RELATIONS

&
FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVES

01
Represents real-life situations using
functions, including piece-wise functions
 RELATIONS
Let A and B be non-empty sets. A
relation from A to B is a subset of A x B.
A relation is a pairing or association
between elements of given sets. It is a set
of ordered pairs.
 RECALL: RELATIONS

A relation may be viewed as

ordered pairs, mapping design, table,
equation, inequalities or written in
sentences.
 RECALL: RELATIONS
Examples:
A={(1,1),(2,4),(3,9),(4,16)}
y=x
x
2, 0<x<5
1 2 3 4
y 1 4 9 16
 RECALL: RELATIONS
Examples:
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
 Kinds of Relation
1. one-to-one relation – each first element has
exactly one unique partner
2. one-to-many-relation – at least one first
component is paired with more than one partner
3. many-to-one relation – two or more first
components have at least a common second
component
 TELL ME!
MANY-TO-ONE
DOMAIN RANGE
 TELL ME!
ONE-TO-MANY
DOMAIN RANGE
 TELL ME!
ONE-TO-ONE
DOMAIN RANGE
FUNCTIONS
 FUNCTIONS ON SETS

Function is a relation in which no two

ordered pairs have the same first
element.

Which kind of relation is

not a function?
 Is a relation a function?
Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation
If the set of ordered pairs have different x-
coordinates,
It is a function
If the set of ordered pairs have same x-coordinates,
It is NOT a function
Remember:
Y-coordinates have no bearing in determining
functions
DETERMINE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING IS A
FUNCTION OR NOT.

x y x y
1 6 1 6
2 7 2 7
Not a Function Function
Tell whether the relation below is a function.
1) input output 3) y
0
1 x
Not a
5 Function
2 Function
3
4) input output
x y
2)
-3 -1 -2 3
-3 0 4
Not a -1 Not a
-3 1 Function 5
0 Function
-3 2 6
WHAT IF YOU ARE
GIVEN A GRAPH?
 VERTICAL LINE TEST

Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function if a

vertical line drawn through its graph, passes
through only one point.

AKA: “The Pencil Test”

Take a pencil and move it from left to right
(– 𝒙 𝒕𝒐 𝒙); if it crosses more than one point, it is not
a function
VERTICAL LINE TEST

Would this
graph be a
function?

YES
VERTICAL LINE TEST

Would this
graph be a
function?

NO
NO!
NO!
FUNCTIOSNA S
MODELS

FUNCTIONS AS
REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL – LIFE SITUATIONS
 Miguel is a senior high school student who
EXAMPLES commutes from home to school which is 15
km apart. There are two modes of
transportation the first one is through jeep
and the other one is through tricycle. In
riding a jeepney the fare charge ₱9.00 for
the first 4 km travel and ₱0.75 for each
additional kilometer. Meanwhile in riding a
tricycle the fare would be ₱10.00 for the first
km travel and ₱1 for each additional
kilometer.
 EXAMPLES
If you are Miguel and decided to ride in
a tricycle, how much will be your fare?

No. of
KM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15

Amount
Charge 10 10+1 11+1 24
 EXAMPLES
If you are Miguel and decided to ride in
a jeepney, how much will be your fare?

No. of
KM
0-4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15

Amount
Charge 9 9+0.75 9.75+0.75 17.25
SAMPLE 2 What will be the function?
For Tricycle: P24

𝑓 𝑡 = (𝑡 − 1) + 10

For Jeepney: P17.25

𝑓 𝑗 = 𝑗 − 4 0.75 + 9
SAMPLE 2
Let’s apply it in a simple situation.

Write a function C that represent the

cost of buying x facemask, if a
facemask cost ₱65.00

𝐶 𝑥 = 65𝑥
EXAMPLE 3 If height (H) is a function of age (a), give
a function H that can represent the
height of a person in a age, if every year
the height is added by 2 inches.

𝐻 𝑎 =2+𝑎
EXAMPLE 4 If distance (D) is a function of time (t),
give a function D that can represent
the distance a car travels in t time, if
every hour the car travels 60
kilometers.

𝐷(𝑡) = 60𝑡
EXAMPLE 5 Give a function B that can represent
the amount of battery charge of a
cellular phone in h hour, if 12% of
battery was loss every hour.

𝐵 ℎ = 100 − 0.12ℎ
PONDER!
There are functions that requires
more than one formula in order to
obtain the given output. There are
instances when we need to
describe situations in which a rule
or relationship changes as the
input value crosses certain
boundaries.
FUNCTIOSNA S
MODELS

PIECEWISE
FUNCTIONS
PIECEWISE A piecewise function is a function in
which more than one formula is used to
define the output. Each formula has its
own domain, and the domain of the
function is the union of all these smaller
domains.

formula 1 if x is in domain 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ቐformula 2 if x is in domain 2
formula 3 if x is in domain 3
EXAMPLES A user is charged ₱300 monthly for a
particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess are charged ₱1
each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as a
function of the number of messages
𝑚 sent in a month.
 A user is charged ₱300 monthly for a
SOLUTION particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages.
300 if 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100
Messages in excess are charged ₱1
each.
300 + 𝑚 if 𝑚 > 100
300 if 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100
𝑡 𝑚 =ቊ
300 + 𝑚 if 𝑚 > 100
EXAMPLES A certain chocolate bar costs
₱50.00 per piece. However, if you
buy more than 15 pieces, they will
mark down the price to ₱48.00
per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in
terms of the number of chocolate
bars bought.
SOLUTION
For buying 5 chocolate bars or less.
50 if 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 15
For buying more than 5 chocolate
bar.
48𝑛 if 𝑛 > 15
50 if 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 15
𝑓 𝑛 =ቐ
48𝑛 if 𝑛 > 15
Practice Exercises
 I. Tell whether the following is a function or not. Write F if its show
function and NF if it’s not a function.
1. 4.

2.

5.

3.
 II. Express the following problems into function.
1. A person is earning ₱409.00 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary 𝑆
as a function of the number 𝑛 of days that the person works.
2. A computer shop charges ₱15.00 in every hour of computer rental. Represent your
computer rental fee (𝑅) using the function 𝑅(𝑡) where 𝒕 is the number of hours you
spent on the computer.
3. A parking fee at SM City San Pablo costs ₱35.00 for the first two hours and an extra
₱10.00 for each hour of extension. If you park for more than twelve hours, you
instead pay a flat rate of ₱100.00. Represent your parking fee using the function
𝑝(𝑡) where t is the number of hours you parked in the mall.
4. A van rental charges ₱5,500.00 flat rate for a whole-day tour in CALABARZON of 5
passengers and each additional passenger added ₱500.00 to the tour fare. Express
a piecewise function to show to represent the van rental in terms number of
passenger 𝑛.
5. An internet company charges ₱500.00 for the first 30 GB used in a month. Every
exceeding GB will then cost ₱30.00 But if the costumer reach a total of 50 GB and
above, a flat rate of ₱1,000.00 will be charged instead. Write a piecewise function
𝐶(𝑔) that represents the charge according to GB used?
"Our behavior is a function of our
decisions, not our conditions."
-Stephen R. Covey

Thank you!
Prepared by: Sir TJ
THANKS For questions about the topic,
please contact me through
Gmail at
mhcc.alcantara@gmail.com