1.

Blended Learning (Early 21st  Tasks are designed to reflect

Century) real-life language use.

 Benefits: Encourages active learning
 Focus: Combines traditional face-to- and engagement, making language
face classroom instruction with learning more practical and relevant.
online learning activities.
 Key Features: 3. Flipped Classroom (Early 21st
 Flexibility in learning (online Century)
and offline components).
 Focus: Reverses traditional learning
 Technology-enhanced
by having students learn content at
learning (e.g., using Learning
home (via videos, readings) and use
Management Systems, apps,
class time for active learning and
and multimedia).
practice.
 Encourages self-paced
 Key Features:
learning.
 Students access instructional
 Benefits: Offers a personalized
content outside of class (e.g.,
learning experience and greater
via videos or online
access to resources.
materials).
2. Task-Based Language Teaching  Classroom time is used for

(TBLT) (Continued into the 21st collaborative activities,

discussions, and problem-
Century)
solving.
 Focus: Learning through completing  Teachers act as facilitators
meaningful, real-world tasks. rather than traditional
 Key Features: lecturers.
 Emphasis on authentic  Benefits: Increases student
communication and problem- engagement, allows for more
solving. personalized attention, and promotes
 Focuses on fluency over active learning.
accuracy in the initial stages.
4. Mobile-Assisted Language  Benefits: Increases motivation,

Learning (MALL) (21st Century) makes learning fun, and encourages

competition and collaboration.
 Focus: Using mobile devices
(smartphones, tablets) to facilitate 6. Content and Language Integrated
language learning. Learning (CLIL) (Continued into the
 Key Features: 21st Century)
 Learning apps and games for
vocabulary, grammar, and  Focus: Teaching academic content

pronunciation practice. through a foreign language.

 Instant access to learning  Key Features:

materials and resources.  Focus on both language

 Encourages learning on-the-go. development and subject-specific

 Benefits: Flexibility and knowledge (e.g., teaching history

accessibility, allowing learners to or science in English).

practice language skills anytime,  Integrates language learning with

anywhere. content areas such as math,

science, or geography.
5. Gamification (21st Century)  Promotes bilingualism and
intercultural awareness.
 Focus: Incorporating game-like
 Benefits: Enhances both language
elements into the language learning
and cognitive skills, fosters deeper
process.
learning of content.
 Key Features:
 Use of rewards, challenges, and 7. Collaborative Learning (21st
levels to motivate learners. Century)
 Learning is structured like a
game, with points, badges, or  Focus: Learning through interaction
leaderboards. with peers in group settings.
 Focuses on engagement and  Key Features:
enjoyment.
  Emphasizes teamwork, peer 9. Adaptive Learning (21st Century)
feedback, and cooperative
problem-solving.  Focus: Using technology to

 Students work together on personalize language learning

tasks, discussions, and experiences based on individual

projects. student needs and progress.

 Teachers facilitate group  Key Features:

dynamics and collaborative  Learners work at their own

activities. pace, with technology

 Benefits: Builds communication adjusting the difficulty of

skills, encourages social interaction, tasks based on performance.

and fosters critical thinking.  Uses data and algorithms to

create personalized learning
8. Project-Based Learning (PBL) paths.
(21st Century)  Can be used in both online
and classroom settings.
 Focus: Learning through the  Benefits: Ensures that each student
completion of a long-term project. receives instruction tailored to their
 Key Features: current level, promoting more
 Students work on a project effective learning.
over an extended period,
often involving research, 10. Virtual Reality (VR) and
collaboration, and problem- Augmented Reality (AR) in
solving. Language Learning (21st Century)
 Focuses on real-world issues
or challenges.  Focus: Immersive, interactive
 Encourages creativity, critical environments that simulate real-life
thinking, and independence. situations for language learners.
 Benefits: Develops practical  Key Features:
language skills, promotes  VR provides fully immersive
collaboration, and allows students to experiences where learners
apply language in authentic contexts. interact in virtual worlds
 (e.g., a virtual city where they 12. Multilingual Education (21st
can practice ordering food in Century)
English).
 AR overlays digital  Focus: Teaching multiple languages
information on the real simultaneously or in a multilingual
world, enhancing learning context.
with interactive elements  Key Features:
(e.g., scanning objects for  Learners are encouraged to
vocabulary practice). develop proficiency in more
 Benefits: Offers highly engaging and than one foreign language.
interactive learning experiences,  Often involves using multiple
simulating real-world language use languages in the classroom
in a controlled environment. for instruction and
communication.
11. Neuroeducation and Brain-Based  Benefits: Promotes language
Learning (21st Century) diversity, cognitive flexibility, and
intercultural competence.
 Focus: Applying neuroscience
principles to language teaching.
 Key Features:
 Focus on understanding how
the brain processes language
and learning.
 Emphasizes techniques that
promote long-term retention,
such as spaced repetition,
multisensory learning, and
emotional engagement.
 Benefits: Improves memory
retention and accelerates language
learning by aligning methods with
how the brain works.