Verb complementation 2 Entry test 1 In the extract from a composition below, decide if the underlined phrases are correct. Correct them when necessary in the spaces below, or put a tick (W) jn the space if no correction is needed. The first has been done as an example. Ldtead thinking (1) what will happen if global warming continues at the present rate. remember to-go (2) on beach holidays when 1 was a child and although it was hot | don't recall it to be (3) a hot as it has been for the last year or so. Temperatures continue to soar (4) and scientists, amticipate it to get (5) worse. | dislike them talking (6) like this and recommend to ignore (7) them completely, though every day we watch the debate become (8) even more heated than a Greek island, 1 dread to chink 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FOR VERGS FOLLOWED BY -ING OR INFINTIVE, SEE SECTION 4. 2 Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it, exanpte: There was considerable public support for clearing the man’s name. The public clamoured for the man’s name to be cleared, The President finally gave way to demands that he appear before a Grand Jury. ‘The President finally consented b Please think again before taking such drastic action | urge € It appears that the harvest workers think they were underpaid. The harvest workers claim to The prosecuting counsel asked him for proof of his alibi The prosecuting counsel challenged @ | would nat eat shellfish under any circumstances. Nothing would 28 £ Im never going long as | lve, am determined g | suppose you think that's funay. I dare go near that place again as FOR VERGS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE, SEE SECTION 2 3 For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way. examece: Surprisingly, the front runner is now clearly the most unlikely Presidential candidate emerged Surprisingly, the most unlikely Presidential candidate hhas emerged as the front runner. ‘aI can use this thing as both a mouse mat and a frisbee doubles bb That must be one of his best performances this count € His former colleagues said that he was a charlatan and a freak denounced d The pretender to the throne was eventually found to be an impostor. exposed fe The lecturer claimed my point had no relevance. ismissed f The police suspect the man was murdered treating ecm FOR VERBS FOLLOWED BY AS, SEE SECTION 3. CNT -OVERVIEW 1 TWO ACTIONS TOGETHER When we want to talk about two actions together, we can use two verbs. The first verb follows the normal rules of person and tense, while the second verb is either an ~ing form, a to-infinitive, or a bare infinitive: I've always avoided visiting my cousins ‘My parents will never agree to lend us that much money. My mother made me stay at home until [had finished clearing up. We're going to have to postpone visiting your mother again. Practise doing that cvery morning It looks as if we'll be forced t0 give in, I challenge you to prove it. heard kim talk to Colin, Did you see that guy run? * Verbs commonly followed by -ing include (see Section 1 for fuller list): imagine enjoy admit deny *+ Verbs commonly followed by to-infinitive include (see Section 2 for fuller list) ask promise agree expect + Some verbs can be followed by more than one form with litle difference in meaning: Thope they don’t intend to visit / visiting me soon + Here are some more examples: intend begin continue cease propose start We can also use -ing or to-infinitive after love, prefer, and like. The differences in meaning are sometimes very small Tove to lie on the beach. is virtually the same as ove lying on the beac. + Like + to-nfinitive usually suggests a preferred routine; we use like + -ing to talk about something that pleases us: 1 like to listen to music. (= a pleasing routine) 1 like listening to music, (= T enjoy it) VERB COMPLEMENTATION 2 + To talk about conditional and hypothetical preferences after would, we commonly use to-infinitive Pd prefer to wait a bit if you don't mind. Pd love to visit you. Pd like to think people trusted me. (See Section 1 for other differences between verb + tocinfinitive / bare infinitive and verb + -ing. See Section 2 for verbs followed by to-infinitive or bare infinitive.) 2 PREPOSITION + -ING ‘Verbs that follow prepositions are always -ing forms: am totally fed up with having to cover for you when ‘you're away Gill and Stratis always insist on my visiting them ‘when I'm in the courtry. ‘+ Some verbs are followed by a to.infinitive and others by the preposition to. When to is a preposition, any following verb must be -ing form: I'm afiaid I have to confess to (= preposition) being completely ignorant about classical music. can’t believe they intend to (= to-nfinitive) demolish such a historic building. * After some verbs, especially stop, the to-infinitive ‘may be an infinitive of purpose. We can replace it with in order to I stopped to ask the way: (= stopped in order to ask) (Cearegoncali deny havieg anything 10 do wih 29SECTION I Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive 1 VERBS FOLLOWED BY -ING OR TO-INFINITIVE We can use a number of verbs followed by another verb in the -ing form’ 1 simply adore listening to music in the garden How can they cam justify spending so much! + Some of these verbs are related in meaning. Verbs that we commonly use in this way include like* /dislike start* /stop* contemplate report adore quit forget” mention detest resume remember* suggest can’t bear* /stand keep recall describe (don’t) mind go on” dread” advise” resent carry on regret* recommend" lerate give up anticipate forbid" miss finish risk admit fancy keep on consider deny (Those marked * can also be followed by toinfnitive ‘but with differences in meaning or use. See below) 2 PERFECT -ING FORM With some verbs, we use a Perfect -ing form to emphasise that one action happens before the other: They denied having avoided me as wel. ‘We can usually rewrite this structure with a that clause and a Perfect tense: They denied that they had avoided me as well 3 WITH AN OBJECT We can often put an object between the two verbs: 1 dort like their/ them / people gossiping. ‘+ We can use both object pronouns (them, him, et.) and possessves (their, your, etc.). The possessive is considered more formal. Ifan adjective comes before the -ing, we must use a possessive: 1 don’t Wike ther spiteful gossiping 4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN -ING AND TO-INFINITIVE With some verbs where it is possible to use both «ing form and to-infinitive. any differences in meaning depend on the preceding verb. Here are the most common differences + Like, hate and can't bear are usually followed by to.infinitive when we use would or could in a hypothetical or conditional sense: Ti Like to hear that again, if possible couldn't bear to go through all that trauma again. 240 + Dread is followed by to:nfinitive in these phrases: 1 dread to think/ contemplate what will happen. In other uses of dread we use -ing: 1 dread getting ill when I'm abroad + Forget and remember: when these have meanings that are ‘forward looking’, we use to‘nfinicive: Don't forget to send them a Christmas card When forget and remember have meanings that are ‘backward looking’, we use -ing I remember their teasing me about my knobbly knees. + Regret + to:nfinitve isa polite or formal form of apology. regret fo inform you that you were turned down. When we use regret with sing it means ‘wish it had hadn't happened’ I really regret speaking to Jack like that + Advise, recommend and forbid are followed by to infinitive when there is an object: advise you to stay out oftheir way. ‘They are followed by -ing when there is no object 1 advise staying out oftheir way. + Goon + -ing means ‘continue an action’ T ignored her calling and went on reading my paper Go on + to:nfinitive means ‘do something after you have finished! doing something else’ He left Oxford and went on to train as lawyer 5 VERB + -ING OR BARE INFINITIVE One group of verbs connected with observation, eg see, observe, sense, fel hear, watch, perceive, can be followed by either ing or a bare infinitive: 1 noticed him sneaking /sneak out at lurichtime We heard the alarm bell ring / ringing and rushed out to see what was happening + We normally use a bare infinitive when the action is completed. We use the ing form when the action is still in progress ~ this is similar to Continuous tenses (see Unit 1, Section 3) gr Match these sentences with the main points above a [felt something brush against my arm in the dark. bb I regret to say your progress has been too slow. ¢ As for my neighbours, I really can't stand their relentless quarrelling, d.Vasili didn’t mention going to the party tonight © My grandmother could remember having ridden in one of the first cars on the island,@ Match the first part (1-8) of each semtence with the most appropriare ending (a-h). Example: 01 (0 My four year old son a doing this ‘can’t bear) b_ swimming and playing 1 Lonly have to mention around in water. 2 The problem ishe —_¢_washing it and he goes dreads and hides. 3 Oddly enough, he the water getting into absolutely adores his eyes. 4 Some friends advised e dropping him on his me headin the bath 5 Somehow Ididn’t to hold him upside fancy down while washing 6 Strange as it may the shampoo off. seem, Ididn't want _g_having a bruise on his to risk head instead of water 7 didn’t think he would in his eyes. appreciate h to think what happens 8 Idread to my friends’ children. having his hair washed.) © Tick (7) the correct form of the underlined verbs that completes each sentence. 2 wouldn't advise any parent to take / taking their child:en to a 200, bb Itwas so horrible I couldn't bear watching / to watch Vl never forget to-meet / meeting my all-time favourite author: 4 T dread s0 go/ going back to see my dentist. € Lonly just remembered to warn / warning her in time. £ When his playing career finished he went on becoming /to become a successful chat-show host g You are recommended leaving / to leave your valuables at Reception h It is strictly forbidden entertaining / 0 entertain guests in these rooms i Your work is not up to standard, I regret to say: saying j Tsaw him lose /Josing his footing and fall / falling © Fill cach of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. a I didn’t remember last scene. b I don’t anticipate your problems with Paper 3. € Ifthe boss goes... himself under so much pressure, he'll crack before long, dd Tresent..... all the menial tasks to do by my immediate superior. © [don’t mind you... me as long as you remember to pay me back. £ You can't stop your... grey, 0 why worry? § My dear old mother regrets never hy He won't tolerate his employe in jeans. i Have you ever considered 5 pierced? We watched the two men in handcuffs... away by the police play before until the very than a few minor to drive © Underline the word or phrase that best completes the sentences. 1 My cousin suggested a getting b 10 get together this weekend. chaving got d to getting 2 They are... to build a new by-pass around the a suggesting b planning on _¢ proposing d advising 3. Ithink he really. to go to the races last weekend. aenjoyed b wanted 4. How ean you bear him lies to you, week after week? a keeping b carrying on d going on 5 By the weekend, people had the voleano. afinished b ceased ¢ quit c appreciated d adored {0 tell such obvious continuing, to worry about 4 given up regret to inform you that youve not been shorted {regret applying for the job om aaSECTION 2 Verbs followed by infinitive 1 VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO-INFINITIVE We can use a number of verbs followed by another verb in a 1o:infinitive form. The two verbs may be separated by an object when the first verb is transitive: J agreed to do the lion's share of the donkey work. I wanted her to take more responsibility or checking the details. + Some of these verbs are related in meaning. Verbs that are commonly followed by a t0-infinitive include: ‘guarantee threaten want* arrange consent demand wish* decide undertake plead ‘aim negotiate pledge ask* desire agree swear beg* seek consent resolve prefer” expect™ volunteer + Verbs commonly followed by an object and to infinitive (in addition to those marked * above) include advise force oblige teach encourage command onter train help permit program inspire expect tell brainwash invite forbid prefer induce persuade urge challenge enable remind allow condemn instruct warn (For differences between -ing and to-infinitive for certain verbs, see Section 1-4) 2 VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO BE We can use a passive infinitive after some verbs, especially report verbs (See Unit 2, Section 2.2 He failed to be elected for the third time in a row. ‘The silver was alleged to have been stolen from the palace. ‘+ Here are some more examples: rumour assume reckon report understand think prove estimate believe consider feel + After these verbs we can often use to be and an adjective oF noun: ‘The judge instructed me to be more attentive 10 the evidence, He originally wanted to be a gymnast before eventually becoming a sprinter. 3 VERBS FOLLOWED BY PERFECT INFINITIVE With some verbs, e.g. appear, seem, claim, pretend, happen, prove, tend, and report verbs, we often use a 242 Perfect infinitive such as to have done to emphasise that one action happens before the other: He appears to have put on weight. + We can usually rewrite this structure with introductory It + that-clause and a Perfect tense: I appears that he has put on weight, 4 USING FOR + OBJECT With one group of verbs connected with ‘wanting’ we commonly use for + object + to:infinitive He appealed for help to find his missing wallet ‘+ Here are some more examples: ask call plead press. clamour long yearn wish wait opt vote arrange apply 5 VERB + BARE INFINITIVE After dare, need (in negative sentences) and kelp we commonly use a bare infinitive, although a to infinitive is also possible with no change in meaning I didn’t dare say what I realy thought. They stopped to help push the car out of the way. I don’ think you need (to) rewrite the essay. + Note that need can’t be followed by to-infinitive when used as a modal in questions: [Need you be 50 offensive? + We use dare in the common phrases | dare say ‘meaning ‘I suppose it’s true’ or ‘I expect it’s true’, and How dare you said to show you feel offended I dare say you're of to Greece for your holiday again. How dare you talk to me in that tone of voice! + A few verbs are followed by an object + bare infinitive: PU let you finish the rest ofthat cake. Do you want to help me wrap these Christmas presents? "They made the whole family stand outside while they searched the house + However, note the structure with to-infinitive in the passive with make and help: The whole family was made to stand outside. Match these sentences with the five main points above. a He claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne, b They pretended to have met before. ¢ I'm waiting for you to make up your mind, d Tell me what you know and I'll let you go. € Tabsolutely forbid you to see that man again,@ Fill each of the gaps in these sentences with a correct form of the verb printed in bold and another verb of your own choice. Example: Lonce met Tom Cruise, who just on the same plane as me, (happen) once met Tom Cruise, who just happened to be traveling on the same plane as me. a It was my English teacher who ..... me acting. (inspire) b He... me... for drama school. (encourage) € However I to University instead (decide) 4 This the right decision, (prove) € I was given parts in several student productions because 1 38 a professional actor in the past, (claim) £ This was obviously not true, but I still professionally. (long) at the attention of agents and directors by inviting them to these student productions. (hope) hh However, I didn’t them I only had a walk-on part, (dare) © Tick (/) the options that can complete each sentence; in some cases both are possible, in others just one. 2. My litle nephew proved / proved to be quite a handful chroughout his stay. bb Tonce dared / dared to let my pet rabbit into the house € Do you need to/ Need you be so aggressive all the time? 4 Lying behind the sofa, | hardly dared / dated to breathe e My parents never let_us / let us to watch ‘Star ‘Trek’ when we were young f Can you help me / help me to bring the washing g My teacher says I need / nged to concentrate on my pronunciation hh We were made / made to go out of the room, ‘when the programme started, © Fill the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word or phrase. a. The builders undertook... the whole job by the end of the week. b This computer is progeammed........ your password and nobody else's My father urged ...... reconsider my decision, d_ New Zealand... most people to have the best rugby team in the world. © ‘The government is seeking... down the rumours of mismanagement. £ The proposal was deeply unpopular and the committee called rejected. © Complete each sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the sentence printed before it. a. In my opinion, exercise is a waste of time. Teonsider Retreat was the only option open to the troops. ‘The troops were € For their new chairman, the committee chose a relatively inexperienced candidate The committee opted My next-door neighbour is looking after the house while I'm away. I've arranged I get the impression that she diin’t understand exactly what is required of her. She doesn't seem Most people think Pacino is one of the finest actors of his generation. Pacino He requested the judge t0 take into account his good behaviour. He asked the judge for h [can’t imagine why anyone would want to go on a camping holiday. Nothing would induce wa aoe ae 243GRAMMAR SECTION 3 Verbs followed by as 1 DEFINING ROLE OR FUNCTION A number of verbs are followed by a phrase with as that helps to define the thing we are talking about: «+ its role or function: My father worked as a chef for many yeas. «+ the role or function it pretends to have: William loves dressing up as Barman + is perceived as having: We viewed the whole activity as rather mundane. 2 AS + NOUN Affer some verbs we use as + noun (phrase) He's going to stand down as President at the next election. This gadget doubles as a bottle opener and corkscrew. He started off as an ordinary sailor but ended up as admiral To be honest, she comes across as a bit of a know-all + Here are more examples: practise act begin rank qualify function continue rate train operate emerge count serve finish regard treat disguise see 3 AS + ADJECTIVE We can also use an adjective after a: The police have condemned the attacks as cowarlly. He has been depicted as shallow and brutal. The lump was diagnosed as non-malignant + Here are more examples: attack confirm characterise denounce reveal brand expose categorise dismiss describe Note that we can also use most of these verbs with as + noun (phrase) 4 DEFINING THE OBJECT We can use as + noun (phrase) to define the object of some verbs: Thave always acknowledged my first teacher as a great influence on me. I sce this year as a great opportunity to improve our production rate. They appointed the vice-president as chairman. The dealer tried to pass various forgeries off as the veal thing. ‘© We can also use this structure in the passive: Iwas regarded as a problem child. ‘The oldest man was identified as the main culprit ‘+ Here are some more examples of verbs we use in this way: name interpret elect proclaim label perceive nominate treat classify keep recognise employ define use select dismiss accept rate 5 SIMILAR STRUCTURES + We use for, not as, after a few verbs similar to those above: Do you take me for a fool? Las mistaken for a foreigner. + We use like, not as, with some verbs She behaved Uke a child ‘+ Sometimes a verb can be followed by like or as: He treated me like a child. (= I'm not a child) Let's treat this asa lesson for both of us, (= It can be a lesson) ‘+ With some similar verbs, we don't use like, as, or for: My teacher considers me a fool The youngest woman proved the best candidate He ended up unemployed. (End up can be followed by 4s + noun, See 2 above) We use as ifin a different way from as: X Helooked-at meas tivasan-itiot 1 He looked at me as if I was an iio. arm Which of the sentences below is not correct? a Their music has been classified as techno-rock. An outsider has emerged as the front runner in the presidential elections. The opposition leader dismissed the attack as irrelevant. d The Prime Minister acted as virtual Head of State uring the President's recent illness. © Many actors become as multi-millionaites if they make it big in America© Rewrite each of the following sentences using a form of the verb given and as. a People sai she was happy and looking forward to the future describe Its dfficule co say whether the film is a comedy ora thriller. categorise € lke you to carry om being my assistant sf you can, [think The Avengers is the dullest film I've ever rate € She was a doctor before she became a politician practise f "The papers called him ar anda chet. g In law, manslaughter means killing someone without meaning to. define hy People thought his behaviour was irresponsible. denounce {Ifyou win the lottery, itis not taxable income count j The police think her disappearance is a serious mater. treat © Fill cach of the blanks with one of the words listed. Write a dash (-) if no word is needed, as like for a Accept this... what it's worth. b Dont let's take anything... granted. © Acceptiit....... a tribute, @ Consider it... done. € He was treated... a longilost friend. f He'llend up... bankrupt. g Helt..... unwanted h He took me... a foreigner. i Let's treat this. a one-off j He'll be remembered... a great leader k She'll be remembered above all... her smile. 1 He'll be remembered... no other before him. VERBS FOLLOWED BY AS © Rewrite each of the following sentences with the prompt words given. You will need to change the form of some of the words and add others. a A centre of learning and culture is the image of the town we should be striving for. We / should / look / promote / town / centre b There's no reason why you shouldn't be an external candidate You / always / enrol / external © Some people might have thought from the way he behaved that he was arrogant manner / could / interpreted In more than one novel, writers have used pigs to depict political leaders several / politicians / portrayed € A failed musician, Noel thought he would have a {g0 at being an actor. Having /as / musician / try /Iuck /actor © Underline the options that can complete the sentences. One, two, o three options may be possible. 1 He has been... as the third man in the affair. anamed. b published etermed d identified 2 You ought to... this as an opportunity t0 better yourself aview. bregard define d think 3 When he came to power, he was... asa athought bconsidered c hailed d classified 4 Ata pinch this sofa could ...... as a bed. adouble bact cserve d practise 5 Could you... 8a ‘Don't know’? anotify me b put me down e note me down d write me up 6 a friend, a Consider me b Think of me as _¢ Regard me Make me as 7 In many caricatures and cartoons he was... a8 a donkey. adescribed b portrayed depicted d treated 8 He emerged from his ordeal aabetter man bunscathed casa hero das undefeated 9 Idon't think he'd waiter here aqualify blast cendup d keep 10 Ican never as ‘madam’ aname her b think of her € refer to her d call her two weeks as a commis asUnit fifteen Vocabulary SECTION 4 Competition, opposition, disagreement 1 COLLOCATION A number of verbs and adjectives collocate with competition and oppesition We encountered fierce competition in the opening stages of the tournament. The market economy is designed to stimulate competition. The proposal to allow heavy lorries on the narrow road ‘met stiff opposition ‘The scheme aroused / came up against considerable opposition Local residents voiced their opposition to the scheme. + We can also use some adverb / adjective collocations to describe competition and opposition: ‘My youngest son is fiercely competitive. Tam vehemently opposed to any alteration of the original proposal. 1 Fill the gaps in the following sentences with the most suitable word listed. 1 My father was... opposed to my decision to join the army. ‘extremely b formidably bitterly 2 Unfortunately we are facing, from our rivals. a arm-breaking b cut-throat competition € one-armed 2 WORD FORMATION Person Noun Adjective Verb ompetitor — competion A ~compele B owrsition oppose ral = rival D fori Mifare Senne contend 2 Fill the gaps in these sentences with a word that should fill one of the gaps A-D in the table above. a I'm afraid I completely lack any sort of instinct when it comes to sport. b I think he will find that his round is made of sterner stuff in the second 246 ¢ There was a long-standing ..... between the sisters In my view, football can never sheer excitement athletics for 3 PREPOSITIONS Note the prepositions we use after these verbs and nouns: compete compete in a tournament / championship / compete with / against somebody compete for business competition competition between rivals opposition opposition to the idea oppose I'm opposed to that iiea 1 opposed the scheme, (= no preposition disagree disagree with you / your idea disagreement have a disagreement with the others on the team have a disagreement over unimportant fight fight against the new road scheme “fight somebody (= no preposition) beat beat him. ¢ no preposition! x= ——t © Pur the words in brackets in a suitable form in the sentences. 4 There is a lot of friendly teams. (rival) b Our... are sil some way behind us (competition) © He was impiacably 4. The match was fiercely © His achievement runners. (rival) between the two to the plan. (opposition| (competition) that of the world’s greatest © Undestine one or both of the pairs of words on the right that collocate with the words (2) on the left. Example: fierce competition / opposition a close competition / opposition b voice competition / opposition ¢ allout competition / opposition d take on the competition / the opposition © strongly competitive / opposed £ vehemently competitive / opposed g afearsome competitor / opponenth raise an objection /a complaint i headon confrontation / difference J sweeping condemnation / disapproval © Fill each of the blanks in the following sentences with one of the words listed. Make any necessary changes to word formation, More than tne answer is sometimes possible. Rxample: It was a world-class field and the competition was formidable / intense / fee stimulate intense brash violent raise. formidable object flere meet eat come up against aL would ike to scheme bb The local residents are to widen the road. Te seems we are a couple of objections to the ‘opposed to the plans competition from several other companies for the contract. d_ Asa team, they are... competitive ‘They played so well they simply the competition. aside all £ There is... competition in the motor industry. We are going to... stiff opposition in the next round hh We... Real Madrid 3-2 in the final The government's policy is to and therefore economic growth. 4 You can’t really have any serious... to my ‘going away for the weekend, can you? competition © For cach of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way. Example: I'm not at all in favour of longer prison sentences, against am totally against longer prison sentences The building development had to be abandoned, because the locals totally opposed it. outright ’b Inthe final they met strong competition from the Danish side. © Farmers have objected to the government’s new agricultural policy. voiced 4 They beat Holland in the final match, © Many people felt moved to oppose the building of the new motorway. aroused f The defence lawyer convincingly proved the allegations tobe false rebuttal Their ates theories are in complete opposition to mainstream thinking fly bb We decided to get away from the relentless fierce competition endo retire to the country. © Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. o ey 1 The two countries have been... for months over the issue of trade. aface to face bat loggerheads ¢ eye to eye on tenterhooks 2 [find myself at. with most of my colleagues on what is the best way forward. a conflict b disagreement c odds. d friction 3. The issue of European unity remains a bone of among many political parties. discussion b controversy division contention 4 There are still a number of apparently differences between the two sides in the dispute. a irreconcilable b unopposable ¢ wide d narrow The... over pay that erupted over the summer was both petty and prolonged a negotiation b disobedience ¢ dispute dtalks 6 His ideas on urban regeneration run... 10 mainstream thought. acounter b against _c opposite d deviate 7 Lfeel | really must take... with your assertion thar | am overpaid. adispute bdiffer issue d discussion 8 Your results are at... with the offical figures, adifference b disagreement ¢ variance d non-alignment 9 The advancing army wreaked terrible... for their previous defeats. a vengeance b reprisal_¢ retaliation 4 vindictiveness, 10 It was a furious argument and they... into each other without mercy. aargued blaid cattacked d crashed urVOCABULARY SECTION 5 Starting and ending; creating and destroying 1 STARTING ‘There are many common phrases related to starting things: Mothers give birth to babies, farmers plant their crops, gardencrs sow the seed, businesses and finds are set up, anc bank customers open accounts. Fill the gaps below with the verbs listed. initiate found pass create evoke formulate ‘an institution an impression memories of one’s youth proceedings against someone a response to a demand a new law Do the same with these items. form arouse instil conjure up adopt embark an image of peace and harmony feelings of bitterness anew policy on a solo career an alliance a sense of responsibility in someone 2 ENDING ‘There are also many common phrases related to ending things: People die, pass away and ‘go to meet their maker’ crops fail, the seed falls on stony ground and bank customers close accounts. A newspaper reporter might write of whole communities being massacred, annihilated, wiped out, slaughtered, even butchered. Reputations can be ruined, destroyed, forever tarnished or stained, in tatters, in ruins. Public figures can be eut down to size, brought down to earth with a bump, stripped of their dignity, reduced to ciphers, consigned to the scrap-heap, be heicked out of office or just stand down. Companies can close, shut down, cease trading, be taken over, o out of business, go bankrupt, go to the wall, go into liquidation or simply call it a day. 28 3 Match a first half (1~6) with a second half (a-f) to make complete sentences. His career took off with two successful films They got engaged in spring He was made skipper last season He joined the fitness club in August He took up the post in 1997 He set up the company in 1996 but within weeks he had cancelled his membership. but then he faded into oblivion. Dur it folded in 1998, but within three months he was stripped of the captaincy, but he broke it off soon afterwards, £ but was relieved of his position six months later, 3 PHRASAL VERBS ‘There are many phrasal verbs related to starting and ending, Note how particles and prepositions can have quite different meanings according to the verb we use them with; Start up open up sign up close up finish up dry up Start out branch out open out die out wipe out fade out start off lift off shoot off go off wear off finish off 4 Which of the verbs above fit in the gaps in the following sentences? Use an appropriate form. I think this milk has... ~ smell it It’s time the company ..... into different areas. It would be awful ifthe great turtle were to He suddenly ..... in the middle of his speech Don't worry; the effects of the injection will ina few hours. | Practice | © Underline the words or phrases that can complete each sentence. One, two, three oF all four options may be possible. 1 This old jacket of mine is... out. awearing bthrowing fallen d worn 2 Our organisation was |. in 1960. afound bestablished eset up d founded 3 I think we should... this new policy of co- operation. aembrace badopt c accept d introduce4 Enthusiasm for the play-school scheme simply went out b extinguished ¢ petered out 4 dispelled 5 These old buildings next to the river should be down. a scrapped b pulled c brought d knocked 6 This painting... an atmosphere of almost total tranquillity areminds b makes up € conjures up d evokes 7 Nobody could quite believe the matron's a dismissal appointment resignation sacking 8 My best friend was... our of the team. akicked b put thrown d sacked 9 In zoos many animal species are... in captivity: amade b breeding bred d produced 10 Farmer John’s been cows for nearly 40 years. abreeding b giving birth 10 € raising d growing © Pill each of the numbered blanks suitable word. John D Martin... (1) born ina ite wilage jut cutside Chester in the year 1923. In his lifetime he {2} up 154 companies, all of which... (3) out of business and fad to... (4) down with the receivers being... (5) in and the firm... (6) into liquidation, (He once ploughed thousands of pounds... (7) a business responsible forthe (8) of a hundred seaside homes fiteen miles from the beach.} He was declared... (9 in court seventy nine times and... (10) up with fiten suspended prison sentences. Every single one of his ventures (11), NOt one (12) Of AI of his businesses ceased... {13} within six months of heels being set in... (14) any scheme that he ted 10 so (15) Into practice ded & (16 ‘Asked late in life why so many ofthe projects he had (17) life into had ad £0 Be (18) up, Ne replied: I quite enjoy ..... (19) up in the morning and | really ke...» (20) t0 bed at night. 1's just the bit in between I've never been able to come to terms with © Rewrite each of the sentences using the two prompt words given so that it is similar in meaning to the sentence printed before it. Examples What sometimes begins as a minor matter can ultimately lead to a major policy issue off up What sometimes starts off as a minor matter can end Lup as a major poicy issue. a There is a danger that many beautiful animals will soon be extinct strong /facing Noone thinks the new law that is being brought in is very good. welcomes / introduction € They seem to think that a new supervisory body «will solve the problem, creation / solution A special party was held to commemorate when the company was set up, setting-up / celebrated € We've only had this situation since lan’s resignation as chairperson. being stood £ ‘There's no way this area will be saved unless those buildings are demolished demolition / save {g Our local MP was voted out barely six months after he had been voted in, seat elected Q Fill cach of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. a Tragically, this isa disease very... from, b In which year... Nations founded? € Billions of insects and small animals are wiped pesticides every month, The new law will come... as from January 1 next year € More cynical members of the committee don't think our scheme will see... day. £ We remain unconvinced that the project will ever get... ground. 249Exam practice 15 1 Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that itis as similar as possible in meaning to the sentence printed before it. a The journalist wanted to interview me and | eventually agreed, | finally consented b | told the Council that their decision ought to be reconsidered urged ¢ It appears that the harvest workers think they were maltreated. The harvest workers claim to 4 I could never stand up in front of so many people. Nothing could @ | suppose they'll get the message eventually | dare # Contemplating what will happen alter the merger fils me with alarm, I dread 9 Say the wrong thing and you'll upset him. You risk hh This must be one of the worst films ever. This must rank 1 The depiction of the President in the documentary was of a rather sad old man. The President was The outgoing chairman was called a liar and a thief by the newspapers. The newspapers denounced am 2 For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the word given. This word must not be altered in any way. a This kitchen table is also the desk where | work doubles I've never been on such a long and boring train journey as that. count € The painting bought by the National Gallery was found to be a forgery. ‘exposed d Every contribution | made was thought to be uncealistic. dismissed 250 His strategy of playing down the importance of the incident failed sought The plan to extend the sewage works met with strong opposition from local residents. The twins were in constant competition for their mother's attention vied His welfare reforms challenge conventional thinking, fy Diversification into other areas of business was felt to be the way forward branching The company was closed down after failing to raise profit levels, liquidation ei Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word phrase. I resent to as ‘a common thief. I've always regretted learned German properly Although the exam is difficult, | don’t anticipate work as hard as | did last year To my pleasant surprise, repairing the engine proved difficult as | thought it would, dare will find the calculation more complicated than you thought He was obliged for his rudeness, The managing director welcomed me warmly but realised too late that he had mistaken Some newspapers are perceived entertainment than news, His reputation was the scandal The entire project has to the scrap-heap and we've been told to start again. a more on tatters as a result ofEXAM PRACTICE 15. 4 Circle the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1 My music teacher suggested for an hour before breakfast. A practising Bo practise C having practised D to practising 2) to have to inform you that your ticket is not valid A rearet B sorry € apologise D resent 3 What the boy really was to go to the cinema with his father. A enjoyed B wanted C appreciated Dadored 4 How very young children acquire their linguistic skills never to amaze me, A stops B finishes € ceases, Dends 5 The incoming administration to clean up corruption in the city. A pledged B contemplated — € suggested D resumed 6 Worried about the future of the family business, he for his sons to follow in his footsteps. A desired B yearned € considered D anticipated 7 Stockhausen's early compositions have been ‘as ‘crash, bang, wallop music. Addismissed BB sent out € eulogisea D dreaded 8 We rarely see ‘on most matters of business policy, A ace to face Bat loggerheads_€ eye to eye D on tenterhooks 9 | frequently find myself in with the board of directors. A conflict B rivalry odds D friction 10 Their latest proposal runs, to everything they've been saying over the last year A counter B against € opposed D competitive 11 | discovered that | was in complete with everyone else in the office. Addiference variance € disagreement D competition 12 Ina fury he into his detractors, denouncing them as shallow, A argued B laid C attacked D crashed 13 We encountered particularly ‘opposition in the second round of the tournament. Ahard B iron € rigid D sti 14 The complainant libel proceedings against the magazine. ‘A founded B created C initiated D set off 15 My aunt con a long story about losing her night-dress down a manhole (or something). Asset off B evoked € embarked D opened 16 After several disastrous matches, he was of the captaincy, A cancelled B removed relieved D reduced 17 Her announcement was designed to rumours of her imminent retirement. A peter out B dispel C disperse D annihilate 18 The secretary was to tears by the manager's behaviour. Abrought down B diminished € reduced D belittled 19 The effects of the anaesthetic after a couple of hours. Awiped out Bfinished off | dried up D wore off 20 We were forced to ‘our account because of financial pressures. end B fold C close D break off am Cen