CIE 114 : GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS
MINERALOGY
Objectives
Define Mineralogy and Minerals
Define Crystallography and Identify
Symmetry Elements of Crystallographic
Systems
Identify the Physical Properties of
Minerals
.
01.
minerals and rock-forming minerals
naturally occurring homogeneous solid
with a definite chemical composition and
a highly ordered atomic arrangement; it
is usually formed by inorganic processes.
any mineral that forms igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks and
that typically, or solely, forms as an
intimate part of rock-making processes.
02.
mineralogy
The identification of minerals and
the study of their properties,
origin, and classification. The
properties of minerals are studied
under the convenient subdivisions of
chemical and physical mineralogy, and
crystallography.
03.
aspects of mineralogy
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
DESCRIPTIVE
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
04.
crystallography
A mineral specimen, in occasional
circumstances, forms a single crystal or
cluster of crystals. The requirements are
that the mineral has been free to grow
outwards into the solution or melt from
which it formed. In such an environment,
it develops a regular pattern of faces and
angles between the faces which is
characteristic of a particular mineral.
05.
instrument
X-ray Electron Optical
Diffraction Microscope Microscope
06.
instrument
Electron Optical
Microscope Microscope
07.
Crystallinity and
Crystal Structure
The specimen is crystalline even though it
is not a crystal. Furthermore, in an
imperfect crystal, where some faces have
developed more than the others to produce a
distorted external form, the angles between
the faces are still the same as in a perfect
crystal. A study of the regularity of
crystal forms, including the values of
interfacial angles, shows that all crystals
possess certain elements of symmetry which
include:
08.
Elements of Symmetry
in Crystals
Center of symmetry
-which a crystal possesses
when all its faces occur in
parallel pairs on opposite
sides of the crystal.
09.
Elements of Symmetry
in Crystals
Axis of symmetry
-which is a line through a
crystal such that a
complete rotation of 360
degrees about it produces
more than one identical
view.
10.
Elements of Symmetry
in Crystals
Plane of symmetry
-which divides the crystals
into halves, each of which
is a mirror image of the
other without rotation.
11.
physical properties
These are the properties of minerals that can be observed by
observation or by performing simple tests.
12.
color
The most evident
characteristic of and is
usually the first
property used to identify
minerals. It is a result
of the way minerals
absorb light.
Impurities and other
factors can give minerals
their color.
13.
streak
The color of a crushed mineral's powder. The color of
a mineral's powder may differ from the actual color of the mineral.
Harder minerals may not powder or produce a streak in a streak
plate.
14.
hardness
The measure of the
mineral's resistance to
scratching.
To quantify the hardness
of a mineral, the Mohs
Scale is used.
The harder the mineral,
the less prone to
scratches.
14.
crystalline structure
The periodic array of
atoms
This is a unique
arrangement of atoms in
a crystal.
A hand lens is used for
checking the crystalline
structure.
14.
cleavage and fracture
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes to
make smooth surfaces.
Not all minerals have cleavage. A cleavage represents a direction of
weakness in the crystal lattice. Cleavage surfaces can be
distinguished by their consistently reflecting light, as if polished,
smooth, and even.
Fracture is a break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage plane.
Fracture is not always the same in the same mineral because fracture
is not determined by the structure of the mineral.
14.
cleavage and fracture
14.
diaphaneity OR transparency
the degree to which light is transmitted through a mineral. Minerals can be
opaque, translucent, or transparent.
Opaque- when no light is transmitted
Translucent- when light but not image is transported
Transparent - when an image is visible through the mineral
Most minerals with metallic luster are opaque, vitreous minerals are either
translucent or transparent
15.
tenacity
refers to a mineral's
resistances to stress
such as crushing,
bending, breaking, or
tearing.
16.
tenacity
Brittleness- a mineral Malleability- a mineral can be
turns into powder. flattened by pounding with a hammer.
Ductility- a mineral can be
stretched into wire.
16.
tenacity
Flexible but Flexible and elastic-
Sectility- ability
inelastic- minerals minerals are bent, and
of minerals to be are bent out but they bring back to
slices by a knife. they remain in their their original form.
new form.
17.
magnetism
Magnetism occurs (most often) when there is an imbalance in the structural
arrangement of the iron ions.
Magnetic properties of minerals are define as: Ferromagnetism, Paramagnetism,
and Diamagnetism.
18.
magnetism
Ferromagnetism- describes strong attraction to magnetic
fields. This property is exhibited in few minerals, notably
Magnetite and Pyrrhotite.
19.
magnetism
Paramagnetism- weak attraction to magnetic fields. The attraction
is usually discernible, but it may be so weak that it is
undetectable. Most paramagnetic minerals become strongly magnetic
when heated.
20.
magnetism
Diamagnetism- the property
of materials that are
repelled by a magnetic
field.
Only one mineral is
diamagnetic, which is
Bismuth.
21.
Luster
indicates the reflection of
light off a mineral’s surface.
Mineralogists have special
terms to describe luster. One
simple way to classify luster
is based on whether the mineral
is metallic or non-metallic.
Opaque and shiny minerals, such
as pyrite, have a metallic
luster. Minerals such as quartz
have a non-metallic luster.
22.
odor
The distinct smell of a mineral usually released from a chemical
reaction manifests when the mineral is subjected to water, heat, air,
and friction.
Sulfur smells like what is emitted when lighting a match.
The strength of this smell increases when heated or stuck, giving off
an odor similar to rotten eggs.
23.
taste
is definitive for halite (rock salt), but a few other evaporite
minerals also have distinctive tastes.
24.
specific Gravity
also known as SG, is a measurement
that determines the density of
minerals. Two minerals may be the
same size, but their weight may
differ. The specific gravity of a
mineral determines how heavy it is
by its relative weight to water.
25.
specific Gravity
Osmium is perhaps the densest Lithium is the least dense mineral on
naturally occurring element on Earth Earth with a specific gravity of
with a specific gravity of 22.6 0.534.
26.
importance of mineralogy in engineering
For us, civil engineers, understanding mineralogy is essential
because the physical characteristics of rocks are influenced
by the properties and composition of their minerals. Knowing
these mineral properties allows engineers to evaluate rocks
for various applications accurately. Therefore, attributes
critical to civil engineering, such as strength, durability,
and appearance, can only be properly assessed with a thorough
understanding of the minerals present in the rocks.
27.
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