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Exercise 1. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
Since the world became industrialized, the number of animal species that have either become extinct or
have neared extinction has increased. Bengal tigers, for instance, which once roamed the jungles in vast
numbers, now number only about 2,300. By the year 2025, it is estimated that they will become extinct.
What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost
entirely by poachers who, according to some sources, are not always interested in material gain but in
personal gratification. This is an example of the callousness that is contributing to the problem of
extinction. Animals such as the Bengal tiger, as well as other endangered species, are valuable parts of
the world’s ecosystem. International laws protecting these animals must be enacted to ensure their survival
– and the survival of our planet.
Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some countries, in
an effort to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animal reserves. They then
charge admission prices to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks, and they often must also depend
on world organizations for support. This money enables them to invest in equipment and patrols to protect
the animals. Another response to the increase in animal extinction is an international boycott of products
made from endangered species. This has had some effect, but by itself it will not prevent animals from
being hunted and killed.
Question 1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Problems with industrialization
B. The Bengal tiger
C. International boycott
D. Endangered species
Question 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “alarming” in paragraph 1?
A. distressing B. dangerous C. serious D. gripping
Question 3. Which of the following could best replace the word “case” as used in paragraph 1?
A. trade B. contrast C. situation D. act
Question 4. The word “poachers” as used in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by which of the
following?
A. concerned scientists B. trained hunters
C. illegal hunters D. enterprising researchers
Question 5. The word “callousness” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. indirectness B. independence
C. incompetence D. insensitivity
Question 6. The previous passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast.
A. specific and general information B. a comparison and a contrast
C. a problem and a solution D. a statement and an illustration
Question 7. What does the word “this” in paragraph 1 refer to in the passage?
A. Interest in material gain B. Killing animals for personal gratification
C. Bengal tigers D. The decrease in the Bengal tiger population
Question 8. Which of the following could best replace the word “allocated” in paragraph 2?
A. set aside B. combined C. organized D. taken off
Question 9. What does the term “international boycott” in paragraph 2 refers to?
A. Buying and selling of animal products overseas
B. A refusal to buy animal products worldwide
C. A global increase in animal survival
D. Defraying the cost of maintaining national parks
Question 10. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude?
A. forgiving B. surprised C. vindictive D. concerned
Exercise 2. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
Humans are bringing about another global-scale change in the atmosphere: the increase in what are
called greenhouse gases. Like glass in a greenhouse, these gases admit the Sun's light but tend to reflect
back downward the heat that is radiated from the ground below, trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
This process is known as the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is the most significant of these gases –
there is 25 percent more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than there was a century ago, the result
of our burning coal and fuels derived from oil. Methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs are greenhouse gases
as well.
Scientists predict that increases in these gases in the atmosphere will make the Earth a warmer place.
They expect a global rise in average temperature somewhere between 1.0 and 3.5 degrees Celsius in the
next century. Average temperatures have in fact been rising and the years from 1987 to 1997 were the
warmest years on record. Some scientists are reluctant to say that global warming has actually begun
because climate naturally varies from year to year and decade to decade, and it takes many years of records
to be sure of a fundamental change. There is little disagreement, though, that global warming is looming.
Global warming will have different effects in different regions. A warmed world is expected to have more
extreme weather, with more rain during wet periods, longer droughts, and more powerful storms.
Although the effects of future climate changes are unknown, some predict that exaggerated weather
conditions may translate into better agricultural yields in areas such as the western United States, where
temperature and rainfall are expected to increase, while dramatic decreases in rainfall may lead to severe
droughts and plunging agricultural yields in parts of Africa, for example. Warmer temperatures are
expected to partially melt the polar ice caps, leading to a projected sea level rise of 50 centimeters by the
year 2050. A sea level rise of this magnitude would flood coastal cities, force people to abandon lowlying
islands, and completely inundate coastal wetlands. Diseases like malaria, which at present are primarily
found in the tropics, may become more common in the regions of the globe between the tropics and the
polar regions, called the temperate zones. For many of the world's plant species, and for animal species
that are not easily able to shift their territories as their habitat grows warmer, climate change may bring
extinction.
Question 1. Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?
A. Global Warming: Problems and Solution
B. Global Warming: Advantages and Disadvantages
C. Global Warming: Future Reactions
D. Global Warming: Possible Causes and Effects
Question 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following factors causes an increase in
greenhouse gases?
A. Glass in a greenhouse B. Humans
C. Carbon dioxide D. Solar radiation
Question 3. The word "They" in paragraph 2 refers to
A. scientists B. temperatures C. gases D. increases
Question 4. The word "looming" in paragraph 2 probably means
A. fading B. showing C. ending D. appearing
Question 5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Few scientists agree that global warming is looming.
B. Global climate naturally changes over time.
C. Changes in climate are not easy to be documented.
D. Some scientists are not sure that global warming has begun.
Question 6. The word "plunging" in paragraph 3 probably means
A. improving B. increasing C. preventing D. decreasing
Question 7. What may be the benefit of exaggerated weather conditions for the western United
States?
A. Minimal natural disasters
B. Higher agricultural production
C. Decrease in rainfall during wet periods
D. Favourable weather conditions
Question 8. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
A. Sarcastic B. Informative C. Ironic D. Argumentative
Exercise 3. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
Global warming could cause drought and possibly famine in China, the source of much of Hong Kong’s
food, by 2050, a new report predicts. Hong Kong could also be at risk from flooding as sea levels rose.
The report recommends building sea-walls around low-lying areas such as the new port and airport
reclamations. Published by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the report, which includes work by
members of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, uses the most recent projections on climate
change to point to a gloomy outlook for China.
By 2050, about 30 to 40 per cent of the country will experience changes in the type of vegetation it
supports, with tropical and subtropical forest conditions shifting northward and hot desert conditions
rising in the west where currently the desert is temperate. Crop-growing areas will expand but any benefit
is expected to be negated by increased evaporation of moisture, making it too dry to grow crops such as
rice. The growing season also is expected to alter, becoming shorter in southern and central China, the
mainland’s breadbasket. The rapid changes make it unlikely that plants could adapt.
“China will produce smaller crops. In the central and northern areas, and the southern part, there will
be decreased production because of water limitations”, Dr. Rik Leemans, one of the authors of the report,
said during a brief visit to the territory yesterday. Famine could result because of the demands of feeding
the population - particularly if it grows - and the diminished productivity of the land. “It looks very
difficult for the world as a whole”, he said.
Global warming is caused by the burning of large amounts of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, which
release gases that trap heal in the atmosphere. World temperatures already have increased this century by
about 6 degrees Celsius and are projected to rise by between 1.6 degrees and 3.8 degrees by 2100.
Dr. Leemans said China’s reliance on coal-fired power for its industrial growth did not bode well for the
world climate. “I think the political and economic powers in China are much greater than the
environmental powers, and greenhouse gas emissions] could accelerate,” Dr. Leemans said. “China is not
taking the problem seriously yet, although it is trying to incorporate this kind of research to see what is
going to happen.”
The climate change repot, which will be released tomorrow, focuses on China but Mr. David Melville
of WWF-Hong Kong said some of the depressing scenarios could apply to the territory. Food supplies,
for instance, could be affected by lower crop yields. “Maybe we could afford to import food from
elsewhere but you have to keep in mind that the type of changes experienced in southern China will take
place elsewhere as well,” he said. Sea levels could rise as glaciers melted and the higher temperatures
expanded the size of the oceans, threatening much of developed Hong Kong which is built on reclaimed
land. Current projections are that sea levels worldwide will rise by 15 to 90 centimetres by 2100,
depending on whether action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 “Hong Kong has substantial areas built on reclaimed land and sea level rises could impact on that, not
only on Chek Lap Kok but the West Kowloon Reclamation and the Central and Western Reclamation -
the whole lot,” Mr. Melville said, adding that sea walls would be needed. Depleted fresh water supplies
would be another problem because increased evaporation would reduce levels. Mr. Melville said the
general outlook could be helped if Hong Kong used water less wastefully and encouraged energy
efficiency to reduce fuel-burning. He also called on the West to help China improve its efficiency.
Question 1. Overall, what sort of picture is painted of the future effects of global warming?
A. relatively optimistic B. on balance things are going to be satisfactory
C. potentially disastrous D. disastrous
Question 2. What is this passage?
A. a preview of a report
B. a report
C. an article describing a response to a report
D. an article previewing a report
Question 3. Mr. David Melville suggests that in future more food could be imported into Hong Kong. He
thinks these measures could be
A. inefficient B. efficient C. insufficient D. sufficient
Question 4. The main point of paragraph 3 is to describe
A. effects of changes in the climate of China on the growing season.
B. future changes in the climate of China.
C. projected future changes in the climate of China.
D. effects of changes in the climate of China on food production.
Question 5. The main point of paragraph 4 is to describe:
A. global warming.
B. the effects of global warming.
C. the causes and effects of global warming.
D. the causes and projected effects of global warming.
Question 6. Why does the writer add the information in square brackets in paragraph 5?
A. because, although they are not part of the original quote, the additional information given is necessary
to understand the statement.
B. because the writer is quoting from another source.
C. because the quote is from a second language user whose command of English is not perfect.
D. because the writer wants to emphasize the meaning of these words.
Question 7. In paragraph 7, which point is Mr. Melville NOT making?
A. suggesting that there is a potential disaster in Hong Kong.
B. criticising current safeguards.
C. making a call for action.
D. suggesting that reclamation areas arc at risk.
Question 8. How would you describe the Dr. Leeman’s attitude towards China?
A. admiring. B. mainly favourable. C. supportive in theory. D. critical.
Question 9. In paragraph 2, “negated” is closest in meaning to
A. reduced B. made ineffective C. made possible D. paid for
Question 10. In paragraph 7, “depleted” could be replaced by which of the following?
A. decaying B. decimated C. reduced D. poor
Exercise 4. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
In this era of increased global warming and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, we must begin to put a
greater priority on harnessing alternative energy sources. Fortunately, there are a number of readily
available, renewable resources that are both cost- effective and earth – friendly. Two such resources are
solar power and geothermal power.
Solar energy, which reaches the earth through sunlight, is so abundant that it could meet the needs of
worldwide energy consumption 6,000 times over. And solar energy is easily harnessed through the use of
photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity. In the US alone, more than 100, 000 homes are
equipped with solar electric systems in the form of solar panels or solar roof tiles. And in other parts of
the world, including many developing countries, the use of solar system is growing steadily.
Another alternative energy source, which is abundant in specific geographical areas, is geothermal
power, which creates energy by tapping heat from below the surface of the earth. Hot water and steam
that are trapped in underground pools are pumped to the surface and used to run a generator, which is
produces electricity. Geothermal energy is 50,000 times more abundant than the entire known supply of
fossil fuel resources. And as with solar power, the technology needed to utilize geothermal energy is fairly
simple.
A prime example of effective geothermal use is in Iceland, a region of high geothermal activity where
over 80 percent of private homes are heated by geothermal power. Solar and geothermal energy are just
two of promising renewable alternatives to conventional energy sources. The time is long overdue to
invest in the development and use of alternative energy on global scale.
Question 1. What is the main topic of this passage?
A. The benefits of solar and wind power over conventional energy sources.
B. How energy resources are tapped from nature.
C. Two types of alternative energy sources that should be further utilized.
D. Examples of the use of energy sources worldwide.
Question 2. According to the passage, why should we consider using alternative energy sources?
A. Because fossil fuels are no longer available.
B. Because global warming has increased the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth.
C. Because they are free and available worldwide.
D. Because conventional energy resources are being depleted, and they cause environmental damage.
Question 3. Which of the following words could best replace the word “harnessing”?
A. Capturing B. Harassing C. Depleting D. Exporting
Question 4. According to the passage, what can be inferred about solar roof tiles?
A. They are being used in many undeveloped countries.
B. They can convert geothermal energy to electricity.
C. They are more expensive than solar panels.
D. They contain photovoltaic cells.
Question 5. According to the passage, how is solar energy production similar to geothermal energy
production?
A. They both require the use of a generator.
B. They both use heat from the earth’s surface.
C. They both require fairly simple technology.
D. They are both conventional and costly.
Question 6. Where is the best place in the passage to insert the following sentence: “Although the
US is not utilizing geothermal resources to this extent, the Western US has a similar capacity to
generate geothermal power”?
A. after the phrase “earth-friendly”
B. after the phrase “growing steadily”
C. after the phrase “by geothermal power”
D. after the phrase “global scale”
Question 7. According to the passage, which of the following is true about solar power?
A. There is very little of it available in Iceland.
B. It is being used in 100, 000 private homes worldwide.
C. It is 6,000 times more powerful than energy from fossil fuels.
D. There is enough of it to far exceed the energy needs of the world.
Question 8. What can be inferred about the use of geothermal energy in Iceland?
A. It is widely used form of energy for heating homes.
B. Twenty percent of the geothermal energy created is used to heat businesses.
C. It is not effective for use in private homes.
D. It is 80 times more effective than traditional forms of energy.
Question 9. What does the author imply about alternative energy sources?
A. Many different types of alternative energy sources exist.
B. Most alternative energy sources are too impractical for private use.
C. Alternative energy is too expensive for developing countries to produce.
D. Solar and geothermal energy are the effective forms of alternative power
Question 10. What best describes the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A. To warn people about the hazards of fossil fuel use.
B. To describe the advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy use.
C. To convince people of the benefits of developing alternative energy sources.
D. To outline the problems and solutions connected with global warming.
Exercise 5. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
DOCKSIDE GREEN
The green movement is catching on in many pockets of the world. This is especially true in the
construction industry. Today's buzz words, which include global warming and zero emissions, are causing
everyday people (not just celebrities) to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing an
environmentally-friendly home is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health
and the well-being of our planet. Based on this trend, entire districts, known as eco-communities, are
being designed with green initiatives in mind. One of these communities is Dockside Green in the
Canadian province of British Columbia. Its goal is to become the world's first zero-emission
neighbourhood.
Dockside Green is a mostly self-sufficient community along the harbour front of Victoria, the capital
city of British Columbia. The community is home to around 2,500 people and includes residential, office,
and retail space. It includes a variety of environmental features, some of which are unprecedented.
The planners and builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make.
They ensure proper ventilation and guarantee residents clean air indoors. Interior and exterior building
materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-toxic. One of these is bamboo which is used
because it's very durable and can be grown without the use of dangerous pesticides.
Energy efficiency is one of the top priorities in eco-communities like Dockside Green. Not only do energy-
efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating, cooking and lighting,
they also save residents money. Dockside Green claims that home owners use 55% less energy than the
average Canadian. Though many residents are sharing space by investing in condo-style living, they have
their own individual utility metres for electricity and gas. Studies show that people use around 20% less
energy when they are billed for exactly what they use.
Eco-communities also take the future into account by recycling waste and reducing carbon emissions.
At Dockside Green, waste water is treated and reused on-site for flushing toilets, and a biomass gas plant
converts waste wood into a renewable form of gas for hot water systems, stoves and gas heaters. The
community also reduces carbon emissions by using local suppliers for all their transport and maintenance
needs, and residents are encouraged to use a mini transit system and join the community's car share
program.
The first two stages of development at Dockside Green were completed in 2011, and additional plans
to increase sustainability are in the works. Similar green communities are now found all over the world,
especially smaller ones known as ecovillages or "intentional communities". Most have 50 to 150 residents,
all of whom are trying to reduce their carbon footprints and create a model for sustainable living in the
future.
Question 1. You can reduce your carbon footprint by less.
A. walking B. driving C. talking
Question 2. By reducing your carbon footprint, you are helping to the problem of global
warming.
A. create B. worsen C. solve
Question 3. Which aimed to become one of the world's first zero-emission neighbourhoods?
A. British Columbia B. Victoria C. Dockside Green
Question 4. People live in eco-communities because they're concerned about issues.
A. environmental B. buzz word C. investment
Question 5. The builders of Dockside Green only used non-toxic .
A. residents B. building materials C. bamboo
Question 6. Which can save you money?
A. environmental impacts
B. energy-efficient appliances
C. higher energy prices
Question 7. What's used to flush toilets at Dockside Green?
A. toxic waste B. carbon emissions C. treated waste water
Question 8. What does the biomass plant at Dockside Green produce?
A. gas B. electricity C. stoves and heaters
Question 9. Smaller eco-communities are sometimes called ecovillages or communities.
A. inefficient B. intentional C. international
Question 10. Who would be most likely to support the development of eco-communities?
A. climate scientists B. fossil fuel companies C. coal mining investors
Exercise 6. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in
such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a
very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established
in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or
smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has
developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants
has lengthened. In the future, even water vapour might be considered an air pollutant under certain
conditions.
Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen
oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by
various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air
purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global
basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human
output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The
result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the
adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence
of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact,
the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the
concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health
effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide,
however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 pm.
Question 11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The economic impact of air pollution. B. What constitutes an air pollutant.
C. How much harm air pollutants can cause. D. The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere.
Question 12. The word “adversely” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. negatively B. quickly C. admittedly D. considerably
Question 13. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
A. water vapour is an air pollutant in localized areas
B. most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled
C. the definition of air pollution will continue to change
D. a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities
Question 14. The word “These” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. the various chemical reactions
B. the pollutants from the developing Earth
C. the compounds moved to the water or soil
D. the components in biogeochemical cycles
Question 15. For which of the following reasons can natural pollutants play an important role in
controlling air pollution?
A. They function as part of a purification process.
B. They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants.
C. They are less harmful to living beings than other pollutants.
D. They have existed since the Earth developed.
Question 16. According to the passage, human-generated air pollution in localized regions
.
A. can be dwarfed by nature's output of pollutants
B. can overwhelm the natural system that removes pollutants
C. will damage areas outside of the localized regions
D. will react harmfully with natural pollutants
Question 17. The word “localized” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. specified B. circled C. surrounded D. encircled
Question 18. According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance
is only useful if
A. the other substances in the area are known
B. it is in a localized area
C. the natural level is also known
D. it can be calculated quickly
Question 19. The word “detectable” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. beneficial B. special C. measurable D. separable
Question 20. Which of the following is best supported by the passage?
A. To effectively control pollution, local government should regularly review their air pollution laws.
B. One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws.
C. Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.
D. Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution.
Exercise 7. Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.
Tropical rainforests are being destroyed and badly degraded at an unsustainable rate. Some scientists
estimate that in the early 1990s tropical forests were being destroyed at a rate of approximately 28 hectares
a minute, or about 14 million hectares each year – an area about the size of the state of Wisconsin. This
figure marked a decrease since the 1980s, when approximately 16 million hectares were destroyed each
year, largely due to a reported decline of deforestation in the Amazon River Basin in the early 1990s.
However, satellite images indicate that rates may have rebounded in the late 1990s as burning inthe
Amazon increased again. Over the past three decades alone, about 5 million square kilometers – or 20
percent of the world's tropical forests - have been cleared. During this time, deforestation in tropical Asia
reached almost 30 percent. High rates of deforestation are inevitably followed by alarming rates of plant
and animal extinction because many rainforest species cannot survive outside their pristine rainforest
habitat. Some scientists estimate that dozens of rainforest species are becoming extinct every day.
Causes of deforestation vary from location to location, but certain patterns tend to be consistent across
all forests. Logging companies in search of valuable rainforest hardwoods, or, less often, oil companies
in search of petroleum, are often the first to enter a remote area of rainforest. Some logged forests, if left
alone, can regenerate in a few decades. But typically, they are not left alone – the roads built by logging
companies often provide access for landless farmers to enter a new area, as well as a means to transport
agricultural crops to market. For every 1 kilometer of new roads built through a forested area, 4 to 24
square kilometers are deforested and colonized. Once the loggers leave the land, a typical cycle of
destruction ensues. When the landless farmers arrive, they clear the land for planting. Poor rainforest soils
produce a low crop yield, especially after a couple of years. At that point, the farmers often sell their lands
to cattle ranchers or large plantation owners. After nutrients have been exhausted and soils compacted by
cattle, lands are then abandoned and often laid to waste. Rainforest does not readily regenerate on these
lands without human intervention. Meanwhile, the colonist farmers and cattle ranchers move to a new
piece of land made accessible by logging roads, where the cycle of deforestation begins again.
Question 21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Typical patterns of extinction of rainforest species
B. Causes and effects of rainforest destruction
C. The rate of rainforest destruction in the Amazon
D. The size of tropical rainforest loss
Question 22. According to paragraph 1, which of the following about the rate of rainforest
destruction is TRUE?
A. It was greater in the early 1990s than in the 1980s.
B. It was the same in the early 1990s as in the 1980s.
C. It was greater in the 1980s than in the early 1990s.
D. It kept increasing from the 1980s to the 1990s.
Question 23. The word "rebounded" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by
A. fallen again B. gone up and down
C. risen again D. remained unchanged
Question 24. Which of the following can result from the loss of tropical rainforests?
A. The increase in the rainforest habitat
B. The disappearance of landless farmers
C. The disappearance of many rainforest species
D. The decrease in wasted lands
Question 25. According to the passage, what is the most common cause of deforestation in different
regions?
A. The search for new farm lands
B. The search for valuable woods
C. The search for rare animals
D. The search for oil
Question 26. The word "regenerate" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. repeat B. refine C. recover D. renew
Question 27. The phrase "these lands" in paragraph 3 refers to .
A. lands sold and colonized
B. lands abandoned and wasted
C. lands for planting
D. lands for raising cattle
Question 28. What can be inferred about rainforests from the passage?
A. The cycle of rainforest destruction will come to an end.
B. Human beings are the main contributor to deforestation in tropical regions.
C. Rainforest destruction can be reduced with the help of cattle ranchers.
D. Most tropical rainforests have been sold to plantation owners.