BUILDING TECH

CONCRETE – composite material, consists of binding medium, combination of fine & coarse aggregate
Invented By ROMANS (“Pozzolana” – Quicklime, Water, Sand, Gravel)
Cement (Portland / Hydraulic)
Fine Aggregate (Sand)
Coarse Aggregate (Gravel)
Water (Potable)
Reinforcement (Steel)
Admixture (Optional; Special Treatment)

BINDER – Cementing Material, reactive siliceous material to hydrated cement,

such as asphalt, resins, etc.

AGGREGATE – Granular Material; such as Sand, Gravel, Crushed Stone, etc.

Lightweight aggregates occupies 60–70% of the volume of concrete

GRADING – Distribution of particle sizes present in an aggregate (ASTM C 136)

REINFORCED CONCRETE – with Pre-stressing tendons or Non-Prestressed Reinforcement

PLAIN CONCRETE – Structural Conc. w/ no (or less) reinforcements

Also concrete w/ no admixture/special treatment

HYDRAULIC CEMENT – cement that sets & hardens by chemical interaction w/ Water
Incapable underwater (example: Portland Cement & Ground Granulated Blast–Furnace Slag)

PORTLAND CEMENT – Hydraulic Cement made of Pulverized Portland-Cement Clinker,

combination w/ Calcium Sulfate
(5) Portland Cement Types
Type I – Gen. Purpose – for most purposes of Const’n
Type II – Moderate Sulfate Resistance – in contact w/ water w/ Sulfate present
Type III – High Early Strength – where reduced curing is required; fast schedule;
Cold weather, Concrete Repairs, Precast Const’n, etc
Type IV – Low Heat of Hydration –Prevents Cracking; Massive Structures
(Dams, Nuclear Plants, etc.)
Type V – Sulfate–Resistant – High Sulfate Concentration; Underwater Struc’l, etc.

JOSEPH ASPDIN, 1824 – Patented artificial cement, named “Portland Cement”

ERNEST L. RANSOME, 1890 – Patented his Deformed Bars made of Twisted Square Bars

SJI– Steel Joist Institute

AASHTO – American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
ACI – American Concrete Institute
ASTM – American Society for Testing & Materials
ASTM C 33 – Specification for Fine & Coarse Aggregate for Concrete
ASTM C 136 – Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine & Coarse Aggregates
ASTM A992 – Preferred Steel type for Standard Wide–Flange Structural Shapes
T C A – Tile Council of America – Handbook for Ceramic Installation
ANSI A108 / A118 / A136 Series – American Nat’l Standard Spec’n for Ceramic Tile Install’n
PCC – Portland-Cement Concrete
Cement + Water = CEMENT PASTE PH Vernacular: “Puro”
Cement + Water + Sand = CEMENT MORTAR
Cement + Water + Sand + Lime = MASONRY MORTAR
Cement + Water + Sand + Coarse Aggregate = CONCRETE

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BLENDED CEMENTS (ACI 595) Req. Less energy to manufacture; made w/ By-Product Mat’ls

a) Fly Ash – from Coal Plants; material from combustion of ground or powdered coal;
Strengthens concrete, long-term
b) (GGBFS) Ground Granulated Blast–Furnace Slag – from Steel Plants; Same elements of
Portland cement but w/ different proportions
c) Portland –Pozzolan Cement
d) Pozzolan –Modified Portland Cement
e) Slag Cement
f) Slag – Modified Portland

WHITE CEMENT – Low Iron Content (Gray color from iron); for AR’l purposes, stucco, terrazzo,
décor surfaces; recommended for colored concrete or mortar

BULK DENSITY – replaces term of “UNIT WEIGHT”

PYCNOMETER – vessel for determination of specific gravity of liquid or solids

Proportioning Concrete Workability, Durability, Strength Criteria

WATER–CEMENT RATIO – to test strength of concrete

SLUMP TEST – Measure of consistency of fresh-mixed concrete using SLUMP CONE to test its workability
12” Height, 8” Bottom Diameter (), 4” Upper 
CYLINDER TEST – or COMPRESSION TEST; Lab–Test for Concrete Strength
CORE TEST – Compression test on a concrete sample cut from hardened concrete
by using a CORE DRILL
ADMIXTURES – used in concrete mixture; ACCELERATOR (speed up); RETARDER (slow down)
Types of Admixtures
1) Air–Entraining Admixtures
2) Water–Reducing (Plasticizer) & Set–Controlling Admixture (Type A–G)
3) Corrosion–Inhibiting
4) Shrinkage–Reducing
5) Admixture to Control Alkali–Silica Reactivity
6) Admixtures for Underground Concreting

SUPERPLASTICIZER – high-range water-reducing admixture

PLACING CONCRETE
CONSOLIDATION – process of arranging freshly mixed concrete during placement by the reduction of
voids usually by Vibration, Centrifugation, Rodding, Tamping, or some combination of these actions

CURING CONCRETE – Purpose is to slow the loss of moisture from the slab and reduce early carbonation
of the surface. Longer period moisture retention permits more complete hydration of the cement, resulting
in greater strength
CURING METHODS
1) Water Curing 3) Moisture–Retaining Coverings
2) Wet Coverings 4) Curing Compounds

EFFLORESCENCE – Deposit of Salts on surface having emerged in solution from within either concrete or
masonry and subsequently been precipitated by reaction, such as carbonation or evaporation

HONEYCOMB DEFECT – Unintended Voids left in concrete due to failure of the mortar to effectively fill the
spaces among coarse aggregate particles

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SITECAST: SLAB ON GRADE

Joints in Building
CONSTRUCTION JOINT –
CONTRACTION JOINT –

Surface Divider Joints

ABUTMENT JOINT –
CONTROL JOINT –
EXPANSION JOINT –

Building Separation Joint

VOLUME–CHANGE JOINT –
SETTLEMENT JOINT –
SEISMIC SEPARATION JOINT –
Structure / Enclosure Joints
Sealants
ISOLATION JOINTS
Non–Movement Joint
Nailed Connections
Mortar Joints
Welds & Bolts
Working Construction Joints
Shingle Roofing
Bevel Siding
Metal Clips
Cyclical Motions
Shrink When Cooler, Expand When Warmer
Shrink When Dry, Expand When Wet/Humid
Structural Motions Load Deflections
One–Time Motions
Concrete Shrinks
Gypsum & Brick Expands
Soil Depression for New Building
Motions from Chemical Processes
Steel Expands When It Rusts, Cracking Concrete
Plastics Shrink When Exposed To Sunlight

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Concrete Wall – Has its own footing

Suspended Slab – Floor Framing; One Way & Two-Way Solid Slab System
One–Way Slab –Main reinforcement bars runs on one direction (the shorter span);
has supporting transverse reinforcements called Temperature Bars to stabilize

a) Solid Slab System – Monolithic Concrete Structure; “Beam & Slab Method”
Spans across lines of support furnished by walls or beams
b) Joist System / RIBBED SLAB – has small connectors / joists; Support long spans
Has Broadened Joist Ends at lower edges; little concrete is "non-working"; the
bottom steel is concentrated in spaced ribs or joists. The thin slab that spans
across the top of the joists is reinforced only by shrinkage-temperature bars

c) Wide–Module Concrete Joist System – Skip–Joist System

Similar to Ribbed Slab; joists are farther apart; 4–6 feet
d) Banded Slab

Two–Way Floor System

a) Solid Slab System

b) Waffle Slab – Metal or plastic pans called domes are used as formwork
To eliminate non-working concrete from the slab, allowing longer spans

c) Flat Slab System– occasionally used for very heavily loaded industrial floors;
the slab is supported by a grid of beams running in both directions over the columns

i. Flat Plate – has no beam at all

ii. Drop Panel
iii. Mushroom Capital

PRECAST CONCRETE usually prestressed (long span)

SLABS – Solid Flat Slab; Hollow Core Slab; Single Tee; Double Tee (most preferred, stable)
BEAMS – Rectangular; L–Shaped; Inverted Tee; “AASHTO” Beam (for bridges, flyovers)

FASTENINGS ON CONCRETE (See Figures next page)

A) Anchor Bolt – pre-embedded K) Wood or Fiber Plug / Sleeve

B) Embed Plate – For Cladding, Curtain Walls Type of Expansion Bolt
C) Steel Angle w/ Welded Threaded Stud – L) Lead Sleeve – Type of Expansion Bolt
D) Adjustable Insert – M) Metal Sleeve – Type of Expansion Bolt
E) Threaded Insert N) Metal Sleeve w/ Tapered Shank
F) Threaded Insert (also) Type of Expansion Bolt
G) Dovetail Slot (Sheet Steel) O) Special Screw
H) Wood Nailer Strip (Dovetailed) P) Special Nail
I) Fastener Grouted on Oversized Hole (Sleeve) Q) Concrete Nail
J) Expansion Bolt or Screw / Bolt R) Power–Driven Fastener
w/ Plastic Sleeve (Tocks) S) Perforated Metal Plate

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Reference: (Allen & Iano, 2014)

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 BUILDING TECH

SITEWORKS & FOUNDATION

Various Formats for Classifying Building Elements

16 DIVISION UNIFORM CONSTRUCTION INDEX

➢ International Format ; can serve as a checklist during the Design / Devl’t Stage
➢ Grouped in the order that a vertical structure is built
➢ The spec.s are divided into the following: (Refer to Master Format)

MASTERFORMAT 1988 Edition

Div. I – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Div. 8 – DOORS & WINDOWS / OPENINGS
Includes most requirements that apply to the job as a Includes hardware, doors, windows, and frames; metal
whole or to several of the technical sections, and and glass curtain walls; transparent and translucent
especially the requirements sometimes referred to as glazing
special conditions
Exceptions are glass blocks and glass mosaics.
General conditions and supplementary conditions are
not included in the divisions of the specifications. Div. 9 – FINISHES
Includes Interior Finishes not traditionally the work of
Div. 2 – SITE WORK / EXISTING CONDITIONS the carpentry trade
Includes most subjects dealing with site preparation
and development. Site utilities in Divisions 15 and 18 Div. 10 – SPECIALTIES
must be coordinated with these sub-divisions Includes factory-assembled, pre-finished items.

Div. 3 – CONCRETE Div. 11 – EQUIPMENT

Includes items traditionally associated with concrete Includes most items of specialized equipment.
work
Div. 12 – FURNISHINGS
exceptions are paving, piles, waterproofing, and,
Includes most items placed in the finished building.
terrazzo.
Div. 13 – SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
Div. 4 – MASONRY
Includes on-site construction consisting of items that
Includes materials traditionally installed by a
normally would fall under several other divisions but
mason
require control that can be attained only by all parts in
exceptions are paving and interior flooring a single section.

Div. 5 – METALS Div. 14 – CONVEYING SYSTEMS

Includes most structural metals are metals not falling Includes the systems that utilize power to transport
under the specific provisions of other divisions people or materials.

exceptions are reinforcing steel, curtain walls, roofing, Div. 15 – MECHANICAL

piles, doors, and windows. Includes most items that have been traditionally
associated with the mechanical trades; Plumbing,
Div. 6 – WOOD, PLASTICS, & COMPOSITES (HVAC) Heating, Ventilating, Air conditioning and Fire
Includes most work traditionally performed by
carpenters Div. 16 – ELECTRICAL
Includes most items that have been traditionally
exceptions are wood fences, concrete formwork,
associated with the electrical trades.
doors, windows, and finish hardware.

Div. 7 – THERMAL & MOISTURE PROTECTION

Includes most items normally associated with
insulation and preventing the passage of water or
water vapor

exceptions are paint, water stops and joints I installed

in concrete or masonry, and gaskets and sealants

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MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING

A) SUPERSTRUCTURE – Portion of the building above the ground
B) SUBSTRUCTURE – Habitable portion of the building below the ground
1) Slab On Fill – Slab w/c rests on ground and not suspended
2) Crawl Space – Building w/o basement; unfinished accessible space below the 1st floor
Usually less than a full storey height
3) Basement – Lower story of a building; partly or entirely below grade
C) FOUNDATION – Structural portion of the building; transfers building load into the soil
1) Shallow Foundation – transfer bldg loads to the earth close to the base of the substructure
a) SPREAD FOOTING – take concentrated loads from above & spread them out across an
area of soil large enough that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded
▪ Pad
o Plain Concrete Pad – Shallow or Deep;
• 100mm MIN Footing Projection from wall to allow tolerance for building wall
• 45 degrees approx. Dispersion passing thru side footing
o Reinf. Conc. Pad – Shallow or Deep
o Balanced Pad / Combined Footing
Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Hole–Balanced, Cantilever Balanced
▪ Strip
o Masonry Strip
o Concrete Strip – Plain of Reinforced
o Trench Fill – Concrete or Stone
o Reinf. Beam Strip – Rectangular or Inverted–T; Stepped Footing on sloping sites

b) MAT or RAFT FOUNDATION – supports the entire building

For Tall Bldgs 6 Feet or 1.8 M or More in Thickness
▪ Crust Raft
▪ Blanket Raft – Crust raft constructed on a stone blanket layer
▪ Slip–Plane Raft – For Lateral loads
▪ Cellular Raft – With Voids
▪ Lidded Cellular Raft – Separate upper floor
▪ Beam Strip Raft
▪ Jacking Raft – has embedded jack; to readjust / re-level building
▪ Buoyancy / Floating Raft – like cellular raft
2) Deep Foundation – extend downward through layers of weak / unstable strata to reach
more competent soil or rock deeper w/in the earth
a) CAISSON / Drilled Pier – drilling (Belling/Flaring) hole out at the bottom
& filling it w/ concrete; AUGER DRILLS used
▪ Socketed Caisson – drilled into rock at bottom rather than belled

b) PILES – Pile Driver hammers a Precast Concrete Pile into the ground; used where non–
cohesive soils, subsurface water, or excessive depth of bearing strata make caissons
impractical; Piles are later joined at top by a reinforced PILE CAP w/c distributes load of
column/wall above
Pile Materials:
➢ Timber Pile
➢ Steel
▪ H–Pile
▪ Steel Pipe
▪ Minipile
▪ Helical / Screw Pile

➢ Concrete Pile – Precast or Sitecast

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 BUILDING TECH

➢ Compaction Type
Pressure–Injected footing; Rammed Aggregate Piers / Stoned Columns

▪ End Bearing Pile – piles are driven to refusal/ firmly embedded;

Additional hammer blows made
▪ Friction Pile – driven to a predetermined depth until a certain level of resistance
to hammer blows is encountered

Floating / Compensated Foundation – Variation of Mat Flooring; Bldg. weighs approx. The same
as soil excavated for the substructure
1–Storey of Excavated Soil weighs approx. 5–Stories of Superstructure
 Ex.) 30–Storey Building would require 4–6 stories deep
Above–Slab Drainage – used in Bldgs w/ Mat Foundation; and/or with Sump Pit & Pump
Below–Slab Drainage – Perforated Pipe in Crushed Stone; and/or with Sump Pit & Pump

DAMPROOFING – Moisture–resistant cement plaster / asphalt compound applied to basement walls

▪ Cement Plaster Damproofing – light gray color; troweled on
▪ Asphalt / Bituminous Damproofing – Black color; applied as a liquid by spray, roller, or trowel
GEOTEXTILE – Fabric made of chemically inert plastics resistant to soil deterioration

Radon Gas Control – Minimize Gas Infiltration; prevents gas seeping through cracks & unsealed
penetrations in the foundation; Radon is a cancer causing gas occurs naturally within soil

UP – DOWN CONSTRUCTION – construction proceeds both upward and downward simultaneously

4 PRECISION ISSUES FOR SITE LAYOUT

1) Level – Horizontal Lebel
2) Plumb – Verticality Hulog
3) Aligned – Parallel Aligned
4) Square – Perpendicular Eskwalado

FOUNDATION LOADS
1) Dead Load –
2) Live Load – Occupants, Cars, Moving Equipment
3) Rain & Snow Loads –
4) Wind Loads –
5) Horizontal Pressures – Of Earth & Water Against Basement Walls
6) Inclined Thrusts – From Arches, Rigid Frames, Domes, Vaults, or Tensile Struc.
7) Buoyant Uplift Forces – From Underground Water
8) Horizontal & Vertical Forces – Caused By Motion from Ground during Earthquakes

SOILS
➢ Rock – Continuous mass of solid mineral; can only be removed by drilling & blasting
➢ Soil – Earth material that is particulate
➢ Boulder – Individual soil particle; requires two hands to lift / carry
➢ Cobble – Individual soil particle; requires whole hand to lift / carry
➢ Gravel – Individual soil particle; requires only thumb & forefinger to pick-up
➢ Sand – Visible soil particle; too small to individually pick-up
➢ Silt – Non–visible soil particle; equidimensional
➢ Clay – Non–visible particle; plate–shaped
➢ Peat – Topsoil & other organic soils

TEST PITS – investigation of soil conditions at the site; dug when foundation
Will not extend deeper than 16 feet or 3 meters
The maximum practical reach of small excavating machines
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WATER TABLE – elevation at w/c the soil is normally fully saturated;

If found within a dug test pit, it’ will be apparent as pit will fill-up w/ water

TEST BORING – standard penetration tests can give an indication of the soil’s bearing capacity
by number of blows of a Standard Driving Hammer required to advance a sampling tube
into the soil by a fixed amount
a) Portable Cathead Drilling Rig
b) Trailer–Mounted Hydraulic Feed Core Drill
c) Truck–Mounted Hydraulic Drilling Rig w/ Core Augers
SLOPE SUPPORT
➢ SHEETING
▪ Soldier Beams & Lagging – Sheet H–Pile & Wooden Planks (Lagging) inserted between
the piles to retain the soil as excavation progresses
▪ Sheet Pile
▪ Timber Sheet Piling
▪ Steel Sheet Piling (Common; inserted w/ a Vibratory Driver)
o Vibratory Driver – rapid up & down motion to sheets to descend under soil
o Impact Hammers or Hydraulic Presses can also be used
▪ Precast Concrete Sheet Piling (w/ Grout Key)

▪ Shotcrete – Pneumatically Placed Concrete is sprayed into place from the nozzle of a hose
By a stream of compressed air

▪ Slurry Wall – more complex & expensive; excavated trench w/ viscous mix of
Water & Bentonite Clay called a “Slurry” to prevent earth walls collapsing
A welded cage of steel reinforcing bars is lowered into the slurry
The trench is concreted from the bottom up with the aid of a Tremie
The displaced slurry is pumped from the trench, filtered, and stored for reuse

➢ SOIL MIXING – Technique of adding a modifying substance of soil and blending it in place
By means of paddles rotating on the end of a shaft; Used if site has unbuildable soil
Options:
▪ Remediate soil contaminated w/ a chemical or biological substance
By blending it w/ a chemical that renders it harmless
▪ Mix Portland cement & water w/ a soil to create a cylinder
Of low strength concrete in the ground

➢ BRACING – Required To Resist Soil Pressure

▪ Crosslot Bracing – End-To-End (crosses the lot); good for narrow excavation
▪ Rakers – Diagonal Bracing
▪ Tiebacks – By Boring, by Grouting, by Tensioning

EXCAVATION WORKS
DEWATERING
a) Well Points – Pumps out water to keep an Excavation Dry
b) Watertight Barrier – With Impermeable layer under; Another Method of Keeping an Excavation Dry
c) Waterproofing & Drainage

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METALS – Strongest bldg mat’ls commonly used ALUMINUM – Nonferrous; Most Used In Const’n
➢ Hardened by cold-working; heat-treated for
EIFFEL TOWER – WROUGHT IRON increased strength; self-protecting from corrosion
CRYSTAL PALACE – CAST IRON ➢ Used for roofing, flashing sheet, ductwork, curtain
wall, window & Door Frames, grills, ornamental
PROPERTIES OF METALS failing, siding, hardware, electrical wiring, &
1) Plastic / Melting – can be liquefied by heating & protective coating for other metals
will solidify as they cool ➢ Aluminum Powder is used in Metallic Paints
2) Ductile – can be hammered thin / drawn into wires ➢ Aluminum Oxide is used as an abrasive in
3) Conductive – most metals are prone to conduct sandpaper & grinding Wheels
heat & electricity
4) Corrosive – most metals corrode by oxidation COPPER – also widely used in const’n; bright orange-
red in color; changes color when it oxidizes
Classification of Metals ➢ Can me made stronger through cold-working; not
Classified as Ferrous (consists primarily of Iron) & amenable to heat-treatment; ductile & easy to
Nonferrous (all other metals) fabricate
➢ Has the highest thermal & electrical conductivity;
➢ Ferrous Metals – less expensive then nonferrous; May be formed by casting, drawing, & extrusion
also the strongest; more tendency to rust
BRONZE – reddish-gold metal; 90% Copper, 10% Tin;
➢ Nonferrous Metals – more expensive; form thin Used in statuary, bells, ornamental metalwork, door &
tenacious oxide layers that protect from further cabinet hardware, & weather-stripping
corrosion; valuable for finish bldg components;
BRASS – (Copper & Zinc & other metals) lighter in
easy to work & attractive
color than Bronze; straw yellow color
➢ Corrosion-resistant; can be polished to a high luster
ALLOYS – Metal mixed w/ other elements or metals to
➢ Used in hinges & doorknobs, weather-stripping,
modify its properties for a particular purpose
ornamental metalwork, screws, bolts, nuts,
& plumbing faucets (plated w/ Chromium)
Example: BRONZE = COPPER + Small Amount of TIN
STEEL = IRON + Controlled Amount of Carbon
ZINC – blue-white metal; low in strength, relatively
brittle, moderate in strength
Common Metals Used in Building Construction
➢ Zinc Alloy Sheet is used for Roofing & Flashing; &
for small Hardware parts, Cabinet pulls & hinges,
CAST IRON – contains relatively large amounts of
bath accessories & electrical fixture components
carbon & impurities; most brittle ferrous metal
➢ Most important use of Zinc is for Galvanizing; zinc
coat prevents steel from rusting
WROUGHT IRON – produced by hammering semi-
molten iron to produce a metal w/ long fibers of iron GALVANIZED STEEL – steel coated w/ zinc to protect
interleaved w/ long fibers of slag; very low against corrosion
iron content; making it stringer in tension & less brittle
then cast iron
ELECTROPLATING – widely used to coat metals such
STAINLESS STEEL – made by alloying steel w/ other as chromium & cadmium onto steel to improve its
metals (Chromium & Nickel); forms a self-protecting appearance & to protect it from oxidation
oxide coating; highly resistant to corrosion; harder to
form & machine than mild steel & is more costly ANODIZED ALUMINUM – electrolytic process is used,
▪ Available in attractive finishes from matte texture to adding a thin oxide layer of controlled color &
mirror polish consistency to the surface of the metal
▪ Frequently used in the manufacture of fasteners,
roofing, & flashing sheet, hardware, railings, NONMETALLIC COATINGS – Metals that are finished
& other ornamental metal items
w/ paints, lacquers, organic coatings, porcelain enamel,
1) Type 304 Stainless Steel – or Type 18–8 & thermosetting powders; to protect & enhance
(Percentage of Chromium & Nickel) appearance
Commonly specified; adequate corrosion
resistance Heat Treatment of Metals
Properties of Metal can be changed by heat treatment
2) Type 316 Stainless Steel – higher nickel content
w/ Molybdenum; More corrosion resistant than 1) QUENCHED – steel that is heated red–hot then
Type 304; Specified for Marine Environments
plunged in cold water; harder but brittle
3) Type 410 Stainless Steel – lower chromium; less 2) TEMPERED – heating to a moderate degree &
corrosion resistant than the 300 series of alloys; cooling it slowly; both hard & strong
hardened through heat treatment; For Self- 3) ANNEALING – steel brought to a very high
Drilling, Self-Tapping Stainless Steel Fasteners, temperature & then cooled very slowly;
whose threads must be tough enough to cut Becomes softer, easier to work, & less brittle
through structural steel of concrete
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FORGING – heating a piece of metal until it becomes
COLD WORKING – Another way of changing metal soft, then beating it into shape
properties; steel is beaten & rolled thinner at room
temperature, where its crystalline structure is altered in STAMPING – process of squeezing sheet metal
a way that makes it much stronger, though somewhat between two matching dies To give it a desired shape
more brittle; and can be easily reversed by annealing or texture

➢ COLD ROLLING – used to produce small-section MACHINING – process of cutting unwanted material
steel rods & steel components for open-web joists from a piece of metal to produce the desired shape

➢ STEEL SHEET STOCK – also rolled into MILLING – machining operation in w/c a rotating cutting
corrugated config.; utilized as floor & roof decking wheel is used to cut metal from a workpiece
in steel framed struc
To Produce Cylindrical Shapes – metal piece is
➢ COLD–WORKED STEEL – Steel can be cold- rotated against a stationary cutting tool in a LATHE
worked or cold-formed (rolled or bent) in a cold
state (at room temperature). This causes steel to FLAME CUTTING TORCH – slender, high temperature
gain considerable strength through realignment of gas flam w/ a jet of pure oxygen to burn away the
its crystalline structure metal; economical
method of cutting steel of almost any thickness
PLATE STOCK – Heavier sheet; may be cold-formed
into square, rectangular, round, & elliptical hollow PLASMA CUTTING – tiny supersonic jet of
shapes, welded to form Hollow Structural Sections superheated gas that blows away the metal; Can give
(HSS) / Structural Tubing w/c are used for columns & more precise cuts at thicknesses up to 2 inches
members of welded steel trusses & space trusses; their
hollow shapes makes them suitable for torsional / LASER CUTTING – gives high-quality results in thin
twisting stresses or to buckling from compressive loads metal plates

BRAKES – result of Brake Metal; sheet metal is

FABRICATING METALS
fabricated w/ its own set of tools; Shears are used to
DRAWING – produces wires by pulling a metal rod cut metal sheets; & folds are made on large machines
through a series of progressively smaller orifices in called Brakes
hardened steel plates until the desired diameter is
JOINING METAL COMPONENTS
reached; Cold Drawing & Cold Rolling will harden &
may be joined mechanically or by fusion
strengthen many metals
WELDING – for high-temperature fusion connections;
CASTING – process of pouring molten metal into a
Gas Flame or Electric Arc melts the metal
shaped mold; tends to produce weaker metal than most
On both sides of the joint; additional molten metal from
forming processes; useful for making elaborate shapes
a Welding Rod or Consumable Electrode
like lavatory faucets
BRAZING & SOLDERING – lower-temperature
➢ CAST STEEL – Vast majority of struc’l steel is
processes; parent metal is not melted; instead, a
produced as rolled shapes; but struc’l shapes ca
different metal w/ a lower melting point
also be produced as Cast Steel; by pouring molten
(Bronze or Brass for BRAZING; Tin Alloy for
steel into molds & allowing it to cool. Well suited for
SOLDERING) is melted into the joint & bonds to the
custom shaped connections
pieces it connects
ROLLING – hot or cold; forms metal by squeezing it ➢ Soldered Connection is not as strong but easy to
make; works well for connecting copper plumbing
EXTRUSION – process of squeezing heated but not pipes & sheet metal roofing; as an alternative to
molten metal through a shaped die to produce a long welding or soldering
metal piece w/ a shaped profile matching the cutout in
the die ➢ Adhesives are occasionally used to join metals in
certain nonstructural applications

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OPEN–WEB STEEL JOISTS – also known as FLAT TRUSS; Made of hot & cold rolled shapes; mass-produced truss
used to support floor / roof decks; By Steel Joist Institute (SJI) Spec.s, OWSJ are produced in:
SJI Spec.s for OWSJ SPAN DEPTH
K Series Joists 60 ft (18 m) 8 – 30 inches (200 – 760 mm)
LH Series Joists 90 ft (29 m) 18 – 48 inches (460 – 1220 mm)
DLH Deep Longspan Series
144 ft (44m) 52 – 72 inch deep (1320 – 1830 mm)
(For ROOFS Only)
CJ Composite Joists Rated for composite floor construction

JOIST GIRDERS – prefabricated steel trusses; designed to carry heavy loads like bays of steel joists
➢ Depth 20 – 72 inches (500 – 1800 mm). Can be used instead of wide flange beams & girders in roof & floor
structures where their greater depth is not objectionable
➢ Open–Web Joists & Joist Girders are invariably made of high strength steel

JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

( Rivets, Bolts, & Welding )
RIVETS
➢ Hot Steel Rivet is inserted through holes in the two members to be joined; the head is placed in a cup-shaped
depression of a heavy, hand held hammer. A PNEUMATIC HAMMER drives a rivet set repeatedly against the
body of the rivet to form the second head; the rivet shrinks as it cools, drawing the members tightly together
BOLTS – Inserted into holes 1/16 inch (2mm) larger than the diameter of the bolt
resist shear forces, quick & easy for field connections
➢ Hardened Steel WASHERS may be inserted under one or both ends of the fastener. Washers are required w/
slotted / oversized holes to ensure the bolt head & nut have adequate contact w/ surfaces of joined members
➢ Pneumatic or Electric Impact Wrench – Bolts are tightened with such

1) ASTM A307 – Carbon Steel Bolt / Unfinished Or Common Bolt

2) ASTM A325 & A490 – High Strength Bolt

➢ BEARING–TYPE CONNECTION – stressed primarily in shear; bolts installed in snug-tight condition

Movement between Joined members are resisted by bolts

➢ SLIP / FRICTION –CRITICAL CONNECTION – Stressed in tension; preloaded / tightened during installation
that friction between members resist mo vement; For slip-crit.conn.,
Bolts must be tightened at least 70% Of Their Ultimate Tensile Strength

Method of Determining the Amount of Tension in a Bolt

1) Turn–Of–Nut Method – each bolt is tightened snug, Then turned a specified additional fraction of a turn

2) Load Indicator Washer – or Direct Tension Indicator – Placed under the head / nut of the bolt,
As it is tightened, protrusions on the washer are progressively flattened in proportion to the
tension in the bolt. Inserting a Feeler Gauge determines if the washer has flattened
sufficiently and the capsules squirt a highly visible dye onto the surface of the washer.

3) Calibrated Wrench Method– special torque control wrench is used to tighten the bolts
A washer under the turned end of the bolt minimizes friction

4) Tension Control Bolt – Have Protruding Splined Ends

that extend beyond the threaded portion of the body of
the bolt. The nut is tightened by a Special Power–
Driven Wrench that grips both the nut & the splined end
simultaneously, turning one against the other.
End twists off when the req’d torque has been reached

5) Lockpin & Collar Fastener / Swedge Bolt – Alternative to high-strength bolt; it is a bolt-like steel pin w/
annular rings that rely on a steel collar in lieu of a conventional nut to hold the pin.
The Swedge Bolt is installed using a special power tool to hold the pin under high tension while cold forming
(swaging, a crimping-like action) the collar around its end to complete the connection.
The tail of the lockpin breaks off

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 BUILDING TECH
WELDING – can join the member of a steel frame as if they were a Monolithic Whole; welding and bolting are
often combined; can be used in fabricator’s shop or employed in field connections
Types of Welding
A) Pressure Welding
B) Friction Welding
C) Fusion Welding – General Construction; common
1) Homogeneous – Same Metal; For Structural Steel
a) Gas Welding
b) Electroslag
c) High Energy Beam
d) Electric Arc – Metal Electrode; heated to melt & merge both steel member & tip of electrode
i. MIG
ii. TIG – Tungsten Inert Gas
➢ GTAW – Gas Tungsten Arc Welding – For Ornamental
➢ GMAW – Gas Metal Arc Welding – For Ornamental
iii. Shielded Metal Arc – “Stick” Welding
2) Heterogeneous – Different Metal
a) Brazing
b) Soldering

Demand Critical Welds – welds subjected to high stresses during seismic event / critical to maintain struc’s stability
NDT / Non–Destructive Testing – Inspection of Struc’l Welding
by use of Magnetic Particle Dye Penetrant, Ultrasonic, or Radiographic Testing

5 COMMONLY USED FOR “ M ” – Backup Bar

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

1) SAW
Self-Shielded;
Submerged Arc Welding

2) ESW
Electroslag Welding

3) SMAW
Shielded Metal
Arc Welding

4) GMAW
Gas Metal Arc Welding

5) FCAW
Flux Cored Arc Welding

TYPICAL WELDS

1) Slot / Plug / Puddle Weld

➢ Non–Structural

2) Fillet Weld
➢ Non–Structural

3) Groove Weld
➢ Structural; stronger

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 BUILDING TECH

STEEL ( Structural Steel & Light Gauge Steel )

DEFORMED REINFORCING BARS
Steel Types:
➢ “S” Billet–Steel (Carbon Steel); Common
➢ “W” Low–Alloy Steel
➢ “R” Rail Steel
➢ “A” Axle Steel

PRE–TENSION vs. POST–TENSION

FORMWORK MATERIALS
➢ Wood – typical formwork, plywood, ply form, Phenolic Board (more water resistant & durable)
➢ Metal – sheets, plates
➢ Earth – for footings; excavation serves as a formwork
➢ Fiber – for curved / rounded fittings; alternative to wood

FORMWORK CLASSIFICATION
1) Conventional – common; requires manpower
2) Industrialized – sample: for mass production, large scale

Formworks are made of Three (3) Layers

1) Sheathing – plain material to cover; siding; cover the concrete itself
2) 2 To 3 Sheathing Supports – studs (vertical); wales (horizontal)-
3) Form Supports – joists / stringer, shoring

VERTICAL WALL FORM SYSTEMS VERTICAL SUPPORTS

1) Conventional – Non–Modular 1) Sheathing
2) Hand–Set Forms – Small Panel Modular 2) Studs / Wales
3) Ties / Brace
Forms; Used w/o Crane Lifting Assistance
3) Ganged Forms – Modular Forms, HORIZONTAL SUPPORTS
Crane–Lifted / Requires Equipment 1) Sheathing
4) Large Panel Forms – All Steel, 2) Joists / Stringer
Welded, Craned 3) Shores
5) Large Custom Panel Forms – Built On–Site HORIZONTAL FLOOR FORM SYSTEMS
1) Conventional – Non–Modular
SPECIALIZED WALL FORM SYSTEMS 2) Hand–Set Forms – Small Panel Modular
1) Core Walls – For Elevator Shafts & Stairwells; Forms; Used w/o Crane Lifting Assistance
for uniform dimensions 3) Table Forms – Modular Forms, Crane-Lifted
2) Single–Sided Walls – for Substructures; such
as Retaining Walls VERTICAL / HORIZONTAL FORM SYSTEMS
3) Self–Climbing Walls – versus Slip forms; (Combination)
continuous/uniform dimension 1) Tunnel Forms – Non–Modular

STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS

SHEAR CONNECTION – Joins only the web of the beam, but not the flanges, to the column

MOMENT CONNECTION – Beam flanges connect across the joint by Full Penetration Groove Welds
Capable of transmitting bending forces. Stiffener Plates are installed when
column flanges are insufficiently strong to carry force from beam flanges
AISC Types of Connection
Type 1 – Moment Connection – Rigid & Fully–Restrained
Type 2 – Shear / Simple Connection – Non–Rigid & Unrestrained
Type 3 – Semi–Rigid Connection – Partially Restrained

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 BUILDING TECH

STRUC’L STEEL PRODUCTS – S & W: Nominal Depth x Weight ; L: Leg Length x THK


I – BEAM

1 2 3 4

Bolted Column–Column Connection (Refer to Figures Above)

1. Plates are bolted to the lower section of the column in the shop and to the upper section on-site
All Column Connections are made at Waist Height above the floor
2. Column sizes diminish as the building rises, requiring frequent use of Shim Plates at connections to make
up for differences in flange thicknesses
3. Column connections may be welded rather than bolted; connector plate is shop welded to the lower column
section, w/c the bolts hold in alignment; top hole at connector plate is for attaching Lifting Line
Has partial penetration welds in bevel grooves w/c allows one column to rest on the other prior to welding
4. Welded butt plate connection; column changes from one nominal size of wide flange to another

Simple Bolted Beam-To-Column-Flange Connection – Requires two angles and a number of bolts
▪ The angles are usually bolted to the web of the beam in the fabricator’s shop
▪ The size of the angles and the number and size of the bolts are determined by the magnitude of the load that
the connection must transmit from the beam to the column
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 BUILDING TECH

▪
Welded Beam-To-Column-Web Moment
Framed / Bolted Beam–To–Column–Flange AISC Fully-Restrained Connection
Shear Connection; AISC Simple Connection ▪ Vertical Shear Tab, welded to the web of the column
▪ Beam is connected to the column by angles, plates, at its centerline w/ thicker horizontal stiffener
or tees fastened to the web of the beam plates are welded inside the column flanges

Welded Moment Connection; AISC Fully Restrained

Seated Beam–To–Column–Web ▪ For Joining a Beam to a Column Flange
Shear AISC Simple Connection ▪ Small rectangular backup bars are welded beneath
▪ Beam flanges are connected to the column by a seat the end of each beam flange
angle below and a stabilizing angle above ▪ flanges of the beam are cut to a Dog-Bone Shape

Single–Tab Shear; AISC Simple Frame Connection

▪ Economical alternative to Bolted Beam–To–Column–
Flange when load on connection is light.
▪ A single connector plate is welded to the column in Welded / Bolted End Plate Beam–Column Connection
the shop, and the beam is bolted to it on the Semi-Rigid AISC Partially-Restrained Connection
construction site ▪ The plate is shop welded to the end of the beam and
bolted to the column on-site

Shear Connections; AISC Simple Frame

▪ May also be made entirely by welding
The angles are shop welded to the beam; bolts hold
beam in place while it is welded to the column Coped Beam–Girder Shear; AISC Simple Connection
▪ Top & Bottom Edges are not welded; This permits ▪ A GIRDER is a beam that supports other beams
the angles to flex slightly to allow the beam to rotate ▪ may also be made with single tabs rather than angles
away from the column as it bends ▪ The top beam flanges are Cut Away (Coped) so that
the tops of the beams and the girder level w/ one
another, ready to receive the floor or roof decking

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 BUILDING TECH

STABILIZING BUILDING FRAME

1) BRACED FRAME – Uses Diagonal Bracing to create

stable triangular configurations w/in the unstable
rectilinear geometry of the frame

a. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME

Special case; ends of diagonal braces are
offset to some distance from each other where
they connect to horizontal members

2) SHEAR WALLS – Stiff Walls Made of Steel, Concrete,

and Reinf. Conc. Masonry. Use of shear connections
between beams & columns in the remainder of the frame

3) MOMENT–RESISTING FRAMES – have neither diagonal

bracing nor shear walls; Rely on stronger & stiffer moment
connections between beams & columns to provide lateral
stability

BRACING ARRANGEMENTS

1) RIGID CORE – Most common arrangement; the core, the

central area containing elevators, stairs, mechanical
chases, and washrooms, is structured as a stiff tower,
using diagonal bracing or shear walls

▪ The remainder of the building frame may then be

constructed with shear connections, relying on the
core for its lateral stability

Rigid Core Rigid Perimeter

2) RIGID PERIMETER / TUBE STRUCTURES

▪ Diagonal bracing, shear walls, or (less frequently)
beam-to-column moment connections are
incorporated into the outer walls of the building frame
& the entire interior structure is assembled w/
simpler shear connections

▪ Tall building structures relying on rigid perimeters

▪ Can be more efficient than rigid core struc. Since the

stabilizing elements are spread further apart & act over
a great area in plan.

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 BUILDING TECH

BASE PLATE CONNECTION

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 BUILDING TECH
FLOOR & ROOF DECKING

METAL DECKING – Thin sheet of steel that has been corrugated to increase its stiffness

Profiles of Corrugated Steel Decking

1) FORM DECK 1½–2½ inch Depth ( 13 – 64 mm )

Is used as permanent formwork for concrete floor decks, with the reinforced concrete slab
supported by the steel decking until the slab can support itself and its live loads

2) COMPOSITE DECK 1½–3 inch Depth ( 38 & 76 mm )

Designed to work together w/ the concrete floor topping to make a stiff, lightweight,
economical deck. The metal decking serves as tensile reinforcing for the concrete, to w/c it bonds by
special rib patterns in the sheet metal or by small steel rods or wire fabric welded to the tops of the
corrugations

▪ SHEAR STUDS – Connect the Conc. Deck to the Steel Beam; Placed before concrete is
poured over the metal deck; Welded every few inches to the top of each beam; by use of a
special Electric Welding Gun

3) ROOF DECK 1½–7 inch Depth ( 38 & 178 mm )

Single corrugated sheets are commonly used for roof decking, where concentrated loads are
not expected to be great & deflection criteria are not as stringent as in floors

4) CELLULAR DECKING – manufactured by welding together two sheets, one corrugated & one flat. It can be
made sufficiently stiff to support normal floor loads w/o struc’l assistance from the concrete topping poured
over it; can offer spaces for electrical & communications wiring

STRUCTURAL STEEL FIREPROOFING & LONG–SPAN STRUCTURES (From Left To Right)

A) Encasement in Reinforced Concrete D) Spray–On Fireproofing (Commonly Used)

B) Enclosure in Metal Lath & Plaster E) Loose Insulating Fill Inside A Sheet Metal
C) Enclosure in Multiple Layers of Gypsum F) Water–Filled Box Column of Wide –Flange
Board Shape W/ Added Steel Plates

FIREPROOFING OF STEEL FRAMING ( BEAMS & GIRDERS ) (From Left To Right)

A) Encasement in Reinf. Conc. D) Spray–On Fireproofing

B) Enclosure in Metal Lath & Plaster E) Suspended Plaster Ceiling
C) Rigid Slab Fireproofing F) Flame –Shielded Exterior Spandrel Girder
w/ Spray–On Fireproofing Inside

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 BUILDING TECH
(SFRM) Spray–Applied Fire–Resistive Materials / Spray–Applied Fireproofing
▪ Consists of a fiber & a binder of cementitious mixture; sprayed over to the required thickness
▪ Acts by insulating the steel from high temperatures for long periods of time
▪ Least expensive form of steel fireproofing
▪ Product is available in weights of about 12–40 pounds per cubic foot (190 –640 kg/m3)
▪ Structural members that only resist lateral forces (but not gravity loads)
are not required to be fireproofed

LONGER–SPAN & HIGH CAPACITY COLUMNS

➢ TRUSSES & SPACE FRAMES
➢ ARCHES
➢ TENSILE STRUCTURES
➢ FABRIC STRUCTURES

➢ CASTELLATED BEAMS – produced by flame cutting the web of a wide-flange section along a zigzag or arced
path, then reassembling the beam by welding its two halves point to point, thus increasing its depth without
increasing its weight. This greatly augments the spanning potential of the beam

➢ PLATE GIRDERS – Custom-designed & fabricated. Steel plates & angles are assembled by bolting or welding in
such a way as to put the steel exactly where it is needed. The flanges made thicker in mid span where bending
forces are higher, more web stiffeners are provided near the ends where web stresses are high, & areas around
the supports are specially reinforced.

LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING CONSTRUCTION

➢ “Light Gauge” refers to the relative thinness (gauge) of the steel sheet from w/c the members are made
➢ Noncombustible equivalent of wood & light frame construction
➢ used in framing as closely spaced studs, joists, & rafters; may be sheathed, insulated, wired, & finished inside &
out; the same manner as wood light frame bldg
➢ Sheet Steel is fed from continuous coils through machines at room temperature that cold–work the metal & fold it
into efficient structural shapes, producing linear members that are stiff & strong
➢ Steel used in light gauge members is manufactured to ASTM Standard A1003 & is Metallic–Coated w/ zinc or
aluminum–zinc alloy to protect against corrosion
Struc’l Steel Framing –-- Hot Worked / Hot–Rolled
Light–Gauge Steel Framing –-- Cold Worked / Cold–Formed

Light Gauge Steel Sheet – is formed into C–shaped Sections to make Short-span framing members

C–SECTIONS – For Wall, Floor, & Roof Framing, the Steel Is Formed Into Stud or Joist Sections
TRACK SECTIONS – Used for top & bottom plates;
Slightly oversized for stud or joist members can nest into them
CHANNEL SECTIONS & FURRING CHANNELS – used for lighter bracing & framing tasks

Standard Accessories For Light Gauge Steel Framing

END CLIPS – Used to join members that meet at right angles

FOUNDATION CLIPS – attach the ground floor platform to

anchor bolts embedded in the foundation

JOIST HANGERS – connect joists to headers & trimmers

around openings

WEB STIFFENER – a two–piece assembly; inserted inside a

joist & screwed to its vertical web to help
transmit wall loads vertically through the joist

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 BUILDING TECH
MASONRY ( Bricks; Stones; Concrete Blocks; Tiles; Glass Blocks )
➢ Solid Masonry ➢ Masonry Veneer ➢ Reinforced Concrete Unit
➢ Wythe Masonry ➢ Cavity Walls Masonry
➢ Grouted Masonry ➢ Reinforced Grouted Masonry ➢ Reinf. Brick Masonry (RBM)

MORTAR MaSoNwOrK
A substance used to join masonry units, consisting of cementitious mat’ls, fine aggregate, & water

MORTAR MIN. AVE. COMPRESSIVE

DESCRIPTION CONSTRUCTION SUITABILITY
TYPE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS
Masonry for high lateral /
M High–Strength Mortar 2500 psi (17.25 MPa)
compressive loads & below grade
Masonry requiring high flexural bond
S Medium High–Strength Mortar strength; but subjected to 1800 psi (12.40 MPa)
normal compressive loads
N Medium–Strength Mortar General use above grade 750 psi (5.17 MPa)
Nonloadbearing
O Medium Low–Strength Mortar 350 psi (2.40 MPa)
interior walls & partitions
K Very Low–Strength Mortar Historic Preservation (Below Standard)

Hydraulic Cement Mortars – cure by hydration, NOT by drying

Can be retempered if mixed less than 90 minutes prior to its stiffening

Lime Mortar – Nonhydraulic Cement, mortars made w/ lime cure through a reaction w/ carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, this process is called CARBONATION

BRICKS – today bricks are burned in either a Periodic Kiln or a Continuous Tunnel Kiln
➢ ASTM C62 Building Brick used where appearance does not matter; Wythes masonry
➢ ASTM C652 Hollow Brick 60% Void; insert grouting & Steel Reinf. Bars
➢ ASTM C216 Facing Brick for both struc’l & non-Struc’l
➢ ASTM C902 Paving Bricks paving walks, drives, patio
➢ ASTM C64 Firebricks for furnaces; made from special fireclays
➢ Custom–Made Bricks

a) Soft–Mud Process (oldest); 20–30% Water; pressed in simple rectangular molds

➢ Water–Struck Bricks – to keep clay from adhering to the molds
➢ Sand–Struck / Sand–Mold Bricks – wet mold dusted w/ sand before forming brick;
matte texture surface
b) Dry–Press Process – for bricks that dry excessively during drying; clay mixed w/ min.
water (10%); pressed into steel molds by a machine
working at very high pressure

c) Stiff Mud Process – least costly & widely used today; 12–15% water passed thru a
vacuum to remove air pockets then extruded through rectangular die; automatic cutter
wires slice it into bricks on cutting table

Laying Bricks
➢ Rowlock – used for garden walls & sloping sills
➢ Soldier – for visual emphasis such as tops of walls or openings
➢ Sailor
➢ Shiner – common placement
➢ Stretcher & Header –

Single Wythe of Stretcher Courses – Simplest Brick Wall

Headers – used to bond Wythes together into a struc’l unit
QUOINS – cut stone blocks used to form strong corners on walls

Joint Profiles – Joint Tooling profiles for brickwork; Concave Joint & V–Joint are the only
ones suitable for outdoor use in severe climates

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 BUILDING TECH
Brick Patterns (Refer to book: Building Construction Illustrated &/or DK Ching Visual Dictionary)
➢ Running Bond – consists entirely of stretchers
➢ Common / American Bond – has header every 6th Course;
head joints aligned bet. header & stretcher courses
➢ English Bond – alternate course (row) of headers & stretchers
➢ Flemish Bond – alternating stretchers & headers in a course; Flemish diagonal bond, cross bond
Lintels
➢ Double Angle Steel Lintel – Angle bars
➢ Reinforced Lintel
➢ Precast Reinforced Concrete Lintel
➢ Wood is no longer used in Lintels; tendency to burn, decay, & shrink
Corbels – many uses in masonry
Arches – types

STONE – Building Stone; natural, diverse material; classified into how it was formed:
1) IGNEOUS – rock deposited from molten state; strongest / hardest rock
2) SEDIMENTARY – rock deposited by the action of water & wind
3) METAMORPHIC – formerly either igneous or sedimentary rock;
Properties transformed by heat & pressure

ASTM C119 Classifies Stone for Bldg. Const’n into Six (6) Groups
1) GRANITE – name means “granular” appearance; only igneous rock available
➢ Strongest/densest of bldg stones; commonly used in exterior cladding
➢ Made of mica, feldspar, & quartz (strongest mineral of the 3)
➢ Black Granite – low in quartz; really not granite but a stone called Basalt
➢ Quartzite – stone almost 100% quartz, extremely strong

2) LIMESTONE – 1st Major Sedimentary Rock; homogenous (freestone) & nongranular

➢ Made of calcium, magnesium, w/ small amts. of clay, sand, & organic mat’l such as seashells/fossils;
➢ Softer then both marble & granite; easier to quarry/saw/shape
➢ Ranges in color white to gray; does not take a polish
➢ Acid in foods react to limestone; thus not recommended for kitchen, dining, counters
➢ Dolomitic Limestone – stronger than calcite limestone

3) QUARTZ–BASED Stone
a. Sandstone – 2nd Major Sedimentary Rock used in bldg const’n
i. Brownstone – used in wall construction
ii. Bluestone – highly durable stone; used for paving & wall copings

4) SLATE – one of the 2 Metamorphic rock groups; formed from clay

➢ dense, hard stone w/ closely spaced planes of cleavage; quarried in many colors
➢ Easily split into sheets; for paving stones, roof shingles, & thin wall facings
➢ China & India are the largest suppliers of slate

5) MARBLE – 2nd of the Metamorphic rock groups; it’s a recrystallized form of Limestone
➢ Easily carved & polished; colors from white, black, etc.; w/ beautiful patterns of veining
➢ Others can take high polish but ate not true marbles,
such as Limestone Marble, Onyx Marble, serpentine marble, etc.

6) Other Stones – less used; Alabaster; Greenstone; Schist; Serpentine; & Soapstone, etc.

a) TRAVERTINE – Sedimentary rock; closely related to limestone; from sediments of limestone dissolved
in hot springs/spring water; softer & porous stone; its slabs are pitted w/ voids; not durable for
exterior cladding; if used for flooring, pitted surface can collect dirt

Page 22 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
FINISHES ON STONE SLABS & PANELS
1) THERMAL / FLAME–CUT FINISH – rough fin. By torching stone surface; used only on granite
Makes it ideal for floors, especially subjected to wetting
2) BUSH–HAMMERED FINISH – also a rough fin.; by hammering surface of stone w/ picks
3) SPLIT–FACE (CLEFT) FINISH – stone can be split by yielding two-faced slabs; splitting is easier in Slate
4) SAWN FINISH – if stone is not finished beyond sawing, surface is called a sawn finish; has visible saw marks
5) HONED FINISH – when sawn finish is ground smooth w/ abrasive material, honed finish is obtained; requires
repeated grinding w/ use of water to control dust; smooth but w matte appearance

6) POLISHED FINISH – no difference between honed & polished finish; grinding stone surface w/ finer abrasives
and buffing it w/ felt until surface develops a sheen. Clear penetrating sealer adds to sheen &
increases durability. Only dense stones can develop a polish (granite, marble, etc.)

7) SANDBLASTED – yields rough surface; not commonly used in finishes

Stone Application
➢ Stone Masonry – Laid in Mortar, much like bricks &CHB to make walls, arches, & vaults
➢ Stone Cladding – mechanically attached to struc’l frame or bldg walls as facing

Stone Masonry Pattern

➢ Rubble Masonry – unsquared pieces of stone; ex.) Random Rubble, Coursed Rubble
➢ Ashlar – made up of squares pieces; ex.) Coursed Ashlar, Random Ashlar
➢ Coursed Stone Masonry – has continuous horizontal joint lines
➢ whereas Uncoursed / Random Stone Masonry does not

CONCRETE MASONRY – Conc. Mas. Units (CMU) are manufactured in 3 Basic Forms
1) Large Hollow Units (Concrete Blocks) –
2) Solid Bricks –
3) Larger Solid Bricks –
➢ CMUs are manufactured by vibrating a stiff conc. Mix into metal molds then quickly turning out the wet blocks or
bricks onto a rack so the mold can be reused at the rate of 1000 or more units per hour
➢ Cured at an accelerated rate by steam at atmospheric pressure or higher pressure for faster curing
▪ 16 inches Nominal Length of CMU
▪ 8 inches Nominal Width of CMU
▪ Variable Nominal Width of CMU
▪ 4 Webs Typical CMU Webs (in the PH; 3 webs foreign country)
▪ 2 Face Shells Typical CMU Face Shells/ broad surface

➢ ASTM C90 established weight of loadbearing CMUs

➢ Heavier Blocks are cheaper to manufacture, absorb less moisture, better resistance to sound transmission, &
more resistant to abuse; only expensive to ship & more labor intensive to masons

▪ COLUMN – independent, isolated, vertical load bearing masonry/non masonry member

▪ PIER – used for a masonry column that is short in height; gen. used as foundation for wood frame bldg w/
underlying crawl space
▪ PILASTERS – similar elements to columns and piers; it is a column formed by thickening a small area of a
masonry wall w/c may project on one or both sides of the wall; does not require ties unlike RC column unless
it’s provided w/ compression reinforcement

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 BUILDING TECH
GLASS MASONRY UNITS / GLASS BLOCKS (GMU)
➢ Must be treated as a Non-loadbearing/nonstructural wall on the interior/exterior; laid in Stack Bond
➢ Gen. hollow & Air Trapped w/in; 2.0 R-Value
➢ Combination of masonry modularity & transparency of glass
➢ Higher fire resistance rating than conventional glass walls
➢ 6, 8, or 12 inches Typical Size; 3 – 4 in. THK

CERAMIC TILES & STONE PANELS

✓ TCA (Tile Council of America) Handbook for Ceramic Installation
✓ ANSI A108 / A118 / A136 Series, American Nat’l Standard Spec’n for the Installation of Ceramic Tile
➢ Made of natural clay, porcelain, etc. ceramic matl; exposed face is glazed or unglazed
➢ Glazed protects tile body against water absorption; weakness is that it can be scratched
➢ Cut Stone Tile has the same characteristics as stone panel flooring
in contrast to panels, back of tiles are gauged/cut flat for uniform thickness
➢ Tiles are adhered w/ Mortar & the voids between the tile edges are then filled w/ Grout

CRAZING – the devl’t of tiny cracks in tile surface during glazing process; causes premature deterioration
WARPAGE – warped tiles; if tiles are not uniformly flat
LIPPAGE – warped tiles that are slightly higher than those of adjoining tile, could cause people to trip/fall
CERAMIC TRIM SHAPES – >>>

PERMEABILITY & APPLICATION OF VARIOUS TILES

Tile Type Permeability Application
IMPERVIOUS 0.5% or less Regular water contact
VITREOUS 0.5 – 3.0% Occasional water contact
SEMIVITREOUS 3.0 – 7.0% Water is quickly removed
No water contact
NONVITREOUS Above 7.0%
except maintenance

CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATIONS

Semi Non
Tile Type Gen. Description Impervious Vitreous
vitreous vitreous
▪ Not expected to withstand excessive impact
Glazed Wall Tile ▪ Not subject to freezing & thawing conditions ✔
▪ Not suitable for floors (WALL TILE)
Unglazed ▪ Dust pressed / plastic method
Ceramic Tile ▪ Porcelain or natural clay composition ✔
Glass Mosaic Tile ------ ✔
▪ Dust pressed method
Porcelain Tile
▪ Ceramic mosaic or paver tile ✔
▪ Glazed / unglazed
Quarry Tile ▪ Extrusion method ✔ ✔ ✔
▪ Natural clay or Shale composition
▪ Glazed / unglazed
Paver Tile ▪ Dust pressed method ✔ ✔ ✔
▪ Porcelain or natural clay composition

SETTING METHODS – Tiles are set using Mortar (TILE ADHESIVE)

Step 1: Mortar Bed Is Set
➢ If Waterproofing Is Required, Mortar Bed Is Places In Two (2) Applications
w/ A Waterproof Membrane In The Middle

➢ If Floor Will Be Subjected To Considerable Load, Mortar Bed Should Be Reinforced

w/ Wire Mesh Or Metal Lath

STEP 2: Tile Is Set On Mortar Bed While Mortar Is Still Green / Not Cured
➢ If The Tile Is Set After The Bed Has Cured, A Portland Cement Bond Coat Is Required
Between The Tile & the Mortar Bed

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 BUILDING TECH
THICKNESS IN MORTAR BED MOVEMENT JOINTS – one of the most overlooked
a) Thin–Set / Thin–Bed – 1/8” inch thick mortar bed & aspects of tile install’n for large floor areas
consists of polymer–based adhesives ➢ Movement joints are filled w/ pedestrian traffic
➢ More popular than other methods; requires less grade urethane or silicone sealant over either a
material & labor foam backer rod or bond–breaking tape
➢ Used where tiles are small, less than 12” x 12” ➢ When tile adjoins other restraining struc’l members
➢ No slope or floor drain is required such as columns, curbs, walls, and ceilings; also at
➢ If tile thickness is relatively uniform
changes in floor elevation
➢ If subfloor has no excessive surface irregularities
➢ At subfloor const’n, contraction, & expansion joints
b) Thick–Set / Thick–Bed Method – 2 to 3 inch thick ➢ The widths of joints should never be less than the joint
mortar bed in the subfloor below
➢ When floor tiles are large (more than 12” x 12”),
floor slopes to floor drains Interior Installations
➢ Excessive variation in thickness of tiles (ex. ➢ 20 – 25 feet in each direction when
Natural stone panels) or surface irregularities not exposed to direct sunlight
➢ 8 – 12 feet in each direction when
c) Medium–Set / Medium–Bed – 1/4" to 3/4" exposed to direct sunlight
thickness ➢ Exterior Installations – 8 – 12 feet in each direction
➢ Not officially recognized by several industry
standards
STONE PANEL FLOORING – or DIMENSION STONE
➢ Gives extra setting space when subfloor is not
properly prepared ➢ Are natural stones; selected & fabricated (cut &
➢ Or when large format tiles (18 to 24 inch in one trimmed) to specific shape/size w/ or w/o mechanical
dimension) are used dressing of one or more surfaces
➢ Granite, Marble, Limestone, Slate, & Other Quartz–
Setting Materials: Mortars, Adhesives, & Epoxies Based Stones
1) Organic Adhesives – ready-to-use liquid / powdered ➢ Stone panels are uniformly dressed on five faces w/
water-emulsion latex products that cure by the backs being left ungauged (cut in a way that
evaporation; Light duty; interior use only; not suitable doesn’t allow for uniform thicknesses)
for high temperatures ➢ Panels are slabs of stone; have large dimensions;
not uniformly thick, They must be installed over a
2) Cement Mortar – mix of Portland cement, sand,
water, & water-retentive additives; general-duty Thick–Set Mortar Bed
installations
Patterns & Finishes for Stone Panel Flooring
3) Water–Cleanable Epoxies – composed of epoxy 1) POLISHED – finished to reflective sheen;
resin & hardener; heavy-duty installations;
Resistant to wear; polished fin.; can be
High temperature conditions & specific functions
scratched & dulled by abrasive mat’ls
4) Furan Resin Mortars – consists of furan resin,
powder of carbon or silica fillers; An acid catalyst; 2) HONED – Finished to uniformly matte sheen;
formulated for resistance to chemicals Can be used to mask wear

Setting Materials – Grouts are used to fill the joints 3) THERMAL – exposure to open flame w/c burns off
between tile edges after tiles have been set & mortar is surface, leaving it slightly roughened w/
cured improved slip resistance
1) Sand–Portland Cement Grout – used for joints
OTHER TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS
greater than 1/8” wide; whereas unsanded cement
grouts contain water-retentive additives & are for ➢ Hollow Tiles Of Cast Gypsum Or Fired Clay –
joints up to 18” wide used in the past for partition const’n

2) Polymer–Modified Cement Grouts – tend to ➢ Structural Glazed Facing Tiles of Clay remain in
perform better than port.cem.grouts use; for partitions; durable, easy to clean surfaces
Possess increased color stability; good flexural &
bond strengths, Stain resistance, & lower moisture ➢ Structural Terra Cotta – glazed /unglazed molded
absorption, so they resist frost damage decorative units of clay – used until Mid–20th Cen.

3) Water–Cleanable Epoxy & Furan Resin Grouts – ➢ Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
same as mortars; used w/ the appropriate mortar Used in Europe for years; limited application

Page 25 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
WOOD – LOGS TO FINISHED LUMBER
Naturally grown mat’l; no uniformity as steel or concrete ➢ In Lumber Mills (Modern Mills Are Automated;
Controlled By The Sawyer) > Debarking Of Logs >
➢ Cellular Struc.; Hollow, Tubular Cells; w/ Cellulose Sawing Debarked Logs Into Lumber > Surfacing
➢ Spring Wood – Early Wood; Lighter color/side Lumber Members Smooth after drying/seasoned
➢ Summer Wood – Late Wood; Darker color/side ➢ Strength of lumber increases as
MC (Moisture Content) decreases
➢ Annual Ring – renamed Growth Ring
➢ DRY / SEASONED LUMBER
Min. of 19% MC
➢ Heart Wood – inner portion of tree trunk; dark, old
growth rings Not susceptible to fungal decay
▪ Relatively more decay resistant than sapwood ➢ GREEN LUMBER
▪ Before Pressure-Treated Wood, Commonly 20% more MC
specified for lumber elements resting directly on ➢ Ave. MC of Lumber at fsp (fiber saturation point) is
concrete or masonry foundations, sill plates & Approx. 30%
sleepers
▪ Redwood & Cedar – alternative to Pressure- (2) Ways to Season or Dry Lumber
Treated Wood
➢ Sapwood –before bark; outer portion of tree trunk; 1) AIR SEASONING – Lumber Is Dried Naturally;
light, growth rings Slow & can take months
2) KILN SEASONING – Faster; high-temperature in kiln
➢ Hardwood – not based on density; flowering tree; also kills fungus; KD (kiln-dried)
broad leaves
▪ Deciduous (means, “fall-off”), shed & regrow (2) METHODS OF SAWING LUMBER
leaves annually ex. NARRA TREE 1) PLAIN / FLAT–SAWN LUMBER –
▪ Longitudinal cells have small & large cavities; ➢ Some growth rings run parallel, diagonal, &
rays more prominent; more interesting grain to edges of cross-sect. rings are perpendicular
▪ HARDWOOD LUMBER – Finished Flooring, ➢ Less than 45 degrees, angle of growth ring
Paneling & Molding
2) RADIAL–SAWN LUMBER – or QUARTER SAWING
➢ Softwood – also called Conifers; don’t bear flowers; ➢ Typical Structural Lumber
single main stem ex. BENGUET PINE ➢ Log is cut into 4 pieces thru center; growth rings
▪ Needle-like leaves; Evergreen trees (do not shed) are perpendicular to its wider faces
▪ Longitudinal cells of same type & size; rays less ➢ more complex & wasteful; but more dimensionally
prominent; less interesting grain; matures faster stable; resists wear & abrasion more
▪ SOFTWOOD LUMBER – Framing Lumber (Studs, ➢ commonly specified as High–Grade Finish Floors
Floor & Ceil. Joists, Rafters, Headers, Etc.), Roof ➢ more than 45 degrees, angle of growth ring
Shingles, Fencing, Finish Flooring Also; Doors,
Windows & Cabinets (4) Seasoning Distortion of Lumber from Shrinkage

LUMBER – Wood products from logs via sawing &

planning operations only w/ no further manufacturing

35 pcf – (Pounds per Foot)

Approx. Density of Lumber

➢ Wood is “Anisotropic” character; stronger along

the grain than across when cut; microstructure of
longitudinal hollow tubes
➢ Low tensile strength & shrinks substantially across
the grain; & weaker in shear along the grain
➢ Glue–Laminated Lumber, Parallel Strand Lumber, LUMBER SURFACING – Lumber Used For
Laminated Veneer Lumber Conventional Wood Light Framing Is Surfaced Smooth
▪ S–GRN / Surface Green – Surfaced Before Seasoning
Manufactures Wood Products – altered or transformed ▪ S1S – Surfaced on one side; one wide face only
wood fibers; have been developed ▪ S2S – Surfaced on two sides; both wide faces
➢ PLYWOOD – one of its earlier products ▪ S4S – Surfaced on all four faces; for Struc’l Framing
➢ Wood Trusses & I–Joists are samples of ▪ S1S1E – Surfaced on one side & one edge
manufactured wood products ▪ S2S1E
▪ S2S2E – used for Struc’l Framing

Page 26 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
NOMINAL & ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF LUMBER
➢ Nominal dim. Correspond roughly to the wood in the DEFECTS OF LUMBER
log before it is sawn, seasoned, & surfaced
➢ Actual dimensions are accurate for const’n 1) KNOTS – occurs when branch emerges from tree
purpose; has stated inch labels trunk; presence of knot in a member reduces its
➢ In calculating board feet, use NOMINAL strength; especially if it’s close to member’s edge
dimensions of lumber
➢ Loose Knot – dead branch during growth
Nominal Dim. Actual Dimension ➢ Knot Hole – rotting occurs in the knot
1 ¾ in (19 mm) ➢ Encased Knot is a knot that isn’t loose but has
1½ 1 ¼ in (25 mm) tightly intergrown w/ adjoining tissue
2 1 ½ in (38 mm)
2) CHECK
3 2 ½ in (64 mm)
Drying of wood at member ends & face; surface
4 3 ½ in (89 mm) dried faster than its interior; separation of wood
5 4 ½ in (114 mm) fibers along the rays perpendicular to growth ring
6 5 ½ in (140 mm)
3) SHAKE – separation of wood fibers along its growth
8 7 ¼ in (184 mm) rings; occurs from growth, not from drying
10 9 ¼ in (235 mm)
12 11 ¼ in (286 mm) 4) SPLIT – weakness from tree growth & intensified
during drying; complete separation of wood fibers
Over 12 inch ¾” (19mm) less through the entire end

1 cubic ft. lumber = 12 bd. Ft. lumber 5) WANE – presence of bark or absence of wood at
(Width in inches x Length in feet x THK in inches) / 12 = corner or along the edge of a piece
Board Feet
6) PITCH POCKET – well-defined opening between
Density of Wood = 35 lbs/ft3 or pounds per cubic foot annual ring & softwood; contain/ed solid or liquid
Moisture Content = Weight of Water / Weight of pitch
Wood

SIZE–BASED LUMBER CLASSIFICATION

SOFTWOOD LUMBER
➢ Boards – less than 2 inch THK (Nominal)
➢ Dimension Lumber – 2–4” thk (Nom.)
➢ Timbers – 5”– greater thk (Nom.)

DIMENSION LUMBER & TIMBERS

➢ Most of the lumber used for Struc’l Framing of
wood bldg is Dimension Lumber
➢ 2 x (“two-by”) Lumber most commonly used;
available in S4S, Surface Dry condition
LUMBER GRADING
➢ 3” or 4” THK Dim. Lumber is available in Dry or
➢ Before Lumber pieces leave the mill, it is graded for
Green Condition
appearance or structural properties
➢ Dimension Lumber – available in lengths 8 , 10,
➢ STRUCTURAL GRADING – used to rate strength &
and 12 feet and so on
stiffness of lumber piece by visual or machine
➢ Timbers 5” & higher are generally shipped in
1) Visual Grading – inspector examines, judges, &
green condition & are manufactured in S4S or
rough condition stamps it accordingly
2) Machine Grading – assessed by automatic device
LUMBER STRENGTH & APPEARANCE ▪ Machine–Stress Rated by flexing piece between
➢ Wood has no uniformity unlike steel or concrete. rollers & measuring its resistance to bending or by
Two Lumber beams obtained from the same log can ▪ Scanning the wood electronically to determine
have different load-carrying capacities its density
➢ Strength of lumber piece is affected by its species;
& by its growth & manufacturing characteristics
▪ Grain, Knots, Checks, Shakes, Splits, & Wane
➢ Slope of Grain Affects Lumber’s Strength.
Member w/ straight grain has maximum strength; As
slope of grain increases, strength of member
decreases

Page 27 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
DIMENSION LUMBER – 2–4 in THK (Nom.) OIL-BORNE & WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES
1) Light Framing……………...2–4 inches Wide CREOSOTE – Oldest & most effective preservative
➢ Gen. specified for studs, top & bottom plates against all wood-eating insects; distillate of coal tar,
blocking, black to deep brown in color; used un utility poles, piles,
2) Struc’l Light Framing……..2–4 inches Wide highway guardrail posts, marine bulkheads; human
➢ Struc’l LF Grades have higher bending strength contact should be frequent; not for struc’l framing,
than LF also not for decks, patios, benches, etc.
3) Struc’l Joists & Planks……5 inches & Wider
➢ Graded for members under high bending PENTACHLROPHENOL / PENTA
stresses; floor & ceiling joists, rafters, etc. Most common Oil-borne preservative; effective against
➢ also for high wind & seismic areas Fungi & Land-based insects, but not Marine-borers;
4) Studs…………………………6 inches Wide used for bridge timbers & utility poles
➢ Graded for straightness of member
WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES
APPEARANCE GRADING Gen. Greenish color due to copper (CCA, ACQ, & CA)
➢ Rank visual qualities of lumber intended for flooring, (CCA) CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE
trim, cabinetry, & other finish & nonstructural ➢ Widely used until 2003; due to envi’t
uses concerns, no longer allowed for resd’l bldgs;
➢ Boards having fewest defects (knots, checks, only to industrial structures
splits, staining, etc.), receiving the highest grades Replaced by:
➢ (ACQ) ALKALINE COPPER QUAT and CA
MACHINE–STRESS RATED LUMBER (MSR) ➢ (CA) COPPER AZOLE
➢ Also known as Machine–graded lumber ➢ (SBX) SODIUM BORATES – or BORAX
➢ For lumber used in more demanding struc’l For indoor application
applications such as Wood trusses
➢ Stiffness det. by (NDT) Non–Destructive Testing (LOSP) Light Organic Solvent Preservatives
In w/c piece is subjected to a given load & its ➢ Permethrin, Bifenthrin, Delatmethrin
deflection is noted SOLIGNUM –
Brand Name: SOLIGNUM WOOD PRESERVATIVE
DURABILITY OF WOOD – subject to deterioration ➢ Liquid-type, solvent based, colorless / brown
➢ Mech’l Deterioration due to Phys’l Wear (foot
traffic, etc.), exposure to climate such as erosion MANUFACTURED WOOD PRODUCTS
from wind & water, material fatigue from repeat ➢ Much Of The Wood Used In Modern Bldgs
expansion & contraction ➢ Make economic use of raw wood mat’ls / waste
➢ Chem’l Deterioration (effect of acids & alkalis) in ▪ Can exceed struc’l efficiency
▪ Sawn Lumber may be Laminated for greater
the envi’t; chem’l breakdown from sun’s UV rays
spanning ability & strength
➢ Major Cause of Wood Deterioration is Biological, ▪ Wood Veneers are laminated for struc’l panels
referred to as BIODETERIORATION (sheath walls, floors, & roofs)
▪ Wood Strands, Particles & Cellulose Fibers
BIODETERIORATION – Caused By Organisms Who for struc’l / non-struc’l
Use Wood as Food (Fungi & Insects) ➢ Made by bonding together lumber members, wood
➢ Fungal Decay / Rotting from Fungi veneers, wood strands, wood particles, & other
➢ Insects are Marine Borers (Water-based), Termites forms of wood fibers to produce a composite
(Land-based), Carpenter Ants (not eat but nest material
(2) Types of Manufactured Wood Products
inside)
1) ENGINEERED WOOD – for struc’l applications
REDUCING / PREVENTING TERMITE DAMAGE a) Glue–Laminated Wood – also called GLULAM
➢ Maintain distance between wood & ground b) Struc’l Composite Lumber
➢ Soil barrier; chem’l soil treatment c) Wood I–Joists, Plywood
▪ Aldrin & Dieldrin; 0.5% in water emulsion d) Oriented Strandboard (OSB)
➢ Preservative–Treated Wood (decay resistant) or e) Wood Trusses
Pressure–Treated Lumber 2) INDUSTRIAL WOOD –
▪ Preservative injected into Lumber ➢ Particle Board – for cabinetry, furniture, heavy-
▪ 3 Types: Creosote, Oil-borne, or Waterborne duty shipping containers
Preservative ➢ Medium–Density Fiberboard (MDF) –
▪ For outdoor decks, fences, & lumber replacement of solid lumber; allows precise
underground
machining of precise & intricate moldings
➢ Use Termite Shield – galvanized sheet steel profiled
➢ High–Density Fiberboard (HDF) – commonly
w/ a drip edge bend
used for floor underlayment
➢ Inspection & Remediation
Page 28 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
ENGINEERED WOOD (SCL) STRUC’L COMPOSITE LUMBER
GLULAM MEMBERS – Response To Span – LVL & PSL together
Limitations; for long span beams, heavy columns & (LVL) LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
trusses ➢ Dried wood veneers glued together
➢ Made from individual lengths of dimension lumber, approx. 1/8” Thick; seasoned to 12% MC
glued together to form large cross sections
➢ Wood grain runs in the same direction; gen. used
➢ Face laminated horizontally, end jointed vertically.
Usually finger jointed, often scarf jointed for floor joists & rafters
➢ Theoretically can be made of any cross sectional ➢ 1–3/4” finished THK; 18” depth for greater
size & length, & can also be curved fastening for floor & roof sheathing

LAMINATING – Effective way to use short (PSL) PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER – variation of
lengths of high grade lumber. Allows use of LVL; glued narrow strands of veneer in place of wide
smaller trees veneers. Strands are veneers chopped into strips of 1/2
➢ Uses dried lumber or 12% MC. Stronger & inch wide & 8 ft long
stiffer than sawn lumber of same dimensions
➢ water-resistant adhesive; can be for externally (LSL) Laminated Strand Lumber & (OSL) Oriented
exposed conditions Strand Lumber
➢ made of shredded wood strands coated w/
Balanced & Unbalanced Glulam Beams adhesive, Pressed into rectangular cross section &
1) Balanced Glulam Beams – symmetrical in lumber cured under heat & pressure
quality above & below the beam’s mid-depth; more ➢ OSL & LSL are the least strong & least expensive
versatile; gen. used for continuous beam over 2 or of composite lumber
more supports, & beam w/ overhangs/cantilever
➢ Mainly for rim boards & short span headers; For
2) Unbalanced Glulam Beams – quality from upper Nonstructural
laminations differ from its lower lamination;
stamped w/ TOP to ensure correct placement; WOOD I–JOISTS – glued wood flanges (sawn or LVL)
used only as single-span beams to a wood web (plywood or OSB)
➢ Dimensionally more stable; Lighter & commonly
Specifying Glulam Members – Glulam Member used as floor joists or roof rafters
Grades ➢ Flange Width 1–3/4”, 10”–18” Depth
1) Framing Appearance Grade – lowest appearance ➢ Disadvantage is their thin web, w/c makes it
grade; knots & splits acceptable
relatively unstable; Hence braced during const’n
2) Industrial Grade – when appearance is unimportant or
to be covered in finished mat’l; warehouse
until the installation of floor or roof sheathing
3) Architectural Appearance Grade – intermediate
appearance grade (WPC) WOOD–PLASTIC COMPOSITE Product
4) Premium Appearance Grade – where appearance ➢ Blends plastic w/ wood or agricultural fibers; high
grade is specified important recycled mat’ls content
➢ UV stabilizers, pigments, lubricants, & biocides may
HYBRID GLULAM BEAMS – substitute composite be added
laminated veneer lumber ➢ Made by pressing, extrusion, or injection molding
➢ Mostly for exterior decking (of polyethylene (PE) /
(FRP) FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC Glulam Beams
(PPR) polypropylene & wood fiber), ext. rail syst., &
– gluing a thin strip of high-strength FRP between first
finish trim (int/ext)
& second laminations near edges of beam; Fibers used
➢ In comparison to solid lumber, nonstruc’l composite
are ARAMID, GLASS, CARBON, or High-
lumber expands & contracts; needs greater
performance POLYETHYLENE; 25 to 40% savings
allowance for thermal movement
in wood volume in comparison to conventional glulam
FINGER–JOINTED TRIM – Made from short lengths of
(CLT) CROSS–LAMINATED TIMBERS – Struc’l Panel
solid wood
laminated from solid lumbers w/ members in alternating
➢ Finger jointer & glued into longer lengths; also
layers; for wall, floor, or roof components
makes use of wood scraps
➢ Made in ODD number of Layers; 5-Layer & 3-
➢ Competes w/ the same market as WPC trim;
Layer; seasoned to 12% MC
alternative to conventional nonstruc’l finish lumber
➢ Thickness range from 2–1/4” to 16”, widths from
➢ More stable & free of defects then solid lumber;
1.20m to 4.50m, max. length 12m to 18m
mat’l typically finished w/ paint than clear coating

Page 29 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
WOOD TRUSSES (check: type of truss designs) Other Wood Panel Products
➢ able to carry greater load over a given span using ➢ Hardboard – thin, dense panel made of highly
less material compressed wood fibers; For residential siding or
➢ Connected by Metal Nail Plate / Gusset Plate – 6, gen. purpose siding; weatherproof
18, 20 – gauge galvanized steel plate w/ 3/8” long
nails punched out of the sheet; machine applied in ➢ Hardwood Plywood – made from birch, maple,
manufacturing plants; trusses are fabricated before poplar, or alder veneers; Popular in cabinetry & finish
brought to site carpentry; for higher quality arch’l woodwork, these
➢ Gen. 2 x 4 lumber common for Resd’l & panels may be faced w/ fine hardwood face veneers
Commercial; Gen. spaced at 24 inches on center
➢ LVL, PSL, or GluLam are used I trusses for heavy ➢ Insulating Fiberboard Sheathing – nonstruc’l wall
comm’l & industrial applications sheathing; low-density panel; 1/2” or 3/4” THK
Made of wood / vegetable fibers & binders; coated w/
FLOOR / PARALLED CHORD TRUSS or asphalt for water resistance
TRUSSED JOISTS – top chord is horizontal-parallel to Low-cost; make use of recycled mat’ls; for acoustical
bottom chord; also called trussed joists (function as floor isolation, carpet underlayment
joists); also used as Lintel Beams over openings
Non–Wood Fiber Panels
WOOD PANELS
➢ used structurally as Floor / Roof / Wall Sheathing ➢ Agrifiber / Bio-Composite Panels – made from
➢ nonstructurally as exterior siding & interior paneling agricultural waste products (wheat, rice, hemp, etc)

PLYWOOD – struc’l wood panel; a veneered panel & ➢ Strawboard Panels – made of wheat or rice straw;
Oriented Strandboard (OSB) – a nonveneered panel; has natural resins to bind mat’l; faced sides w/ OSB,
Softwood Plywood is Graded A to D etc.
➢ Bamboo – rapidly growing woody grass; for panels
Plywood Panels – nonstruc’l; thin layers of wood veneer & planks; alternative for int.wood panel or hardwood
glued together (1/8” THK) flooring
➢ commonly used 4 ft x 8 ft, and 1/4” to 1” THK Performance–Rated Engineered Wood Panels
➢ Grain on front & back face runs in the long direction ➢ meant for struc’l applications
of the sheet; always an odd # in layers of plywood ➢ has Rating that provides user w/ the panel’s struc’l
➢ Grain direction in alternate perpendicular to each capability & performance data
other; Produced by a machine that debarks a log ➢ can be used for 3 Situations: Sheathing,
Via Rotary Slicing (most economic method), Combination Floor Sheathing, & Exterior Siding
plainsliced or quartersliced for specific grain design
JOINERY METHODS – Interlocking Joints
Composite Panels – have 2 parallel face veneers Fasteners for Connecting Wood Members
bonded to a core of reconstituted wood fibers ➢ Joints in Contemporary Wood Const’n are made
by simply nailing members, nailing through sheet
Non-Veneered Panels – made up of various metal connectors; some joints use adhesives in
formulations of reconstituted wood fiber mat’ls addition to nails, others screws & bolts when
necessary (Refer to DKC Visual Dictionary: Joinery)
a) (OSB) Oriented Strandboard – struc’l wood; made
up of long shreds / strands of wood compressed &
glued Strongest & stiffest type of nonveneered
panel For sheathing & subflooring of light frame
wood buildings; has greater shear strength then
plywood panel of same size & thickness

b) Particleboard – nonstruc’l; made up of smaller

wood particles then OSB; compressed & bonded
into panels; Used mainly as a base mat’l for wood
veneer & plastic laminate; underlayment panel

c) Fiberboard – nonstruc’l; Very fine-grained board

made of wood fibers & synthetic resin binders
gen. limited to interior uses
(MDF) Med-Density Fiberboard – most commonly
used form of fiberboard

Page 30 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
TYPES OF NAIL – Made of low or medium carbon steel wire,
heat treated to increase its stiffness; Nail Sizes in the US is
specified by a penny (abbreviated as “d”)
➢ Sizes range from 2d (1” long) to 60d (6” long)
➢ 6d (2”), 8d, 10d (3”),and 16 d are commonly used in wood frame const’n

➢ Brite Nails – Nails w/o any further treatment for corrosion

➢ Hot–Dip Galvanized Nails – corrosion resistant
➢ Stainless Steel Nails – for even higher Corrosion-resistance
➢ Vinyl–Coated Nails – for increase holding power; nails are phosphate or vinyl-coated
Produce heat from friction when nail is driven w/c melts the vinyl (increases bond)

➢ Sinker Nails – tapered head that sinks into wood;

gen. vinyl coated; thinner shank, easier to drive into wood

➢ Duplex Nail – double head for temporary nailing, used in scaffolding & concrete formwork

➢ Common Nails – for framing connections; most frequently used

➢ Box Nails – similar to common nail but have thinner shank w/c reduces wood splitting
Gen. used for attaching wood shingles

➢ Casing Nails – used for finish carpentry; for wood trim, window frames,
Casing, & decks; Small head for countersinking

➢ Finish Nails – also used for finish carpentry; for finer carpentry & finishing;
Small head also for countersinking
➢ Shank Nails – Shank Nails are used for attaching wood flooring
➢ Deformed Shank Nails – more resistant to withdrawal from wood than smooth shank nails
For attaching sheathing, subflooring, & floor underlayment

➢ Ring Shank Nail – for attaching floor sheathing & gypsum wallboard;
Gives greater holding power
➢ Roofing Nail – large head for attaching roof shingles;
➢ Hardened Steel Concrete Nails –
Can be driven into masonry or concrete for attaching furring strips & sleepers
➢ Cut Nails – long ago used for framing connections; still sometimes used for finish flooring

NAIL CONNECTIONS work best when subjected to shear; that is when load is perpendicular to the length of nails
➢ Nail Subjected To Shear & Nail Subjected To Withdrawal
1) Face Nailing – strongest; highest withdrawal resistance
2) End Nailing – weakest connection; nail is parallel to grain in the
holding member; used member is not subjected to withdrawal

3) Toe Nailing – stronger than end nailing;

Used where access for end nailing is unavailable
4) Blind nailing – used for finished wood flooring, nonstruc’l

Page 31 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
Power–Driven Nailing & Stapling
➢ Use Pneumatic or Electric Nailing Guns
➢ Power–Driven System; nailing by the pull of a trigger
➢ Nailing Guns use thinner & smaller nails
➢ Power Stapling also for fastening wood members;
used as an alternative to 8d or 6d nails
➢ Nail Popping – nail sticking out of wood members; problem for floor sheathing;
Caused when floor joist dry & shrink in size – nails pop out
SCREWS & BOLTS – higher withdrawal resistance then nails; not often used in struc’l
wood; take longer to install & more expensive; commonly used in cabinet work, furniture,
& fastening door & window hardware such as hinges

➢ Drywall Screws – for attaching wallboard; commonly used

➢ Lag Screw & Bolts are used for heavy struc’l members
➢ Flat–Head Screws are used w/o washers & driven flush w/ wood surface
➢ Round Head Screws are used w/ flat washers
➢ Oval–Head Screws w/ countersunk washers
➢ Slotted Head & Phillips Head Screws driven by flat blade & Phillips Drivers
➢ Self–Drilling Screws
➢ Machine Bolt and Carriage Bolt – both used in wood const’n; Carriage Bolt has a
broad button head that needs no washer & a square shoulder under the head that’s
forced into the drilled hole in the wood to prevent the bolt from turning as the knot from
the opposite end is tightened

SHEET METAL CONNECTORS

1) Light–Gauge Sheet – gauge 16 to 20; Conventional wood framing
Steel Connector
2) Heavy–Gauge Sheet – gauge 7 to 12; used in heavy wood framing
Steel Connector also for high-wind or high-seismic regions
JOIST HANGER – commonly used steel connector
Connects floor joists w/ supporting beam
1) Face–Mounted Hanger – connect joists to beam or header
2) Top–Mounted Hanger – used where face mounting is not

TOP MOUNTED
FACE MOUNTED

Page 32 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
ADHESIVES for Wood Construction
➢ Formaldehyde – ingredient in some adhesives & binders
➢ (PF) Phenol–Formaldehyde
– struc’l adhesive for full exterior exposure

➢ (UF) Urea–Formaldehyde – for interior dry exposure only

➢ Melamine–Formaldehyde – emission levels under PF & UF

(NAF) No Added Formaldehyde – polyvinyl acetate, isocyanurates

Such as polymeric MDI, urethanes, & bio-based formulations

(ULEF Standards) Ultra Low Emitting Formaldehyde

– for wood products that comply w/ LEED Rating System

PREFABRICATED PANELS
1) Framed Panels – simple sections of conventional dimension lumber framing; sheathed w/ plywood or OSB
2) (SIP) Struc’l Insulated Panels
➢ Panels adhered to a stiff plastic foam core – EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) Core
➢ Sandwich composition; Alternative to conventional WLF system (Wood Light Frame)
➢ Used as wall & roof panels; reduces on-site const’n time, allows less skilled labor
➢ Req.s hoisting equipment (cranes, fork lifts, booms, etc.)
➢ 4-1/2” or 6-1/2” THK for walls

3) (SSP) Stressed–Skin Panels – panels attached to dimension lumber framing;

Popular choice for const’n of highly energy-efficient homes & small bldgs
4) Panelized Const’n – whole sections of wall & floors are conventionally framed & sheathed in the factory
Trucked to const’n site then installed in rapid succession

MANUFACTURED / MOBILE / MODULAR HOME

➢ Factory-Built Houses; at times w/ furnishings & then transported to prepared foundations
➢ Built on its own towable chassis; transported on a conventional flat-bed tractor trailer
➢ Const’d in units not wider than 14-ft to 16-ft (4.27m to 4.88m) to permit transport on public roads (in the US)
➢ May be const’d to levels of cost & quality equal to those conventionally const’d

(WLF) WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONST’N – said to be a unique American Const’n System
(2) TYPES OF TIMBER FRAME SYSTEMS
1) Timber Frame w/ Exterior Masonry Walls
a) Mill Const’n – used Cast or Wrought Iron Hardware
b) Type IV Const’n – use Steel Hardware; use glulam & engineered lumber

2) Braced Timber Frame

➢ Similar to Mill & Type IV Const’n; but w/o exterior load-bearing walls
➢ Does not have the same lateral resistance as masonry walls
➢ depend on KNEE BRACES & close fitting joints between frame members
➢ for 1-2-storey bldgs; for barns, small comm’l bldgs, & individual residences

BALLOON FRAME – what WLF was called; invented to replace Heavy Timber System w/ Lightweight Members
➢ Early invention began from lack of skilled carpenters; Built by simple nails; can be built by unskilled people
➢ Thin, closely spaced vertical members (studs) & similar roof & framing members (joists & rafters)
➢ Studs run the full height of the building; Has Ribbands and Fire Stops at floor lines
➢ Wall, Floor & Roof Framing Are Completed Before Struc’l Floor / Subfloor / Floor Sheathing
➢ Continuity of studs became the major limitation of balloon frame
➢ Long, straight members became expensive. Thus it was modified into a PLATFORM FRAME
➢ Dimensionally more stable & greater struc’l stability than Platform Frame

PLATFORM FRAME – individual studs are only one storey high; Contemporary WLF
➢ Struc’l frame is erected Storey by Storey – subfloor at 1st floor level is completed w/c provides a platform for
workers to stand on & build the next storey; Fire Stops at each floor level; Roof Frame same as Balloon framing

Page 33 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
Essentials of Wall Framing
➢ Doubling the Top Plate makes it stronger, joists or rafters can be placed anywhere on top and their gravity loads
can be transferred to the doubled top plate
▪ Provides struc’l continuity; can be Lap-Spliced

➢ if Single Top Plate is used, joists & rafters must be

aligned w/ underlying studs; sheet metal connectors
needed at the joints

➢ Min. 5-inches away from 2x4 Studs spaced 24” O.C.

If cannot be done, a Third Top Plate is req.d

(3) Types of Foundations in WLF

1) Concrete Slab–On–Grade
2) Reinf. Conc. (Conc. Masonry) Foundation Walls; Crawl Space
3) Reinf. Conc. Basement Walls

Bottom Plate in a Wall Assembly – Typically a single plate; either a Sill Plate or a Sole Plate
➢ SILL PLATE – referred to as Mud Sill; bottom plate connected to foundation
▪ Must be Preservative-Treated Wood or Naturally Decay-Resistant Species ex.) YAKAL
▪ anchored to foundations via BOLTS (Anchor Bolts: min. 1/2-inch diameter, spaced at MAX. 6-ft on centers)
▪ SILL SEALER – fibrous felt placed between sill & foundation to reduce air infiltration & seal gaps
▪ Continuous Termite Shield – used for termite-infested areas

➢ SOLE PLATE – a plate not in contact w/ the foundation

Number of Studs at Wall Corner or at T–Junction between Nails – MIN. of (3) three Studs

Framing Around Wall Openings (Doors & Windows)

➢ Req.s Jack Studs on both sides of opening
➢ JACK STUDS – a partial-height stud that supports
the Lintel Beam (Header or Lintel Header)

➢ CRIPPLE STUD – studs above header or below rough sill (studs found above & below window opening)
➢ HEADER – made of two or three 2-by Lumber Members, depends on wall thickness
➢ Precut Stud Length equal to 7-ft 8–5/8 inches because it provides a floor-to-ceiling height of 8-ft

Essentials of FLOOR FRAMING – layout of floor joists is the most critical aspect of floor framing
Support for Load–Bearing & Non– Load–Bearing Walls
➢ Load–Bearing Wall – wall on upper floor must lie over a wall on lower floor

Role of RIM / BAND Joists – Rim Joists provide lateral restraint to the floor joists, reducing their tendency to buckle
➢ Similarly, Floor Joists w/ Long Span may req. intermediate full-depth Blocking or Diagonal Bridging
➢ Required if floor joist depth is greater than 12-inch (Nominal)
➢ However it is practical to provide rows of blocking or bridging for all joists at 8-ft on centers

Page 34 of 35
 BUILDING TECH
ROOF TYPES & ROOF SLOPE – Roof slope not in degrees but as a Rise-to-Run Ratio at constant value of 12

Essentials of WLF Roof Framing – consists of Trusses or Rafter-and-Ceiling Joist assemblies

➢ Trusses – often shop fabricated, multi-triangle
➢ Rafter-and-Ceil. Joist assembly– site-fabricated, single triangle frame
▪ Alternative to this are Prefabricated Trusses
▪ Works only if roof slope is greater than 3:12 (25%)
▪ If less than 3:12, must be replaced by a Ridge Beam, since tension in ceil. Joist is too large to handle
▪ Rafters are connected by a continuous Ridge Board, runs perpendicular to the rafters
▪ Rafters are right-angle notched (called “Bird’s Mouth”) on underside to fit a longitudinal member (wall plate)
▪ “Bird’s Mouth” cut in Rafters is made at the top plate
▪ Ridge Board – no struc’l function; aligns rafter ends in a straight line at the top; (LVL) Lam’d Veneer Lum.
➢ Ridge Beam – a struc’l member; Rafters bear on ridge beam at top & on supporting walls at the eave
➢ Purlins – supported on closely spaced purlin braces / purlin stud; support the Rafters; increase roof stiffness
➢ Ceil. Joists & Bird’s Mouth notch is for gravity-load resistance of a rafter-ceil-joist assembly
➢ Collar Ties / Collar Beams – restrain rafters from separating at the ridge; resist wind / uplift loads
▪ Collar ties located w/in the UPPER 1/3 or attic; located about 18-inch below ridge; of 2 x 4 lumber
➢ Ridge Strap – alternative to collar tie; 1-1/4-inch wide, Gauge 20, G.I. Sheet Steel
➢ Vaulted / Cathedral Ceilings – ridge beam remain exposed; since roof w/ ridge beam does not need ceiling joist
ties, a gypsum Board ceiling in roof is attached; Vaulted Ceil may also be used w/ a roof slope greater than 3:12

Sheathing Applied to a Frame – wall, floor, & roof frames must be covered w/ a sheathing mat’l
➢ Sheathing serves as both struc’l & nonstruc’l functions
➢ Wall Sheathing serves as a base for exterior wall finish and a nailing base
▪ Struc’ly integrates studs in a composite wall system; provides bracing to the frame against lateral loads
➢ Common mat’l for Exterior Wall Sheathing is OSB (Oriented Strandboard); but plywood, gypsum, and other
panels such as Rigid Foam Insulation are acceptable
▪ Alternative to Panel Bracing is a Diagonal Let–In Brace; consists of
▪ 1 x 4 Lumber member fastened to notched studs to receive the brace
▪ Angle of brace should be 45–60 degrees
▪ Steel Angle Let-in Brace may also be used in place of lumber let-in brace
➢ Floor Sheathing also called Subfloor – struc’l element; transfers dead & live
floor loads to the joists; Subfloor must be perpendicular to floor joists
➢ Roof Sheathing – struc’l element; commonly use OSB
▪ require H–Shaped Metal Edge Clips instead of blocking
▪ Metal Edge Clips leave a gap of 18-inches to allow edges pf panels to expand

REFERENCES
Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2014). Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods (6th ed.). U.S.: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Page 35 of 35
+jeremiah sunga queddeng
center for the designed environment professions

+vernacular terms

Abutment – tulay
Arc – arko, balantok
Baseboard – rodapis
Beam – biga
Bottom chord – barakilan
Brace (diagonal) - pie de gallo
Bolt – pierno
Brick – tisa
Butted – tumbok
Canopy – pabilyon
Ceiling joist – kostilyahe
Chb laying – asinta
Chb layed – asintada
Clinch – mag-rematse
Collar beam – ternate
Concrete slab – larga masa
Conductor/gutter - alulod
Conduit – padaluyan
Corrugated G.I. sheet – yero galbanisado
Cross bracing – krusete
Crushed stone - escombro
Design – debuho
Door case – hambahe
Door frame – marko ng pinto
Door head – trabesanyo, sombrero
Door fillet – batidora
Door jamb – hamba
Door panelled – de bandeha
Door sill – umbral
Drip mould – gwardya agwa
Earth fill – escombro, lastilyas
Eave – sibe
Easement – rekudo
Facade – patsade
Facia – senepa
Feet – piye, pye
Floor – suelo/ sahig
Flush – alahado/ lahado
Frame – balangkas
Gable – sibi
Gable roof – dos aguas
Girt – sepo, barote
Girder – guililyan
Groove – kanal
Ground – sular
Gutter – alero, alulod
G.I strap – lingueta
Half circle – medya luna, medya kunya
Hinge – bisagra
Hinge (cabinet) – espelon
Inch - pulgada
Jack rafter – sobre kilo
Jamb – hamba
Joist –soleras, suleras
King post – pindulo
Landing – mesa, pahingahan
Lath, wood strip– listong kahoy
Lathing – pagliliston
Lattice – sala-sala
Mason – mason, kantero
Masonry fill – lastilyas
Mezzanine – entresuelo
Mortar – paupo
Moulding (quater round) – mediacana
Nail setter – punsol
Oakum – estopa
Parapet – kuta, muralya
Pattern – plantilya, padron
Pavement – pabimento
Pickwork –piketa
Pile – pilote
Plastered line course – kusturada
Plate –sepo
Plumb – panghulog
Plumb line – hulog
Post – halige
Purlin – reostra, parlina
Putty – masilya
Projection - bolada
Queen post – sobre pindulo
Rabbet – vaciada, basyada
Rafter – kilo, tahilan
Ramp – sumyinta
Rebar - kabilya
Ridge – palupo
Ridge roll – caballete
Rise – senepa
Riser – takip
Rivet - rimatse
Roof – atip
Rubble – eskombro, tigkal-tigkal
Scaffolding, platform – andamyo
Scratch coat – rebokada
Septic tank – poso negro
Sheet - plantsa
Sketch – krokis
Siding (external) – tabike
Sill (floor) – guililan
Sink – prigadero
Skirt – senepa
Slab – kustado
Soffit – sepeto, intrados
Slope –bahada
Solder - hinang
Spacing – beinto
Stake – estake, estaka
Steel – asero
Stirrup, ties – anilyo
Stringer – sepo, tahilan
Stringer (close) – madre
Stringer (open) – hardinera
Stud – pamakuan
Stud (vertical) – pilarete
Stud (horizontal) – pabalagbag
Tenon – mitsa
Tile – baldosa
Tinsmith - latero
Top chord – kilo
Thread – roskas
Tread - baytang
Truss – kilo
Varnished – varnisado, monyeka
Vault – balantok, bodega
Wainscoat – entablemento, arimadilyo
Washer – pitsa, tsapa
Weatherstrip – baryete
Window grille - rehas
Wood grain – haspe
Wood plank - tabla
Yoke – sinturon, pamatok
VERNACULAR

KING POST - PENDULON SIDING (EXT) - TABIKE

QUEEN POST - PRASES PARTITION - DINGDING
TRUSS - KILO STUD (VERTICAL) - PILARETE
TOP CHORD - TAHILAN HORIZONTAL STU - PABALAGBAG
B OTTOM CHORD – BARAKILAN , TIRANTE BASEBOARD - RODAPIS
COLLAR PLATE - SINTURON POST - POSTE / HALIGI
RAFTER - KILO FOOTING - BASE FUNDACION
PURLIN - REOSTRA DIAGONAL BRACE - PIE DE GALLO
FASCIA BOARD - SENEPA NEIL SETTER - PUNSOL
CEILING JOIST - KOSTILYAHE MOULDING - MULDURA
FLOOR JOIST - SOLERAS TRELLIS - PERGOLA
GIRT - SEPO (KAPATAS)
GIRDER - GUILILIAN – SEPO FOREMAN - MAESTRO DE OBRA
FLOOR - SUELO LABORER - PIYON
SILL - GUILILAN-SEPO MASON - KANTERO
TINSMITH - LATERO
STAIR - HAGDAN DOOR/WINDOW JAMB – HAMBA
TRED - BAYTANG DOOR/WINDOW HEAD- SUMBRERO
RISER - TAKIP SILIPAN DOOR FILLET OR
ASTRAGAL - BATIDORA
HANDRAIL - GABAY PANELED DOOR - DE BANDEJA
STRINGER (OPEN) – HARDINERA WINDOW STILL - PASAMANO
STRINGER (CLOSE) – MADRE RABBET/REBATE - BASIADOR
( DE ESCALERA)
LANDING - MESA, MESITA WATER CLOSET - INODORO
GABLE ROOF - DOS AGUAS BATH TUB - BANYERA
HIP ROOF - QUATRO AGUAS LAVATORY - LABABO
RIDGE ROLL - CABALLETE KITCHEN SINK - PRIGADERO
DOWNSPOUT - TUBO BAHADA SHOWERHEAD - DUCHA
CONDUCTOR - ALULOD SEPTIC VAULT - POSO NEGRO
GUTTER /GROOVE - KANAL CALIKUM - OKUM
G.I.SHEET STRAP – LINGUETA CAULK COTTON - ESTOPA
G.I.SHEET CORR - HIERO KANALADO CAST IRON PIPE - TUBO PUNDIDO
G.I SHEET PLAIN - HIERO LISO G.I. PIPE - TUBO GALBANISADO
W.I STRAP - PLANCHUEL

CONSTRUCTION TERMS ( VERNACULAR)

FRAME WORK - BALANGKAS PLASTTER/STUCCO - PALITADA
SCAFFOLDING - PLANCHA, ANDAMIYO PLASTERED COURSE - KUSTURADA
RAMP - ANDAMIO PICK WORK - PIKETA
SLOPE - BAHADA SCATCH COAT - REBUEDA
PATTERN, SCHED. – PLANTILYA VARNISH - MONYEKA
STAKE - ESTAKA
PLUMBLINE - HULOG CEMENT BRICK - LANDRILYO
AL8IGNMENT - ASINTADA CEMENT TILE - BALDOSA
SPACING/GAP - BIENTO WAINSCOTING TILE - ASOLEJOS
CANOPY - MEDIA AGUA COCRETE SLAB - LARGA MASA
EAVE - BIBE, ALERO MANSORY - KANTERIALASTILYAS
OVERHUNG - BOLADA MANSORY FILL 0 LASTILYAS
PROJECTION - BOLADA EARTH FILL - ESCOMBRO
ALTERNATE - UNO-SIN-OTRA SCRAPPED FILLER - BATAK
BOLT - PIERNO DRESSED LUMBER - SEPILLADO
MACHINE BOLT - PIERNO PASANTE WOOD GRAIN - HASPE
RIVET - REMACHE MITTER JOINT - KANTO MESA
SREW NUT - TUERKA MORTAR JOINT KUSTURA
SREW THREAD - ROSKAS FLUSH - ALAHADO
CABINET HINGE - ESPOLON FEET - PIYE/PIE
BUTT HINGE - BISAGRA
SOLDER - HINANG
NICOLITE BAR - ESTANYO
PUTTY - MASILYA
ADOBE ANCHOR - LLAVE
WIRING/SPLIT KNOB
METAL WORK, TEMPER - SUBAN, SU
WASHER (LEAD) - PITCHA
WASHER (IRON) - CHAPA

www.architectscube.com
 BOLTS TOGGLE BOLT
1- EXPANSION BOLT
1 – EXPANSION BOLT CARRIAGE BOLT 2 - KWIK BOLT
2 – MOLLY BOLT

1 – EXPANSION BOLT TENSION CONTROL

2 – DYNA BOLT MACHINE BOLT TURNBUCKLE
BOLT
POLYPROPYLENE
PLASTICS
NYLON POLYESTER POLYETHYLENE PHENOLIC

ACRYLONITRILE
BUTADIENE
STYRENE POLYURETHANE MELAMINE POLYCARBONATE POLYVINYL
HINGES
 LOCKSETS

RIM LOCK MORTISE BORE-IN UNIT LOCK INTERCONNECTED

LOCK LOCK LOCK
 CHAIN DOOR
LATCHES
LATCH CHAIN BOLT FOOT BOLT HOOK & EYE THUMB LATCH
LATCH

BARREL BOLT FLUSH BOLT FLIP GUARD SLIDING BOLT ROTATING

LATCH BOLT LATCH
 PAINTS
QUICK DRY ENAMEL AUTOMOTIVE ACRYLIC EPOXY ENAMEL

AUTOMOTIVE LACQUER LATEX RUBBERIZED EPOXY

 WOOD JOINERIES
MORTISE AND
QUIRK FINGER DOVETAIL DADO
TENON

TONGUE &
MITER GROOVE SCARF RABBET SPLINE
 TYPES OF BEAMS
BOX GIRDER PLATE GIRDER CELLULAR DEEP

JOIST GIRDER DOUBLE TEE POST-TENSIONED CASTELLATED

 POWER TOOLS COLD SAW
MITER SAW ABRASIVE SAW

TABLE SAW CIRCULAR SAW CONCRETE SAW

 HEAVY EQUIPMENT

MEDIUM DUTY TRUCK AGITATOR TRUCK DUMP TRUCK

AUGER PILE DRIVER VIBRATORY PILE DRIVER HYDRAULIC

HAMMER DRIVER
HEAVY EQUIPMENT

BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR

HYDRAULIC HAMMER
HEAVY EQUIPMENT

BULLDOZER LOADER

ROAD ROLLER - PISON FORKLIFT

TRANSIT LEVEL GRADER

TRENCHER
 CRANES

LUFFING CRANE GANTRY CRANE LATTICE BOOM

CRAWLING CRANE

TELESCOPIC
JIB CRANE DERRICK CRANE
BOOM CRANE
 TYPES OF SLABS MUSHROOM
FLAT PLATE WAFFLE/COFFERED FLAT SLAB
CONSTRUCTION

BUBBLE DECK RIBBED SLAB CONVENTIONAL SLAB HOLLOW CORE SLAB

 PAVERS
STAMPED COBBLE STONE CONCRETE GRID PLAIN
FLAGSTONE CONCRETE PAVERS CONCRETE

STENCILED
GRANOLITHIC TERRAZO TRENCADIS CONCRETE ASPHALT
 DRILL BITS
SPUR DRILL BIT

SPADE DRILL BIT AUGER DRILL BIT

METAL
DRILL BIT

MASONRY
DRILL BIT
FORSTNER BIT COUNTERSINK BIT
BUILDING FRAMING SYSTEM
BUILDING FRAMING SYSTEM
GLASS HARDWARE
TYPES OF SPRINKLER
METALS
DISTRIBUTING PIPE : FITTINGS
90 DEG. ELBOW TEE FITTING RED TEE FITTING M/F ELBOW CROSS FITTING

45 45 DEG. ELBOW UNION FITTING HEX HEAD CAP REDUCER FITTING Y-WAY FITTING

REDUCER NIPPLE SQUARE PLUG FIG HEX PLUG HEX NIPPLE LOCK NUT

HOSE NIPPLE FULL COUPLING HALF COUPLING SINGLE NIPPLE SOCKET PLAIN FIG
FITTING
PARTS OF A DOOR KNOB
 NAILS

DUPLEX NAIL CONCRETE NAIL COATED NAIL ROOFING NAIL

CUT NAIL

METAL LATH NAIL STAPLE NAIL WIRE NAIL

DRYWALL NAIL MASONRY NAIL

COMMON WIRE
CLINCH NAIL BRAD NAIL
NAIL
WOOD THICKNESS
STRUCTURE OF WOOD
PARTS OF WOOD
FRAMING

WOOD JOIST
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

"Lawn aerator,"
Aerator 5 7 day Used to aerate lawns
"Spike," "Spicker"

Air Pump 3B4 "Tire inflator" 7 day Electric pump for tires, etc.

Used to check for live electrical

Amp
3B3 7 day wires. Some measure voltage,
Meter_Amprobe
too

"Auger Drill", Old fashioned handle used to

Auger Brace 1A4 7 day
"Manual Drill" hold auger bit

Tightly coiled metal line used to

3 day
Electric and unclog drains. Ours fit
2A3, (elct); 7
Auger_Drain manual available. household use only - kitchen,
2A1 day
"Snake" bathroom drains (not main
(manl)
drains). Our longest is 25 ft.

Drain auger on a stick. Used to

Auger_Toilet 2A4 7 day unclog toilet drains. Manual
only

Hand-held pointed spike used

Awl 1B2 7 day
for making holes in wood.

Used for chopping splitting

Axe 3F 7 day
wood
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

Used to charge vehicle

Battery Charger 3B4 7 day
batteries

Adjustable drill bit. Can adjust

Bit_Auger
1A3 7 day the bit to be the size needed.
Expansion
Used on wood.

Set of auger bits for a drill.

Bit_Auger_set 1A4 10pc, 13pc 7 day Auger bits are spiral shapes
used for drilling holes in wood.

7pc, 13pc, 14pc,

Bit_Drill_set 1A2 7 day Set of drill bits for drilling holes
17pc

1/2in, 1/4in, 1in,

3/4in, 3/8in, Drill bits for drilling holes in
Bit_Mason 1A3 7 day
5/16in, 5/8in, masonry.
7/8in, 9/16in

4pc, 13pc. Paddle shaped drill bits for

Bit_Paddle_set 1A4 7 day
"Speed Bore" drilling holes into wood

Used to remove flaking paint,

Bit_Wire Brush 1A3 7 day dry caulk , rust, etc. Cleans and
polishes surfaces.

Broom_House 4A 7 day
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

Street brooms have longer,

"Push Broom", stiffer bristles than house
Broom_Street 4A 7 day
"Utility Broom" brooms. Utility brooms can be
used inside or outside.

Brush_Counter 6G5 7 day

6F3, "Wallpaper Brush used for pasting on

Brush_Paste 7 day
3C2 Brush" wallpaper

6F3, with and without

Brush_Round Dust 7 day
6F4 handle

Brush used for smoothing

Brush_Smoothing 6F3 7 day
wallpaper

Brush_Wire 6F4 7 day

Bucket_5 Gallon 6G1 7 day

Mop bucket with a wringer on

Bucket_Wringer 4C 7 day
it for wringing out the mop

Wire rope used to lift, hoist,

Cable Sling 5 3/8in x 4ft 7 day
tow, anchor heavy loads

When laying carpet, used to

Carpet Kicker 2C4 7 day push carpet edge in place with
your knee or foot
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period
Curved hexagonal lever for
"Nail claw," "Nail pulling up nails and general
Cats Paw 1B2 7 day
Puller" demolition (much smaller than
crow bar)

Used to spread caulk in cracks,

Caulk Tool 6F1 7 day
along seams, etc.

Holster and trigger for applying

Caulking Gun 6G3 7 day
caulk from a tube

Chain 8 Long, Short 7 day

Device used for lifting or

lowering a load by means of a
Chain Hoist 3B5 7 day
lift-wheel around which chain
wraps.

Fold-out metal chairs used for

Chairs 14 7 day seating large numbers of
people

Chalked string used for making

Chalk Line 1C4 "Snap Line" 7 day
long straight marks

Large, Small.
Used for chiseling cement,
Chisel_Cement 1F3 "Brick Layers 7 day
masonry, rock
Chisel"

1/2in, 1in, 3/4in,

Chisel_Cold 1C3 7 day Used for chiseling metal
5/8in

1 1/2in, 1 1/4in,
Chisel_Wood 1C3 1/2in, 1/4in, 1in, 7 day Used for chiseling wood
3/4in

Used to test if power is going

Circuit Tester 3B3 Regular, 110/460 7 day
through a circuit
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

Larger clamp with bar between

3ft, 4ft, 5ft, 6in,
2F, pieces. Used for holding
Clamp_Bar 30in. "F-Clamp," 7 day
6B2 materials together for gluing,
"Speed Clamp"
bolting

1in, 1.5in, 2in,

C shaped clamp with threaded
2.5in, 3in, 4in,
mechanism. Used for holding
Clamp_C 6B3 5in, 6in, 8in, 7 day
materials firmly together for
9.5in, 12in.
gluing, bolting
"Clinch"

Clamp shaped for holding

Clamp_Corner 6B2 "Corner Vice" 7 day
corners together

Clamp with a grip and trigger

Clamp_Quick Grip 6B4 7 day release for clamping things
quickly

"Hand Screw Wood block clamps with 2

Clamp_Wood 6B1 7 day
Clamp" handles

Hand operated ratchet lever

"Fence
Come Along 2F4 7 day with straps and hook. Used for
Stretcher"
pulling heavy-duty materials

Used to compress air, and

Compressor 2A2 1-gallon, 6-gallon 3 day
power air tools, etc

Knee pad and boot clamp

Concrete Kneeling
1E2 7 day allows person laying concrete
Board
to kneel on wet concrete
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Small, Regular. Used to bend conduit piping in

"Thin wall tube plumbing and electrical work.
Conduit Bender 6A 7 day
bender," "Pipe Small one is hand-held size.
bender" Large one is several feet tall

Offers 65 lb of crimping force

"sharkbite pex
Crimp Tool_PEX 2B3 7 day that can be applied to 3/8 in,
crimper"
1/2 in and 3/4 in PEX tubing

18in, 24in, 30in,

Lever bar with chisel end. Used
36in. "Pry," "Pry
Crow Bar 1B3 7 day for prying apart, removing
bar," "Wrecking
materials for demolition
bar"

"Garden Four tined hand tool. Used

Cultivator_Long cultivator," "Mini standing upright for removing
3F 7 day
Handle tiller," "Manual weeds in between plantings
cultivator" and light soil tillage

Three tined hand tool. Used

Cultivator_Short near the ground for removing
6H3 7 day
Handle weeds in between plantings
and light soil tillage

Used near the ground for

Cultivator_Weedin
6H3 "Weeding Spear" 7 day removing weeds in between
g Fork
plantings and light soil tillage

Heavy-duty cutting device used

Large, Small.
Cutter_Bolt 3A1 7 day for cutting metal bolts or
"Fence Cutter"
fencing

Pipe and PVC, Heavy-duty cutting device used

Cutter_Pipe 2B2 5/8in to 2 1/8in, 7 day for cutting metal piping -
Small, Regular copper and pvc
 Tool Picture Catalogue
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Appliance,
Dolly 3 Aisle Furniture. "Hand 7 day Used for hauling heavy loads
truck"

Precisely transfer one set of

dowel holes to other side of a
joint. Drill one set of holes, slip
Dowel Centers 1C3 7 day
in dowel centers and press joint
together. Pins mark next hole
locations.

Handheld rotary grinder and

Dremel_Multi Pro
6D4 "Mini Roto Zip" 7 day drill for very small jobs and
Tool
hobby work.

6E3, 1/2in, 3/8in,

Drill_Basic 7 day
6E2 keyless

Used for drilling into concrete

or other heavy-duty material.
Drill_Hammer 6E1 1/2in, keyless 7 day
Has a pulsating hammer
setting.

Used for drilling things situated

Drill_Right Angle 6E1 3/8in bit mouth 7 day
at an angle.

Screw gun used for installing

Drywall Gun 6E1 7 day
drywall

Winch that supports large

8ft or 11ft
Drywall Lift 1E2 3 day sheet of drywall for lifting into
available
high places.

Used to shape the outer edge

Edger_Cement 1F2 7 day of wet cement when its being
laid
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Used to cut ground foliage back

Edger_Lawn_
14 7 day from the edge of a sidewalk,
Electric
driveway, etc

Used to cut ground foliage back

Edger_Lawn_ "Stick edger",
3E, 3F 7 day from the edge of a sidewalk,
Manual "Turf edger"
driveway, etc

Hand held object with pointed

Engraver Bench 7 day tip. Used for writing onto
metal, masonry, etc.

100ft, 75ft, 50ft,

Extension Cord 6K 7 day
25ft

Pole that extends. Various

Fiberglass, heads can be screwed onto the
Extension Pole 6A 7 day
Wood, Plastic end for painting, smoothing,
etc

Fence Pole Used to pound fence poles into

4C 7 day
Pounder place.

Steel bar with ridged surface.

File_Metal 6C4 7 day
Used for filing metal.

File_Rasp_Wood 6C4 Small, Large 7 day Used for filing wood

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50ft long. "Steel Wire on a reel w/hook on the

Tape," "Draw end. Used in electrical work for
Fish Tape 3B2 7 day
wire," "Draw manipulating wires and cables
tape" through tight spaces

Used in plumbing and electrical

Flare Tool 2B3 7 day
work to fit pipes together.

Wood, Steel,
1F4, Used to lay grout, concrete,
Float Aluminum. 7 day
1F5 cement, etc.
"Grout Float"

Used for smoothing wet

Float_Bull 1E2 7 day concrete. Bull sizes are several
feet long.

"Garden fork," Thicker 4 tined fork. Used for

Fork_Digging 3E 7 day
"Spade fork" digging and turning soil.

Thinner tined fork. Used for

Fork_Pitch 3E 7 day moving light material (such as
straw)

Used to spread and remove

Glazing Tool_ 2 in 1 6F1 7 day putty. One end is used to
spread, the other to remove.

Handheld tool similar to

Grass Shear 6H3 "Lawn Shear" 7 day pruning shears. Used to cut
grass in small areas.
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Handheld power tool used for

cutting, grinding. Customer
"Side grinder,"
Grinder_Angle 6D1 7 day buys their own plate - for
"Disc grinder"
grinding into masonry, metal,
etc

Used to glue together materials

Gun_Glue 2B5 "Hot Glue Gun" 7 day
with hot, durable glue

Steel hammer with 1 round end

"Machinist's and 1 flat end. Used in metal
Hammer_Ball Peen 1B4 7 day
hammer" work, driving masonry nails,
and striking cold chisel

Used for hammering brick,

Hammer_Brick 2F2 7 day
masonry

Basic carpenter's hammer.

"Carpenter's Used for driving and prying
Hammer_Claw 1B4 7 day
Hammer" nails, framing, finishing, fitting
parts, demolition

Hammer w/ 1 hard plastic and

Hammer_ Plastic
1B1 7 day 1 soft plastic tip. Used on soft
Tip
materials easily damaged

Hammer with a rubber end.

Hammer_Rubber Rubber or Plastic Used on soft materials easily
1B1 7 day
Mallet head damaged, like sheet metal,
upholstery
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Used in demolition, driving

3D,
Hammer_Sledge 4lb, 10lb 7 day deep stakes, and other heavy-
1B1
duty jobs

A small, short-handled axe.

Hatchet 6G2 7 day Used one-handed for chopping
wood or roots

Used like a palette for laying

Hawk_Masons 1F5 7 day brick, concrete, masonry,
mortar.

Looks like a blow dryer. Used to

heat up material being
Heat Gun 3C5 7 day
removed - like paint removal
from walls

Has metal teeth that oscillate

Hedge
2E1 7 day back and forth. Used for
Trimmer_Electric
shaping and pruning hedges

Hedge "Pruning shears," Look like large scissors. Used

6I3 7 day
Trimmer_Manual "Garden shears" for shaping and pruning hedges

Regular Hoes, Used for cultivating, gardening,

Hoe_Garden 3F Stirup Hoes, 7 day weeding. Holes with holes used
Hoes w/holes for mixing concrete.

25ft, 50ft, 75ft, Used to water gardens and

Hose_Garden 6H4 7 day
100ft lawns
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Adjusts the amount of water

Hose Nozzle 6G2 7 day
coming out of a garden hose

Used to divert water from one

Hose Splitter 6G2 "Diverter" 7 day
hose into two

Used to water gardens and

Hose Sprinkler 6G2 7 day
lawns

Jack_Auto 1E2 7 day Used to jack up a vehicle

Jack_House 1E2 Large, Small 7 day Used to jack up a house

Used to make the seam groove

Joint Groover 1F2 7 day
in wet cement

Used to jump a vehicle with

Jumper Cable 3B1 7 day
dead battery

Used to protect knees while

Knee Pads 2C4 Pair 7 day
performing jobs on the ground

Knife_Linoleum 3C3 7 day Used to cut linoleum

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1 1/4in, 1 1/2in,
Knife_Putty 6F2 7 day Used to spread putty
3in, 6in

Knife_Utility 1B5 "Box cutter" 7 day Used to cut most anything

8in, 10in, 12in.

Used to spread putty along a
Knife_Wall 6F2 "Large Putty 7 day
drywall seam
Knife"

Triangular shaped jack that fits

into the rungs on a ladder.
Ladder Jack 8 7 day Usually positioned on more
than 1 ladder to hold
walkboard between them.

Attaches to bottom of a ladder

Ladder Leveler 8 7 day on an uneven surface to make
the ladder level

Attaches to a ladder's frame.

Used to stabilize the ladder
Ladder Stabilizer 8 7 day
with whatever it is leaning
against.

Ladders that extend straight

Ladder_Extension 8, 10 16ft, 24ft, 32ft 7 day out to twice their height
unextended

Platform that raises a few feet

Ladder_Painters off the ground. Used to reach
8 7 day
Platform high on walls when painting,
etc
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5ft, 6ft, 8ft, 10ft, Ladders that fold out into an A-

Ladder_Step 8, 10 7 day
12ft shape

Small stepping stool with only 2-

Ladder_Step Stool 4C 7 day
3 steps

Ladders that sit straight against

Ladder_Straight 8 8ft, 10ft, 12ft 7 day
a stablizing object

Scaffolding that extends

Ladder_Walk Board 8 12ft, 14ft 7 day between two or more ladders
to create a walking platform

Pushable drum that is filled

with water to weigh it down.
Lawn Roller 14 7 day
Used to roll sod and lawn
evenly

Used to blow away leaf and

Leaf Blower 2D2 Gas, Electric 3 day
yard debris

Device with liquid filled tubes

for measuring level horizontal,
Level 1C1 18in, 24in, 48in 7 day
vertical, or 45 degree angled
surfaces

For measuring level by stringing

Level_Line 1C1 7 day a line through and attaching to
the two points you want level.
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Right angle level that fits on

corner of a post. Can measure
Level_Post 1C1 7 day
levelness in all directions at
once.

Double tripod
light or single
Light_Flood Aisle 1 7 day Bright halogen work light
portable light
available

Light that hangs freely from an

Light_Trouble 6I4 7 day
extension cord.

1A3, Kit of the tools needed to

Lock Install Kit 7 day
1C2 install a lock into a door.

Lock_Pad 8, 5 7 day

Long handled shears with

6J3,
Lopping Shear "Loppers" 7 day curved blade. Used for pruning
6J4
smaller tree limbs.

Type of pick with a flat blade

set at right angles to the
Mattock 3D "Pick" 7 day
handle. Used for digging,
loosening soil, cutting roots

Cross between an axe and a

Maul 4C 7 day
sledge hammer.
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Measure_Tape 1C4 25ft, 50ft 7 day

Device with slots notched out.

Used with back saw for cutting
Miter Box 1E1 7 day
mitered edges, molding, trims,
wood

Drill bit used to mix cement,

Mixing Paddle 6C3 16in 7 day
grout, mortar, plaster

Mop Aisle 1 7 day Used for cleaning floors

Available in gas
Mower_Electric, or electric. "Lawn
5, 14 1 day
Mower_Gas mower," "Push
mower"

"Manual lawn
mower," "Rotary Push mower with rotary blades -
Mower_Push 14 7 day
push mower," not electric or gas
"Reel mower"

Deep pan used for holding mud

Mud Pan 1F5 7 day as it is being applied with a
putty knife
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Used in electrical work to

Multi Meter Tester 3B3 7 day measure voltage, current,
resistance in wires

Nail Puller 1B2 "Nail claw" 7 day Lever for pulling out large nails

Air-powered nail gun. Used

Nailer_Brad 2A2 18 gauge 3 day
with finishing nails

Air-powered nail gun. Used

Nailer_Finish 2A2 16 gauge 3 day
with finishing nails

Used to keep straight lines

"Wall Covering
Paint Guide 6F2 7 day while painting. Similar to a wall
Tool"
knife, but smaller blade.

Handheld frame that a

disposable paint roller slides
Paint Roller Frame 6G4 7 day
onto. Used to roll paint onto
large surfaces

Scratches wallpaper to
perforate it. Steam the
Paper Tiger 3C4 7 day
wallpaper second. Used in
wallpaper removal.

Curved bar sharpened at both

Pick 3D "Mattock" 7 day ends. Used for breaking up
hard surfaces.
 Tool Picture Catalogue
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Handle attachment for pipe

Pipe Die Handle 2B3 7 day die. Used for cutting threads
into pipes.

Used for cutting threads into

1 1/4in, 1/2in,
pipes. These pieces attach to
Pipe Die 2B3 1/4in, 1/8in, 1in, 7 day
Handle. For threading outside
3/4in, 3/8in
the pipe.

Planer 1A1 7in, 9in, 14in 7 day Used to shave wood.

Used to shave wood. Electric

Planer_Power 6B1 7 day
powered

Makes circular shaped hole in

the ground. Handheld tool.
Planter_Bulb 6H2 7 day
Used in gardening to plant
bulbs.

Pliers with an adjustable head

"Adjustable for tightening various-sized
Plier_Channel Lock 3A3 7 day
plier" objects. The adjustment locks
into place.

Used to cut, stretch, remove,

Plier_Fence 3A3 7 day
and manipulate metal fencing

Wire cutting edge and gripping

3A4, "Combination joint. Used in electrical work
Plier_Lineman 7 day
3B2 pliers" cutting, straightening, bending,
gripping and twisting wire.
 Tool Picture Catalogue
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"Needle nose
pliers," "Pinch- Long tapering nose with
Plier_Longnose 3B2 nose pliers," 7 day gripping surface and cutting
"Snipe-nose edge
pliers"

3 plug, 1 plug. Adapters convert 3 prongs into

Plug_Adapter 3B2 "Ground 7 day 2 and some convert 1 outlet
adapter" into 3

Type of level that you hang.

Wait until the bob stops
Plumb Bob 1C4 7 day
moving to see if your object is
plumb

Gas powered digger with spiral

Post Hole 4in and 6in bit auger. Used to dig 4 or 6 inch
5 1 day
Digger_Gas pieces available diameter holes, usually for
fence posts

Two handled tool with curved

Post Hole
4B 7 day shovel-like ends. Used to dig
Digger_Manual
holes, usually for fence posts.

Spring loaded hand shears with

"Bypass pruner,"
Pruner_Hand 6H3 7 day curved blades. Used to remove
"Pruning shears"
small twigs and branches

8 inch hand tool with a pry bar

at one end and punch at the
Pry Bar_Center
1B2 8 in long 7 day other. Used to pull nails, small
Punch
object demolition, and as a
punch
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Used to remove water.

Pump_ Submerge pump in standing
2A1 7 day
Submersible water, attach a hose, and it
pumps the water out.

1 pointed end and 1 flat end

that is struck with a hammer.
1/8in, 3/32in, Used to dent the spot where a
Punch 1B2 7 day
5/32in nail or screw is going so as not
to damage the surface with
"wandering"

Used to rake wet concrete as it

Rake_Concrete 3D 7 day
is being poured.

Stiff-tined rake. Used to move

Regular size and
heavier material, break up soil
Rake_Garden 4C mini. "Mulch 7 day
clumps and smooth out garden
rake"
soil.

Flimsey-tined rake. Used to

"Lawn rake",
Rake_Leaf 3D 7 day move lighter material, remove
"Landscape rake"
leaves from lawn

Rake with curved blades. Used

Rake_Thatcher 3D 7 day to remove and thatch grass and
debris from lawn

Used to drive rivets. Rivets are

permanent mechanical fasters
Regular, Heavy
Rivet Tool 3A4 7 day usually hold heavy-duty
Duty
material together, such as
sheet metal.
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Roller on a stick. Used to roll

Roller_ Linoleum 1D2 35 pounds 7 day out linoleum, pushing out any
air

Drill that moves sideways. Used

Roto Zip 6D1 "Spiral Saw" 7 day
for cutting out of walls, etc.

Used to rout out (hollow out)

Router 6D4 7 day an area. Mainly used in
woodworking

Used to guide a router to make

Router Guide 6D4 7 day
precise cuts and shapes

6E top Used to guide a router to make

Router Table Small 7 day
shelf precise cuts and shapes

Power tool that rotates

3 x 21 in, 3 x 24
Sander_Belt 6D2 7 day sandpaper like a moving belt
in, 2.5 x 10 in
over an area

Hand-size tool used to smooth

Sander_Block 6C2 7 day
wood surfaces

4in wide, Used to sand drywall. Clip

6A, handheld or on sandpaper onto the pad. An
Sander_Drywall 7 day
6B1 extension pole. extension pole can be attached
"Pole Sander" to reach higher spots.

Floor sander with a circulating

cylinder (similar to a belt
Sander_Floor Drum 5 3 day
sander). More powerful than
orbital.
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Floor sander used to sand the

Sander_Floor Edger 1A5 3 day edges of a floor. Works by its
circulating disk.

Floor sander with a vibrating

Sander_Floor
5 3 day 12"x18" plate. Less powerful
Orbital
than drum.

Handheld power tool that

1/2 sheet, 1/3
Sander_Orbital 6C2 7 day vibrates sandpaper over an
sheet
area

Sander that fits almost the

Sander_Palm 6C1 7 day palm of a hand. Works by
vibration.

Sander with a point for sanding

Sander_Point 6B1 "Detail Sander" 7 day
corners. Works by vibration.

Used to sharpen blades, sand

1 inch wide
Sander_Table Belt Bench 7 day sensitive materials that need a
sanding belt
stable belt

"Saw buck," Used to support large materials

Saw Horse Pair 1D2 7 day
"Horse" while sawing

Saw_Back 1E1 Long, Short 7 day Rectangular hand saw.

Wood saw with slender blade

6I5, 21in, 24in, 30in
held between handle shaped
Saw_Bow 6J1, "Swede saw," 7 day
like an archer's bow. Used to
6J2 "Buck saw"
cut limbs and tree trunks
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Power tool used cut. Takes 7

Saw_Circular 1D1 7 day
1/4in blade

Handsaw with slender blade

Saw_Coping 1E1 7 day stretched across a U-shaped
frame. Used to cut details

"Cut-off saw," Hand saw with tapered blade.

Saw_Crosscut 1E1 "Carpenter's 7 day Used to cut thicker materials
saw" like tree branches

Small hand saw. Used for

Saw_Drywall 1E1 7 day cutting into drywall/gypsum
board

Fine tooth saw blade. Used for

Saw_Hack 1E1 7 day
cutting metal

Circular saw blade attached to

3/4in-4in, kit drill bit and shank. Used to cut
Saw_Hole 1C2 7 day
"Hole cutter" holes in thin materials like
wood and metal

Handheld power tool with

small thin blade. Used for
Saw_Jig 6D3 "Saber Saw" 7 day
cutting curves and details into
material

Saw with small pointed blade

Saw_Key Hole 1E1 "Compass saw" 7 day and handle. Used to cut holes
into softer material
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Saw_Miter Power saw used to make

1D1 7 1/4in, 10in 7 day
Compound accurate crosscuts

curved 13in,
curved 19in,
Saw_Pruning 6I2 7 day Used for cutting tree limbs
double cut 18in,
folding

Power saw with a thin blade

Saw_Recip 1D2 "Sawsall" 7 day that reciprocates back and
forth.

Power saw built into a table for

Saw_Table 1D1 Portable 3 day cutting larger material. Takes a
10 in blade

Power saw used to cut tile. The

2C5, 7in blade, 10in
Saw_Tile_Wet 3 day blade is kept wet so as not to
14 blade
catch the tile on fire

Scissors 3A3 7 day Used to cut non-thick material

Used to scrape material off a

Scraper_Mutt 4C "Floor Scraper" 7 day floor. Used while standing - has
a long handle

Used to scrape material off a

Scraper_Mutt
14 "Floor Scraper" 3 day floor while standing. Electric
Electric
powered
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1 1/2in, 2 1/2in, Used to scrap paint off a

Scraper_Paint 6F1 7 day
5-in-1 surface

Used to scrap ice off a floor.

Scraper_ Sidewalk
4C 7 day Used while standing - has a
Ice
long handle

"Flathead
Screwdriver_Flat 3A2 7 day Fits a flat head screw
screwdriver"

Screwdriver_ "Phillips head

3A2 7 day Fits a phillips head screw.
Phillips screwdriver"

Screwdriver_Torx 3A2 7 day Fits a torx screw

Pointed blade on a protractor

Scribe 2C2 7 day
used to score tile-like material

Long handle with curved

Scythe 4C 7 day smooth blade. Used to cut tall
grass or weeds

Used to lay down carpet

Seam Roller_Carpet 3C2 7 day
between the seams
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Seamer Used to lay down carpet

3C3 7 day
Iron_Carpet between the seams

Shovel with round-pointed tip.

D-handle short, L-
Shovel_Spade 3E, 4B 7 day Used to dig and move heavy
handle long
material

Small, Medium,
Large; "Utility
Flat rectangular shovel. Used to
Shovel," "Square
Shovel_Flat 4B, 3E 7 day move material. Available in
Point Shovel,"
small, medium, and large sizes.
"Edging shovel,"
"Edging spade"

"Roofing spade," Shovel with notched edge.Used

Shovel_Roof 3E 7 day
"Shingle shovel" to rip and pry off roof shingles

Shovel_Snow 5 7 day Used to shovel snow

Handheld tool with a c-shaped

Sickle_Hand 4C 7 day blade used to cut tall
vegetation
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Metric, Standard.
Sets and Socket wrench with various
Socket Set 3A5 7 day
individual sized bits used to screwed bolts
sockets.

Long handled tool with semi-

circle blade, curved handle for
Sod Lifter 3F 7 day
leverage. Used to pry and
remove strips of sod

Tool with transformer that

heats wire. Used to adhere
Solder Iron 2B5 7 day
wiring to circuit board, in
electrical work.

Used to squish screening into

Spline Tool 3C2 "Spline Roller" 7 day
the sides of a frame

Pushable container on wheels

that spreads seed or dry
Spreader_ 14,
7 day particulate material over a
Broadcast 2D1
large area. Used to seed and
fertilize lawns and gardens

Pushable container on wheels

14, "Grass seed that drops seed or dry
Spreader_Drop 7 day
2D1 spreader" particulate material over a
large area. Used to seed lawns
 Tool Picture Catalogue
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Long, heavy metal bar with

broad chisel on one end and
Spud Bar 6A 7 day blunt other end. Used to break
up hard materials and also as a
lever

Ruled straight edge w/

interchangable angle guide.
Square_Combo 1C5 7 day
Measures 90 and 45 degree
angles

Ruled straight edge w/fixed

Square_Framing 1C5 "Steel Square" 7 day right angle. Used to lay out and
measure squared lines

Ruled straight edge in a triangle

hand-held shape. Used for
Square_Speed 1C5 "Rafter Square" 7 day
making quick straight lines at
angles.

8inch, 36inch
Aisle1, Used to clean glass, wipe
Squeegee "window 7 day
4C surface clear of liquid
cleaner"

Staple Gun 1B5 7 day

Used to staple in roofing

Stapler_Roofing 1B5 7 day
materials onto a roof
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Steamer_ Used to remove wallpaper by

3C2 7 day
Wallpaper steaming it.

Stone_Finishing 1F1 "Honing Stone" 7 day Used to sharpen blades

Gas or Electric
available
Used to cut grass and weeds
2E, "Weedeater,"
String Trimmer 1 day along edges. Available in gas or
Aisle1 "Line trimmer,"
electric
"Weedwhacker,"
"Weed Whip"

Flat pliers with multiple holes

for different gauge wires. Used
"Stripper
Stripper_Wire 3B2 7 day to strip insultation off electrical
Crimper"
wire and to crimp electrical
wire

Magnetic device that detects

Regular, nails fastening drywall to studs.
Stud Finder 1C4 7 day
Magnetic Used to find studs behind
drywall

Used to press an area flat - to

Tamper_Manual 3E 10 inch face 7 day tamp soil, gravel, wet concrete,
etc
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Heavy-duty gas-powered
machine used to tamp an area
Tamper_Power 14 3 day
flat. Most often used when
installing outdoor patio

Used to spray liquid fertilizer,

6H1,
Tank Sprayer 7 day herbicides, etc, on lawn and
6I1
garden

Used to thread metals

2B3,
Tap and Die Set Metric, Standard 7 day manually - usually piping. For
Bench
threading inside the pipe

Used with hammer drills to

Tapcon Install Kit 1A2 7 day
install screws into masonry

Pole with curved pruning saw

"Pole Pruner," and string operated loping
Telepruner 4B 7 day
"Pruning hook" shear. Used to remove dead
limbs or prune trees up high

Used to tie down an object in a

Bench,
"Bungie cords," truck bed. Bungie cords and
Tie Down Up 7 day
"Ratchet straps" ratchet straps are referred to
Front
as "tie downs" in computer

2C2, 8in, 12in, 14in, Blade and ruled straight edge.

Tile Cutter 7 day
2C3 20in Used to cut ceramic tile.
 Tool Picture Catalogue
Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

Handheld snipping tool used to

Tile Nipper 2C2 7 day
cut small pieces out of tile

Available in mini Gas powered cultivator with

Tiller 14 and large. 1 day rotating tines. Used to turn
"Rototiller" over garden soil

Aviation, Regular. Handheld scissor-like tool. Used

Tin Snip 3A3 7 day
"Straight sheers" to cut sheet metal.

Tool Bench Work

Aisle1 7 day A multipurpose work surface
Mate

Used to solder pipes. Kit comes

Torch Kit_Propane 2B1 7 day
with small propane.

Used to apply grooved

Various sized,
Trowel_Adhesive 2F2 7 day adhesive or grout when laying
shaped grooves
tile

Small, Medium, Used to smooth wet mortar,

Trowel_Brick 1F3 7 day
Large plaster, etc.
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Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
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Computer Size Options Period

Inside Corner, Used to smooth putty, plaster,

Trowel_Corner 6F3 7 day
Outside Corner etc., along corners

Has a foam or rubber face that

Trowel_Grout 2F2 7 day forces grout between tiles that
have already set

Hand shovel in a V shape. Used

2in, 3in, 4in
Trowel_Transplant 6H1 7 day to dig into garden soil,
"Garden trowel"
transplant plants.

Used in detail masonry work.

3/8in, 1/2in,
Tuck Pointer 1F3 7 day Used to fill in joints, small
1/4in
spaces

Used in detail masonry work.

Used to finish joints, small
Tuck Point Finisher 1F3 7 day
spaces. Has a beveled lip,
curving in impression.

2D2, Vacuum cleaner with special

Vac_Hepa 7 day
2D3 filter that collects fine particles.

9 gallon, 10
Vacuum cleaner used to clean
Vac_Shop 2D3 gallon, 14 gallon, 7 day
up heavy-duty material.
16 gallon

Portable vice,
Used to clamp or hold
Vice 6B2 Wood vice, 7 day
materials securely
Corner Vice
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Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

Used to clamp or hold

Vice Grips 3A3 7 day
materials securely

Used to test voltage of a live

Voltage Tester 3B3 7 day
wire

Wagon_Utility 14 "Garden Cart" 7 day Hauling materials

V-shaped heavy object used to

Wedge 6H2 7 day wedge something open or
break up solids

Used to cut tall vegetation

Weed
4C "Grass whip" 7 day manually. Long handle with D-
Whip_Manual
shaped blade head.

Wheelbarrow 14 3 day Used to carry small loads

"Side cutters," Used to cut electrical wire and

Wire Cutter 3B2 7 day
"Diagonal pliers" thin guage cable

Stiff metal lever w/wedge end.

"Pry," "Pry bar,"
Wonder Bar 1B2 7 day Used in demolition to pull nails,
"Wrecking bar"
pry apart materials, etc.
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Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
Shelf Image Uses
Computer Size Options Period

12pc, 13pc,
Small L-shaped tool used to
Wrench_Allen _set 3A2 18pc, 9pc "Hex 7 day
screw hex-shaped heads
wrench"

Used to wrench the nuts that

Wrench_Basin 2B3 7 day
hold a faucet in place

Grips an object with a strap

Wrench_Belt Strap 3B5 7 day being pulled in tension around
it until it firmly grips

Used to turn or hold smooth

Wrench_Chain 2B4 12in, 18in 7 day cylindrical objects - like
plumbing

Adjustable wrench used to

Wrench_Crescent 3A4 Small, Large 7 day twist anything that fits the
mouth

Adjustable wrench that fits

Wrench_Lock Nut 3A3 7 day over various sized nuts. Adjusts
and then locks into place.

Nonadjustable wrench used to

Wrench_Open End 3A5 7 day twist anything that fits the
mouth

Large wrench with grip teeth.

10in, 14in, 18in,
Wrench_Pipe 2B4 7 day Used to hold or twist plumbing
24in
pipes.
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Tool Name in Other Names; Loan
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Computer Size Options Period

Used to replace spark plugs.

Wrench_Spark Plug Bench 3 piece set 7 day Good for 6-pt & 12-pt sockets,
used in automobiles & mowers

Wrench with a gauge attached

Wrench_Torque 3A5 7 day for regulating the amount of
torque applied to a bolt

Used in landscaping work to

wrench up large plants -
Wrench_Weed 3E 2.5in mouth 7 day
honeysuckle, bushes, trees.
Great tool!