© (81) sto Pe 0} i f Staircage —» As por IS 456-2000? (25-40) Gtair- Width = Qtomm (4) (gy 82) ABHK —, 4 Bedroom , J Hall, 4 Kitchen . (83 89 © Volume of Cement Bag —> 501g — 0-034%m? /1-23 CFT G4) Size 0 f Hook 2 Angle ——> Hook = 1oxd , Angle 135° 5 (85) Tinportance of foundation —> To safely distibute the load of shucture in the soil. (8¢) Types of foundation —» Shallow & Deap foundalion-- (7) Coleutation of weight of Seal —> (Pa e+ bia. of Stet 162 — M20 (G8) Minirnurn Grade of Concrere used for Ree une Test , Compression fost , Wator permeability test (8%) Concrete Tests —> SI (G10) Unit wt- of steal — (Gis) unit we of Concrete @B 18-5 KN[n® Ree - 25 tn/m3 Pee - 24 KNIn® (9:3) Thitial settling time of Cement: — 30min Final Settling fime of Curent — Samce Lonours | (Q13) Bleeding —> Tis a form of segregation in which surface. of Concrete . (84) In Cantilever Bean —> los COMPRESSION (815) Function of Stirrup in Beam —> Resist sheoe force. . (G16) Need. for Pile Foundation ——> When So'l bending capacity ig < 24K (3°?) Standaxd. height 4ox each Hoor —? 3m (98) Guiting — Mixhire of gama Cement 2 gand in 1:3 ratio is shookd on concrete surface with the help of gum pressure of 2-3 kglon?. to fil up cracks @ uty atue comen out to the(B19) Foundation vs_Fonting —> ® Foundation transfor Lood. frorn Supershuckure. fo the ground. , Footing is a foundation eohich is in conlacl wolth the earth . (820) Percantage of steet in column ——» Min= 08% Max = 5'f fjeneraby (3-4)h. 21) Funct ee C ) Function of Stirrups in colurnn ——> + To prevent from Shear failure * To ovoid. buckling of column , (922) 4 Hecture —5 2-431 Acre (G23) Example of Deep foundation —> Pile, Cassion , Pior, Wal Foundabon . (24) Standard sie of Brick —»l4omm x A0renx ABM (G25) Modutox Brick Size ——y 200mm x [00rer9 x1pomm (G28) Types of Admixturen in Concrete —> Plosticizers, Superplostidzers, Air entrainers , Aecelerahrs, (623) Function of Admixtures —> Effect on rheology of conerete (§28) Mixing Time of Concrete —> 9 approximately 2min. , 64 Compaction —> Process of rorovol. of enkapped alr 9 a. uniform Placement of concrete tp form a. homogenoun danse mass . (639) Curing +B prevent Loss of moisture from concrete due to exaporation : or any othox Hta0n » Ag por IS 456 , concrete members Shall be kept under caning or a. minimum period of Tdoys for OPCat 40% humidity 2 at ast !0doys whow mineral admixhiver 2 Blended, camonts 076 ust (93) Materials used. in RCC’——> (Cement (1) Aggregater (1) Steal (y)watex (coarse 2 . fine) (832) Max. size of aggregates —y For RCC ;, (2-25)rmm (G33) Concrete Mix IS cope — Is 10262 ; 200984) Function of column —> th (934) Function of Cownn —> Used. tp euppent the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. 35 6 ) Grroynes —y x. prevent, or slow down erosion 2 slop the Longshore nift. (@) Shiongest Shapen in. buildings —> Tre pillars - (934) 4 cquare yard. = 4 square feo . (3) Avotage. density of stil. —z((00-110) pourels per cubic foot - (829) Nomina ig —> 150228 _ i, 5-2 15:40 v M157 5:48 Come — fine Coarse. gp <7 3:326 mysa 4:24 > M209 411533 Mosq f:1:2 (G40) Postion of brick cut arees width > Bat. (BA) The concrete. slump recommended. for beams 2 Slabs —> -125)mm (642) Methods of Curing > (i) Spreying of woler - (0) the wer covering of surface (w) Ponding ——(Biabs , Moors can be cured by stognating coatex’) (iv) Stearn caring —> (Prefabricated. concrete units, steamcan be cured by passing it Mhrough the unite that ave undox closed. chambo) (G43) Purpose of Frog In Brick ———> Key Joint behwoten Brick Q Mortar . (944) Temp 4ox brick ore bumt — (a00-1200)'c (CD) Rotardex Admirture in Concrote —> To increase the initial sdtting time , of Cement paote , (648) Minimum Steal dia of bar use in gun shade | chal —— |2min Bottom lomm Top . (G4) Gide of Mii Stal bors —y Fe 280. (G48) Bogge Compound. —? C38, C28, C3A, CaAF (Composition of “Portland Cement) @(949) Types of Concrete Teste —» : (Compression Test # (w Suurnp Test 850) 8 Type of sumnps ina slump test —> (i) True Gump —y marks a uniform decrease in rmss of concrete. in all. directions without any stan of disintegra tion , (It) Sheax slump —> ‘shows that a Concrete. mixture doe not have any cohesion , which results in the Sheaving of the top portion Da sideways breakdown . (it) Collapse stump —> Happens when concrete hao excessive water in it. It results in bleeding 2 collapeeneanily . (60) why Steal plates are incerted. inside bearings ? — To insta spring: functionality 0 inerease Compression bearing . (Gel) an > Thomason tensile shenath of Concrere even fur ther than ordinary toe ctiffnen of ‘ Pre tensioning —> The wlre or bars are anchored toa metal support. Then by using hydraulic Jacks, tension is induc | Concrete is then poured arund. tensed shuchive tp harden 9 accomodate the compressive fore from jacks . + Fost-tonsioning—> Here, tension is applied fo the von andl caben after conorete is hardened . This works best for cases where modulax concrete units need to be connected td create 4. tanger. mombot on-site . 6) Least cover for ROC Members —> . Footing — 50mm + Column —> 40mm +» Beam — > 25mm + Siab ——> 20mm63) O 7 7 a (8 }) Ore way slab —> Ratioof Longer Span >. 5 © mn Shortex Span THo way slab ——» Longer Span 229 Shortex span (G64) Crack torgth in stab sae (G68) Honeycomb in concrete —» also known a0 aixpocket (eids air volts) (G66) OPC. — Ordinary Portland Cement WPc — white Portland Cement Pec — Portland Pozzolona Cement high Corrosion (G68) TMT ~y Thermo Mecharically Trenlad —> high srongth & tesistance | (G68) Mas: 'M’ refers tb Mix 9. ‘25' refers tp characteristic strength ~~ (Compressive) (G64) For filing cracks in masonry shuctures —? PLASTIC BITUMEN . (870) Retaining Wall — Conshucted to resist pressure of an earth fillirg. (G1) Beaving capacity of Soils —> Yo support land s applied. tothe ground bby foundotion of shucture . Higher shength 2 durability but Low workability . : Admixturen are used to increase coorkability (G12) Water- Cement Ratio —> Lower ratio —> (8%) Flashing —> Th is done to seal 2 protects joints in a building fom water (A) Reinforcarnents are used. in prechessing —> Spalling Equilibrium, Busting. (18) Length of fish plate — @ 454 mm (5) Cement expire after Smonthe — Tnghument used tp level Work on a Conshuction si (7) 7) Minimum reinforcement in beams —> Act . 9. (978) “par oa? (919) Maximum reinforeement in beams —» 0-04 bd (880) Minimum bors in Circulax column —> 6 Tectorgular 0 4 ite — Bumpy Level .Qi ae Te a (88) Test conducted. to determine beng capo of stil —> punt se? © (G22) Ring 2 Bau Txt is conduced nr —> Bituren (G83) Max. number of steps in a fught 2 (Qg4) Numbex of brickworks in Journ —7500 (88) Modula. ratio —» Ratio of Modutu> of Etastialy of Steel to concrete. (G86) Beaving piles —+ Transfer loads 10 the hard shole (QS) Friction piles —> Tianefers loads by friction between aurfaw of pile and soil. (G88) Slenderness Limit —» <12 = Short Column / p12. = Long colin Ratio of Largth w to Radius of grration(K) (9) Sourdness of Cement» Cement doo» mot go through on expansion or experience any change in volume once ithoo been ger. + Le- Chgtelier Method Q Autoclave Method (82°) Types of Connections in Steol shuckiten, * Bolted Connections —> Steol beams Ore linked fo supporting dlements like girders, columns, ete . + Welded connections —> Holding inused. for fontoning + End ‘plate ‘Stel beam connections —> Tt {s connected {p the beam web through weld because its Capacity v governed. -by sheoe capacity - (6%) ew of Welded Connections. «Groove welds (butt welda) —y When membou to be joined.ase lined up « fillet welds —r when members tp be joined. ore in diff. planes, + Slot & welds —» Supplement to filler welds , when reqd. length m4 fillet weld cannot be achieved. “a 4 + Lop weldr —> when member overlap each othor |(6%) Max ht from hich concrete Can be poured. taithout Sepregation —y According fo IS456 , [Bpy fret faul Umit is (3-5) Ft 0.4m -|:5m) (992) C-S-H Get p> Caleium Gjlicate Hydrate is the main p binder in Cement and concrete , Neat p Main product of the hydration of Portland cement Responsible for shength in cement based materials _ (24) Creep in_Conerte. —> “Deformation of shuctuve under sustained Loach . When a load. is applied to concrete, it experiences an instantaneous glantic shain which develops into creep grain if the load is sustained . + Effects —> (\) Creep increases deflection wlth fime © can toad fd buckling in columns | (995) What happens if Sugar is added. in concrete ? fing t- Sugove acts an a retarder % delays settling time of concrete . Retarding action is, done by preventing the formation of C-S-H. (8%) pl of curated water —» JS.456/2000, —» PH 2 6-0 (get) can outing be done without woter ? Ans—> Yes, curing can be done withouk « moist cared or chemical curing - (892) Wortabity of Concrete —> * How easily freshly mixed concrete @ finiched. with minimal loss of homogeneity. + Factors affecting - watox- Cornent Ratio C Aggregates Shope & Size Admixtures aloe . This can be achieved through can be mixed placed, consolidated.(89%) Which is bette OPC or PPC? ; it han (ow watex permeability Ans: PPC producer highly durrable concrete as : Compared to OPC, It hardens ovet a pouiod of time with proper culting and in also cheaper than OPC. (§100) Light weigtt conahuction —> Steet, Awminium , Magnesiurn . (Gin1) Doubly Reinforced Beams —> L, Hoving steal reinforcement both on tensile 2 compressive facer . L To increane the moment of resistance of a beam having limited dimongions , (9.102) Longitudinal cracks In conerehe + Concrete is o. brittle material with a. relatively (ow tensile Sheng th when tensile shength induced. by athex hoffic ov environmental. Loading or both excatdo the tensile shength of concrete, cracka will Appear -(G)) Poisson Ratio» *Measuten doformation s: in material In direction perperdiculox tp direction of Opplied force . + Dimensionless & Tanger bet 0:1 — 0-45 * Camot be less than -4 or greatex than 0-5 as chear modulun 2 bulk Modulun have positive valuen . ELASTICITY: (62) MopuLws OF Ruarpmnay’ —> + Measines the resistance of materials woards deformation undar oad. . * Materials toll lager value of elastic moduulun hae highor tensile shess or rigidity . + Modutun of Elasticity of sted is 2006Pa > Steel more rigid tran wood. (G3) How a Statically indeterminate shuchere can be soled 2 An > Can be solved by Displacement Method , if unknoon disp 2 rotations are chosen. Eessnaa=Bystee It can be analyzed using equation of ctatics and compatibility equations (64) DESHUTTERING TIME —> (Ts 456) Gin «e+ Columns, Walls, Vertical Framework —> (l6-24 hrs) + Footing — (Ib-24hrs) (G5) Least count of Leveling statt —> 5mm . (G6) © 5 Ton f tnframet la binding requ —o(Akg=13 a) binding wire (GF) Why Limit Cate Method is used. over Working State 2 © Limit state is o condition just beftre collapse. A shuchue designed = by limit state chould give propor Shength 0 souviceabi tity throuphout tts Ufe. Working shess mehod is dotexministic in nature , anumen the loads | 4.08 0 motorial Shower .(G8) Moment at hinge is zero > In hinge support, movement is restricted. in Vertical 2 Horizontal direction . It offers no resistance for the rotational motion about the support Thus “support offers a reaction taarde horizontal @ vertical motion @ no reaction to moment . (69) FLANGED BEAM—» Definition Beams having slab on top of the reclangulax ‘rib ate des\gnated as flonged. beams - alther T ov L depending on whether the Slab ig on both Siden or on one sido of tha beam. Ove the supports of a Continuo beam, the bending moment ' is negative 2 slab, therefore , is in tension. While pat . Of the reckangulax nib is in Compremion . * Duc to monolithic coating beams 2 a paxt of Slab acts Ingalhoe . : Advantages : {9 More effective in resisting the sagging moment aching ° (b) For laxcqoe spar, Tbeome axe preferred. .ao the deflechon is prefertes. reduced ha lange extend. . t + Why Ploagat beams Ore proffered. tue HAclangulox beams 2 Anst T beams ‘have @ higher second. moment of inertia. . The compronive = i " oe load. is shoxed by the flange of T-beam, which increases moment Of resistance - this aloo wedugen the need for additional comprenien weinfovcement at top. 1 The Flange is more effective in bending @ provide ductility. The web is more effective in sheax . Henge the resulting berding + Shed jc tao for any cross section than in Yectangulox beams, Due to above 2 rearens, Teams are preffered ap the deflection is reduced 0 0 loxege extend.+ Effective Width of Flanged Beams —> wThe width of the slab that hao a constant max. shess dishibution equal to the max. value of actual She» distribution . V Imaginary wsidth of toe flonge. + TS~ CoDE REQUIREMENTS che slab 9 reclangutax beam shalt be cast integrally erthey W Slabs must be provided with ‘transverse reinforcement of at loant 60% | of the main reinfordement at the mid cpan of slab ap if the main Reinforcoment > parallel (> transvewe beam .SED/ pup s- Or ( Poem srescany ®) mM (© fporeane ( Parabolic) (2"curve) ‘ rf olf wi(8) Lepctin LANG —> Process of chemical vieathering , in which water soluble raleials gets removed. by water is called. leaching . (82) Soll port §2) Soll portideo ——+ o-oo20m9 0-0?5mm = SILT (83) Mineral present in black cotton soil —» Mont morillionite.. (84) Most pearmeable soil —» Coarse gravel . () y Prsolidatin Ratio —> Ratio belwean max effective Shess applied in the (Gien) past tp the existing effective chess (OCR >4) (86) Shear Strength of soil can be coleulated ——> Laboratory Tests 2 Field Test. Lab Test —? Diveck Sheox test, Triaxial @ test, Field Test —? Vane shea test, Standard ponetation test . (9%) Compaction 2 Consolidation —> L 1, mechanical. procom by which soil occurs when soi] . particles oe pressed. together Changon Volume qrodually in to ducing pore spo bekwen Teponse td Change in pressure, them . (GS) Heavy shuctune> with uneven looding —> Pile foundation > provited . (6) Beoxsing opacity of soil in ——> KN/m? (8!) Soil hansported by cunning watoe —y Alluvial Soil. (8!) Cohesiontess soil —+ Sand . ia) Max. size 6 Soil hareperted. by wind —> Aeolian Soil (a!3) Siovig in nd practicable for grain size small than 0:075mm (64) Liquid limit 2 plaoke Limit exists in Clays . (Gi5) The standard sand now adays used in India —» Ennore (Madson) (le) Sill beam — flexural membex Tie beam —> fully Compression membox Plinth bearn —y loading for bolton i¢ UDL so main reinforcement ig in top of beam.(GI) Strap Footing —» 7 Ou foundation in which a Cantilever beam is provided to join two footings (G18) Foundations. are placed below ground. level —> tO Increase + Shrongth shlorkability + Stability of shuckwre (1a) Ervor made in design of failed. wal —> Overturning . ($2) Grade Beam —+ sit divectty on loese soil Plinth beam —» type of foundation used to distribute welght ofa building over unstable soil. (Gr) Punching shear —> Type of foluuxe of wwinfored concrete Slabs, Occurs at column support points . RY) (622) Sou_tyPEs Ly candy srt, sitt Sait, Loy Sil, Loomy soll. (823) FooTinG, TyPes Wall Stap footing > dishibuten wh - of load bearing wall Spread. footings ——> load is distributed on wide area. Such that bessiing capacity of coll is not exeesded und Teolated footings wy Stopped. footings —>fo keep metal. columns auooy from direct Centack of soil to save them from corrncien. . Sloped footings \ re “Ly coretuction of formuonrt. L Raft footings —? Covers entire area undox structure (69) PILE FOUNDATION —> Sia ines dae + A geri of columns conshucted. oy inserted Into the ground to transmit wads to a lower level of subsoil * Tt ts neodad tn areas where the shucturen axe conshucted are loxige © heavy and the soil underlying b weak. * When sol) bearing Copocity < 24 KN/m8* e Expensive soils (ike back Colton Soils are suitable tor pik foundation(¥) PERMEABILITY —> * Measure of how easily a fluid can “flow through a. porous medium * Coarsex the soll Grains, laxgox the Voide, largo the permeability * Gravel are erore permeable than sift + Also tumed. ao Hydvawic Conduetivity. (Q26) SEEPAGE—> * Movement of water in a soil . Tates place when there ino. difference of watex levels on hor sidan of the shuclure .