‘The to infinitive and -ing 1 & When one verb follows another, the second verb is always ether an -ing form or an infinitive, with or without to, ‘The form ofthe second verb depends on the first verb. All the verbs in this unit marked * can also normally be followed by a that clause with the same meaning (> see 87), Verb + to infinitive you decide to add nuts | hope to see you later. Notice how the negative is formed: you decide not to ice it. The following verbs + to infinitive always have an object before the to infinitive: Her father taught her to play tennis. The teacher reminded the children to bring their swimming things The schoo! allows students to wear jeans. Adhise, allow, encourage, forbid and permit can also be followed by -ing when there is no object: ‘advise you to add nuts. or 1 advise adding nuts. The following verbs + to infinitive sometimes have an obj We expected to be late or We expected Tam to be late. ‘We wanted to stay longer. or We wanted them to stay longer. A. Would like, would love, would prefer, etc. are also followed by the to infinitive (> see B4). EB Verb + infinitive without to ‘Modal vers (can, could, may, might, must, needn', shall, should, wil, would), had better and would rather are followed by the infinitive without to (> see also Units 11, 13 and 14): You should add the eggs siawly You needn't include nuts Help can be followed by the infinitive with or without ta: We helped them (to) start their car. ‘Make and let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitive without to: Let the cake coo! for half an hour. | made my sister help with the cooking, (= | forced or obliged her to help) 12918 tre rons ain J enjoy making i Avoid adding the eggs all atthe same time. ‘Keep beating the eggs. | suggest adding alittle lemon juice. Notice how the negative is formed: 'f you don’ leave immediately, you risk not catching your plane. Can you imagine not having a car nowadayst IE] Verb + to infinitive or -ing (with no difference in meaning) Continue adding the fou: oF Continue to add the flour | prefer using apricots. OF | prefer to use apricots ‘Tove making cakes. oF | love to make cokes Two -ing forms do not usualy follow each other: (was starting to make a cake when the phone rang (not twas starting making) A Like, prefer, hate and love can be followed by the to infinitive or -ing, ut would like, would prefer, would hate and would love are always followed by the to infinitive: She would like to go out but we would prefer to stay in ‘A Like + to infinitive hasasightly different meaning from like + ing: ‘like to catch the early bus on Mondays. (= thisis a good thing to do or its a habit, but not necessarily something l enjoy) ‘lke swimening (= enjoy ie) ‘Verb + to infinitive or -ing (with a difference in meaning) ‘The following verbs have two different meanings depending on the verb form that follows: | Remember to check whether the cake is ready. | | remember checking that | had my keys when | | (remember an action you need to do) ijt the house. (= havea memory ofa past action) Dont forget to add the boking powder. ‘Mi never forget going to school on my own for the | (=falltoremember something youneed 0 js ma (= se che memory of something you do) did) ii | regret to inform you that your application | We regret sending our daughter to that school was unsuccessful (= Lam sorry to tll you...) | (= we wish we hadn't) | She stopped to have a rest. ‘Stop beating when the mixture is pole and flufy (=n order to have a rest) (finish doing it) 130The to infinitive and -ing 1 8 They dont mean to upset you {F you go by train, that means taking c taxi to the = they don't intend to) involves) station He went on to tell cake (= the next thing he did was to tellus. how to make a different | They went on cycling until they reached the farm. (& they continued) Try to ice the cake gui quickly if you can) iy (= ateempe to doit | Try adding nuts a5 wil improve the flavour l (€ do itas an exy it) [El Verb + -ing or infinitive without to (with a difference in meaning) The following verbs connected with the senses may be followed by an object and either-ing or the infinitive without to Notice the difference in meaning between verb + -ing and verb + infinitive without to: | watched the boys playing football (= an activity continuing over a period of time) | watched th hoy kick the footbai! nto the road (=a short completed action) She heard her mother singing as she came downstairs (= 2 continuing action) ‘She heard the doorbsl! ring. (= a short completed action) Verb + that clause All the verbs marked * in this unit can also be followed by a that clause with the same meaning: She admitted taking the money. She admitted (that) she had taken the money Imagine sitting on a tropical beach with a cool drink. = Imagine (that) you're sitting ona tropical beach .. | suggest adding some iernon juice. = | suggest (that) you add some lemon juice | recommend using sultcnas and avricots = | recommend (that) you use sultanas and apricots. They agreed to leave carly, = They agreed (that) they would leave early [Ei Adjective + to infinitive ‘Many adjectives can be followed by the to infinitive. These are some common anes: ‘im surprised to see you here. ‘The book was hard to understand ard at times | found t almost impossible to read. The adjectives marked * can sometimes also be followed by -ing with the same meaning: 1e5 nice meeting friends after school OF Ics nice to meet friends after schoal + See also Unit 21, B1 for adjectives followed by a preposition +-ing or a noun. 131SRST ee Use of English Part 4 Task information « In Part 4 there are eight questions each with a lead in sentence, a key word, and a second gapped sentence for you to complete. «© Part 4 tests grammar and vocabulary by asking you to use different structures and words to express the same idea, You have to write your answer in 2, 3, 4 or 5 words. This includes the word in capitals, which you have to use and mustn't change. You lose mars if you ignore any of these instructions. # Each correct answer gets two marks, with one mark for each part of the answer, so Part 4 has more possible marks than other parts of Use of English. Useful language: key word transformations 1) Part 4 sometimes focuses on expressions followed by the ~ing form or fo + infinitive. Study the rules and add the words in the box to the lists in 1-3. Then add three more examples to each. likely enjoy caryon without it's no use forget help someone easy there's no point (in) suggest give up after want something plan stop expect avoid it's not worth, [despite pleased tell someone cecide try put off Rules 1 We use the -ing form after # some verbs (eg. it keeps raining) Examples... : prepositions (e.g. I'm keen on riding) Examples... : © two-part (and three-part) verbs (eg 'm looking forward to meeting her) Examples: a © some expressions (eg. 'm fed up with waiting) Examples: 2 We use the fo + infinitive form after © some verbs (eg. ! want to leave) Examples : i some verbs + object (2g He asked me to go) Examples: . z ‘© some adjectives (e.g. | was glad to see her) Examples: ci 3. We can use either -ing or to + infinitive after some verbs, but with different meanings, eg. | regret to tell you (I'm sorry to tell you this), or | regret telling you (I'm sorry | told you). Examples... 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence, ing or the to + infinitive form of the verb, 1. I'm going out this evening 2. I like to listen to music in the evening. 3. The bus will probably be late ag 4 We can't play tennis until Saturday. 5. Itdoesn't make sense to stay here. 6 1 8 Although | felt ill, went to school, be glad if Mark comes to my party. Kate didn't remember to call Emma, Use of English Part 4 using the We decided enjoy.. The bus is likely. Well have to put off There's no point in Despite | want Mark Kate forgot.. te.09.0ut, xe Test 1 Training | 453 4 46 @Q Correct these sentences written by First Certificate candidates. 1. hope hearing from you soon, 2 We would suggest to replace the shopping trip on Tuesday with the castle visit. 3 And before to go to sleep, we had supper. 4 I rarely cook. Its much easier going to the supermarket for a ready-to-eat meal. 5 Lam quite busy to prepare for my exam. 6 Is worth to go to the annual festival. 7 Lam really interested in to work in your company. 8 The only doubt was if | could afford buying it this year. 9. Lam looking forward to hear from you. 10 After | had driven about 50 km, the engine stopped to work. Part 4 questions sometimes test past forms of modal verbs: modal + have + past participle (e.g. There’ no reply - she must have left already), Make a list, of other past modal forms and their negatives (eg. would have left / would not (wouldn't) have left) Use past modal forms to complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. 1 tsa pity you didnt arrive earlier. You should. 2 I'm sure Jack was happy when he saw his. Jack must happy when he saw his exam results. exam results. 3. Its possible that Zoe’ friends didn't tell her. Zoe's friends may... her. 4. There's just a chance that Sean got youa ticket. Sean might .eesnnno 5 I'm sure your parents weren't pleased when Your parents cant se Pleased when they saw the bill they saw the bill. 6 There was no need for you to get up early Youneednit early - go back to bed! 0 back to bed! 7 Unfortunately, you sent in your application You should... .~ your application too late. too late 8 I'msorry you didnt tell me about this before. You ought... me about this before. Q In these sentences written by First Certificate can alternative in italics. 1. The programme should have beginningAshould have begun at midday last Saturday. 2 saw that somebody had opened the back door, but I didr't have any idea who it might have been/might had been. 3 The time that the show should start/should have started was 19.30 but it started 45 minutes later. 4 It was really wonderful and I could have never/could never have imagined it. 5 We had not to/did not have to pay for any accomimodation there because a friend of Juan putus up. 6 Animals in zoos were not born where they should have been/must have been born: in their natural environment. 7 We didn't need to/needn't to go to the supermarket when we arrived at the apartment because there was already food there. 8 I can't have/couldn't have imagined until that day how difficult it is to live without electrical energy. lates, circle the correct | Test 1 Training Use of English PartFor questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word aiven. Here is an example (0). © Maye Carla dct receive the email sent her. 0 You hve t charge the inderined words. MAY Caria - the email sent hee Negative pest modo need ‘The gap can be fled by the words ‘may not have received’, so you write: z 1 mark or ay 1 for Example: | 0 | MAY NOT HAVE RECEIVED Senmrensved 35 n20091 went to Sangha nd! wl never foe sao veptimecrs REMEMBER: Which is used when it reiers pest experience? 1 nan .. to Shanghai in 2009. bi ca 126 A mode am is needed here Walk be poste or 36 It was foolish of you to ride your bike so fast. negative. present or past? on 37 Be coreh: worths not YOU your bike 30 fast toed th ese cre os pone 87, There was no point in staying at the party because my fiends hac let. 38 Moke sre you we the ‘correct form of the irregular WORTH poe My fronds had lef the party so there eae ‘pte verb od ten 38 It's possible thai the thieves hid the money in the ‘countryside. use een of the MIGHT 40 Wil this: need sentorce The thieves .. snum the money in the countryside. Beppe What ver fr flows 39° The climbers continued to go up the mountain even though it was snowing. er CARRIED 41 Which past verb Tha cies themourtneren hough Ea was snowing, farm lis pea verbs? 42 A past modelos ae i: es reeded Which co wee Jere isn’t much chance of the weather improving today. nee LIKELY something? The weather . today. 41 I've decided that in future I'm not going to eat chocolate. GIVE ve decided that I'm going to. zi chocolate. 42_ I'm sure Luisa was very upset when she lost her money. HAVE Luisa... . very upset when she lost her money. 48 | Test 1 Exam practice Use of English PartTest 1 Exam practice over pena "Action plan | 1 Be polite and friendly when you meet the 5 Make sure you speak loudly and clearly enough |___ examiners and the other candidate. for the examiners and your partner to hear you. | 2 Listen carefully to the examiner's questions. If you Be confident! don't understand something, politely askhim or her 6 Where you can, give reasons and examples in your to repeat it (eg. Could you repeat that, please?). answers. i 3 Dont ust reply yes or no to the questions 7 Try to use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary. © 4 Dont try to give a speech or repeat sentences that i Snes While you are speaking, look at the examiner who asks 'yOU the questions, not at the other candidate, you have a partner, answer these questions in pairs. PPaEA 3 minutes (5 minutes for groups of thee) alee (ipt_Lsten to the examiner and your partner when they are speaking to each ~ other. This will help you get used to their voices. Speaking Part 1 Test 1 Exam practice | 59CM Mite Speaking Part 2 Task information In Part 2, each candidate is given a one-minute ‘long _@ This part tests your ability to organise your speaking, tum’ Nobody will interrupt you. and to compare, describe and give your opinions. The examiner gives each of you two pictures ‘© You also talk for 20 seconds about your partners ‘and will ask you to compare them, and answer a pictures, after their minute has finished. question which is written at the top of the page. Useful language: comparing and contrasting Study pictures A and B on page C1, then write these headings above the correct groups of sentences (1-5). Guessing Contrasting the pictures Saying which you'd prefer todo | Comparing the pictures _ Saying which picture you're talking about 1 The picture at the top shows people doing an exercise class. In the second photo, there are some people playing tennis In the one at the bottom, there’s a match going on. They both show people taking part in sports. In both of them there are people doing sports. He seems/looks a bit worried at the moment. He looks as if hes going to win the match. ‘They look like professional tennis players ‘They might/may/could be playing in an important final Perhaps/Maybe its been a very long match Its probably going to finish soon, I think the tennis players are fitter than the people in the exercise class. Playing tennis like that is more exciting than doing an exercise class. These people are moving much more quickly than those people. Tennis is a competitive sport, but an exercise class isnt An exercise class is usually an indoor activity, while tennis is usually played outside. ‘Those people are playing to win, whereas the others are doing it to get fit. They get paid for taking part. On the other hand, these people have to pay to do this. You need a proper court to play tennis, In contrast, you can do this kind of exercise anywhere, | prefer to do exercise with lots of other people. | enjoy fast-moving sports more than slower activities. Vd rather do something non-competitive. | find racket sports more fun than doing the same exercise again and again. | Test 1 Training Speaking Part 2Speaking appendix est 1 Speaking Part 2 | C3TS Speaking Part 3 How useful are these things to the family? Which two things are most important to you? ‘Speaking appendix Test 1 Speaking Part 1 C5