Database Management System (DBMS) - Comprehensive Notes
Database Management System (DBMS) - Comprehensive Notes
1. Introduction to DBMS
- DBMS is software for storing, retrieving, and managing data in databases.
- It ensures data integrity, security, and efficient data operations.
2. Advantages of DBMS
- Data Integrity: Maintains accuracy and consistency of data.
- Data Security: Ensures unauthorized access is restricted.
- Data Redundancy Reduction: Reduces duplicate data.
- Data Sharing: Allows multiple users to access data.
- Backup and Recovery: Provides mechanisms to recover data in case of system failure.
3. Types of DBMS
- Hierarchical DBMS: Data organized in a tree structure.
- Network DBMS: Data represented as records linked by pointers.
- Relational DBMS (RDBMS): Data stored in tables; widely used.
- Object-Oriented DBMS: Data represented as objects.
4. Components of DBMS
- Hardware: Physical devices (e.g., servers, storage).
- Software: DBMS software (e.g., MySQL, Oracle).
- Data: Raw facts stored in the database.
- Users: Database administrators, developers, and end-users.
5. Database Models
- Hierarchical Model: Data organized as parent-child relationships.
- Network Model: Allows many-to-many relationships.
- Relational Model: Uses tables (relations) to store data.
- Object-Oriented Model: Combines object-oriented programming with DBMS.
6. Keys in DBMS
- Primary Key: Unique identifier for a record.
- Foreign Key: A field linking two tables.
- Candidate Key: All possible keys that can serve as a primary key.
- Composite Key: A key composed of two or more attributes.
7. Normalization
- The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency.
- Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, and 5NF.
8. SQL (Structured Query Language)
- Used to communicate with the database.
- Commands:
- DDL: Data Definition Language (CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
- DML: Data Manipulation Language (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
- DCL: Data Control Language (GRANT, REVOKE).
- TCL: Transaction Control Language (COMMIT, ROLLBACK).
9. Transactions in DBMS
- A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit.
- Properties (ACID):
- Atomicity: All operations complete successfully, or none.
- Consistency: Database remains consistent after the transaction.
- Isolation: Concurrent transactions do not interfere.
- Durability: Changes are permanent after commit.
10. Indexing
- Improves database performance by reducing query time.
- Types: Single-level, Multi-level, Clustered, Non-clustered.
11. Concurrency Control
- Ensures correct execution of concurrent transactions.
- Techniques: Locking, Timestamp Ordering, Multiversion Concurrency Control.
12. Backup and Recovery
- Backup: Creating a copy of data for safekeeping.
- Recovery: Restoring data after loss or corruption.
13. Distributed Databases
- A database spread across multiple locations connected by a network.
- Types: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous.
14. Big Data and NoSQL Databases
- Big Data: Large and complex data sets.
- NoSQL: Non-relational databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
15. Popular DBMS Software
- MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM Db2.
Conclusion
DBMS is a critical component for managing data in modern applications, ensuring efficiency,
security, and reliability.
