buswire access module ALSTOM
Busbar Protection Using Numerical
Overcurrent Relays
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Limited
K - Series Midos
Overcurrent Elements are
Time
° Current
Page 1 (Single Incomer)
ple Busbar Blocking Scheme ALSTOM
Incomer
Block t >>
Kee 142
10.0}
ALSTOM
t>incomer
TOMT margin
T> feeder
+ >> incomer
Time to block
‘Start
>> incomer
10 10.0 100.0
Current (kA)
Page 2 Simple Busbar Blocking Scheme
Dead Substation Protection
© Protection for radial fed busbar
Incomer
Block short time OC
KCEG 242
x
KCGG 142 KCGG 142 KCGG 142 KCGG 142
Feeder] Feeder2 Feeder3 Feeder 4
Improving Security of Busbar ALSTOM
Protection Scheme
4) Watch dog Trip relays) -
repeat rel
I>
Watch dog Watch dog
contacts contacts
Page 3 Improving Security of Busbar ALSTOM
Protection Scheme
10.0
1.0
Time t> incomer
(secs) . t >>> incomer
(secs) on >>> incomery > feeder
an >> incomer
Start
0.01
1.0 10.0 100.0
Current (kA)
ALSTOM
K - Ser Midos
© Bus zone protection and unit protection of feeders
Forward Forward Forword
Page 4
