ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE (DAC) PROJECT IN ELEMENTAITA, KENYA

PROPONENT STUDY CONDUCTED BY

Edwin Nyaga–Lead Expert Reg. No. 1974
OCTAVIA CARBON
ASSISTED BY
P.O. BOX 241-00520
Raymond Mwakirani- Consulting Geologist
GIRIRAJ BUSINESS PARK,
Beatrice Nyairo Ass. Expert No. 9385
EASTERN BYPASS, NAIROBI
Geoffrey Nyambega Ass. Expert No. 10219
Sharon Chebet–Community Relations Expert
Fiona Mugambi–Project Engineer
Hillary Mwawasi––Reservoir Engineer

DECEMBER, 2024
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report evaluates the proposed Direct Air Capture (DAC) project in Elementaita, Nakuru County,
Kenya. The project, proposed by Octavia Carbon, aims to integrate cutting-edge DAC technology
with geothermal energy to capture atmospheric CO2 for permanent sequestration by partner company
Cella Mineral Storage. The location in the Elementaita region offers ideal conditions because of its
abundant geothermal resources and basalt formations suitable for CO₂ storage through mineralization.

Project Scope and Objectives

The primary aim of this project is to reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels, contributing to climate change
mitigation efforts both locally and globally. Specifically, the complete DAC plant will capture 1,000
tons of CO₂ annually through 100 DAC modules, which will operate using renewable geothermal
energy from existing infrastructure in Elementaita. Cella Mineral Storage will then inject the CO₂ into
basalt formations underground, where it will mineralize and be permanently stored.
The project also aims to stimulate economic growth through job creation, advance Kenya’s renewable
energy sector, and support the country's Vision 2030 by promoting sustainable development.

Legal and Policy Framework

International and national policies, laws, and legislation relevant to the proposed project were
reviewed. Policies that were reviewed included: Kenya Vision 2030, Sessional Paper on Environment
and Development Paper No.6 of 1999, Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP)
2016–2030, National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2013, Kenya National Climate Change Action
Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022, Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Cap. 387),
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007, Work Injury Benefits Act, 2007, Environmental (Impact
Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003, Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste
Management) Regulations 2006, Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality)
Regulation, 2006, Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise and Excessive Vibrations
Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009, Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Air Quality)
Regulation, 2014, Public Health Act (Cap 242), National Gender and Equality Act, 2011, Sexual
Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012, County Governments Act, 2012, Climate Change Act,
2016, Employment Act, 2007, Physical and Land use Planning Act, 2019, Factories and Other Places
of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules, 2007, Factories and Other Places of Work (Hazardous
Substances) Rules, 2007, Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules,
2005–Legal Notice No.25, Geothermal Resources Act No. 12 of 1982, Traffic Act, 2016, Energy Act,

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

2019, Water Act, 2016, Water Resources Management Rules, 2007, Legislative Supplement No.52,
the Paris Agreement, 2015, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992
UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity, IFC Environmental and Social
Performance Standards (PS) and World Bank Group’s Environmental and Health and Safety
Guidelines.

Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

The ESIA identifies several potential impacts of the DAC project, both positive and negative:
Positive impacts: Significant reduction in atmospheric CO₂, job creation, enhanced local expertise
in renewable energy technologies, and contributions to Kenya’s leadership in climate change
mitigation.

Negative impacts: Potential air and noise pollution during construction, risk of water contamination
and soil erosion, disruption to local biodiversity, and aesthetic changes to the landscape. Mitigation
strategies, such as dust suppression, water recycling, noise control, and biodiversity conservation,
have been proposed to minimize these impacts.

The ESIA recommends ongoing environmental monitoring and stakeholder engagement to ensure the
project operates sustainably and with minimal disruption to the local environment and communities.

In conclusion, this project represents a pioneering step toward addressing climate change while
offering economic and social benefits to Kenya. By adhering to local regulations and international
standards, it shows a commitment to sustainable development and environmental stewardship.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHENTICATION ........................................................................................................................ ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................................ix
ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 11
1.0 Overview of the project .................................................................................................. 11
1.1 Historical Context of DAC Technology .......................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Global Perspective ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1.2 African Perspective ........................................................................................................ 11
1.1.3 DAC in Kenya ................................................................................................................ 12
1.2 Objectives of the ESIA ................................................................................................... 12
1.2.1 Specific Objectives............................................................................................................ 13
1.3 Study approach and methodology .................................................................................. 13
1.4 The ESIA Team............................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................... 15
2.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.1 Project Design................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.1 The Plant ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Technology ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.1.3 Geological Storage ............................................................................................................ 17
2.2 Project Location ............................................................................................................. 18
2.3 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Project Activities............................................................................................................. 18
2.4.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................ 19
2.4.2 Operation Phase ................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.3 Decommissioning Phase ................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Project Scope and Implementation ................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 3: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................... 21
3.0 General Overview ........................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Policy Framework .......................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Legal Framework ........................................................................................................... 22
3.3 International Regulations ............................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4: BASELINE INFORMATION ................................................................................ 31
4.0 Climate and Weather...................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Water Resources ............................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Soil and Geology ............................................................................................................. 33
4.3 Ecology and Wildlife ...................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Air Quality ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Land use and human activities ....................................................................................... 34
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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

4.6 Health and Safety ........................................................................................................... 34

4.7 Noise ............................................................................................................................... 34
4.8 Energy and Emissions .................................................................................................... 35
4.9 Socio-economic/cultural factors ..................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............ 37
5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 37
5.2 Objectives of Public Participation .................................................................................. 37
5.3 Methodology and Consultation Process ......................................................................... 37
5.3.1 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.2 Public baraza ..................................................................................................................... 38
5.4 Results of the Public Consultation.................................................................................. 39
5.4.1 Positive feedback .............................................................................................................. 39
5.4.2 Community Concerns........................................................................................................ 40
5.5 Recommendations to the Proponent ............................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 6: PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS .............................................................. 42
6.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 42
6.1 “No Project” Alternative ................................................................................................ 42
6.2 Alternative Locations ..................................................................................................... 43
6.2.1 Geothermal Energy Integration ........................................................................................ 43
6.2.2 Proximity to basalt formations for CO₂ storage................................................................ 43
6.2.3 Existing infrastructure and skilled workforce ................................................................... 44
6.2.4 Synergy with local development goals .............................................................................. 44
6.3 Alternative Technologies ................................................................................................. 44
A. Point-source Air Capture.................................................................................................... 44
B. Nature-based solutions ....................................................................................................... 44
C. Bioenergy with Direct Air Capture (BEDAC) ................................................................... 45
6.4 Alternative Absorbents ................................................................................................... 45
6.5 Alternative Uses .............................................................................................................. 46
6.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 7: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND
MITIGATION .................................................................................................................................. 50
7.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 50
7.1 Definition and classification of environmental impacts .................................................. 50
7.2 Impact Significance ........................................................................................................ 50
7.3 Impact Scoring and rating criteria ................................................................................. 51
7.4 Positive Impacts.............................................................................................................. 51
7.4.1 Employment opportunities ................................................................................................ 51
7.4.2 Infrastructural development .............................................................................................. 52
7.4.3 Climate Change Mitigation ............................................................................................... 52
7.5 Negative Impacts ............................................................................................................ 52

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7.5.1 Air Pollution ...................................................................................................................... 52

7.5.2 Noise Pollution and Vibration ........................................................................................... 53
7.5.3 Surface Water .................................................................................................................... 53
7.5.4 Soil Erosion ....................................................................................................................... 54
7.5.5 Waste Generation .............................................................................................................. 54
7.5.6 Risk of Chemical Spillage ................................................................................................. 54
7.5.7 Energy Use and Efficiency ................................................................................................ 54
7.6 Sociological/Cultural Impacts ........................................................................................ 55
7.6.1 Aesthetic impacts on the landscape ................................................................................... 55
7.6.2 Spread of STIs ................................................................................................................... 55
7.6.3 Risk of accidents ................................................................................................................ 55
7.7 Biological/Ecological Impacts ......................................................................................... 56
7.7.1 Loss of biodiversity ........................................................................................................... 56
7.8 Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................................................... 56
7.8 Anticipated mitigation measures .................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
PLAN (ESMMP) .............................................................................................................................. 60
8.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 60
8.1 Purpose and Objectives of the ESMMP ......................................................................... 60
8.2 Audit of the ESMMP ...................................................................................................... 60
8.3 Management Responsibility of the ESMMP .................................................................. 61
8.3.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ................................................... 61
8.3.2 The Project Proponent/Contractor.................................................................................... 61
8.3.3 The Environmental and Social Expert/Consultant ............................................................ 61
8.4 Emergency procedure during the construction and operations phase of the project ..... 61
8.5 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ....................... 44
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 50
9.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 50
9.1 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 10: REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER 11: APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The ESIA Team .................................................................................................................... 14
Table 2: Noise data around project site .............................................................................................. 35
Table 3: Environmental Impact Scoring and Rating Criteria ............................................................. 51
Table 4: Positive impact rating ........................................................................................................... 52
Table 5: Summary of the Negative Impacts and Their Mitigation Measures .................................... 57
Table 6: Impact rating for the negative impacts ................................................................................. 59

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Model Mini-plant Heating and Cooling Cycles ................................................................. 16
Figure 2: Simplified representation of the entire process. ................................................................. 17
Figure 3: Map representation of the project area. .............................................................................. 18
Figure 4: A climograph of Elementaita Area (rainfall variation). ...................................................... 31
Figure 5: A climograph of Elementaita Area (Temperature variation)............................................... 32
Figure 6: Community participation at Kikopey ................................................................................. 38

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ACRONYMS
DAC: Direct Air Capture
CO₂: Carbon dioxide
ROAD: Rotterdam Capture and Storage Demonstration project
ESIA: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
PLC: Programmable Logic Controllers
MVC: Mechanical vapor compression
GoK: Government of Kenya
NGOs: Non-governmental organizations
GESIP: Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan
NEP: National Environmental Policy
NCCAP: Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan
EMCA: Environmental Management and Coordination Act
EAs: Environmental Audits
NEMA: National Environmental Management Authority
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Act
WIBA: Work Injury Benefit Act
NGEC: National Gender Equality Commission
PPE: Personal protective equipment
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
NDCs: Nationally Determined Contributions
CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity
PS: Performance Standards
SO₂: Sulfur dioxide
Nox: Nitrogen oxides
BEDAC: Bioenergy with Direct Air Capture
STI: Sexually transmitted infection
ESMMP: Environmental and Social Management Plan
dB: decibel
EHS: Environmental, Health, and Safety

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Overview of the project

The project represents a significant and transformative initiative aimed at advancing Kenya's energy
sector by integrating Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies. This ambitious project seeks to address
both the country's growing energy demands and its environmental goals by deploying state-of-the-art
DAC systems to capture carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from the atmosphere. Its overarching
objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contribute to sustainable energy development, and
enhance Kenya's position as a leader in climate change mitigation in Africa.

1.1 Historical Context of DAC Technology

1.1.1 Global Perspective
DAC technology has developed significantly since its inception. The concept emerged in the late 20th
century as a response to increasing concerns about climate change and the need to reduce atmospheric
CO₂ levels. The technology involves capturing CO₂ emissions from industrial sources or power plants
and transporting the captured CO₂ for secure storage underground in geological formations.

Globally, DAC has been implemented in various forms, with several countries pioneering its
development and deployment. The United States and Canada have been at the forefront of DAC
technology, with notable projects such as the Boundary Dam Carbon Capture Project in Canada and
the Petra Nova project in the United States. Europe has also seen substantial progress, with countries
like Norway and the Netherlands investing heavily in DAC infrastructure. Norway’s Sleipner project
and the Netherlands’ ROAD project are exemplary in demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness
of large-scale DAC operations.

1.1.2 African Perspective

In Africa, the adoption of DAC technology has been slower but is gaining momentum as nations seek
to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. South Africa has been a notable
pioneer on the continent, with the CO₂ storage project at the Durban University of Technology
showcasing the potential of DAC in mitigating emissions. The South African government has also
included DAC in its climate action plans, recognizing its role in reducing the carbon footprint of the
country's energy and industrial sectors.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

1.1.3 DAC in Kenya

Kenya's Vision 2030 plan emphasizes the need for sustainable development and clean energy
solutions. In recognizing its contribution to climate change mitigation, the country has committed
itself to undertake steps to minimize the emissions. Among the measures being undertaken is the
planting of 15 billion trees by 2032. However, the levels of CO₂ emissions are much higher than the
current efforts to properly mitigate its effects. This has led to an increase in research and funding
opportunities for new technologies to curb global warming. The country’s journey with DAC
technology is relatively nascent compared to its global and regional counterparts. However, the
country has shown significant interest in adopting advanced technologies to meet its climate and
energy goals. Therefore, DAC is an attractive option for reducing the environmental impact of its
growing industrial sector.

In accordance with the EMCA, 1999, and subsequent amendments (2015 & 2019), all new projects
with potential impact on the environment must undergo an environmental impact assessment study
to comply with the EIA Regulation, 200,3 and subsequent amendments (2016 & 2019). The DAC
concept in Elementaita seeks to capture atmospheric CO2 for underground permanent storage by Cella
Mineral Storage as part of the global response to climate change mitigation. This proposed project is
expected to have an overall positive impact on the environment. However, the construction phase and
other aspects during the operations stage are anticipated to have environmental impacts that would
require to be mitigated.

1.2 Objectives of the ESIA

The objective of the study was to carry out a detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA) Study Report for the DAC project at Elementaita. The general objective of the ESIA was to
identify significant environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed development
project on the physical, biological, social, cultural, and economic environment. Additionally, the
study aims to comply with Section 58 of the Environmental Management Act (EMCA) of 1999 and
subsequent amendments (2015 & 2019) which requires that a project proponent carries out a
Comprehensive ESIA Study before being issued with a license to undertake a project of this nature.
The study team further generated an Environmental and Social Management Plan that described in
detail the mitigation measures to be carried out in case of adverse negative impacts to the environment
and people’s health while at the same time enhancing the positive impacts, costing, scheduling and
responsibility of such measures, a detailed monitoring process and schedule. This will ensure that the
project is environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and sustainable.
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1.2.1 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the assessment are to:
i. Document the ecological and socio-economic baseline conditions of the study area.
ii. Inform and obtain input from stakeholders, (e.g., governmental authorities, the public, and
vulnerable groups) and capture their relevant issues and concerns.
iii. Assess in detail the environmental, social, and health impacts that would result from the
project.
iv. Identify mitigation measures to address the impacts identified.
v. Develop the ESMPs, based on the mitigation measures.
vi. Meet the requirements or recommendations of applicable national and international
regulations and standards.

1.3 Study approach and methodology

The approach to the assessment process was structured to cover the requirements under the
EMCA,19,99 and subsequent amendments (2015 & 2019) as well as the Environmental Impact
Assessment and Audit regulations amended (2016). The study team's overall approach to the
assignment was guided by the requirements of the law. This process was carried out in accordance
with both national and International best practices/standards within the overall framework, the study
team approaches were:
• Use of a multi-disciplinary team,
• Observations in the project area,
• Stakeholder participation and consultations,
To achieve the objectives, the ESIA report undertook desktop study, field surveys, public participation
and consultation forums, administering questionnaires, photography, and Noise and CO2 levels
monitoring. The main steps followed in the ESIA exercise were as indicated below:
i. Initial examination of environmental issues including preliminary literature review.
ii. Description of the legal and administrative framework as well as a detailed literature review
of available publications and reports.
iii. Preliminary and detailed field surveys, investigations and data collection of physical,
biological, social, economic and cultural environment.
iv. Public meetings and consultation
v. Identification of potential environmental and social Impacts
vi. Identification of mitigation measures

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vii. Preparation of both the ESMP and EMP

viii. Preparation of required report

1.4 The ESIA Team

Environmental scoping and subsequent preparation of the ESIA project report was accomplished
through the involvement of several experts with varied inputs. The assignment team composition is
indicated in the table below:

Table 1: The ESIA Team

Name Qualifications NEMA Reg. No.

Edwin Nyaga Lead Expert 1974

Raymond Mwakirani Consulting Geologist 1113

Fiona Mugambi Project Engineer N/A

Sharon Chebet Community Relations Specialist N/A

Beatrice Nyairo Environmental Scientist 9385

Geoffrey Nyambega Environmental Scientist 10219

Hillary Mlawasi Reservoir Engineer N/A

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.0 Overview
The project, implemented by Octavia Carbon in partnership with Cella Mineral Storage, is a
pioneering initiative that aims to deploy DAC technology integrated with geothermal energy to
permanently remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. This project leverages Elementaita’s abundant
geothermal resources, skilled workforce, and unique geological formations to efficiently capture and
store CO₂ through mineralization. The project marks a significant step toward combating climate
change by capturing carbon dioxide from the air and storing it underground in a stable, permanent
form.

2.1 Project Design

2.1.1 The Plant
As a precursor to the full-scale DAC project, a mini plant will be constructed. The purpose of this
scaled-down version is to validate the design of the full plant before committing to larger-scale
operations. The full plant will consist of 100 DAC modules, each capable of capturing 10 tonnes of
CO₂ per year.
Key Components of the Plant
1. Direct Air Capture (DAC) Modules
o The full plant will feature 100 DAC modules, designed to capture a total of 1000
tonnes of CO₂ annually. These modules are laid out in a grid pattern with a 2-meter
spacing to optimize airflow across the system.
2. Wet Section
o The wet section provides critical heating and cooling fluids required for the plant’s
operation. It includes components such as a hard water tank, soft water tank, reverse
osmosis plant, electric boiler, water pumps, and a refrigeration system. In this project,
the wet section will be upgraded with geothermal heating, replacing the electric boiler
with a brine heat exchanger. This system will utilize geothermal brine from nearby
geothermal wells to heat water more efficiently via plate heat exchangers.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

Figure 1: Model Mini-plant heating and cooling cycles

3. Electrical and Controls Substation

o This area will contain the plant’s electrical components, including circuit breakers,
power supplies, and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The substation will
manage the automated control of all plant functions, providing a crucial link between
human operators and machine interfaces.
4. Gas Transport Section
o The gas transport section will be responsible for moving captured CO₂ through the
system. It will include a vacuum pump, gas balloon, CO₂ booster, high-pressure air
receiver, and an air compressor for pneumatic functions. In the full-scale project,
additional components such as a membrane separation plant, mechanical vapor

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compression (MVC) system, and liquefaction plant will be introduced to further

improve process efficiency by recovering and reusing the heat generated during
desorption.
2.1.2 Technology
At the core of the DAC system is a patented solid sorbent made from PEI and silica, known for its
high CO₂ absorption capacity. The DAC process is cyclic, with two phases: adsorption, where the air
is blown through the sorbent, which selectively captures CO₂; and desorption, where non-condensable
gases (NCGs), such as Nitrogen and Oxygen are purged out and the captured CO2 is heated for
purification and prepared for storage. The process produces high-purity CO₂ (98.4%) suitable for
permanent geological storage. Geothermal energy will power the mini plant, ensuring an eco-friendly
and cost-efficient operation.

2.1.3 Geological Storage

Cella Mineral Storage will inject the captured CO₂ into basalt formations in the Kenyan Rift Valley.
Once injected, the CO₂ will undergo mineralization, transforming into stable carbonates that lock the
gas away permanently for thousands of years.

Figure 2: Simplified representation of the entire process.

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2.2 Project Location

The project is located at coordinates 0°29'12.3"S 36°15'39.3"E on UTM Zone 37°S. It is about 10 km
North of Eburru volcano and about 5 km from Kikopey center as shown in the map below:

Lake Elementaita

Na k
uru-
N
airo
bi R
d
Proposed project site Kikopey
Township

Figure 3: Map representation of the project area. Source: Google Earth

2.3 Project Objectives

It is designed to achieve several key objectives:
i. Reduction of CO₂ emissions: by integrating DAC technology, the project aims to capture a
substantial percentage of CO₂ emissions from selected industrial processes, significantly
reducing the carbon footprint of these activities.
ii. Advancement of clean energy: the project supports Kenya's transition to cleaner energy
sources by demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of DAC technology, thereby
encouraging further investment in sustainable energy solutions.
iii. Economic and social benefits: implementing DAC technology is expected to create job
opportunities, stimulate local economies, and enhance Kenya’s position as a leader in climate
change mitigation in Africa.

2.4 Project Activities

The project involves a series of activities, from construction to decommissioning. These activities are
outlined below based on the project phases.

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2.4.1 Construction Phase

• Excavation and foundation laying
Minor excavation and site-leveling activities will take place to enable access to the required depths
for the installation of the DAC machines and other infrastructure.
• Pipeline installation
Pipes will be laid out along designated corridors as shown in the plant model in Fig.1.
• Installation of DAC units and compressors
Once the foundations are prepared, DAC units, compressors, and associated equipment will be
installed. The equipment will be integrated with the existing geothermal power supply on-site,
which will provide the energy needed to power the capture process.
• Construction of access roads
Access roads will be constructed for transporting the captured CO2 from the capture site to the
injection site via trucks.

2.4.2 Operation Phase

• CO₂ capture and collection
The Direct Air Capture units will operate to capture CO₂ from ambient air using renewable
geothermal energy.
• CO₂ compression and transport
The captured CO₂ will be compressed into a dense fluid form and transported via trucks to the
injection wells. The project will rely on a closed system to ensure efficient handling and transport
of CO₂.
• Monitoring
Continuous monitoring will be undertaken to ensure the integrity of the CO₂ evacuation sites. This
will include, pressure measurements, and air quality data collection to ensure that the CO₂ is
securely contained without any leakages.
• Maintenance of equipment
Routine maintenance and inspection of DAC units, compressors, trucks, and pipelines will be
conducted to ensure operational efficiency and safety.

2.4.3 Decommissioning Phase

• Decommissioning of DAC units and infrastructure

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At the end of the project’s operational life, DAC units, compressors, and associated infrastructure
will be decommissioned. This will involve the safe dismantling and removal of equipment from
the site.
• Site rehabilitation
The project site will be rehabilitated and this will involve the restoration of the land to its original
state, including re-vegetation as necessary.
2.5 Project Scope and Implementation
The implementation of the project will involve several key phases:
i. Site selection and feasibility studies - initial efforts have already been conducted to identify
suitable sites for the DAC infrastructure and assess the geological suitability for CO₂ storage.
ii. Technology deployment - the project will deploy advanced DAC technologies, including
capture systems and transportation infrastructure. This phase will involve collaboration with
other technology providers such as Cella Mineral Storage and experts to ensure the use of
cutting-edge solutions.
iii. Monitoring and evaluation – a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework will be
established to track the performance of the DAC system, ensure safety, and measure the
reduction in CO₂ emissions. This will include regular reporting and transparency to
stakeholders.
iv. Community engagement and capacity building - engaging with local communities and
building capacity will be integral to the project. This involves informing the public about the
benefits of DAC, addressing any concerns, and providing training opportunities to enhance
local expertise in DAC technology.

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CHAPTER 3: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

3.0 General Overview

Sustainability is achieved through a well-managed environment. This is achieved by the Kenya
Government’s (GoK) environmental policy. The policy highlights and gives a clear sustainable
environmental development that seeks to achieve sound environmental management without
compromising future resources. There is a growing concern in Kenya and at a global level that many
forms of development activities cause damage to the environment and the community. This chapter
highlights the legal legislation and policy regulations relevant to the proposed DAC project in
Elementaita.

3.1 Policy Framework

3.1.1 The Kenya Vision 2030
Kenya Vision 2030 places a strong emphasis on climate change mitigation as a critical component of
its development strategy. The vision underscores the importance of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions through the promotion of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable land
management practices. It advocates for integrating climate mitigation measures into economic
planning and infrastructure development while supporting research and technological innovation to
drive low-carbon growth. By adopting these measures, Kenya aims to curb the impacts of climate
change, foster sustainable development, and position itself as a leader in green technology and climate
resilience.

3.1.2 Sessional Paper on Environment and Development

The overall goal of the Sessional Paper No.6 of 1999, Draft Environmental Policy, rev. is to ensure
that environmental concerns are integrated into the national planning and management processes and
provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development. The objectives are to conserve and
manage the natural resources of Kenya including air, land, flora, and fauna and promote
environmental conservation with regard to soil fertility, soil conservation, biodiversity, and foster
afforestation activities; and to protect water catchment areas. More importantly, the policy emphasizes
the enhancement of public awareness and appreciation of the essential linkages between development
and environment, involving NGOs, the private sector, and local communities in the management of
natural resources and their living environment and ensures that an environmental impact assessment
report is undertaken for all public and private projects and programs. The DAC project must be seen

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in the same light that it promotes this integrated approach to environmental management and
development without compromising the livelihoods of the local indigenous people.

3.1.3 The Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) 2016–2030
This framework is designed to guide the country’s transition towards a green economy. It aims to
achieve sustainable development by promoting economic growth while minimizing environmental
impact and reducing carbon emissions. GESIP promotes low-carbon development pathways and
supports Direct Air Capture as part of efforts to transition to a green economy, focusing on reducing
emissions and promoting sustainable industrial practices. The plan emphasizes the importance of
public and private sector collaboration, investment in sustainable infrastructure, and policy reforms
to support the transition to a low-carbon, resource-efficient economy.

3.1.4 The National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2013

The policy provides guidelines for managing the environment and addressing climate change. It
encourages the adoption of technologies and practices that reduce carbon emissions, supporting the
integration of DAC in Kenya's climate response. The NEP outlines strategies for implementing
environmental regulations, fostering partnerships, and ensuring compliance with national and
international environmental commitments.

3.1.5 The Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022
It outlines the country's strategic approach to addressing climate change through both mitigation and
adaptation measures. It sets out key actions and initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing resilience to climate impacts. NCCAP focuses on sector-specific
interventions in areas such as agriculture, water, energy, and forestry, and promotes the integration of
climate considerations into national and county planning. It also emphasizes the need for stakeholder
engagement, capacity building, and financial mechanisms to support climate action. The plan is
aligned with Kenya's broader climate goals and international commitments under the Paris
Agreement.

3.2 Legal Framework

3.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 provides a detailed framework for dealing with environmental
issues. Article 42 of the Constitution states that every person has the right to a clean and healthy

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environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present
and future generations through legislative and other measures.
The Constitution of Kenya applies to this proposed project as every person living within Elementaita
is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and the principle of public participation is a bill of
rights.

3.2.2 Environmental Management & Coordination Act, 1999 (Amended 20l5)

The principal national law in this case is the Environmental Management and Coordination Act
(EMCA), 1999 (Amended 2015) provides for the establishment of an appropriate legal and
institutional framework for the management of the environment. EMCA was established as a
framework law and this is because so far this is the only single piece of legislation that contains the
most comprehensive system of environmental management in the country.

3.2.2.1 Environmental Management and Coordination (Environmental Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations, 2003 (amended 2019)
These regulations outline the procedures for assessing and auditing the environmental impacts of
proposed projects. They require developers to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)
before project initiation to evaluate potential environmental effects and propose mitigation measures.
They also mandate Environmental Audits (EAs) to monitor and assess the environmental performance
of ongoing projects. The regulations aim to ensure that environmental considerations are integrated
into development planning and project execution, enhancing accountability, sustainability, and
compliance with environmental standards. It also states that a project report, drawn by a qualified
expert(s) should then be filed to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA).

3.2.2.2 Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006

These regulations establish standards and procedures for safeguarding water quality to protect public
health and the environment. These regulations set limits on pollutants and contaminants in water
bodies, requiring industries and other water users to treat and manage their effluents to meet
prescribed quality standards before discharge. They also mandate regular monitoring and reporting
of water quality, enforce penalties for non-compliance, and promote the implementation of best
practices in water management. The goal is to ensure safe, clean water resources and to prevent
degradation of water ecosystems.

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3.2.2.3 Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006

Regulations establish comprehensive guidelines for managing waste to protect human health and the
environment. The regulations mandate waste generators, including households, businesses, and
industries, to manage waste responsibly by ensuring proper segregation, storage, and disposal. They
emphasize the hierarchy of waste management, prioritizing reduction, reuse, and recycling over
disposal. The regulations also require the licensing and monitoring of waste management facilities
and services, and they set standards for handling hazardous waste, aiming to minimize environmental
pollution and promote sustainable waste practices.

3.2.2.4 Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Air Quality) Regulations (2014)

These regulations set out standards and procedures for managing and improving air quality. These
regulations define permissible limits for various air pollutants and require industries and other sources
of emissions to implement control measures to reduce pollution. They mandate regular monitoring of
air quality, reporting of emission data, and compliance with air quality standards. The regulations also
aim to protect public health and the environment by promoting cleaner technologies and practices,
and by ensuring that any new developments or industrial activities assess and mitigate their potential
air quality impacts.

3.2.2.5 Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration

Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009
These regulations establish guidelines for controlling noise and vibration pollution. These regulations
set permissible noise and vibration levels to protect public health and the environment from harmful
disturbances. They require businesses and construction activities to adopt measures to minimize noise
and vibration, including using soundproofing techniques and scheduling noisy operations to reduce
impact. The regulations also mandate regular monitoring, reporting, and compliance checks to ensure
that noise and vibration levels remain within legal limits, aiming to create a quieter, more comfortable
living environment for all citizens.

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Table 2: Second Schedule - Maximum Permissible Noise Levels

Facility Maximum Noise Level Permitted (Leq) in

dB(A)
Day Night
i. Health facilities, educational 60 35
institutions, homes for disabled, etc.
ii. Residential 60 35
iii. Areas other than those 75 65
prescribed in (i) and (ii)
Time Frame : Day: 6.00 am - 8.00 pm and Night: 8.00 pm – 6.00 am

3.2.3 The Public Health Act (Cap. 242) Revised 2012

Section 115 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause a nuisance or condition liable to be
injurious or dangerous to human health. The law requires that all lawful, necessary, and reasonably
practicable measures be taken to maintain areas under jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent the
occurrence of nuisance or conditions liable for injurious or dangerous to human health.
Section 136 states that all collections of water, sewage, rubbish, refuse and other fluids which permit
or facilitate the breeding or multiplication of pests shall be deemed nuisances and dealt with in the
manner provided by this Act.

3.2.4 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007)

The Occupational Safety and Health Act seeks to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for
employees. It establishes standards and responsibilities for employers and employees to prevent
workplace accidents and health hazards. The Act mandates the creation of safety policies, the
provision of appropriate protective equipment, and regular health and safety training. It also requires
employers to conduct risk assessments, report accidents and occupational diseases, and establish
safety committees. The goal of OSHA 2007 is to foster a safe working environment, reduce work-
related injuries and illnesses, and promote overall worker well-being.

3.2.5 Work Injury Benefit Act (WIBA) 2007

This is an Act of Parliament stipulating that employees who suffer injuries or contract diseases arising
out of and in the course of their employment are entitled to compensation. It mandates employers to
provide medical treatment and compensation for temporary or permanent disabilities, as well as

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compensation for dependents in the case of death resulting from a workplace injury or illness. The
Act also requires employers to report workplace injuries, maintain insurance for employee
compensation, and provide a framework for resolving disputes through the Director of Occupational
Safety and Health Services.

3.2.6 National Gender and Equality Act, 2011

National Gender Equality Commission is a constitutional Commission established by an Act of
Parliament in August 2011, as a successor commission to the Kenya National Human Rights and
Equality Commission under Article 59 of the Constitution. NGEC derives its mandate from Articles
27, 43, and Chapter Fifteen of the Constitution; and section 8 of NGEC Act (Cap. 15) of 2011, with
the objectives of promoting gender equality and freedom from discrimination. It addresses the
protection and promotion of the rights of marginalized groups, including women, children, persons
with disabilities, and minority communities.

3.2.7 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012.
Observing a standard work ethic is recommended to ensure persons from both genders are not
subjected to sexual offenses. An ample working environment should prevail in all workplaces in the
envisioned development by the proponent to be enhanced through the implementation of a Sexual
Misconduct Policy.

3.2.8 The County Governments Act, 2012

The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 grants county governments the powers to grant or renew business
licenses or refuse the same. The county government is empowered to make by-laws in respect of all
such matters as are necessary or desirable for the maintenance of health, safety, and well-being of the
inhabitants of the area. This includes the construction and maintenance of water supply, sewage, and
solid waste management systems.
The Act also emphasizes the need for a consultative and participatory approach where the principles
of planning and development facilitation in a county serve as a basis for engagement between the
county government and the citizens and other stakeholders.

3.2.9 Climate Change Act, 2016

This Act provides a legal framework for the country to enhance climate change resilience and promote
low-carbon development. It mandates the development of national and sectoral adaptation plans,
promotes public and private sector participation in climate change mitigation, and encourages the use

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of renewable energy and sustainable practices. It also establishes mechanisms for reporting on
greenhouse gas emissions and tracking progress toward international climate commitments.

3.2.10 Employment Act, 2007

The purpose of the Act is to promote sound labor relations through freedom of association, the
encouragement of effective collective bargaining and the promotion of orderly and expeditious
dispute for the protection and promotion of settlements conducive to social justice and economic
development for connected purposes. This Act is important since it provides for an employer-
employee relationship that is important for the execution of the DAC project.

3.2.11 The National Land Commission Act, 2012 No. 5 of 2012 (Revised 2016)
This Act makes further provision to the functions and powers of the National Land Commission and
to give effect to the objects and principles of devolved government in land management and
administration, and for connected purposes. Section 5(1) under Article 67(2) of the Constitution, the
functions of the Commission shall be the shall be:
(a) to manage public land on behalf of the national and county governments;
(b) to recommend a national land policy to the national government.
Additionally, in accordance with Article 67(3) of the Constitution, the commission shall
(a) on behalf of, and with the consent of the national and county governments, alienate public
land;
(b) monitor the registration of all rights and interests in land; and
(c) ensure that public land under the management of the designated state agencies is sustainably
managed for the intended purposes.

3.2.12 Physical and Land Use Planning Act, 2019

This Act makes provision for the planning, use, regulation, and development of land and connected
purposes. Article 5 of the Act under Principles and Norms of physical and Land Use Planning notes
that every person engaged in physical and land use planning development activities shall be in a
manner that integrates the economic, social and environmental needs of present and future
generations. Article 4 notes that major developments should be subjected to environmental and social
impact assessment.

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3.2.13 The Geothermal Resources Act, 1982

This Act governs the exploration, development, and utilization of geothermal energy in Kenya. While
the Act primarily focuses on regulating geothermal resource management, it indirectly supports
environmental sustainability by encouraging efficient energy use. Though not explicitly addressing
Direct Air Capture, the Act’s promotion of geothermal energy, a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels,
aligns with broader goals of reducing carbon emissions. The supplementary legislation enhances
regulatory oversight and ensures that geothermal projects comply with environmental standards,
indirectly contributing to efforts that mitigate carbon emissions, including future considerations for
air capture technologies.

3.2.14 The Traffic Act, 2016

This Act specifies that motor vehicles use proper fuel. The Traffic regulations promulgated under the
Act specify that every vehicle is required to be so constructed, maintained, and used so as not to emit
any smoke or visible vapor. This Act will apply to the project during the construction phase.

3.2.15 The Energy Act, 2019

This Act promotes sustainable energy development and outlines the regulatory framework for energy
projects, creating a framework that supports carbon capture as part of Kenya's broader strategy to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector. It emphasizes environmental conservation and
mandates energy producers to comply with emission standards, encouraging the integration of DAC
technology in power generation and industrial processes to capture CO₂.

3.2.16 The Water Act, 2016

The Act establishes a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for the management, use, and
conservation of water resources. It emphasizes sustainable water resource use, protection of
catchment areas, and efficient delivery of water and sewerage services. The Act also integrates
environmental protection, ensuring water projects comply with environmental standards which is
relevant to the proposed project as it has water use implications.

3.2.17 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules, 2007
Sets out regulations to minimize fire risks in workplaces. The rules require employers to implement
fire prevention measures, including identifying potential fire hazards and ensuring safe storage of
flammable materials. They mandate the installation and maintenance of fire-fighting equipment, such
as fire extinguishers and alarms, and the provision of adequate emergency exits. Employers must train

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employees on fire safety procedures, conduct regular fire drills, and ensure clear evacuation plans are
in place. The rules also stipulate that workplaces must be designed and maintained to prevent fires
and protect the health and safety of workers in the event of a fire.

3.2.18 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Hazardous Substances) Rules, 2007
The regulations stipulate for the safe handling, use, and disposal of hazardous substances in
workplaces. The rules require employers to assess and control the risks associated with hazardous
substances to protect workers’ health and safety. This includes labeling and storing hazardous
substances properly, providing personal protective equipment (PPE), and ensuring ventilation in areas
where hazardous substances are used. The rules also emphasize the importance of emergency
response measures, including first aid and the safe disposal of hazardous waste, to minimize
occupational hazards associated with chemical exposure.

3.2.19 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules, 2005 –
Legal Notice No. 25
It sets regulations to protect workers from the harmful effects of excessive noise in the workplace.
The rules mandate employers to assess and monitor noise levels, particularly in environments where
noise exceeds 85 dB. Employers must implement noise control measures, such as engineering
controls to reduce noise at the source or providing hearing protection like earplugs or earmuffs to
workers exposed to high noise levels.

3.2.20 The Water Resources Management Rules, 2007 (Legislative Supplement No. 52)
Provides detailed regulations for managing and protecting the country's water resources. Established
under the Water Act, these rules aim to ensure sustainable water use and conservation. They require
individuals and organizations to obtain permits for activities such as water abstraction, discharge of
wastewater, and changes to watercourses. The rules set standards for water quality, including
measures to prevent and control pollution and promote the protection of water catchments and
riparian zones.

3.3 International Regulations

3.3.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992, is of a framework
nature and imposes a general requirement upon contracting parties’ governments, to adopt policies
and make various commitments towards the stabilization and eventual reduction of greenhouse gas

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concentrations. The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in 1997 and provides signatory Parties with actual
legally binding obligations and targets for the reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions.

3.3.2 The Paris Agreement, 2015

This is an international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) aimed at combating climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C above
pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Kenya’s Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs) under the Paris Agreement highlight the country's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, and DAC can be a potential tool to meet these international climate targets. It marks a
collective shift toward sustainable, low-carbon development.

3.3.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

It aims at conserving the diversity of life on Earth, promoting sustainable use of biological resources,
and ensuring the equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources. It provides a framework
for countries to develop national strategies and action plans to address biodiversity loss, protect
ecosystems, and support sustainable development.

3.3.4 The IFC Environmental and Social Performance Standards (PS) and the World Bank
Group’s Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
They provide comprehensive frameworks for managing environmental and social impacts associated
with development projects. The IFC Performance Standards outline requirements for assessing and
managing risks and impacts related to environmental and social aspects, including labor conditions,
community health, and resource efficiency. They emphasize the need for stakeholder engagement,
risk management, and the promotion of sustainable practices. Similarly, the World Bank Group’s EHS
Guidelines offer sector-specific recommendations and best practices for mitigating environmental
and health impacts, ensuring safety and minimizing risks in various industries. Both frameworks aim
to promote responsible project development, safeguard communities, and support sustainable
development by providing guidelines for assessing, managing, and mitigating environmental and
social risks.

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CHAPTER 4: BASELINE INFORMATION

4.0 Climate and Weather

The climate of the project area is warm and temperate. This climate is considered to be Csb according
to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The main factor controlling the climate in the area is the
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which defines the seasonal climatic changes. The local
topography also causes variations in the climate.

The area experiences two main rainy seasons: one in the long rains from March to May, and another
shorter rainy period from October to December. During these seasons, the rainfall can vary between
800 mm and 1,200 mm annually, bringing much-needed water to the region.

Figure 4: A climograph of Elementaita Area (rainfall variation). Source: https://en.climate-data.org/africa/kenya/nakuru/elmenteita-

104579/

Precipitation is lowest in February, with an average of 36 mm/1.4 inch. The maximum quantity of
rainfall is observed during the month of November, exhibiting an average value of 174 mm | 6.9 inch

Temperatures typically range between 15°C and 25°C, with the days being warm and the nights
cooler. It feels quite comfortable throughout the year, but you’ll notice the nights can get a little chilly.

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Figure 5: A climograph of Elementaita Area (Temperature variation). Source Ibid.

The average temperature is 19.3 °C with March being the hottest month of the year. During the month
of July, there is a notable drop in temperature, with an average low of approximately 15.9 °C.

Winds here are usually gentle, blowing in from the southeast, and range from 5 to 15 km/h. On most
days, it’s a light breeze, but stronger gusts can come during storms. The humidity is fairly moderate,
sitting between 50% and 80%, so it doesn’t feel too dry, but it’s not overly humid either. The air
pressure remains stable, which helps maintain a steady weather pattern, though it can fluctuate with
changing weather systems. Overall, the climate is quite pleasant, making the region suitable for both
agriculture and tourism.

The area falls within the Lower Midland (LM5) agro-ecological zone, which is classified as
a livestock-millet zone. Agroforestry and bee-keeping are also practiced on a small scale to
supplement livelihoods. Soil fertility is moderate but requires careful management to sustain
productivity, given the area's vulnerability to erosion and land degradation.

4.1 Water Resources

There are limited surface water resources in and around the project area. The main surface water
resource in the vicinity of the project area is Lake Elementaita, which is alkaline in nature and
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unsuitable for domestic use. Rainwater harvesting through roof catchment was witnessed in the
locality. Rainfall in the area follows bimodal patterns, with short rains typically occurring from
October to December and long rains from March to May. However, climate variability has led to more
unpredictable rain patterns, with extended dry periods and shorter wet seasons. The project area has
limited surface water resources and often has challenges of siltation, evaporation, and pollution,
especially in the water pans. Access to water infrastructure is uneven. In some areas, water is sourced
from distant wells or delivered by tankers, increasing costs and affecting reliability, especially in drier
seasons. Underground aquifers that replenish the wells face recharge challenges due to variable
rainfall and over-extraction risks.

4.2 Soil and Geology

The soil types and distribution in the project area have been influenced by the topography. Generally,
the prospect area has well drained clay-loams red subsoil derived from the volcanic and basement
complex rocks with volcanic ash as a major occurrence. In the transitional areas towards the plains
southwards, the soils are well-drained clay-sandy. In other areas there is clay, silt and dry sandy soils.
Geologically, the region is part of the East African Rift System, featuring volcanic rocks like basalt.
The landscape includes lava flows and ash deposits. The soils are generally stable but can vary based
on area-specific geology and volcanic features.

4.3 Ecology and Wildlife

Around Lake Elementaita, you’ll find specialized flora such as salt-tolerant grasses and shrubs,
including acacia trees and thorny bushes that can thrive in semi-arid conditions. The dorminant
species of vegetation found within the project area include: Dodonaea viscosa, Rumex usambarenis,
and Cussonia spicata. For avifauna, the lake itself is famous for attracting large flocks of lesser
flamingos, which feed on the algae that flourish in the saline water. Besides flamingos, other bird
species such as pelicans and herons are common, making the lake a key habitat for migratory and
resident birds.

In terms of faunal species, the area is endowed with different of the species. Four animal species
namely the Burchell’s zebra (Equus burchelli), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), gazelles (Gazella
thomsoni), (Gazella grantii), giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis Rothschild). There are also impalla
(Aecopyceros melampus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), dik dik (Rhynochotrogus kirkii), bush-
back, reedbuck, duiker, olive baboons (Papio anubis), ververt and sky monkeys, jackal, bat eared fox,

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warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), ardvark (Orycteropus afer), eland and African spring
hare(Lepus sp.).

4.4 Air Quality

The air quality in the Elementaita region is generally good, thanks to its rural setting and the absence
of major industrial activities. The area is mostly agricultural, so the air is usually clean, especially
when compared to urban centers. However, there are occasional sources of pollution. Dust from
unpaved roads and farming activities can be an issue, particularly during the dry season, when winds
can stir up more particles. Vehicle emissions from local traffic, especially around Naivasha town, can
also contribute to air pollution, though it’s typically not severe.

In terms of pollutants, there are relatively low levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂),
and nitrogen oxide (NO3). Concentration levels of these gases were zero (0.00 ppm) in all places
where measurements were taken. Overall, air quality is still considered healthy, but it’s important to
monitor it as industrial activities or large projects could introduce new sources of emissions.

4.5 Land use and human activities

The land around Elementaita is used in a variety of ways. Agriculture is a major activity, with
vegetable farming and livestock keeping being common. There are also tourism activities, especially
around Lake Elementaita, which are popular for bird watching and safari trips. Some parts of the
region are used for residential purposes, while others are reserved for conservation areas. The local
economy relies heavily on both agriculture and tourism, which means any industrial activity, like a
DAC project, would need to carefully balance these uses to avoid negative impacts. There is, however,
less human activity on the land where the proposed project will sit.

4.6 Health and Safety

In terms of community health, respiratory diseases have been a concern, partly due to dust from
unpaved roads and emissions from industries and vehicles. Waterborne diseases can also be an issue,
especially during the rainy seasons when water sources might get contaminated. Access to healthcare
is moderate, with local clinics and hospitals serving the population. Emergency services exist, but
response times can vary, especially in more rural or remote areas.

4.7 Noise
The noise levels in this region are typically low to moderate, especially in rural areas near
Elementaita. Common noise sources include moving vehicles, farming machinery, and animals.
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Vibration from everyday activities is minimal, though construction projects and vehicle movement
can cause temporal increases. Overall, it’s a fairly quiet region outside Kikopey urban center.

Table 3: Noise data around the project site

Site Minimum (dB) Maximum (dB) LAEq (dB) Threshold (dB)

Kikopey Chief’s Office 39.2 62.3 51.9 60
area
Octavia Carbon Office 50.3 66.6 56.0 60
Area
Point 1 38.9 58.3 46.1 60
Point 2- Weitemere 34.9 55.6 42.4 60
Gilgil Chief’s Office area 40.1 61.5 53.4 60
Sleeping Warrior 36.4 55.9 46.6 60
Gilgil Slaughterhouse 30.2 59.5 39.8 60
Area

4.8 Energy and Emissions

Energy in the area is primarily supplied through the national grid, with geothermal energy from the
Olkaria plant playing a significant role. Solar power is also gaining traction for homes and businesses.
The main source of energy for cooking is firewood and charcoal. Emissions in the area are mostly
related to agricultural activities and vehicle traffic. There are occasional air quality concerns related
to dust and smoke, but nothing too severe.

4.9 Socio-economic/cultural factors

The proposed project will be in Elementaita Ward. It is one of the five wards which make up Gilgil
sub-county. According to the 2019 population census, the population size of the larger Gilgil su-
county is 185,209. Of these, 92,955 are male, 92,247 are female while 7 are intersex. The population
density is approximately 172 persons per km2. Kikopey Location, in which the proposed project will
be sited, has approximately 30,000 people. The population is a mix of different ethnic groups, with
the Kikuyu, Maasai, and Kalenjin being the most prominent. Land ownership in the region is a mix
of private land holdings and community lands. Small-scale farmers own individual plots, while some
larger estates are involved in commercial farming and wildlife conservation. The land tenure system

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has seen changes over time, with efforts to formalize land ownership are ongoing, but some
challenges remain, particularly regarding disputes over communal land and land rights.

Culturally, Elementaita is rich in heritage, with notable sites like the Kariandusi prehistoric site, which
provides insight into early human life and activities in the area. The local communities still maintain
some traditional practices, especially in terms of ceremonies, pastoralism, and land use, but these are
increasingly blending with modern lifestyles.

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CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

5.1 Overview
Direct Air Capture concept is a new technology in Kenya, even though it has been successfully
implemented in other countries, it remains a grey area in Kenya. Therefore, it is necessary for the
local community and other stakeholders to understand it and its impacts to participate in enhancing
its positive impacts and mitigating the negative ones. In view of this, it is important to have local
communities participation. The ESIA team for this proposed project adopted a participatory approach
during the study as is required by the constitution and other legal instruments, as well as other national
and international regulations.

5.2 Objectives of Public Participation

Public participation is a continuous engagement throughout the project cycle that requires regular
consultations. The objectives for this public engagement were:
i. Disseminate and inform the project stakeholders about the proposed project, its key
components and activities, location and expected impacts with particular attention to
potentially affected or benefiting persons.
ii. Create awareness among the public and stakeholders on the need for the ESIA for the Direct
Air Capture project and its due process.
iii. To obtain information about the needs, concerns, comments, suggestions and priorities of
affected persons and their general reactions to proposed project activities.
iv. To provide an opportunity for stakeholders to ensure that their concerns are known to the
decision-making bodies, project planning team and the developer at an early phase of project
planning and implementation.
v. Create a sense of ownership, build capacity, and ensure transparency in all activities related
to the project, including, but not limited to, planning, implementing, environmental
management, operation, monitoring, and evaluation of the project by all key stakeholders.

5.3 Methodology and Consultation Process

The ESIA team recognizes that for the feedback to be useful to the intended users, all the stakeholders
should be actively involved in the planning, implementation, and operation of the project. To
accomplish this, the team adopted a participatory approach in identification of the environmental and
social impacts related to the project. Several methods were used to engage the stakeholders in the

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process of capturing their views on the proposed project and data collection. The data collection
methods used include:

5.3.1 Questionnaires
The ESIA team administered a structured questionnaire aimed at soliciting the community’s views
on the various aspects of the proposed project in the area.

5.3.2 Public baraza

Three public barazas were conducted on 16th, 18th, 30th October in communities around the project
area. The local community was notified via the Area Chiefs’ offices and attendance sheets and minutes
of the public barazas are attached in Appendix I-IV. The barazas were chaired by the respective area
chiefs and the ESIA team together with representatives from the proponent presented the proposed
project to those in attendance. (See Figure 6)

Figure 6: Community participation at Kikopey Chief's Office Grounds on 16/10/2024

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

Figure 7: Public participation meeting at Gema Community College Hall on 18/10/2024

5.4 Results of the Public Consultation

5.4.1 Positive feedback
5.4.1.1 Employment opportunities
The local community expressed hope that the project will open new job opportunities for their
members.
5.4.1.2 Improvement of Infrastructure
Community members expressed optimism that the project, and others that are welcome in the area
will help improve the infrastructure of the area, such as improvement of the road system, water
sources and other social amenities.
5.4.1.3 Economic Growth
With the creation of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near the project site, the community members
expressed that there have been improvements in business job opportunities and that this project will
create more opportunities for them.
5.4.1.4 Climate Change Mitigation
The community members expressed positive hope that this project will improve the weather
conditions which would in turn support their farming activities.

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5.4.2 Community Concerns

5.4.2.1 Occupational Safety and Health
The community expressed concern over the possibility of emissions and other pollution elements
from the capture machines that could pose health risks to people surrounding the project area and
beyond. Even though the technology is safe, mitigation measures shall be presented within the ESMP
to minimize and address any health impacts.
5.4.2.2 Impact on Vegetation
The residents were fearful that the CO2 captured could leak and cause acidity hence burning their
crops. They also were curious if the storage would occupy space that would affect their farming
activities. The proponent shall conduct constant monitoring to ensure there are no leaks and should
there be accidental leakages, corrective measures shall be undertaken to contain them.
5.4.2.3 Water pollution
They also expressed concern if underground injection would acidify the water sources around them.
The depth of storage of the CO2 Octavia’s partner, Cella Mineral Storage, is way beyond the
groundwater table. In addition, the stored CO2 will react with basalt and mineralize and form stable
carbonates, and the process is irreversible; hence, it cannot cause harm to water resources. However,
should this occur, Cella shall put in place measures in their ESMP for carbon storage to ensure safe
storage, and should there be impacts, operations shall halt to pave the way for more research and/or
employ corrective measures.
5.4.2.4 Waste Generation
During the construction and operation phases, waste will be generated including but not limited to
rejected materials, surplus materials and used sorbent. Some of the materials will be unusable and
hence will need to be disposed of. The proponent intends to engage the services of a NEMA-licensed
waste handler to transport and properly dispose of this waste.
5.4.2.5 Grievance redress mechanism
Community members were concerned that their voices would not be heard and addressed should the
project have any negative impact on them. The proponent intends to develop clear and accessible
communication channels through which the members will channel their issues. The village elders and
the local administration will also act as a link between the company and the community members.

5.5 Recommendations to the Proponent

The community members were positive about the proposed project. They proposed the following
recommendations to the proponent:

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i. Carry out more engagements with the community in every stage of the project’s development
ii. Educate them more on the Direct Air Capture technology
iii. Consider the rightful locals, especially those in attendance of the public consultation forums
in employment opportunities from the onset.
iv. Re-use the captured CO2 instead of storing it underground
v. Develop a comprehensive and inclusive community engagement plan and a grievance redress
mechanism for effective engagement and receiving of feedback from the local community.
vi. Open channels of communication with the local community and other relevant stakeholders.

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CHAPTER 6: PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

6.0 Overview
In evaluating this project, it’s crucial to explore and compare alternative options that could be more
beneficial from an environmental, technical, or economic perspective. This analysis examines various
project alternatives, including the "No Project" scenario, alternative sites, alternative absorbents,
alternative technologies, and alternative uses. The aim is to identify the most sustainable and effective
option for reducing atmospheric CO₂ and maximizing positive environmental and socio-economic
impacts.

6.1 “No Project” Alternative

The "No Project" alternative means halting the development of this DAC initiative entirely. On the
surface, this option would avoid potential environmental impacts associated with the construction and
operation of the DAC system. There would be no disruption to land use, ecosystems, or the local
community from the project’s infrastructure, and there would be no risks related to the transport of
captured CO₂.

However, the broader consequences of not proceeding with the project are significant. Without the
project, there would be no reduction in atmospheric CO₂ via DAC technology, one of the few scalable
solutions that can capture CO₂ directly from the air. The absence of this project would mean a missed
opportunity to contribute to global carbon reduction targets and mitigate climate change impacts,
which are already affecting ecosystems and communities worldwide. Kenya, in particular, is
vulnerable to climate-related issues such as droughts, floods, and changing weather patterns, making
projects like this vital for long-term environmental sustainability.

Additionally, the economic and technological benefits that the project could bring to Kenya would be
lost. The project has the potential to create jobs, stimulate the local economy, and position Kenya as
a leader in climate technology. It would also encourage further investment in renewable energy
infrastructure, particularly in the underutilized geothermal sector. Without the project, these social
and economic opportunities would be foregone.

Conclusion: The "No Project" alternative would avoid some immediate environmental impacts but
would result in significant long-term negative consequences, particularly in terms of climate change
mitigation, lost economic opportunities, and missed advances in environmental technology. This
makes it a non-viable option.

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6.2 Alternative Locations

Choosing an alternative location for the DAC project is another option. The decision to implement
the project in Kenya offers a unique set of advantages that are difficult to replicate elsewhere. Kenya
is particularly well-suited for this project because of its abundance of renewable geothermal energy.
The country’s energy grid is already over 93% powered by renewables, with geothermal energy
contributing almost half of that. This makes Kenya an ideal site for a DAC project because geothermal
energy can be used to power the highly energy-intensive processes involved in DAC, such as CO₂
desorption, vacuum creation, and cooling. In addition, the intended location is already on an existing
productive geothermal project, which among other advantages, will reduce the disturbance that will
result from ground-up development, and also acts as a ready renewable energy source. Without this
renewable energy source, the project would be far less sustainable, and its overall carbon footprint
could increase significantly.

Moreover, Kenya’s geological features, particularly the basalt formations around the Elementaita
region, are perfectly suited for long-term CO₂ storage through mineralization. Basalt can naturally
convert injected CO₂ into stable carbonates over time, ensuring that the captured carbon is
permanently sequestered. Alternative locations having such geological formations would require
fresh exploration, or extensive access road networks for transporting the CO2 from the capture sites
to injection sites, which will eventually have extensive economic and environmental implications.
The choice of this location for the proposed project is strategic for several reasons:

6.2.1 Geothermal Energy Integration

The region’s geothermal fields provide a reliable and sustainable source of energy. This is essential
for powering the energy-intensive DAC processes which together account for nearly 80% of the
plant’s energy needs. By locating the DAC project in Elementaita, the project can tap directly into the
geothermal power generated nearby, significantly reducing the overall carbon footprint and
operational costs of the DAC system.

6.2.2 Proximity to basalt formations for CO₂ storage

The region possesses the ideal geological conditions for permanent CO₂ storage. The basalt
formations found here are highly effective for CO₂ mineralization. After injection, CO₂ will gradually
react with basalt to form stable carbonates, securely sequestering the gas for thousands of years. This
geological advantage makes this an optimal location for storing captured CO₂ without the need to
transport it to distant sites.

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6.2.3 Existing infrastructure and skilled workforce

The existing geothermal projects have already fostered a skilled workforce knowledgeable in
renewable energy technologies. By aligning the project with the existing geothermal development,
the DAC project can benefit from this expertise, reducing training costs and improving operational
efficiency. Additionally, the region has infrastructure in place, such as roads and energy grids, to
support large-scale industrial projects like DAC.

6.2.4 Synergy with local development goals

Locating the project in Elementaita aligns with Kenya’s broader development goals, which include
expanding the use of renewable energy and fostering local industrial growth. The project would not
only utilize existing resources but also help expand the geothermal sector by creating new demand
for energy, driving further investment, and reducing electricity costs for local consumers.
Conclusion: The intended location stands out as the ideal place for the project due to its abundant
geothermal resources. and suitable geological formations. Moving the project to a different location
without these advantages would increase operational costs, reduce efficiency, and potentially
compromise the project’s environmental benefits. Therefore, Elementaita remains the most suitable
site for the DAC project’s success.

6.3 Alternative Technologies

Several alternative technologies could be considered instead of Direct Air Capture (DAC) with DAC,
each with its strengths and limitations. These include:
A. Point-source Air Capture: This method focuses on capturing CO₂ directly from industrial
emissions, such as those from power plants and factories. While point-source capture can be
highly effective in reducing emissions from specific industries, it does not address CO₂
already present in the atmosphere. DAC, on the other hand, captures CO₂ from ambient air,
making it more versatile and applicable across sectors. Point-source technologies are limited
to industrial emitters, whereas DAC offers a broader solution that targets global atmospheric
CO₂ levels.
B. Nature-based solutions: Options like afforestation (planting trees) or soil carbon
sequestration are also important tools in the fight against climate change. Trees naturally
absorb CO₂, and improving soil health can store carbon underground. However, these methods
require vast amounts of land, and their effectiveness is slow compared to DAC. Furthermore,
they are vulnerable to disruptions such as wildfires, deforestation, and land-use changes,

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which can release stored carbon back into the atmosphere. These methods also lack the
permanence of DAC, where CO₂ is mineralized and stored for thousands of years.
C. Bioenergy with Direct Air Capture (BEDAC): BEDAC combines bioenergy production
with Direct Air Capture, potentially offering both energy production and carbon sequestration.
While promising, BEDAC also faces challenges such as land-use competition with food
production and the need for significant water and energy inputs.
Ultimately, DAC technology offers unique advantages in terms of scalability, permanence, and
flexibility. Unlike point-source capture, DAC can remove CO₂ from any location, and unlike nature-
based solutions, it provides a secure and long-term solution. When combined with geothermal energy,
DAC becomes an even more sustainable option.

6.4 Alternative Absorbents

The choice of CO2 absorbents is critical not only for the technical efficiency of capturing carbon but
also for minimizing environmental and social impacts. Below is a comparison of various absorbents
that could be used in place of polyethyleneimine (PEI), which the proponent intends to use.

1. Amine-Based Sorbents
Amine-based compounds, such as monoethanolamine (MEA), are well-known for their CO2 capture
capability. These are widely used in industrial gas treatment systems. Just like PEI, they degrade over
time, but unlike PEI which loses its toxicity with use, they create harmful byproducts that can pollute
the environment if not properly managed. From an environmental perspective, using amine-based
sorbents requires careful handling and disposal to avoid introducing toxic substances into the
environment.

2. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

MOFs are an exciting area of research because of their high surface area and tunable properties. While
MOFs can capture CO2 efficiently, their impact on the environment depends largely on the specific
materials used to create them. For now, their large-scale environmental safety is not fully known, and
they are still relatively expensive. This makes them a less favourable option for projects where
sustainability and cost-effectiveness are key considerations.

3. Zeolites
Zeolites are a naturally occurring and environmentally friendly alternative. They work by physically
trapping CO2 within their porous structure. Zeolites are non-toxic and inert, making them safe for

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both the environment and human health. However, they are more effective at capturing CO2 from
concentrated sources, such as industrial flue gases, rather than from ambient air. Their performance
can also be compromised in humid conditions, which might affect their reliability in some
environments.

4. Activated Carbon
Activated carbon is another absorbent option that is safe and widely available. It is derived from
natural materials like coconut shells and is considered benign for the environment. However, it is not
as effective at capturing CO2 from the air as chemical sorbents like PEI. Activated carbon is more
suited for applications where high concentrations of CO2 are present, but it might need to be
regenerated frequently to maintain its efficiency.

5. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Sodium hydroxide is highly effective in CO2 capture through a chemical reaction that converts CO2
to sodium carbonate. However, it is extremely caustic and poses significant environmental risks if not
carefully managed. Its use requires strict control measures to avoid contamination of soil and water,
which makes it less ideal for large-scale or long-term projects without dedicated safety protocols.

Conclusion: While PEI remains a highly efficient and well-suited option for CO2 capture, other
materials can be considered. Alternatives like zeolites and activated carbon are safer for the
environment even though they may not offer the same level of performance in low-concentration CO2
capture. Amine-based sorbents and MOFs provide high efficiency but come with environmental and
economic challenges that must be carefully weighed. These alternatives may not be as efficient as
PEI, but they provide grounds for more research to make the direct air capture project sustainable and
environmentally safe.

6.5 Alternative Uses

The primary plan for this DAC project is to inject the captured CO2 into underground storage. There
are, however, several other potential uses for the CO2 that could be of economic value to Octavia and
reduce reliance on geological storage. Exploring these alternatives can contribute to both
environmental sustainability and economic growth.

1. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

EOR is a well-known application of collected CO2, in which CO2 is injected into oil reservoirs to
boost the amount of oil that can be recovered. For many years, this technique has been used to partially
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cover the expenses of CO2 capture. This might be a lucrative market segment once oil extraction
activities start in Kenya, which has discovered oil reservoirs. This solution, however, could not be in
line with more general climate goals because it encourages the continued extraction of fossil fuels.
It's a good economic application, but it might not be preferred in projects that aim for decarbonization
or net-zero emissions.

2. Carbonation of Building Materials

The carbon that has been trapped can be used to make carbonated building products like cement. We
can create long-lasting building materials and lessen our carbon footprint by adding CO2 to produce
these materials. With this prospective substitute, CO2 is locked into a solid state and cannot be
released back into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the market for sustainable building materials is
expanding, which presents possible opportunities. In addition to promoting climate goals, this choice
improves the sustainability of the building sector.

3. Synthetic Fuels
CO2 can be converted into synthetic fuels such as methane or methanol through chemical processes
like hydrogenation. These fuels could be used as alternatives to conventional fossil fuels in industries
that are hard to electrify, such as aviation. Although synthetic fuels still release CO2 when burned, the
overall cycle can be carbon-neutral if renewable energy is used in the conversion process. This
approach offers a way to replace fossil fuels, but the process is currently energy-intensive and costly,
limiting its immediate scalability.

4. Food and Beverage Industry

The food and beverage industry uses CO2 extensively, particularly for carbonating beverages like soft
drinks and beer, as well as in packaging and refrigeration. The proponent aims to capture CO2 that is
99% pure, which is suitable to meet this demand. However, the quantities required in this industry
are relatively small compared to the estimated capture amounts, making it a limited market.
Nevertheless, this could provide a small but valuable stream of revenue for the captured carbon,
particularly if other markets are not immediately viable.

5. Chemical Manufacturing
Captured CO2 can be used as a raw material in various chemical manufacturing processes. For
instance, it can be converted into chemicals like urea (used in fertilizers) or polycarbonates (used in
plastics). This not only reduces reliance on traditional carbon feedstocks but also offers a way to store

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CO2 in long-lasting products. The development of CO2-based chemicals is growing, though it still
requires significant research and investment to scale these processes to industrial levels.

6. Algae Cultivation
Another innovative use for CO2 is in algae cultivation, where CO2 is fed to algae in bioreactors or
ponds to promote growth. Algae can be harvested for biofuels, animal feed, or pharmaceuticals. This
is a renewable and sustainable way to use captured CO2, as algae act as natural carbon sinks while
producing valuable biomass. However, this process is still in its early stages of commercialization
and requires optimal conditions for algae growth.

7. CO2 as Refrigerant
CO2 can also be used as a refrigerant in cooling systems, offering an environmentally friendly
alternative to synthetic refrigerants, which have high global warming potential. CO2-based
refrigerants are already being used in commercial applications like supermarkets and air conditioning
systems. This alternative offers a closed-loop system where CO2 is reused rather than released,
supporting sustainability in cooling technologies.

Conclusion: Injecting CO2 underground is currently the most mature and scalable method for long-
term storage. However, exploring alternatives analysed here could create value-added products and
reduce the need for permanent storage. Algae cultivation and chemical manufacturing also offer
promising ways to transform CO2 into valuable goods, though these options may require further
development to become commercially viable on a large scale. By considering these alternatives, the
project could create new revenue streams while diversifying its environmental strategy, potentially
turning captured CO2 into a resource rather than a waste product.

6.4 Conclusion
After a thorough analysis, the current approach for the project, using DAC technology integrated with
geothermal energy in Kenya, remains the most effective and sustainable option. The "No Project"
alternative would lead to significant environmental and socio-economic losses. Alternative locations
would fail to provide the necessary renewable energy and geological formations for efficient CO₂
capture and storage, while alternative technologies would not offer the same level of scalability or
permanence in CO₂ removal. Alternative uses and alternative sorbents, on the other hand, provide
ground for more research on other filters that can be used and how the captured CO2 can be safely
re-used for revenue generation.

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By leveraging Kenya’s renewable energy resources and geological potential, the proposed project not
only provides a powerful solution for reducing atmospheric CO₂ but also fosters economic
development and technological innovation in the region. As such, the proposed project represents the
most advantageous path forward for both local and global sustainability efforts.

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CHAPTER 7: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND

MITIGATION

7.0 Overview
This chapter presents the assessment of the issues likely to arise as a result of the implementation of
the proposed project. For each issue, the analysis is based on its nature, the predicted impact, extent,
duration, intensity and probability, and the stakeholders and/or values affected. The analysis
incorporates concerns about the social and environmental sustainability of the proposed project per
best practices. Allocation of responsibilities, time frame, and estimated costs for implementation of
these measures are presented in the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan.
7.1 Definition and classification of environmental impacts
An environmental impact is defined as any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial,
resulting from human activities. Impacts may be:
• Positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse)
• Direct or indirect, long-term or short-term in duration, and wide-spread or local in the extent
of their effect
• Cumulative when they add incrementally to existing impacts.
In the case of this project, potential environmental impacts would arise during the construction and
operation phases of the project and at both stages positive and negative impacts would occur.

7.2 Impact Significance

The purpose of this ESIA Report is to identify the significant impacts related to the proposed project
and then to determine the appropriate means to mitigate the negative ones. Significant impacts are
defined as those which:
• Result in loss of property and livelihood
• Relate to protected areas or historically and culturally important areas
• Are of public concern and importance
• Trigger subsequent secondary impacts
• Elevate the risk to life-threatening circumstances
• Affects sensitive environmental factors and parameters.

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7.3 Impact Scoring and rating criteria

The table below will guide the impact scoring criteria in the impact scoring section. The precautionary
principle was used to establish the significance of impacts and their management and mitigation.

Table 4: Environmental Impact Scoring and Rating Criteria

Severity of Impact Rating Scoring

Insignificant/non-harmful/less beneficial -1/+1 Very Low

Small/Potentially harmful/Potential beneficial -2/+2 Low
Significant/slightly/harmful/significantly beneficial -3/+3 Medium
Great/harmful/beneficial -4/+4 High

Spatial Scope of the Impact Rating Scoring

Activity specific -1/+1 Very Low

Right of way specific -2/+2 Low
Within the Project area 5km radius -3/+3 Medium
Regional/County -4/+4 High

Duration of Impact Rating Scoring

One day to one month -1/+1 Very Low

One month to one year -2/+2 Low
Within the project construction period -3/+3 Medium
Within the project life -4/+4 High

7.4 Positive Impacts

7.4.1 Employment opportunities
The local people are likely to benefit from the short-term and long-term job opportunities arising from
the construction and operation phase of the project, especially for duties that do not require special
professional knowledge. Although this will be short-term, it would be helpful as the unemployment
rate is high in rural areas.

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7.4.2 Infrastructural development

The local community will benefit from improved infrastructure as a result of the project being
operational which will also open up the local area to more business opportunities.
7.4.3 Climate Change Mitigation
Reduction of the CO2 from the atmosphere will contribute to global climate change mitigation
measures, which will in turn improve weather conditions in the area and beyond and hence enhance
agricultural activity.

Impact Rating
Table 5: Positive impact rating
Severity of Spatial Scope Duration Overall Impact
Impact
Impact of the Impact of Impact Score Rating
Employment opportunities +4 +3 +4 +4 High
Infrastructural development +2 +2 +4 +3 Medium
Climate change mitigation +4 +4 +4 +4 High

7.5 Negative Impacts

7.5.1 Air Pollution
Local air quality can be affected during construction activities through the production and suspension
of dust, having implications for local receptors. Fuel usage by machinery and equipment during the
construction and operation will also cause emissions to the local environment. Capture plant operation
may produce a variety of air emissions depending on the technology used. Sorbents may also be
released into the receiving environment. Additionally, emissions of CO₂ may be experienced from
inadequate seals and fittings along the DAC chain. The proponent has set in place an uninterrupted
power supply (UPS) and is also committed to installing a solar plant as a backup in case of power
outages. This is aimed at curbing emissions as much as possible and ensuring that the plant does not
indirectly contribute to the very greenhouse gas emissions it seeks to mitigate.
Mitigation measures
• Dust control- implement dust suppression measures, such as regularly watering construction
areas and access roads, especially during dry periods.
• Air quality monitoring- monitor air quality during the operation phase to ensure that there are
no CO2 leaks. In case of leaks, ensure immediate corrective measures are undertaken.

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• Vehicle emissions control- ensure that all construction equipment and vehicles are well-
maintained to minimize exhaust emissions. Use fuel-efficient machinery where possible.
• Provide workers with PPEs- ensure all crew involved in construction are provided with
sufficient protective gear like dust masks.
• Reduction/regulating speed for vehicles within the project site
• Continuous monitoring and inspections

7.5.2 Noise Pollution and Vibration

Construction works during installation and associated activities will generate noise. This will mostly
affect the construction workers and any fauna within close proximity to the proposed project area. In
the operation phase, operations involving pressurized CO2 tanks or compressors for loading and
unloading may generate localized noise.
Mitigation measures
• Noise barriers- erect noise barriers around construction areas where possible to reduce noise
levels. Provide high noise level warning signages to alert people when entering high noise
areas.
• Time restrictions- restrict high-noise activities, such as heavy equipment movement to
daylight hours to minimize disturbances to both wildlife and residents at night.
• Workers must be provided with earmuffs or earplugs.
• Notify nearby communities of transport schedules to reduce potential disturbances.
7.5.3 Surface Water
Surface water quality could be affected during the pre-operation/construction phase through
discharges from pipeline testing, earthworks, and accidental leaks. During the operation phase,
surface water could be affected by wastewater discharges from capture plant activities and cooling.
The receiving environment could be polluted during the operation phase by suspended solids from
site runoff and through disturbance to contaminated land and accidental spillage and leaks of
substances used in the capture process onsite. The DAC process may use substantial amounts of water
for cooling and other operations. To reduce strain on local water sources, the proponent:
• Intends to source water from water vendors within Kikopey.
• Intends to sink a borehole within the project site, once the plant is fully operational, to meet
the demand.
• Has designed and will deploy an efficient technology for closed-loop water utilization, which
ensures minimal water loss during operations and with a high capacity for water recycling.
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Mitigation measures
• Efficient water usage- implement water-saving technologies and recycle water where
possible to reduce the demand on local water sources.
• Wastewater management plan- develop and enforce a wastewater management plan to
prevent contamination of local water bodies. This includes the proper disposal of wastewater
and ensuring proper treatment before discharge.
7.5.4 Soil Erosion
During construction, the soil is likely to be affected as a result of vegetation clearance, minor
excavations, and from contamination of the construction materials.
Mitigation measures
• Erosion control- implement soil erosion control measures, such as installing silt fences,
terracing, and re-vegetating exposed areas immediately after construction.
• Rehabilitation of disturbed areas- stabilize soils in areas disturbed by construction through
replanting and applying erosion control measures where necessary.
7.5.5 Waste Generation
General waste will be generated through the construction and operation phases of the project. There
may in some cases be additional capture waste generation from degradation products of sorbent usage.
Waste would not only impact the aesthetics of the area but has the potential to pollute soil and water
resources.
Mitigation measures
• Contractor to ensure proper disposal of waste generated.
• Properly maintain all machines and vehicles used on site to minimize leakages
• Provide waste collection bins on-site
• Segregate toxic and non-toxic wastes using appropriate color-coded waste bins
7.5.6 Risk of Chemical Spillage
The use of PEI as an absorbent introduces the potential for chemical handling risks. Any accidental
spills, leaks, or improper disposal could contaminate soil and water.
Mitigation measures
• The waste handler shall observe strict handling protocols during disposal of the used chemical.
7.5.7 Energy Use and Efficiency
Trucks require significant amounts of fossil fuel for long-distance CO2 transportation, resulting in
energy inefficiencies compared to pipelines, which are typically powered by renewable or grid energy.
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Mitigation measures
• Maximize truckload capacity to reduce the number of trips required and overall fuel
consumption.
• Use energy-efficient truck models and ensure regular maintenance to maintain optimal fuel
efficiency.
7.6 Sociological/Cultural Impacts
7.6.1 Aesthetic impacts on the landscape
Project activities will likely change the appearance of some parts of the project area, especially the
capture machines installation area, along the transportation routes, pump and compressor station, and
reservoir tanks areas.
Mitigation measures
• Minimize land clearance- limit the area of land clearance to the footprint necessary for
infrastructure.
• Habitat restoration- after construction, rehabilitate disturbed areas by replanting native
vegetation as much as possible.
7.6.2 Spread of STIs
Sexual relationships are likely to emerge between the workers and the villagers during project
implementation. This will likely have potential health impacts on the community.
Mitigation measure
• Promotion of STI awareness campaigns
7.6.3 Risk of accidents
Occupational hazards are likely to occur during the construction, operation and decommissioning
phases if safety precautions are not followed. Avoidance of such hazards can be aided by regular risk
assessment exercises conducted by the contractor and/or proponent. Additionally, higher truck
volumes increase risk of accidents, potentially leading to CO2 leaks or tank ruptures, which could
pose safety risks to nearby communities and ecosystems.
Mitigation measures
• Health and safety training- provide health and safety training to all workers and enforce strict
health and safety protocols on-site to minimize the risk of accidents.
• Traffic management plan- develop and implement a traffic management plan to reduce the
risk of accidents within the site. This includes using designated routes, speed limits, and
scheduling vehicle movements to avoid peak traffic times.

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• Emergency response plan- develop and test emergency response protocols, including
coordination with local emergency services for CO2 spills or accidents..
• Undertake regular risk assessment at the site
• Maintain at the construction site, a standard first aid kit
• Use of appropriate cautionary signage
• Train drivers in defensive driving techniques and safe handling of pressurized CO2 tanks to
prevent accidents.
• Equip trucks with safety features such as real-time pressure and temperature monitoring
systems for CO2 tanks.
7.7 Biological/Ecological Impacts
7.7.1 Loss of biodiversity
Vegetation cover is an important component of any ecosystem and determines its composition.
Clearances of vegetation at the proposed site will inevitably lead to a loss of plant diversity. Although
vegetation removal is expected to occur during the construction phase on-site, there is still a need to
keep vegetation clearance to the minimum possible.
Mitigation measures
• Minimize vegetation clearance- limit the area of land clearance to the footprint necessary for
infrastructure.
• Habitat restoration- after construction, rehabilitate disturbed areas by replanting with the
native pre-existing vegetation.

7.8 Cumulative Impacts

• Combined environmental burden: when added to the impacts of CO2 injection activities,
truck-based transportation increases the cumulative environmental footprint of the project in
the long-run.
• Pressure on road infrastructure: continuous use of access roads by heavy trucks could lead
to faster degradation, necessitating repairs and associated environmental and financial costs.
Mitigation measures
• Collaborative planning: work with other project developers using the same roads to reduce
cumulative traffic and environmental impacts.
• Integrated monitoring: monitor combined impacts on air quality, noise, and traffic, and
adjust operations to minimize overlapping effects.

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• Infrastructure investments: contribute to local road and transport infrastructure

improvements to mitigate the long-term cumulative impact of truck operations.

7.8 Anticipated mitigation measures

This section provides a summary of the impacts, the recommended mitigation measures for the
negative impacts and enhancement measures for the positive impacts. The construction contractors
will be required to implement these measures in totality to ensure that the environment is protected.
Most impacts under the economic and operational components are positive. The mitigation measures
recommended for the various impacts in each of the four components are given in the tables below.

Table 6: Summary of the Negative Impacts and their mitigation measures

Impact Mitigation Measure

Air Pollution • Visually monitor dust generation from work zones to reduce
the impact on the neighboring receptors.
• Sprinkle work areas with grey water to suppress the dust
• Use low-emission technology in transportation and processing.
• Regular monitoring of air quality to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
• Implement a strict maintenance schedule to ensure all trucks
operate efficiently and meet emission standards.
• Optimize transport routes to reduce fuel consumption and
emissions.
Noise Pollution • All vehicles and equipment must be maintained and kept in
good working condition.
• Workers must be provided with earmuffs and/or any other
necessary PPEs
• Constant noise monitoring should be undertaken and corrective
measures employed in case noise levels exceed the permissible
range.
• Restrict truck movements to daytime hours to minimize
community disturbances.
• Notify nearby communities of transport schedules to reduce
potential disturbances.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

Soil erosion • Restore and rehabilitate disturbed areas after construction

• Preserve top soils for rehabilitation of degraded sites
• Restrict clearing of vegetation to areas where the DAC
machines are installed and the access roads to the demarcated
areas only
Energy Use and • Maximize truckload capacity to reduce the number of trips
Efficiency required and overall fuel consumption.
• Use energy-efficient truck models and ensure regular
maintenance to maintain optimal fuel efficiency.
Waste generation • Waste collection bins are to be provided at designated points on-
site
• Contractor to liaise with licensed waste handlers to ensure proper
disposal of waste generated.
• Segregate toxic and non-toxic waste
Water usage/pollution • Treat wastewater to remove suspended solids, and other
contaminants before discharge.
• Implement water recycling and conservation practices.
• Employ monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality.
Risk of chemical spillage • Proper handling and disposal of used PEI by the waste handler

Loss of biodiversity • Vegetation removal should be limited to the site of operation

only.
• Perform environmental impact assessments to identify and
protect sensitive habitats.
• Revegetation of the affected areas
Loss of aesthetic • Restore and rehabilitate disturbed areas after construction
appearance • Minimize clearance of vegetation
Risk of accidents • Contractor to undertake regular risk assessment exercises
• Provide health and safety training to all workers
• Develop and implement a traffic management plan
• Develop an Emergency Response Plan to address any accidents
• Maintain a standard first aid kit on site.
• Train drivers in defensive driving techniques and safe handling

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

of pressurized CO2 tanks to prevent accidents

Spread of STIs • Promotion of STI awareness campaigns

Impact Rating
Table 7: Impact rating for the negative impacts
Severity Spatial Scope Duration Overall Impact
Impact
of Impact of the Impact of Impact Score Rating
Air pollution -2 -2 -2 -2 Low
Noise pollution -2 -2 -1 -2 Low
Soil erosion -2 -2 -1 -2 Low
Water pollution -2 -2 -3 -2 Low
Waste generation -3 -2 -3 -3 Medium
Loss of biodiversity -3 -3 -2 -3 Medium
Loss of aesthetic appearance -2 -2 -1 -2 Low
Risk of accidents -3 -2 -2 -3 Medium
Spread of STIs -2 -2 -1 -2 Low

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

PLAN (ESMMP)

8.0 Introduction
This Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for the proposed project provides a comprehensive
framework to ensure the project operates sustainably and in full compliance with environmental
regulations. Direct Air Capture, as a critical climate change mitigation strategy, requires careful
oversight to ensure that any potential environmental impacts are identified early and effectively
managed. This plan outlines key parameters to be monitored, including air quality, biodiversity, and
waste management, ensuring that the project minimizes its environmental footprint while
safeguarding public health.

8.1 Purpose and Objectives of the ESMMP

The objectives of this ESMMP are to:
i. Serve as a commitment and reference for the project proponent to implement the ESMMP
including conditions of approval from NEMA.
ii. Serve as a guiding document for the environmental and social monitoring activities for the
supervising Environmental and Social Experts, contractor and the project proponent including
requisite progress reports.
iii. Provide detailed specifications for the management and mitigation of activities that have the
potential to impact negatively on the environmental and social aspects.
iv. Document environmental and social concerns and appropriate protection measures while
ensuring that corrective actions are completed promptly.

8.2 Audit of the ESMMP

The project proponent shall conduct regular audits of the ESMMP to ensure that the system for
implementation of the ESMMP is operating effectively. The audit shall check that a procedure is in
place to ensure that:
i. The ESMMP being used is the up-to-date version;
ii. Variations to the ESMMP and non-compliance and corrective action are documented, and
appropriate environmental and social training of personnel is undertaken.
iii. Emergency procedures are in place and effectively communicated to personnel.
iv. A register of major incidents (leaks, injuries, complaints) is in place, and other documentation
related to the ESMMP, and;

60
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

v. Ensure that appropriate corrective and preventive measures are taken by the contractor once
instructions have been issued.

8.3 Management Responsibility of the ESMMP

To ensure sound development and effective implementation of the ESMMP, it will be necessary to
identify and define the responsibilities and authority of the various persons and organizations that
will be involved in the proposed project. The following entities should be involved in the
implementation of this ESMMP:
i. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
ii. Project proponent and/or Contractor
iii. Environmental and Social Experts/Consultants

8.3.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

The responsibility of NEMA is to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters
relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the Government of Kenya in the
implementation of all policies relating to the environment.

8.3.2 The Project Proponent/Contractor

The Project Proponent or person/firms contracted to install and equip the proposed DAC modules
and pipeline system will be required to comply with the requirements of the ESMMP within this
report. To ensure strict compliance, the environmental specifications of this ESMMP should form part
of the contract documents.

8.3.3 The Environmental and Social Expert/Consultant

The sourced consultant will have to ensure that the proposed ESMMP is up-to-date and is being used
by the project proponent/contractor. Periodic audits of the ESMMP will have to be done to ensure
that its performance is as expected.

8.4 Emergency procedure during the construction and operations phase of the project
An emergency situation means unforeseen happening resulting in serious or fatal injury to employed
persons or the neighboring communities. In the event of an emergency during construction and
operation, the worker(s) shall:
• Alert other persons exposed to danger
• Inform the Environmental and Safety personnel
• Do a quick assessment of the nature of the emergency
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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

• Call for immediate medical help.

The proponent shall put measures to respond to emergencies such as alarms and must have trained
occupational safety personnel to assist in emergency cases.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

8.5 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP)

Impact Location Monitoring Frequency Project Phase Threshold/Stand Monitoring Recommended Costs
Technique ard Responsibility Mitigation Measures (KShs)

Acceptable
Results

Air • Capture • CO₂ • Continu Construction Levels between Contractor • Sprinkle the 200,000
Pollution facility sensors ous at and operation 400-450 ppm construction site
Octavia
the with water.
• Transportati • Gas Carbon
capture
on routes analyzers • Provide dust
facility
masks at the
• Observatio
• Twice a project site.
n
week at
• Reduce speed for
transpor
vehicles visiting
tation
the site.
routes

• Discontinue
operations and
take corrective
measures in case
of CO2 leaks

Noise • Constructio • Sound level Daily during • Construction • Noise levels Contractor • Provide workers 100,000
Pollution n site meters construction and operation below 55 dB with earmuffs
Octavia
(daytime) and

44
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

• Near • Truck and peak 45 dB Carbon • Provide signage on

operational maintananc operations (nighttime) high noise levels
facilities e logs near sensitive and adequate
insspection receptors e.g. notice to any party
• Along
schools, affected
transport
residential
routes areas, and • All equipment and
vehicles must be
hospitals.
well-maintained
• 70 dB
• Limit working
(daytime) and
hours to 8 am to 5
60 dB
pm to avoid
(nighttime) in
disturbance during
industrial
night hours
areas.

Soil • Constructio Observation Bi-annually • Construction • Re-vegetate Octavia • Restore and No

erosion n site and operation affected areas Carbon rehabilitate additional
to the disturbed areas after cost
original state construction

• Restrict clearing of
vegetation for the
well pad and the
access roads to the
demarcated areas
only

45
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

Waste • Constructio • Waste • Weekly Construction Full Contractor • Enhance recycling 200,000
generation n site audits inspecti and operation compliance efforts
Octavia
ons with the
• Capture • Waste Carbon • Collaborate with
Environmental
facility tracking • Daily certified waste
Management
records tracking handlers for proper
and
• Transportati
of Coordination treatment and
on routes • Segregation generate disposal.
(Waste
and
d waste
• Maintenanc Management)
categorizati • Implement waste
at each
e areas Regulations,
on of waste minimization
site.
2006
streams strategies.
(e.g., • Quarterl
Minimal
hazardous y audits
hazardous
vs. non- and
waste
hazardous) reportin generation.
g.
• Site
Recycle and
inspections
reuse non-
hazardous
waste.

Water • Buffer • Water Quarterly • Operation • pH between Octavia • Containment and No

use/polluti zones. sampling, 6.5 and 8.5 Carbon cleanup strategies additional
on analysis of if contamination cost
• Upstream pH, CO₂ • TDS below occurs.
and 1,200 mg/L
concentrati
downstream • Re-use and recycle
on,
• No detectable

46
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

of nearby temperature increase in used water

lakes, rivers, , and CO₂
or streams dissolved
close to the oxygen.
project site.

Loss of Ecosystems Biodiversity Annually Construction No significant Octavia • Enhance 100,000

biodiversit near the surveys and operation reduction in Carbon conservation
y project area. species efforts
Measure of
richness or
area of land • Restore affected
abundance;
cleared. areas to their
Habitats remain
original state
stable.
• Maximize
Energy use Transport Fuel logs Weekly Construction CO2 emissions Octavia Part of
truckload capacity
and checks checks of and operation must not Carbon project
to reduce the
efficiency fuel logs exceed 450 number of trips cost
Eergy audits g/km per truck Contractor
required and
overall fuel
consumption.
• Use energy-
efficient truck
models and ensure
regular
maintenance to
maintain optimal
fuel efficiency.

47
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

Risk of Construction Safety Quarterly Construction Octavia • Report accidents 100,000

accidents and operation inspections Carbon
Operation • Provide
sites
Inspection Contractor Emergency
accident and Response Plan
incident (ERP) on site
register.

Communit Nearby • Health Annually, Pre- No significant Octavia • Ensure emergency Part of the
y Health communities surveys, with construction, increase in Carbon response systems project
and Safety within a 5-10 continuous construction, respiratory are operational. cost
• Public
monitoring km radius of community and operation illnesses or
feedback • Implement public
the project engagement. adverse health
forums health
impacts related
interventions.
to CO₂
exposure.
• Improve air quality
management

Regulatory Project-wide • Internal and Annually Capture and Full Octavia • Address non- 400,000
compliance external transportation compliance Carbon compliance issues
and audits with promptly.
reporting environmental
• Compliance • Apply corrective
permits and
inspections action plans.
Weekly county/national
regulations.

1,100,000
Total

48
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.0 Conclusion
This ESIA report highlights the significant environmental and socio-economic potential of this
pioneering initiative. It integrates DAC technology with the region’s geothermal energy
resources to capture CO₂ for permanent storage, contributing to global climate change
mitigation efforts. By utilizing the geothermal resources and favorable geological conditions,
the project demonstrates its environmental sustainability, economic viability, and alignment
with Kenya’s Vision 2030 and international climate goals.

The project’s design considers both the local environmental context and the global climate
change agenda, offering numerous benefits such as reduced CO₂ emissions, job creation, and
technological advancements in renewable energy. However, the potential environmental
impacts during the construction and operation phases, including air and noise pollution, soil
erosion, and loss of biodiversity, have been identified. The assessment provides a detailed plan
for mitigating these risks through stringent monitoring and management practices.

9.1 Recommendations
1. Enhanced community engagement and capacity building
Implement continuous engagement with local communities to foster awareness of the project
benefits and address any emerging concerns. Local training programs should be developed to
enhance the community’s capacity to take part in project-related activities, thus fostering local
ownership and ensuring long-term benefits.

2. Rigorous environmental monitoring

Establish a comprehensive environmental monitoring program to track key parameters such as
air quality, water quality, and soil conditions. This program should be designed to ensure timely
detection of any adverse impacts, ensuring corrective measures can be taken promptly. Regular
audits should be conducted to ensure adherence to environmental standards.

3. Minimizing biodiversity loss

While the project site in Elementaita makes it suitable for the DAC technology, careful
measures must be taken to protect the ecosystems, especially during vegetation clearing and
construction. Vegetation removal should be minimized, and rehabilitation programs should be
launched to restore disturbed areas post-construction.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

4. Adoption of low-emission technologies

The use of low-emission construction machinery and transportation options is critical.
Adopting electric or hybrid vehicles and equipment where possible, in line with Kenya’s green
economy goals, will reduce emissions and ensure the project’s environmental sustainability
and reduce the carbon footprints it aims to reduce.

5. Water conservation measures

Since the DAC process will require significant amounts of water, it is essential to implement
water recycling, reuse, and conservation measures. Additionally, strict monitoring of surface
water close to the proposed site should be maintained to prevent contamination and ensure
water resources are safeguarded.

6. Noise pollution control

To minimize the impact of noise pollution on local communities, it is important to implement
noise barriers and schedule high-noise activities at appropriate times.

7. Employment opportunities and community development

Prioritize the employment of local workers in all phases of the project, especially in roles that
require semi-skilled to non-skilled personnel. In addition, community development initiatives
such as infrastructure improvement and educational programs related to clean energy and
climate change should be supported.

8. Compliance with regulatory frameworks

Ensure strict adherence to Kenya’s environmental laws and international protocols such as the
Paris Agreement. The ESMMP should be fully implemented to ensure compliance with the
NEMA and other relevant bodies’ regulations.

9. Re-use the captured CO2

Carry out relevant research on how the liquefied CO2 can be re-used instead of injecting all of
it underground. This can open opportunities for more revenue and also mitigate any potential
impacts as a result of injecting large quantities underground.

10. SEP and CMP

The proponent to develop a comprehensive Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP) and
Community Management Plan (CMP). Implementing these plans will enhance community

51
 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

ownership and amicable resolution of any conflicts arising from social and environmental
concerns.

11. License
The proponent be licensed based on the environmental and social management measures
contained in this ESIA Report.

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 ESIA for Direct Air Capture (DAC) Project in Elementaita, Kenya

CHAPTER 10: REFERENCES

Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts 1999, Environmental Management and Coordination Act
(CAP 387)
Kim K, Kim D, Na Y, Song Y, Wang J. A review of carbon mineralization mechanism during
geological CO2 storage. Heliyon. 2023 Dec 2;9(12):e23135.
Kirmani FUD, Raza A, Ahmad S, Arif M, Mahmoud M. A holistic overview of the in-situ and
ex-situ carbon mineralization: Methods, mechanisms, and technical challenges. Sci
Total Environ. 2024 Sep 15;943:173836.
Matter JM, Stute M, Snæbjörnsdottir SÓ. Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal
of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Science. 2016 Jun 10;352(6291):1312-4.
Muhannad Al Kalbani, Mehdi Serati, Harald Hofmann, Thierry Bore: A comprehensive review
of enhanced in-situ CO2 mineralization in Australia and New Zealand, International
Journal of Coal Geology, Volume 276, 2023, 104316, ISSN 0166-5162,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2023.104316.
Zhang S, DePaolo DJ. Rates of CO2 Mineralization in Geological Carbon Storage. Acc Chem
Res. 2017 Sep 19;50(9):2075-2084.

53
Appendix I: Approved ToRs
AUTHENTICATION
I certify that Octavia Carbon has contracted a licensed EIA Lead Expert with NEMA
accreditation, to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Direct
Air Capture (DAC) project located in Elementaita, Kenya in accordance with legal requirements
stipulated in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387).

PROPONENT : OCTAVIA CARBON

ADDRESS : GIRIRAJ BUSINESS PARK, ALONG EASTERN BYPASS

RUAI, NAIROBI
P.O. BOX 241-00520

LEAD EXPERT : EDWIN NYAGA

Signature: Date: 25.09.2024

LEAD EXPERT REG No. 1974

CONSULTANT : RAYMOND MWAKIRANI

Signature: Date: 25.09.2024

2
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... ii

1.0 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................... 1

1.1 Description of the Proposed Project ................................................................................ 2

1.2 Scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study....................... 3

1.3 Responsibilities of the ESIA Team ........................................................................................ 5

1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 9

1.5 Proposed ESIA Study Team ................................................................................................ 10

1.6 Expected Outputs .................................................................................................................. 10

1.7 Proposed work plan for the ESIA Study ............................................................................ 11

1.8 Summary of impacts and their mitigation measures ......................................................... 12

1.9 Credentials of Lead Experts ................................................................................................ 13

i
List of Abbreviations

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EMCA: Environmental Management and Coordination Act

ESIA: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP: Environmental and Social Management Plan

GIS: Geographic Information System

CO2: Carbon dioxide

NEMA: National Environment Management Authority

TOR: Terms of Reference

DAC: Direct Air Capture

NEP: National Environment Policy

GESIP: Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan

NCCAP: Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan

UNFCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

IFC: International Finance Corporation

ii
1.0 Introduction and Background

This Terms of Reference (ToR) outlines the approach and scope of work for conducting an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Direct Air Capture (DAC) project by
Octavia Carbon, in partnership with Cella Mineral Storage. This project aims to contribute to
global efforts in mitigating climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) directly from the
atmosphere and securely storing it underground in basalt rock formations. The proposed site is
situated in Kenya, where innovative carbon capture technologies will be integrated with existing
geological storage solutions.

Direct Air Capture technology is a cutting-edge method in carbon removal. It involves the use of
advanced processes to extract CO₂ from ambient air, significantly reducing the greenhouse gas
concentration. Once captured, the CO₂ will be stored in mineral form, leveraging the expertise of
Cella Mineral Storage. This partnership ensures both safe and long-term storage solutions are in
place, aligned with the project’s vision for sustainability.

Implementing the DAC project will consider Kenya’s regulatory framework, especially the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999. The ESIA process will help
identify potential environmental and social impacts, both positive and negative, and recommend
suitable mitigation measures. Public consultation and stakeholder engagement will also form a
crucial part of the study to ensure that local communities are involved and their concerns
addressed.

This ToR has been developed based on scoping outcomes, preliminary consultations, and
background information on the project. It will serve as the guiding document for the EIA, helping
ensure that the project complies with environmental regulations, safeguards biodiversity, and
promotes socio-economic benefits in the region.

1
1.1 Description of the Proposed Project
The full-scale project will comprise of 100 DAC modules that will capture a total of 1000 tons of
CO2 per year. The system works by pulling in ambient air and filtering out CO₂ using specialized
chemical processes. Once captured, the CO₂ is compressed and transported via pipelines for secure
storage in underground geological formations, facilitated by Cella Mineral Storage’s advanced
mineralization technology. This partnership is key to ensuring the long-term, safe storage of
carbon, aligning with Kenya’s ambitious climate action plans under its Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs).

The project will be implemented in distinct phases, each involving specific activities to ensure the
project's success while minimizing environmental and social impacts. The first phase, pre-
construction, focuses on planning, site selection, and detailed design. During this phase, geological
surveys will be conducted to identify suitable underground storage sites, and environmental and
social assessments will be finalized. Stakeholder engagement will also occur to address any
concerns from local communities and regulatory bodies as well as getting the necessary permits
and approvals from NEMA and Nakuru County Government. The construction phase will involve
the installation of DAC infrastructure, including the capture systems, transportation pipelines, and
storage facilities. This will require civil works such as excavation, foundation laying, and the
installation of necessary technology to capture and compress carbon dioxide. In this phase, there
will also be the construction of transportation systems such as pipelines to convey the captured
CO₂ to the storage sites.

Once the infrastructure is established, the operation phase begins, during which the DAC systems
will be fully functional. Activities during this phase include the continuous capture of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, its transportation, and injection into the underground storage.
Regular monitoring and maintenance of the system will be critical to ensure that operations remain
within safe environmental parameters, as well as to detect any potential leaks or risks associated
with long-term storage. The final phase is the decommissioning phase which will occur at the end
of the project's life cycle. This phase includes the dismantling of equipment, site rehabilitation,
and long-term monitoring of the storage sites to ensure that the stored carbon remains safely

2
contained. Environmental restoration activities will be conducted to return the site to its natural
state.

1.2 Scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Study

The scope of the assignment will be to carry out Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA) study for the proposed DAC project at Elementaita, Kenya. The ESIA study will endeavor
to identify potential environmental, social and economic aspects and predict the positive and
negative impacts associated with the proposed project. The ESIA study will also help to develop
the best possible mitigation measures in the form of Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) as well as monitoring plans that will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation
measures. The ESIA study will be structured to meet the requirements of existing legal
frameworks.

The ESIA study report will provide the below information in line with the provisions of
Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 (amendment) 2016:

• the proposed location of the project;

• a concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory framework;
baseline information, and any other relevant information related to the project;
• the objectives of the project;
• the technology, procedures and processes to be used in the implementation of the project;
• the materials to be used in the construction and implementation of the project;
• the products, by-products and waste generated by the project;
• a description of the potentially affected environment;
• the environmental effects of the project including the social and cultural effects and the
direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects anticipated;
• alternative technologies and processes available and reasons for preferring the chosen
technology and processes;
• analysis of alternatives including project site, design and technologies and reasons for
preferring the proposed site, design and technologies;

3
• an environmental management plan proposing the measures for eliminating, minimizing
or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment; including the cost, time frame and
responsibility to implement the measures;
• provision of an action plan for the prevention and management of foreseeable accidents
and hazardous activities in the cause of carrying out activities within the project
• the measures to prevent health hazards and to ensure security in the working environment
for the employees and for the management of emergencies.

4
1.3 Responsibilities of the ESIA Team

The ESIA team, under the leadership of a registered and licensed Lead EIA/Audit Expert, shall
carry out the ESIA study in accordance with the general Environmental Impact Assessment
guidelines and administrative procedures issued by NEMA. To achieve this objective, the ESIA
team will execute the following tasks:

Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project

The ESIA team will be expected to provide a comprehensive description of the proposed project
including the following:

i. Type and nature of the project

ii. Direct Air Capture details;
iii. Project design
iv. Activities to be undertaken during construction and operation phase of the project
v. Alternative technologies to be considered.

Task 2: Description of the Project Environment/Baseline Data Collection

Baseline data on the project’s area of influence will be established through field survey and
review of relevant literature. The following shall form part of the baseline data:

Information on the Physical Environment: The ESIA team will provide a description of the
following:

i. The topography, soil characteristics and the hydrogeology of the proposed project site.
ii. Surface and sub-surface water characteristics
iii. Existing ambient air quality including parameters such as particulate matter, gaseous
pollutants, and information on existing meteorological conditions such as temperature,
humidity, rainfall and wind characteristics.
iv. Existing ambient noise levels and the potential sources of noise pollution

Information on Flora and Fauna of the Project’s Area of Influence: The ESIA team will
collect baseline information on the existing biodiversity and determine how it will be affected by
construction activities. The team will as well evaluate the project alternative sites by considering

5
 areas which have unique habitat, endemic or threatened species, or species of high economic and
cultural value to society or ecosystem.

Information on Socio-economic/Cultural Aspects: Socio-economic/cultural aspects to be

considered will include the following:

i. Land uses;
ii. Land ownership;
iii. Demographic profile;
iv. Economic activities around the project site;
v. Existing public infrastructure and social services
vi. Prevalent diseases;
vii. List of cultural and heritage site falling within the proposed site.

Task 3: Carry out Public Participation and Consultations

The ESIA team will ensure adequate public participation and/or consultations throughout the ESIA
study for the proposed project. This will ensure that all relevant concerns and opinions regarding
the proposed project are integrated into the project decision making process and are adequately
addressed in the ESIA study report. The non-technical summary of the ESIA study report will be
presented to the relevant stakeholders with an aim of soliciting comments from them with regards
to the proposed project. Both public meetings/barazas and a key stakeholders’ workshop will be
conducted to fulfil this requirement.

Upon submission of the ESIA study report to NEMA, the report will be disclosed to the public for
a period of 30 days to facilitate submission of comments. Notices to invite comments will be done
through announcement in the local newspapers, the Kenya Gazette and radio.

Task 4: Determination of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

The ESIA team will identify possible positive and negative impacts arising from all aspects related
to the proposed project during construction and operation phase. All the negative impacts shall be
described in detail. The assessment shall include short term and long-term impacts of the proposed
project as well as cumulative impacts.

6
 The potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed Direct Air Capture
project include:

a) Positive Impacts

The main positive impacts during construction phase will be:

i. Creation of business opportunities for local suppliers

ii. Employment opportunities for local community
iii. Reduce effects of global warming in the climatic pattern

b) Negative Impacts

The negative impacts envisaged include:

i. Vegetation clearance and disturbance;
ii. Landscape and visual impacts;
iii. Noise and vibration impacts
iv. Air pollution from elevated dust during construction;
v. Generation of wastes
vi. Occupational Safety & Health Risks
vii. Community Safety and Health

Task 5: Legislative and Regulatory Framework.

A description will be given of the pertinent regulations, standards and institutional framework
governing environmental management, health and safety. Consideration will be given to the
national and international legislations. Among those to be considered include the following.

1. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

2. The Kenya Vision 2030
3. Sessional Paper on Environment and Development Paper No.6 of 1999
4. The Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) 2016–2030
5. The National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2013
6. The Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022
7. Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Cap. 387)

7
8. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
9. The Work Injury Benefits Act, 2007
10. Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003
11. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations
2006
12. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulation, 2006
13. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise and Excessive Vibrations
Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009
14. The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Air Quality) Regulation, 2014
15. Public Health Act (Cap 242)
16. National Gender and Equality Act, 2011
17. The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012
18. The County Governments Act, 2012
19. Climate Change Act, 2016
20. Employment Act, 2007
21. Physical and Land use Planning Act, 2019
22. The Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules, 2007
23. The Factories and Other Places of Work (Hazardous Substances) Rules, 2007
24. The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules, 2005 –
Legal Notice No.25
25. Geothermal Resources Act No. 12 of 1982
26. The Traffic Act, 2016
27. The Mining Act, 2016
28. The Energy Act, 2019
29. The Water Act, 2016
30. Water Resources Management Rules, 2007, Legislative Supplement No.52.
31. The Paris Agreement, 2015
32. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992 UNFCCC) and
Kyoto Protocol
33. The Convention on Biological Diversity

8
 34. IFC Environmental and Social Performance Standards (PS) and World Bank Group’s
Environmental and Health and Safety Guidleines

Task 6: Mitigation and Management of Negative Impacts

Recommendations will be made for feasible and cost-effective measures to enhance the
environmental and social benefits of the proposed project; avoid, minimize or remediate the
adverse impacts; and to ensure that the residual adverse impacts are kept within acceptable levels.
These measures will culminate into the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
covering all phases of the proposed project, right from construction to decommissioning. The
ESMP will outline mitigation measures that will be undertaken to ensure compliance with
environmental laws and regulations and to establish systems and procedures for this purpose.

A monitoring plan will also be developed taking into consideration the following:

i. The activity to be monitored and the parameters chosen to effectively carry out the
exercise;
ii. The methodology to be employed and the frequency of monitoring and
iii. The locations to be monitored.

Task 7: Preparation of ESIA Study Report

The ESIA team will be required to prepare the ESIA study report which will focus on key findings,
conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations
for any references used in interpreting those data.

1.4 Methodology

Standard ESIA techniques will be used to collect the requisite information pertaining to the
proposed project. These will include site reconnaissance, desktop review, mapping of the site using
Geographic Information System (GIS), measurement of noise, particulate matter and CO2 levels,
expert judgement, case studies of similar projects, and public meetings/barazas.

9
1.5 Proposed ESIA Study Team

A multidisciplinary team, whose details are indicated in the table below, has been appointed to
conduct the ESIA study for the proposed Direct Air Capture project.

Name Qualifications NEMA Reg. No.

Edwin Nyaga Lead Expert 1974

Raymond Mwakirani Consultant 1113

Fiona Mugambi Project Engineer N/A

Sharon Chebet Community Relations Specialist N/A

Beatrice Nyairo Environmental Scientist 9385

Geoffrey Nyambega Environmental Scientist 10219

Hillary Mlawasi Safety Engineer N/A

1.6 Expected Outputs

Five (5) hard copies and an electronic copy of the ESIA study report will be prepared and
submitted to NEMA for review and approval. The report will include an appendix of relevant
documents. The soft copy of the report will be submitted electronically via NEMA website.

10
1.7 Proposed work plan for the ESIA Study

The proposed work plan will be as indicated below:

Item Description Duration
(No. of days)
Preparation, submission and approval of Terms of Reference by NEMA 10
Baseline data collection 15
Public participation 15
Desk top ESIA study & report preparation 20
Presentation of draft ESIA report to Management of Octavia Carbon 1
Preparation of the final ESIA study report, printing, binding, 3
endorsement and submission to NEMA
Public participation and consultations including: 40
i. Preparation of public notice by NEMA
ii. Submission of public notice to government printers for
incorporation in Kenya Gazette
iii. Submission of public notice to print media for incorporation in the
newspaper with wider local circulation
iv. Advertising in local newspaper, radio and Kenya Gazette for two
(2) successive weeks
v. Receipt of comments from the public and key stakeholders
vi. Response to the public and/or stakeholders’ comments by the ESIA
team in form of a report and submission of the report to NEMA as
an addendum to the ESIA study report where necessary.
Review of the ESIA study report & decision making by NEMA (Issuance of 50
ESIA license)
Total No. of days to complete ESIA study Report & receive approval from 150
NEMA

NB: Some activities will run concurrently.

11
1.8 Summary of impacts and their mitigation measures

Impact Mitigation Measure

Air Pollution • Visually monitor dust generation from work zones to reduce
the impact to the neighboring receptors.
• Sprinkle work areas with grey water to suppress the dust
• Use low-emission technology in transportation and processing.
• Regular monitoring of air quality to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
Noise Pollution • All vehicles and equipment must be maintained and kept in
good working condition.
• Workers must be provided with earmuffs and/or any other
necessary PPEs
• Constant noise monitoring should be undertaken and corrective
measures employed incase noise levels exceed permissible
range.
Soil quality • Deploy a management/safety plan that sets out monitoring,
inspection and operational requirements as well as emergency
response procedures.
• Pipeline monitoring options including internal inspection,
external corrosion checks and leak detection (where possible)
and regular patrols.
Waste generation • The site personnel are encouraged to adhere to environmental
health and safety policies in place to minimize littering and
generation of other forms of waste
• Contractor to liase with licensed waste handlers to ensure proper
disposal of waste generated.
Water pollution • Treat wastewater to remove suspended solids, and other
contaminants before discharge.
• Implement water recycling and conservation practices.
• Design storage sites with robust containment measures to

12
 prevent leakage.
• Employ rigorous monitoring of groundwater and surface water
quality.
Loss of biodiversity • Vegetation removal should be limited to site of operation only.
• Perform environmental impact assessments to identify and
protect sensitive habitats.
• Revegetative the affected areas
Loss of aesthetic • Restore and rehabilitate disturbed areas after construction
appearance
Risk of accidents • Contractor to undertake regular risk assessment exercises

Spread of STIs • Promotion of STI awareness campaigns

Employment • Manpower should be sourced locally as much as is possible

Opportunities especially for the semiskilled and unskilled categories
• Invest in community development projects and infrastructure
improvements.
Environmental protection • Ensure that the EMP is fully complied with

1.9 Credentials of Lead Experts

13
Appendix I I : Budget Estimates

1.1 TOTAL COST ESTIMATES

Quantity Total Cost (KShs)

Mini Plant 4 DAC Units 64,399,513.43

Civil and Structural Works 1 Structure 9,357,826.73

Total 73,757,340.16

1.2 BREAK DOWN

SK-001 Budgeted Cost ($) SK-002 Budgeted Cost ($) SK-003 Budgeted Cost ($) Main Power supply Budget Cost ($)
Equipment $ 4,796.85 Equipment $ 945.18 Equipment $ 15,748.18 Power Distribution $ 10,225.40
Structural members $ 2,078.14 Structural members $ 379.86 Structural members $ 654.54 Main Sub-Board $ 5,411.98
Fittings $ 777.88 Fittings $ 2,382.29 Fittings $ 2,788.57 DPU Sub-Board $ 2,402.84
Manual Valves $ 259.18 Manual Valves $ 1,085.73 Manual Valves $ 895.58 Total $ 18,040.23
Electrical $ 8,216.85 Electrical $ 4,775.08 Electrical $ 3,965.85
Piping $ 149.78 Piping $ 122.66 Piping $ 336.92
Instrumentation $ 3,174.02 Instrumentation $ 4,642.83 Instrumentation $ 5,483.85 Others Budget Cost($) Used?
Total $ 19,452.69 Total $ 14,333.63 Total $ 29,873.48 Civil Works $ 30,000.00 $ 32,000.00
Washroom $ 6,153.84 $ 11,718.75
Pipe Rack+ Lenanas Budgeted Cost ($) Reservior Budgeted Cost ($) SK-004 Budget Cost ($) Compressor Cage $ - $ 199.60
Equipment $ 170,000.00 Equipment $ 2,193.22 Liquefaction Skid $ 144,425.00 Sorbent parking house $ 1,165.05 $ 1,165.05
Structural members $ 2,078.14 Fittings $ 388.94 pending Liquefaction Housing $ 3,482.97 Site Expenses (miscellaneous petty cash loaded onto the $ - $ 2,019.42
Fittings $ 4,914.52 Valves $ 23.43 Total $ 147,907.97 Canopy Tarp $ - $ 4,994.17
Manual Valves $ 2,533.18 Piping $ 27.18
Electrical $ 3,965.85 Instrumentation $ 20.19 Total $ 37,318.89 $ 52,096.99
Piping $ 1,236.85 Total $ 2,652.97 CIP Budget Cost($)
Instrumentation $ 20,207.07 Pumps $ 918.00 Miscellenneous Budget Cost($)
Total $ 204,935.61 Tank Heating System $ 26.01 Budget $ 25,000.00
Valves $ 234.00 Used $ 16,333.41
Piping & Fittings $ 1,139.22 Remaining Budget $ 8,666.59
Instrumentation $ 2,121.00
Skid Frame $ 1,256.45
Miscellaneous $ 250.00 Admin Costs Budget Cost($)
Total $ 5,944.68 Budget $ 500.00
Used $ 290.69
Remaining Budget $ 209.31
Total Budget $ 497,293.54
Expensed $ 503,405.06
DRILMATIC INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. CONFIRDENTIAL CONTRACT NO.

Page 1

OCTAVIA CARBON

PROPOSED DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TEST SITE

MAIN SUMMARY

BILL OF QUANTITIES

ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT AMOUNT

NO. [KSHS] [KSHS]

A1.1 PRELIMINARIES & GENERAL ITEMS 574,200.00

A1.2 RAFT FOUNDATION 2,936,979.50

A1.3 EXTERNAL WORKS 913,901.05

A1.4 ROOF CANOPY STRUCTURE 3,642,011.46

A1.5 Consultancy fees provision- Site visit, design and BOQ preparation -Discounted if DIL proceeds with construction 280,734.80

Subtotal 8,067,092.01

Add 16% VAT 1,290,734.72

TOTAL AMOUNT FOR THE DAC TEST SITE-VAT INCLUSIVE 9,357,826.73

Appendix III: Public Participation Minutes

MINUTES FOR THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING FOR THE DIRECT AIR
CAPTURE PROJECT IN ELEMENTAITA HELD ON WEDNESDAY 16th OCTOBER,
2024, AT KIKOPEY CHIEF’S OFFICE GROUNDS AT 10 AM

Name Designation Role

1 Boniface Mbae Area Chief Chairperson
2 Raymond Mwakirani Lead Consultant Member
3 Melissa Nyangarisa Partnerships- Cella Member
Mineral Storage
4 Ian Nthiga Partnerships – Octavia Member
Carbon
5 Geoffrey Nyambega EIA Expert Taking Minutes
6 John Kirika Nyumba Kumi Elder Member
7 Community members 41

AGENDA:
1. Introduction
2. Presentations
3. Plenary
4. AOB

Min. No. Item Person(s)

Preamble The area chief Mr. Boniface Mbage called the meeting to order Chief
Min at 10.25 am. A word of prayer was offered by Pst. David Boniface
1/16/10/2024 Kioko. Mbage
The chair also introduced the parties present.
Min Presentations:
2/16/10/2024 Explained the concept of Direct Air Capture and its rationale Octavia
why it is needful i.e to reduce levels of CO2 in the atmosphere Carbon
to curb global warming.

Octavia Carbon Co.,

P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 Octavia Carbon intends to install 4 DAC machines by end of Cella
2024. The machines will capture, purify and liquefy CO2 for Mineral
underground storage by Cella Mineral Storage. Storage
The machines are designed to filter only CO2 from the
captured air and releases other gases back to atmosphere. EIA
The proposed location is ideal since it has affordable Consultant
geothermal energy and basaltic rock formations suitable for
CO2 storage.
Min
Plenary:
3/16/10/2024
Name Question/Concern/Comment Response
John Kirika a. How do you capture the CO2 to a. Air is passed from the bottom of
come to the machine? the DAC machines which have
b. Do the machines capture the CO2 layers of PEI absorbent that has
from the whole world or is it just high affinity for CO2. The
in Elementaita? chemical filters out only CO2 and
c. Can’t the stored CO2 come out lets other gases escape through the
with time? tops of the machines.
d. Is there a connection between the b. CO2 released in one location
carboxide in Kimende the CO2 diffuses and causes impact
that will be captured? worldwide. Capturing it from
e. Will there be employment for the Elementaita reduce its global
local communities? amounts, not just locally. The
general impact is wide enough.
c. Before it is injected underground,
the CO2 is first liquefied. After
injection, the liquefied CO2
naturally reacts with basalt rocks
to form carbonates which are
stable rocks, making it impossible
for it to escape.
d. CO2 from the air naturally reacts
with rocks to form carboxide
Octavia Carbon Co.,
P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 which can easily be mined. The
technology used in this case stores
the gas deep underground where it
cannot be released.
e. Yes, there will be employments.
Already the company has started
absorbing youths from the area
and training them about their
technology and will be absorbed.
Other opportunities will be
available when the project
commences.
George a. How far will the project be CO2 has high diffusion rate.
Kariuki impactful? Regardless of where it is released, its
effect is far reaching, therefore, local
solutions will have a global effect.
Alice a. Will the stored CO2 be re-used? a. CO2 is used in many ways, e.g in
Kariuki b. Which are the repercussions carbonated drinks, jet fuel etc.
(negative impacts) of the The aim as at now is to test the
project? efficacy of the machines. Re-
c. Will the machines be harmful? using will come later after enough
Will they have any emissions? research has been conducted.
d. Will there be another public b. From projects where similar
participation or this is the one technology has been deployed
and only one? before e.g. Climeworks, there has
not been reported any significant
negative impacts.
c. The technology has been proven
to be safe. Octavia as a climate
technology company, its
contribution to emission is small.
The company carries out life cycle
assessment to calculate their
Octavia Carbon Co.,
P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 process emissions. They then
account for their emissions to
ensure a positive balance.
d. This is just the beginning of
engagement with the local
community, many other forums
will be arranged even during the
operation phase of the project. It
is a continuous engagement
process.
Sylvester a. How sure is it that the technology a. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), the
Wafula will only capture CO2 and not absorbent used in the DAC
other gases found in the machines, has high affinity only
atmosphere? for CO2 without affecting other
b. Won’t the stored CO2 have a gases. It has no capacity to capture
burning effect on plants? the other gases.
b. The captured CO2 will be stored
800m below the ground, which is
way beyond the planting depth.
There will also be continuous
monitoring during injection, in
case of any negative impact,
necessary corrective measures
will be taken.
James a. Will this a permanent a. There are many ways of reducing
Nderitu solution to finish CO2 or is it CO2 levels in the atmosphere.
just a temporal solution to Countries have agreed to reduce
reduce it? their CO2 emissions, reductions
b. There is already large of fossil fuel usage, afforestation,
quantities of CO2 being maintaining healthy wetlands etc.
released, how will the release Octavia Carbon focuses on
be curbed? removing excess CO2 from the
atmosphere.
Octavia Carbon Co.,
P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 b. Evolving technologies and rising
industrialization are still emitting
CO2. It’s difficult to totally stop
CO2 emissions.
Geoffrey a. What is CO2? a. It is a gas like any other gases in
Ndirangu b. Will there be any smell the atmosphere. It is usable by
during operations? plants to make their food. It is
c. Developments such as this beneficial at acceptable levels.
are welcomed in the When it exceeds, it becomes
community. Consider harmful; hence, there is a need to
employing rightful locals reduce it.
during the implementation. b. No smell is expected during the
capture of the CO2. In case of any,
corrective measures will be
undertaken.
Lucy If the project fails to work Measures are undertaken before a
Nyakioba (backfires), can it have harmful project is given the green light by
health effects to communities NEMA. As part of the licensing
around? process, an environmental
management plan is developed to
mitigate any negative impact at any
stage of development.
David Kioko a. What measures will be taken a. The only potential harmful item
to avoid any health effects in Octavia’s technology is the
brought by such projects? absorbent chemical (PEI),
Will this project have health however, it has been approved for
effects like the diatomite use and the company will have a
factory in Kariandusi? NEMA licensed waste handler to
b. If all the CO2 is removed, safely dispose it after use.
what will plants use? b. There is already too much CO2
levels in the atmosphere and still
large amounts are being emitted

Octavia Carbon Co.,

P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 daily, it is not possible to finish it
all.
Janet a. How does the company a. Through carbon credits once the
Njoroge benefit? CO2 has been successfully stored
b. How will the company avoid underground. Through the sale of
pollution issues and waste the DAC machines once the
generation project has been well developed.
b. It is impossible to avoid waste
generation in any process. The
company will contract a licensed
waste handler to safely dispose of
waste generated from operations.
Corrective measures will be taken
as per the environmental
management plan that will be
developed.
Grace Njeri a. There is fear that something a. The company will set up grievance
will happen that will be of redress mechanisms and feedback
concern later forums to receive and address any
b. During storage, the CO2 will emerging concerns during the
take up space, what will project cycle.
happen to the materials that b. The injected liquid CO2 will
originally occupied that readily react with basalt rocks to
space? Can’t the injection fill form other compounds, in
up the ground and affect land essence, it won’t be occupying
for farming? any additional space. The
c. This forum is not enough to injection process will be slow and
sensitize all the Kikopey in small quantities with
community. continuous monitoring. In case
the injected CO2 does not solidify
as it should, the project will be
discontinued to pave way for
more research.
Octavia Carbon Co.,
P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
 c. This is not the only public
engagement forum, others will be
planned for.
Margaret Will there not be gas explosions after The CO2 will be liquefied before
Mugure storage since CO2 is a gas? injection underground. It will then
react with the rocks and will form
stable rocks making it impossible to
escape or explode.
Teresa How will the companies/countries We've already surpassed pre-
Gathoni emitting CO2 be handled and what industrial levels of CO2. Currently,
percentage of CO2 is considered we're well above 400 ppm, and this
excess? number continues to rise.
It's important to note that the impacts
of climate change are already being
felt globally, including rising sea
levels, more frequent and intense
heatwaves, and more severe weather
events. And the example here, are the
extreme weather patterns i.e.,
droughts and floods in the region
Different countries have a maximum
CO2 limit. Kenya is required to
reduce its emissions by 32%. If a
country exceeds its maximum limit,
it must purchase carbon credits to
take responsibility.
Emitters will lose their carbon credits
if they exceed their maximum levels.
Min Resolutions: Community
4/16/10/2024 The members were positive about the project and expressed members in
that it will bring development and create employment attendance
opportunities for locals. They desired to be educated more
about the technology
Octavia Carbon Co.,
P. O. Box, 241-00520, Ruai.
Giriraj Business Park, Unit 4 & 8, Nairobi, Kenya.
www.octaviacarbon.com | contact@octaviacarbon.com
20/10/2024

26.10.24
MINUTES FOR THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING FOR THE DIRECT AIR
CAPTURE PROJECT IN ELEMENTAITA HELD ON FRIDAY 18th OCTOBER, 2024,
AT GEMA COMMUNITY COLLEGE GROUNDS AT 10 AM

Name Designation Role

1 Stephen Mwangi Area Chief’s Chairperson
Representative
2 Raymond Mwakirani Consultant Member
3 Fiona Mugambi Octavia Carbon Member
Representative
4 Gideon Kariuki Nyumba Kumi Member
5 Geoffrey Nyambega EIA Expert Taking Minutes
6 Fred Wasike Nyumba Kumi Member
7 Community members 48

AGENDA:
1. Introduction
2. Presentations
3. Plenary
4. AOB

Min. No. Item Person(s)

Preamble The chief’s representative Mr. Stephen Mwangi called the Stephen
Min meeting to order at 10.30 am. An opening prayer was offered Mwangi
1/18/10/2024 by one of the members.
The chair also introduced the parties present.
Min Presentations:
2/18/10/2024 The members were introduced to the concept of Direct Air Octavia
Capture, how it operates and it’s benefits to both the local Carbon
community and the environment.
Octavia Carbon is proposing a project of setting up aa DAC EIA
plant at Sleeping Warrior to capture, purify and liquefy CO2 Consultant
 for underground storage by its partner company, Cella Mineral
Storage.
CO2 has accumulated in the atmosphere forming a ‘blanket’
that prevents heat from escaping from earth’s surface, this has
led to increased temperatures (global warming) which indeed
has caused unpredictable shifts in global climate and weather
patterns.
The locals identified some impacts of climate change that have
affected them including prolonged drought, health problems,
unpredictable rainfall patterns. Octavia intends to use the new
technology to help reduce the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere
as one of the climate change mitigation efforts.
Min
Plenary:
3/18/10/2024
Name Question/Concern/Comment Response
Grace How does the technology work? There are two phases in the process,
Kahwai the adsorption phase and the
desorption phase.
In the adsorption phase, the machine
opens and air is passed through the
filter (chemical absorbent). Once the
absorbent is saturated with the air.
In the adsorption phase, the machine
closes to create a vacuum. The filter
is then heated using geothermal heat
consequently filtering out CO2 into
holding containers. The rest of the
gases are released and the machine
opens for another cycle. The CO2
then passes through purification and
liquefaction processes and
transported via pipelines to injection
site.
 What impacts will it have? The technology has less negative
impacts on both the environment and
biodiversity. Since it’s inception and
use in other countries, the technology
has seen improvements to address
negative impacts that have been
experienced in the past in the
countries where it has been
implemented.
If there will be any negative impacts,
the company will consult with the
local community on the best way to
mitigate them.
How will the community be Community leaders stand in as
incorporated into the project to intermediaries between the company
provide feedback? and the community.
Part of the recommendations in the
study will be the formation of a
proper grievance redress mechanism
to provide opportunity for locals to
raise their concerns/grievance for
action by the company.
Mboche What effect will this technology CO2 has high diffusion rate.
Waweru have? Regardless of where it is released, its
effect is far reaching, therefore, local
solutions will have a global effect.
Dorcas What is the radius of the effect area CO2 diffuses very fast globally
Kihara where the carbon will be captured? regardless of where it is released.
Absorbing it from Elementaita or any
place in the world helps reduce its
global levels.
The absorption of CO2 and removal No. It will not affect the clouds
of the blanket, will it not affect the because the blanket is way above the
clouds. The success of this
 clouds and cause frost that will affect technology will lead to increased
our plants? water cycle patterns.
How will the project benefit the It will create employment
locals?
opportunities and also improve
weather patterns that will favor
agricultural activities.
How will the injection be done to The captured CO2 will be liquefied
avoid pollution of ground water?
before injection by Cella. During and
If possible, bring along bronchures after injection, the CO2 will react
and/visual presentations for ease of
with basalt rocks and will mineralize
understanding.
with time to form stable carbonates.
It will be impossible for the carbon to
escape to cause any pollution to
ground water.
The depth of storage is 800-1,000
meters below the grounds, which is
way beyond the water surface.
Demonstrations will be considered to
help the community understand the
projects better.
James Kuria What percentage of the local The different stages of the project’s
community will be employed? development will have different
labor requirements. The number of
the community members to be
employed will depend on those
requirements for every stage.
James DAC is said to be causing more Emissions in DAC capture come as a
Gisemba emissions than what it captures. The result of using fossil fuels to run the
chemical absorbents used are also machines. In Octavia’s case, the
said to be very toxic. Also, the machines will be run by green energy
storage of CO2 is said to be super which has no such emissions.
risky. The more the PEI powder is used in
the filtering process, the more it loses
its power/toxicity. After 2 years, it
 will either be recycled or handed
over to NEMA licensed waste
handler for proper disposal.
The storage is only risky where there
is no basaltic rock formations. In
addition, the injection will be done
slowly and small quantities, incase
any impacts or risks occur, the
process will be stopped and more
research conducted to enable
efficient storage.
Fredrick If possible, in the next public Public participation is meant for
Kiarie participation meetings, involve everybody, both the skilled and
skilled members of the community unskilled. It is good that all
who can understand such projects community members know about the
easily. Use the local youths for project, that’s when they can own it
mobilization.
Sharon What criteria was used to select the Selection of local is based on specific
Naliaka locals that the company has already community needs e.g. if no TVET
employed? locally, the company will look for
potential talents and will train them
on the technology before employing
them. For those with qualifications
already, they will apply and be
interview for skilled workers section
etc.
Why go for DAC when there are Climate change cannot be solved by
several ways of capturing CO2? one method. Different players are
taking up different methods in
concerted efforts, but the aim is one:
to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere.
Octavia Carbon specializes in DAC
technology.
26/11/2024

26.11.24
MINUTES FOR THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING FOR THE DIRECT AIR
CAPTURE PROJECT IN ELEMENTAITA HELD ON WEDNESDAY 30th OCTOBER,
2024, AT WEITEMERE – LIVING MINISTRIES CHURCH HALL AT 10 AM

Name Designation Role

1 Ann Njoroge Area Chief Chairperson
2 Augustine Kamunde Administration Member
3 Fredrick Kiarie Nyumba Kumi Member
4 Raymond Mwakirani Consultant Member
5 Ian Nthiga Octavia Carbon Member
6 Melissa Nyangarisa Cella Mineral Storage Member
7 Geoffrey Nyambega EIA Expert Taking Minutes
8 Community members 32

AGENDA:
1. Introduction
2. Presentations
3. Plenary
4. AOB

Min. No. Item Person(s)

Preamble The chair called the meeting to order at 10.57 am. An opening Fredrick
Min prayer was offered by one of the members. Kiarie
1/30/10/2024 The chair also introduced the parties present. Ann
Njoroge
Min Presentations:
2/30/10/2024 The ESIA team together with Octavia and Cella made Octavia
presentations about the project: Carbon
The changing climate patterns have affected everyone. These
adverse climate patterns are as a result of increased global ESIA
warming resulting from increased CO2 in the atmosphere. Consultant
CO2, just like any other atmospheric gases has its benefits, but
when become too much in the atmosphere, it forms a blanket Cella
that prevents the earth’s surface from cooling, hence bringing Mineral
about global warming. Sources of the excess CO2 include Storage
 greenhouse gas emissions, increased use of fossil fuels,
increased industrialization, deforestation among others. The
available methods to avert the emissions have not been
sufficient to address it fully. Octavia Carbon has come up with
this DAC technology to reduce already existing CO2 in the
atmosphere by directly capturing it for underground storage by
our partner Cella. The capture process takes place in two
phases: the adsorption phase and the desorption phase. In the
adsorption phase, the machine opens and air is sucked in as a
result of pressure difference brought about by the rotating fan
at the top of the machine. The air passes through a chemical
filter which is CO2-philic till it is saturated with the gas. In the
adsorption phase, once the filter is saturated, the machine
closes, creating a vacuum in the machine. The machine is then
heated using geothermal heat to 60 degrees to release the CO2
which is evacuated to a holding tank. The gas is then liquefied
in readiness for injection. The liquefied CO2 is then injected
into basaltic rock formations underground where it reacts with
the basal rocks and mineralizes to form stable carbonate rocks
and stored permanently.
The meeting, therefore, was meant to sensitize the local
community about the project, its technology, the impacts it is
likely to have on the environment and the local community;
and get feedback from the community and any concerns, as
part of NEMA’s licensing process.
Min
3/30/10/2024 Plenary:
Name Question/Concern/Comment Response
Samuel Apart from benefiting the Yes, the company is partnering with
Waweru environment, are there any other local TVET institutions to train the
projects that will benefit the youth for opportunities during
community? project implementation. The
company has also sponsored a
football tournament in Gilgil sub-
county. In addition, when the
company shall need workers, it will
source locally through the chief.
Evans Will the effect be locally on where No. CO2 has high diffusion rate.
Nyagaka the machines are installed? Regardless of where it is released, its
effect is far reaching, therefore, local
solutions will have a global effect.

Why this technology and not forests? Climate change mitigation is a

concerted effort. Different players
are employing different technologies
but the aim is one: to reduce CO2
levels in the atmosphere. DAC is a
complementary method to those
already in use. Additionally, Octavia
has partnered with the Kenya Forest
Service in tree planting initiatives.
Is the technology coming because of The DAC technology deals with CO2
the SEZ? that is already in the atmosphere and
not one that will be released courtesy
of the companies that will be set up
at the SEZ.
Won’t the injected CO2 come out? No. From the surveys conducted,
where the basalt rocks are, there are
impermeable rocks on top of them, so
the CO2 cannot escape by seeping
through to the top. The basalts also
do not occur continuously. After
injection, the CO2 reacts and turns to
stable solid rocks and the process is
irreversible.
Is there a chemical reaction to make Yes. The basalt rocks contain
the CO2 to mineralize? minerals like sodium, magnesium
etc. The liquefied CO2 chemically
reacts with these minerals to form
stable compounds such as Sodium
Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate
etc.
Have the community programs by The company conducted pilot
Octavia started? When will programs to determine needs of each
 Weitemere be also considered being local community around the project
that there is also an existing local area. One youth has already been
team? taken in for training, as part of
Octavia’s apprenticeship program.
The company has also opened
engagement with Munanda TVET
and Kikopey Technical Training
Institute on technical training on the
technology. The youths can register
with the area chiefs to participate in
the TVET programs. The company
has also sponsored local football
tournament at Jaika. Weitemere
youths can also participate in the
tournament.
James Kiarie What method will the absorbent use The chemical has a high affinity for
to suck the CO2 while in the CO2, once the air is sucked into the
machine? machine, it passes through the filter
and is absorbed by the chemical,
while other gases escape.
Grace Help us understand the CO2 and why CO2 is part of the atmospheric gases.
Kahwai it is a concern now. It is used by plants to make food. It is
a concern now since it’s levels have
risen exponentially. It’s
accumulation in the atmosphere has
brought about global warming which
has negatively the earth, the results of
its effects are felt all over.
Will the CO2 affect people? For the captured CO2, tt will not
affect people since it will be stored
deep underground. Also, pure CO2 is
safe since it’s used in beverages.
For atmospheric CO2, it is already
affecting everyone, the company is
only trying to find solutions to reduce
 it from the atmosphere and hence
reduce its effects.
How far underground will the CO2 The depth of storage is 800-1,000
be injected to avoid it negatively
meters below the ground, which is
impacting people?
way beyond the depth where human
activities take place, such as farming
and borehole drilling.
The liquid CO2 will react with basalt
Won’t the CO2 mix with
rocks and will mineralize with time
undergound water during injection?
to form stable carbonates where it is
permanently trapped. It will be
impossible for the carbon to escape
to cause any pollution to ground
water.
What is the balance between Each machine is meant to capture 10
extraction and injection of the CO2?
tons of CO2 per year. From
geological studies conducted in the
area, the amount of basalt rocks
present are capable of storing
millions of tons of CO2. It is not
possible to exhaust the storage space.
Samuel There are not many factories in CO2 diffuses globally in a span of
Ndung’u Gilgil, why install the machines few days, regardless of where it is
here? released. So even if there are no
industries in Gilgil, CO2 is present.
Gilgil is also preferrable because of:
● The creation of the SEZ as it will
be favorable for business,
● The readily available
geothermal energy to run the
machines,
● The abundance of the basalt
rocks
● Easier collaboration with other
companies within the zone.
Charles Does the company generate any Once the plant is operational, income
Macharia income from this technology? will be generated from carbon
trading.
Machines usually vibrate and cause The more the noise a machine
destruction to buildings, will these generates, the more will be the
DAC machines also have that effect? vibrations. The noise generated from
DAC machines is very small since
noise only comes from the rotating
fans. So the vibrations, if any, will be
very minimal. Additionally, silencers
are used to muffle the noise from the
machines.
Michael One company captures and another Octavia captures the CO2 in gaseous
Nditu one stores, what is the process like? form from the atmosphere. It
Is the handed over CO2 liquid or liquefies it the hands it over to Cella
solid? in liquid form for injection. After
injection, the CO2 reacts with the
basalt rocks to form stable solid
carbonates.
Sarah Why drill 1 kilometer underground The surface rocks have been affected
Njambi to store the carbon while the rocks by weather changes. The one
are readily found on the surface? underground is pure and best suited
to store the CO2.
Daniel Can Octavia help the community This community participation is the
Waweru with afforestation programs? start of engagement with the local
community, other projects will be
considered in consultation with local
community and local administration
as the project progresses. The CBOs
can organize such projects and
present them to the area chief. At the
invitation of the area chief, the
company will come in to see what
projects are possible to implement.
20/11/2024

26.11.24
Appendix IV: Questionnaires
Appendix V: Octavia Carbon and Mumbi Limited MoU ( Land Lease Agreement)
Appendix VI: Octavia Carbon and Cella Mineral Storage MoU (Carbon Storage)

Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage Summary of Terms

This Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage Summary of Terms, dated August 18, 2023 (this “Term
Sheet”), serves as a statement of intent only and is not binding, except with respect to the provisions set
forth in “Part B - Binding Provisions” of this Term Sheet which are intended to be, and are, legally
binding agreements among the parties hereto (the “Binding Provisions”). The Term Sheet outlines the
terms of a proposed carbon capture and sequestration demonstration project and associated sale of carbon
credits (the “Demonstration Project”) between Cella Mineral Storage, Inc., a Delaware corporation
(“Cella”), and Octavia Carbon Co., a Delaware Corporation (“Octavia”) (collectively, the “Parties”).

Other than the Binding Provisions, no course of dealing shall create any binding obligation among the
parties, unless and until the parties execute a definitive agreement with respect to the terms and provisions
described in this Term Sheet, and then the parties shall be bound only in accordance with the terms of
such agreement. Nothing in this Term Sheet shall be construed as forming any joint venture, partnership
or other relationships between the parties with respect to the items described herein, and the parties shall
not be under any legal obligation of any kind whatsoever with respect to any transaction by virtue of this
Term Sheet or any other written or oral expression with respect to such transaction described in this Term
Sheet, unless and until a definitive agreement, subsequently entered into between the parties, if any, with
respect to such transaction has been executed and delivered by each such party (the “Definitive
Agreements”).

PART A – Non-Binding Provisions

1. Parties: Cella provides permanent carbon dioxide storage services by means of
mineralization.

Octavia is developing a technology to capture carbon dioxide (“CO2”)

through direct air capture.

Cella partners with carbon capture companies, and Octavia partners

with carbon storage companies, in each case to provide a system to
remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it underground,
generating negative emissions sold as carbon removal credits.

2. Background and The Parties intend to cooperate on the Demonstration Project. The
Project Demonstration Project is expected to be located at XX coordinates in
Description: Kenya. The Demonstration Project will include CO2 removal services
using direct air capture (“DAC”) based on Octavia’s technology and
geologic sequestration based on Cella’s technology. The DAC machine
and CO2 storage facility will be collocated, and the project will also
have collocated renewable energy generation which will be used to
operate the Demonstration Project. The Demonstration Project is
expected to operate with a removal rate of [1,000] tCO2/year and will
generate monetizable carbon offsets.

3. Demonstration The Demonstration Project is expected to be developed on the following

Project Timeline; milestones:
● Finalization of Definitive Agreements: August 31, 2023

1
 Commercial ● Construction Start Date: February 1, 2024
Operation ● Field testing of DAC machine: June 30, 2024
● Commercial Operation Date: October 30, 2024

4. Obligations of the Octavia shall be responsible for:

Parties: ● Design, procurement and installation of the direct air capture
machine using Octavia’s technology (the “DAC Machine”) located
near the first storage well of Cella’s CO2 storage facility.
● Permitting of the DAC Machine.
● Sourcing energy for the operation of the DAC machine.
● Operation and maintenance of the DAC Machine.
● Delivery of a CO2 stream meeting the certain agreed-upon
specifications to Cella, namely >95% purity compressed to liquid
state.
● Payment to Cella of a fixed fee per tCO2 sequestered by Cella (the
“Storage Fee”).
● Decommissioning of the DAC Machine at the end of the Term.

Cella shall be responsible for:

● Design, procurement, installation, operation and maintenance of a
CO2 storage facility using Cella’s mineralization technology (the
“Storage Facility”).
● Permitting of the Storage Facility.
● Operation and maintenance of the Storage Facility.
● Monitoring, reporting and verification of the CO2 removed by the
Demonstration Project.
● Decommissioning of the Storage Facility at the end of the Term.

Each Party will provide sufficient scientific, engineering, and

commercial support to each other, and to any development partner that
the Parties may mutually agree to develop the project with, to ensure
that the Demonstration Project is successfully delivered, installed, and
operating.

The Parties will provide the forgoing services for a period of at least [10]
years from the commercial operation of the Demonstration Project (the
“Term”).

5. Carbon Credits Octavia will be entitled to all carbon credits generated by the Demonstration
Project through its operational period. Octavia shall have the right to
monetize, transfer or retire such offsets in its discretion.

Under the certain pre-sale agreement with Klarna and the WRLD
Foundation, Octavia has pre-sold 352 tons of CO2 to be sequestered by the
Demonstration Project at a price of $850/tCO2, $40/tCO2 of which such
amount shall be paid to Cella on payment by the relevant clients.

6. Renewable The Demonstration Project will include an energy generation facility (the
Energy “Facility”)”, estimated to be 140MW nameplate capacity of geothermal
energy production, which will provide the energy requirements of the DAC

2
 Generation machine and storage facility. Responsibility for the cost, development,
Facility operation and maintenance of the Facility will be the owner of the Facility.
Energy purchases from the Facility will be determined prior to execution of
the Definitive Agreements.

7. Environmental The Parties agree to work together to include standard provisions in the
Impact; Definitive Agreements related to management of and liability for
Community environmental impacts and hazardous materials. The Parties also agree to
Impacts discuss terms related to local community impacts associated with the
Demonstration Project.

8. Third Party The Parties agree to work together in good faith to identify all third parties
Agreements that will be engaged in the development and operation of the Demonstration
Project and to work together on a mutually agreeable basis to evaluate
opportunities to work with third parties and allocation of responsibilities to
such third parties.

9. Intellectual The Parties agree that no intellectual property (“IP”) belonging to either
Property Party shall be shared with or licensed to the other Party, except to the extent
reasonably necessary to ensure technical compatibility between the DAC
Machine and the Storage Facility. Each Party shall maintain exclusive
ownership of the IP relating to its core technology.

10. Financing The Parties will discuss in good faith the preferred method of financing
construction of the Demonstration Project. Parties to discuss customary
financing provisions and rights of financing parties to be included in the
Definitive Agreements.

PART B – BINDING PROVISIONS

11. Definitive The Parties shall negotiate in good faith to enter into the Definitive
Agreements: Agreements.

12. Confidentiality: Any information disclosed by either Party to the other Party, directly or
indirectly, in writing, orally, or by inspection of tangible objects in
connection with the negotiation or performance of the Definitive
Agreements or this Term Sheet will be considered the disclosing Party’s
Confidential Information, and the provisions set forth in that certain
[Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement by and between Octavia and Cella,
dated as of [April 13, 2023] will control the Parties’ rights and
responsibilities with respect to such Confidential Information.

13. No Exclusivity This Agreement does not obligate either party to conduct business
exclusively with the other party.
14. Publicity: No Party shall use the name of the other including, without limitation,
in any written format, without the prior written consent of the other
Party. For the avoidance of doubt, a Party may advise its tax, legal or
other professional advisors and existing or prospective investors or
buyers of the participation of the Parties in the Demonstration Project,
and may make any other disclosure of the such fact as required by law

3
 or legal process, provided that the Company provides the other Party
reasonable advance notice of such disclosure.
15. Fees and Each Party will bear its own costs and expenses in connection with the
Expenses: development and negotiation of this Term Sheet and the drafting and
negotiation of the Definitive Agreements and any other definitive
documents necessary to effectuate the transaction contemplated by this
Term Sheet.

16. Miscellaneous: This Term Sheet may be executed in counterparts which, taken together,
shall constitute an original. The Binding Sections of this Term Sheet
shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York and any action
pertaining thereto shall be brought exclusively in the state or federal
courts in the County of New York.

EXECUTED and agreed as of the date first set forth above:

Cella Mineral Storage Inc. Octavia Carbon Co.

By: _____________________________ Martin Freimüller

By: _____________________________
Name: Corey Pattison Name: Martin Freimuller
Title: CEO Title: CEO

Signature: Martin Freimüller (Aug 18, 2023 18:34 GMT+3)

Email: martin@octaviacarbon.com

4
Appendix VII: CREDENTIALS
CURRICULUM VITAE
NYAGA EDWIN MURITHI

PHONE NUMBER : 0720436139

ADRESS : 14802-00100, NAIROBI, KENYA
EMAIL : ediemurithi@gmail.com
DATE OF BIRTH : 6TH MARCH 1984
NATIONALITY : KENYAN
ID NO. : 23650140
RELIGION : CHRISTIAN
LANGUAGES (WRITTEN&SPOKEN) : ENGLISH & KISWAHILI

CAREER OBJECTIVES
To gain more professional environmental and safety experience and to enable
the organization I work for continue achieving success within its sub-sector and
to contribute positively to the working experience.
To have invaluable experience in Health and Safety and to develop proven
ability and experience to prevent accidents/incidents, eliminating hazards and
protecting the environment at workplaces.
To establish and maintain a generative environmental, Health & Safety Culture
through the promotion, management and maintenance of the environment,
Health & Safety Policy, System and Guidelines; compliance and adherence to
all the applicable local laws ; providing expert advice on all related
environment, health & safety issues.
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
University of Nairobi (2016-2022)
Masters of Art in Environmental Planning and Management

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &Technology (2019-2021)

Post Graduate Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety.
Maseno University (2004-2008)
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Studies second class Honours.
Nguviu Boys High School (1999-2002)
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Mean grade B.

Nyangwa Primary School (1989-1998)

Kenya certificate of primary education
Professional Qualifications

1 A registered Environmental Impact Assessment/Environmental Auditing

Lead Expert with National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA).
REG. No. 1974.
2 A certified occupational health and safety adviser by Directorate of
occupational health and safety(DOHS)REG.NO. OSH/ADV 190.
3 A certified fire safety auditor by Directorate of occupational health and
safety(DOHS)REG.NO. OSH/FSA 210.
4 A certified Air quality Monitor by Directorate of occupational health and
safety(DOHS)REG.NO. OSH/AQM 039.
5 A training course in internal quality auditing Lead auditor ISO 9001:2015.
By the Kenya Bureau of Statistics. (KEBS).
6 Training in Team mate- software for job risk identification and minimization.
7 Training in Share point- web platform for sharing information and meetings
within an organization.
8 Training course on implementation of ISO 17025:2005 standards by
Iceland Geo Survey.
9 Training course on Trainer of Trainees of ISO 9001:2015 by the Kenya
Bureau of Standards.(KEBS)
10 A training course in disaster management and mitigation by the Kenya
Red Cross (KRC)
11 A training course in fire and first aid by the Directorate of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH)
12 A training course in conflict management, professional ethics and
motivation by the Kenya School of Government (KSG)
13 Introduction to computer, windows 95/98/2000, MS-word, excel, MS-
access, power point, MS-dos.
Working Experience

March 2014 - To date.

Geothermal Development Company.
Position: Quality Assurance, Safety& Environment Adviser.
Duties and responsibilities
● Establish standard operation procedures and systems for effective quality
controls, cost control and compliance to quality policy.
● Develop and maintain a specifications database tracking all quality
records and any other regulatory/technical record to support reliability
and integrity efforts
● Undertake quality audits of in-service equipment/process to verify
conformance with quality requirements
● Develop an inventory of all key monitoring and measuring devices and
establish and implement a calibration mechanism for all identified
measuring devices initiatives
● Promote quality awareness and continual improvement
● Review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) to identify potential hazards
for existing and new chemicals. Develop a web platform to promote
availability of MSDS to end users.

● Study processes to identify potential health hazards.

● Conduct air quality and noise monitoring of critical GDC workplaces.

Develop an air quality and noise data collation system to enable timely
and accurate data analysis.

● Execute Occupational Health and Safety Audits of GDC workplaces to

report on the level of legal compliance.

● Conduct continuous monitoring of occupational exposures

● Implementing selected sampling methods using prescribed equipment.

● Setting up and operating sampling equipment – Automation of noise and

air quality monitoring in Baringo-Silale Geothermal Project.

● Providing specifications for safety equipment being purchased

● Conducting programs and required training to educate employees on
important procedures such as: Visible felt leadership, Respiratory
protection programmed program, LOTO/TO, Confined Space, Permit for
work, Hearing conservation program, Hazard communication program,
Training on proper disposal of hazardous waste, Ergonomic training,
Personal hygiene and good housekeeping

● Develops and conducts Safety training/awareness programs.

● Monitors proposed legislation and regulations and provides advice on
implications for operations and company objectives

● Co-ordinates safety data capture and reporting, including incident

notification.

● Provides occupational safety guidance to employees to ensure

effectiveness of HSE Management System

● Conducts facility HSE inspections and reviews.

● Provides working knowledge and experience of observations,

investigations, Quality Reviews (QRs), and Verification & Validations
(V&Vs).
● Provides guidance on Occupational Health Programs.
● Provides accident/incident reporting and investigation support to prevent
recurrence – Computerization of the ARS to enable remote reporting of
accidents/incidents and efficiency in report review lifecycle
● Provides safety and environment guidance to all GDC operations
concerning compliance with Occupational Safety legislation,
environmental management and coordination act, codes, regulations,
standards and Company Policies.

● Provides air quality and noise data of facilities to ensure compliance with
operating permits.

● Prepares safety and environmental reports and documents (i.e. OHS Audit
reports, and Incident/Accident reports,environmental audit).

● Participates on corporate safety compliance review teams – safety

committee.
 ● Provides working knowledge of Safety considerations on procurement
and installation of safety equipment and systems changes.

January 2013-February 2014

Naturecom Group Ltd
Position: Environmental Expert/Safety adviser.
Duties and responsibilities
Assigned to their client site COMMARCO CONSTRUCTION COMPANY as a
consultant HSE officer where I oversaw a number of projects including KPA jetty
construction works and contractor OHS management.
▪ Develop, plan and conduct training and safety inductions for company
employees and contractor staff on EHS programs and procedures.
▪ Assist with HSE inspection and audits and follow up for closure of action
points.
▪ Provide support in conducting emergency drills and responses.
▪ Ensure both employees and contractors are in compliance with
regulatory and company acts, policies, HSE standards and procedures
▪ Preparation of EHS reports, risk assessment and work permits.
▪ Attend to queries from regulatory authorities on EHS related matters
▪ Visible EHS supervision on projects on site.
▪ Accident and incidence reporting
▪ Coming up with an Occupational Health and safety plan for all ongoing
projects and risk management.
▪ Managing tool box meetings and PPE inspections
▪ First Aid box inspection
▪ Machinery and equipment inspection for compliance with safety
standards
▪ Conduct training of environmental management issues and other
environmental topics as required
▪ Conducting sensitization activities and environmental feasibility studies.
▪ Undertaking Environmental and Social impact assessment studies and
audits
 ▪ Drawing up Environmental Management systems
▪ Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects
▪ Advising on occupational Health and safety to various companies.
▪ Perform any of the duties under operational and technical portfolio of the
company

Sep 2009 to Dec 2012

National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
Compliance and Enforcement department
Duties & responsibilities

▪ Receiving and resolving complains from the public concerning matters

relating to environmental pollution, degradation, solid waste and general
environmental matters.
▪ Participating in setting up of various environmental regulations and
guidelines such as E-waste and waste tyre management guidelines.
▪ Licensing of all forms of waste handling facilities such as waste
transportation, recycling, dumping sites, composting, transferring stations,
export & import permits and incineration.
▪ Updating the environmental waste management register& database.
▪ Carrying out of environmental inspections and monitoring in
environmental degrading firms and giving the necessary improvement
orders.
▪ Participating in the review and updating of the State of Environment (SOE)
Reports.
▪ Reviewing of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental
Audit (EA) reports.
▪ Participating in environmental public awareness activities e.g. World
Environmental Day and World Desertification Day and other NEMA
supported environmental cleanup programs.
▪ Attending Environmental meetings, seminars and conferences.
▪ Updating Green track on an environmental system database.
MAY 2008 TO AUGUST 2009.
Interreligious Council of Kenya (IRCK)
Program Assistant.
Duties & responsibilities

▪ Developing an understanding and appreciation of faith communities in

Kenya, their key doctrines, their structures and organs, key leaders and
inter-faith collaboration
▪ Organizing and mobilizing meetings/ workshops, taking minutes while
maintaining a calendar of events.
▪ Preparing travel arrangements for the project personnel.
▪ Producing accurate and timely input of project information in the
computerized systems and issue status report for monitoring and
evaluation purposes.
▪ Preparing program/project status report required for management board,
donors, budget review, program analysis and annual reports.
▪ Monitoring and evaluation of projects/program activities by reviewing
project inputs, control plans, progress reports, financial/ budgetary
expenditure and commitments ensuring and identifying inconsistencies
and consequently reporting to project officer for action.
▪ Undertaking regular field visits to monitor programs as well as conduct
periodic reviews with beneficiaries/ other community based groups for the
purpose of identifying evidenced based training needs and objectives for
program sustainability as well as promotion and advocacy for workshops

Feb to April 2008.

Nairobi City Water &Sewerage Company (NCWSC)
Attachment-Environment Department
Duties & responsibilities
▪ Carrying out of environmental impact assessment for the company’s
water reservoirs.
▪ Carrying out environmental auditing and monitoring for the kariobangi
waste water treatment plant.
▪ Carrying out industrial pollution monitoring and control for the Nairobi
 sewerage system.
▪ Waterqualitytesting(COD,BOD,PV,Nitrates,Nitrates,Chlorides,Temperature,
PH,TS.DS,SS.)
▪ Monitoring of the Waste water treatment (screening, grit removal,
sedimentation, and filtration & sludge treatment).

APRIL 2006
Involved in agro-forestry research study in Embu district by Mt Kenya
Environmental Program (MKEP)

SEP 2005
Involved in malaria research study at Maseno University by Walter Reed Project
(WRP) and Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI).

EIA/EA/Environment &Safety Projects Supervised so far.

● Geothermal Development Company-Baringo-Silali Drilling Site-HSE Adviser.
● Kenya Port Authority- Dockyard Jetty Rehabilitation-HSE Adviser
● Danka Africa Ltd– Petroleum product Recycling & Petrol Station
● Abyssinia iron & steel Ltd-Light gauge iron and steel fabrication-HSE
Consultant
● Prime Steel Mills- Light gauge iron and steel fabrication
● Kenya Port Authority-Removal of old asbestos roof covering at KPA,
Mombasa-EIA.
● Kenya Port Authority- Rehabilitation of dockyard slipway No1
● JIANGXI Water and Hydropower Construction Co Ltd-North Mathioya
Small Hydroelectric Power Project-HSE Consultant.
● Block Apartments and Go-downs.
● Kenya Institute for the blind hostel construction-HSE Consultant.
Professional membership

2 Member of Environmental Institute of Kenya(EIK) Reg. No. EIK/1/1604

 3 Member of Workplace Safety Professional Association(WSPAK)Reg.No
0252
4 Member of National Quality Institute (NQI) with KEBS.
5 Member of Geothermal Association of Kenya (GAK)
6 Member of Kenya Red Cross society(KRC)

Hobbies and interest

1 Traveling and socializing

2 Watching and listening to environmental and safety documentaries
3 Doing physical body exercises
Referees

1) Mr.Francis Opiyo
Senior HSE officer
Geothermal Development Company,
P.O Box 100746-0010,
NAIROBI.
Tel No: 0722941284

2) Mr. John Kareko,

Director,
Naturecom Group Ltd,
P.O. BOX 14802-00100,
Nairobi.
Tel No: 0726834039.

3) Mr Zephania Ouma,
Director, Compliance &Enforcement,
National Environmental Management Authority,
P.o Box 67839-00200,
NAIROBI.
Tel No: 0721592567.
Position Title Senior Geophysicist
Name of expert Raymond Mwakirani
Date of birth 30.03.1985
Country of citizenship/Residence Kenya

Education:
MSc in Geothermal Energy Technology, Dedan Kimathi Institute of Technology, Nairobi- Kenya, 2020- to date.
Diploma in Exploration Geophysics United Nations University, Iceland, 2011.
BSc in Geology 2004-2008. University Of Nairobi, Nairobi-Kenya

Employment record relevant to the assignment:

Period Employing organization and your Country Summary of activities performed

title/position. Contact info for relevant to the assignment
references
February Geothermal Development Company – Kenya Geothermal exploration and resource
2010 to Senior Geophysicist assessment.
present
2008- 2009 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Kenya Researching on Marine geologic
Research Institute processes

Membership in Professional Associations:

Geological Society of Kenya (GSK)
Geothermal Association of Kenya (GAK)
International Geothermal Association (IGA)
Rotary Club of Nakuru (Member)

Publications:
“Resistivity Imaging Of Geothermal Resources Using 1D and 3D MT Inversion A Case Study Of Menengai
Geothermal Field In Kenya.” – WGC 2020, Iceland
“Integrated geophysical model for Suswa geothermal prospect using resistivity, seismics and gravity survey data in
Kenya.” – WGC 2015, Australia
´´Correlation of resistivity and gravity survey data from Suswa geothermal prospect in Kenya.´´ GRC
Conference- in Las Vegas-Nevada- 2013
´´Application of TEM in static shift correction of MT data, Case study Paka Geothermal Prospect in
Kenya.´´ GRC Conference- in Reno-Nevada- 2012
´´Exploration for geothermal resources using magnetotellurics, Case study Menengai Geothermal Prospect
in Kenya.´´ at ARgeo Conference-3 in Djibouti- 2010
“Resistivity structure of Paka volcano in Kenya.” United Nations University, Reykjavik Iceland,
“Magnetotellurics data processing.” United Nations University short course training in Naivasha-Kenya 2012

Language Skills: English, Swahili, Taita

Main Projects
Project Country Services Position and Main Duties Period

Geophysical Infill Kenya Geophysical survey using Audio Lead Geophysicist: Surface 2024
Survey at Paka Magnetotelluric (AMT) and geophysical exploration of
Transient Electromagnetic Gisenyi geothermal
(TEM) and data interpretation. Prospect – Survey design,
Data collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Hydrogeological Kenya Geophysical survey using Audio Lead Geophysicist: 2024
survey at Suswa Magnetotelluric (AMT) and Groundwater survey in
Transient Electromagnetic preparation for Geothermal
(TEM) and data interpretation. exploratory drilling.
Geophysical Survey Kenya Geophysical survey using Lead Geophysicist: 2023
at Magadi Magnetotelluric (MT) and Interpreting geophysical
Transient Electromagnetic data for Hydrocarbon
(TEM) and data interpretation. occurrence.
Shallow resistivity Kenya Geophysical survey using Audio Lead Geophysicist: 2023
survey in Magnetotelluric (AMT) and Interpreting geophysical
Elementaita Transient Electromagnetic data for Carbon
(TEM) and data interpretation. Sequestration project.
Methane Gas Kenya TEM geophysical data Lead Geophysicist: 2021/2
Prospecting in Solai interpretation. Interpreting geophysical 022
data for Methane Gas
occurrence.
Geothermal Kenya Geophysical survey using Lead Geophysicist: 2019/2
prospecting in Magneto Telluric (MT) and Surface geophysical 020
Elementaita Transient Electromagnetic exploration of Elementaita
(TEM) and data interpretation. geothermal Prospect –
Survey design, Data
collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Geophysical Infill Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Lead Geophysicist: Surface 2018-
surveys (Menengai, Telluric (MT) and Transient geophysical exploration of 2021
Paka, Korosi and Electromagnetic (TEM) and data Gisenyi geothermal
Silali) interpretation. Prospect – Survey design,
Data collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Hydrogeological Kenya Geophysical survey for Lead Geophysicist: Survey 2017
survey in Kabarbesi groundwater analysis design and groundwater
targeting.
Geothermal Rwanda Geophysical survey using Magneto Lead Geophysicist: Surface 2016
prospecting in Gisenyi Telluric (MT) and Transient geophysical exploration of
Electromagnetic (TEM) and data Gisenyi geothermal
interpretation. Prospect – Survey design,
Data collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Geothermal Uganda Geophysical survey using Magneto Lead Geophysicist: Surface 2015
prospecting in Telluric (MT) and Transient geophysical exploration of
Buranga Electromagnetic (TEM) and data Buranga geothermal
interpretation. Prospect – Survey design,
Data collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Geophysical training Kenya Geophysical data interpretation Geophysics Training 2014
(Joint interpretation of MT and consultant: Training
TEM) Geophysics interns from
Uganda and Tanzania on
data collection, analysis,
processing and
interpretation
Ground Electrode Kenya MT and TEM geophysical data Project coordinator: 2014
survey for high Ethiopia interpretation Interpreting geophysical
voltage converter data for ground electrode
stations in Kenya and survey
Ethiopia
CO2 Gas Prospecting Tanzania TEM geophysical data Lead Geophysicist: 2013
in Tanzania interpretation. Interpreting geophysical
data for CO2 Gas
prospecting
Suswa Geothermal Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Lead Geophysicist: Surface 2012
Project Telluric (MT) and Transient geoscientific exploration of
Electromagnetic (TEM) Silali geothermal Prospect -
Data collection, analysis,
processing and interpretation
Silali Geothermal Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Assisting Geophysicist: 2010-
Project Telluric (MT) and Transient Surface geoscientific 2011
Electromagnetic (TEM) exploration of Silali
geothermal Prospect - Data
collection, analysis,
processing and interpretation
Lake Baringo -Korosi Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Assisting Geophysicist: 2011
and Paka prospects Telluric (MT) and Transient Comprehensive geophysical
 Electromagnetic (TEM) infill work for the Baringo-
Korosi-Paka block - Data
collection, analysis,
processing and interpretation
Mwananyamala Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Assisting Geophysicist: 2010
Geothermal Project Telluric (MT) and Transient Feasibility Studies of
Electromagnetic (TEM) Mwananyamala geothermal
Prospect- Data collection,
analysis, processing and
interpretation
Menengai Geothermal Kenya Geophysical survey using Magneto Assisting Geophysicist: 2010-
Project. Telluric (MT) and Transient Coordination of infill 2011
Electromagnetic (TEM) surface geophysical studies
in Menengai geothermal
prospect- Data collection,
analysis, processing and
interpretation

Contact information: (email: rmwakirani@gmail.com, phone: +254 720613747)

Referees
Martin Mwaisakenyi Heya
Commissioner of Petroleum Energy
P.O Box 30582
Nairobi Kenya
Cell: 0716-363907
E-Mail: heyamartin@yahoo.com

Dr Isaac Kanda,
Principal Scientist,
Geothermal Development Company,
P.O BOX 101746- 00100,
NAIROBI- KENYA.
Cell: 0720-010620
E-Mail: ikanda@gdc.co.ke
 Raymond MWAKIRANI

Certification:
I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself,
my qualifications, and my experience, and I am available to undertake the assignment in case of an award. I
understand that any mis-statement or misrepresentation described herein may lead to my disqualification or
dismissal by the Client, and/or sanctions by the Bank.

Name of Expert Signature Date

Raymond Mwalugha Mwakirani 11 June 2024

Page 6
Name: Sharon Kaptuya Chebet

Position: Community Relations Specialist

Personnel Contacts : +254722341681 Date of birth: 6th July 1980

information
Address: P.O. Box 100746-00101, Nairobi. E-mail: schebet@gdc.co.ke
Professional qualifications:
 Associate Member Kenya institute of Management
 Member of Geothermal Association of Kenya
 Trained on Environmental Impact Assessment
Academic qualifications:
 Master of strategic management Nairobi University, Kenya - 2015
 Bachelor of Arts in Community Development (Major), Business
Administration(Minor) Daystar University, Kenya - 2005

Language proficiency: [language and levels of speaking, reading and writing

skills]
 English, Swahili proficient
details Address of employer: P.O. Box 100746-00101, Nairobi.

Telephone:
+254 719 037000
Job title: Community Relations Years with present employer: 14
specialist/Officer, GDC

Summarize of professional experience in reverse chronological order.

Duration of
Organization Role Relevant experience
involvement
1. WWF- world wide Natural resource& Aug 2005 –  Stakeholders management and
fund for nature(L. community Relations Dec 2007 reporting
Bogoria project) officer  Community engagement
 Project risk management
2. Safaricom Company Customer care Feb 2008 –  Project costing/budgeting
Feb 2009  Meeting Donor Funding
Foundation Officer Mar 2009 – requirement
Feb 2010  Concept and funding proposals
3. Geothermal Community Relations Mar 2010 - development,
Development Specialist present  Community Development project’s
Company, implementation
Kenya  Iso coordination and Audits
 Conservation of natural resources

1
Declaration
I, the undersigned Shammah Kiptanui, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, the
information contained herein correctly describes my qualifications, my experience and myself.

Signature:

2
Appendix VII I : Notice of Public Consultation Baraza

Invitation to Public Participation

Date: 1/10/2024

Section 58(1) of EMCA highlights public participation as part of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) process. It mandates that proponents of projects requiring an EIA must
submit an EIA study report, including evidence of public participation during the assessment
process. Additionally, Section 3(5) of EMCA underscores the principle of public participation
in environmental management and decision-making, indicating that every person has a duty to
cooperate with relevant institutions to ensure the proper management of the environment.
Pursuant to the above regulations, Octavia Carbon and the ESIA team wish to invite all Gilgil
Sub-county community members i.e. youth, women, chiefs, persons living with disability and
other stakeholders to attend public fora that will be held on dates and venues indicated below:
1) 16th October 2024 at Kikopey Location
Venue: Kikopey Chief’s Office grounds
Time: 10:00 am - 2:00 pm
2) 18th October 2024 at Gilgil Location
Venue: Gema Community College Hall
Time: 10:00 am - 2:00 pm
The members of the public are invited to give their views in person during the barazas or
submissions through their respective Nyumba Kumi elders or the chiefs.
 Appendix IX : Company Registr ation Cer tificate

BUSINESS REGISTRATION SERVICE

P. O. BOX 30031
NAIROBI
27 APR 2022

To
The Director(s)
OCTAVIA CARBON CO
P.O. Box 39699
00623 - PARKLANDS

THE COMPANIES ACT, 2015

Records relating to the below company held by the Companies Registry as at 27 Apr 2022

COMPANY OCTAVIA CARBON CO

COMPANY NUMBER FC-AMTE5B
NOMINAL SHARE CAPITAL 0.00
NUMBER AND TYPE OF SHARES (VALUE PER SHARE)
DATE OF REGISTRATION 27 APR 2022
P.O BOX 39699, PARKLANDS
TELEPHONE: +254759674441, EMAIL:
MARTIN@OCTAVIACARBON.COM
REGISTERED OFFICE COUNTY: NAIROBI, DISTRICT: WESTLANDS DISTRICT ,
LOCALITY: WESTLANDS
STREET: MKUNGU CLOSE, BUILDING: SKYNEST
RESIDENCES BY CITYBLUE
POSTAL ADDRESS P.O BOX 39699 PARKLANDS
ENCUMBRANCES

Name of Directors and Shareholders of the above company with their particular are as follows

NAME DESCRIPTION ADDRESS NATIONALITY SHARES

P.O BOX 39699-00623
MARTIN GERHARD FREIMULLER DIRECTOR AUSTRIA
NAIROBI
FABIAN CHRISTOPHER LOCAL P.O BOX 39699
GERMANY
TRZEBIATOWSKI REPRESENTATIVE PARKLANDS
TOTAL 0

Yours Faithfully,
REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES
REF NO: FC-AMTE5B

DISCLAIMER: THIS IS A SYSTEM GENERATED CERTIFICATE AND DOES NOT REQUIRE A SIGNATURE
 Appendix X: Architectur al Designs

SMH-(1)
600mmX450mm MEDIUM DUTY
CAST IRON COVER AND FRAME
TO BS. 497 & 556

WASHROOMS

S=0.50%
SMH-(2)

SP-(1)
FFL:+0.300 GL GL GL GL

150
TOP OF

800 (MAX)
MASONARY WALL BENCHING

1:6
1:6
PLINTH
UNLOADING AREA FFL:FFL:+0.150

150
CONCRETE MIX
1:3:6
FFL:+0.300

50
BLINDING
100 150 600 150 100 100 150 450 150 100

1100 950

SECTION 1-1 SECTION 2-2

STORAGE CONTAINERS SCALE 1:20 SCALE 1:20
FFL:+0.300
2

100
150
750

450
1 1

150
MANHOLE DETAILS=4 No

S=0.50%
SCALE 1:20

100
SP-(2)
2

100 150 600 150 100

900

PLAN
SCALE 1:20

SMH-(3) NOTES:
1. THE COORDINATE PROJECTION IS THE UTM WGS 84 37S COORDINATE SYSTEM

GRASS REGION 2. THE LEVELS ARE NOT TIED TO THE NATIONAL GRID
S=0.50%

3. THIS DRAWINGS TO BE STRICTLY FOLLOWED IN CONJUCTION WITH THE

FFL:+0.000 RELEVANT ARC. DRAWINGS AND DETAILS
4. ALL DIMENSIONS IN m AND mm UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN
S=0.50%

200 250 250 200

SP-(3)

1500 Dia.

SMH-(4)

EXISTING STRUCTURE 600 75

FFL:------- BIO DIGESTER

75
Soak Pit Plan

150
75
BRC MESH No.12
1:25
750

200 2000 Dia. 200

SHALLOW INVERT BLOCK DRAIN (TYPE C)
SCALE 1:10
300

Backfill with soil, on filter

membrane or polythene sheet. SCALE 1:10

200mm thick masonry

1200

wall with open vertical

joints.
SOAK PIT A Issued For Internal Review K.K T.K TK 18.07.24

450 450
Client:
OCTAVIA CARBON

Loose hardcore
2000

fill.
Consultant:
SYNERGETIC CONSULTING GROUP
P.O. BOX 14236-00100
NAIROBI, KENYA.

Project Title:
PROPOSED CO2 PLANT NAIVASHA
Section Thr' Soak Pit
1:25 Drawing Title:

Note: Detail for areas with sandy or red soils, for STORM & SEWER LAYOUT
caly or black-cotton soils appropriate solutions to Scale @ A1: Sheet Size: Sheet No: Date:
be determined on site. AS SHOWN A1 1 of 4 18.07.24
Designed By: Drawn By: Checked By: Approved By:
K.K.K K.K.K T.K T.K
Project No: Drawing No: Revision:
000.000.2024 000.000.2024-C-95001 A
 D C B A
4655 4655 4655

152x152x23 Kg/m U.C

C C
C C 10mm thick stiffener
plate
300x300x10mm S355JR
Base Plate With 4No.
18mm Ø Holes
3T8-04-150

3T8-04-150
500
T10-06-200T2 T10-05-200T1 T10-04-200T1 T10-06-200T2 T10-06-200T2 T10-03-200T1
200mm thick 4No. M16 grade
RC slab 8.8 HD bolts

200
F.G.L F.G.L

D.O.S MIN: 1200

6T8-04-150

6T8-04-150
50mm Concrete Blinding
8T10-03 150mm Thick Murram Compacted to Insitu Material Compacted to D D
400x400mm RC
95% MDD AASHTO T180 90% MDD ASSHTO T99 8T10-03
column (12No.)
300

300
400 400 400
SECTION A-A 400 400 400
1200 Scale: 1:20 1200

1200
400
400 400 400
1. All dimensions are in millimetres unless otherwise stated.

1 2 3 4 5 6 2. All drawings to be read in conjuction with Architectual

24000 drawings where necessary and any inconstancies to

400
be reported to the Engineer.
4095 4050 4050 4090
3. All foundations shall be founded on approved ground.

B A 4. The concrete used shall be of C25 in accordance with

7T12-01-200B1
C1 C1 B1 B1 C1 the specifications.

400
A

1200
400
5. Blinding to be C15 Concrete.
B T8-04-200
B1 SLA B1 C1 C1 B1
C 6. All reinforced concrete works shall be quality
KR
2500

controlled and mechanically vibrated to the structural

IC
TH C1 Engineer's satisfaction.
m 8T10-03
0m
30 7T12-02-200B2

400
7. Typical cover to main reinforcement shall be as
follows:-
4655

Foundations - 50mm·
Columns - 40mm·
Slab - 20mm.
4500 12190 7350
1200x1200x300mm BASE B1, 12No. SECTION D-D 8. Steel Reinforcement for structural concrete shall be HT
B SCALE 1:5 Ribbed bars and shall conform to the latest BS relevant
SCALE 1:15 Standards.

9. Contractor to verify all Structural Finished Levels.

B1
C1 10. Contractor to verify `Structural Finished Level' SFL and
B Finished Floor Level FFL before fabrication of Structural
400 Steel.
50 300 50
11. Structural Steel sections shall be to BS 5950

AB 40 220 40 4Nos. M16, 300mm Long 12. All Structural Steel Members and Connections
SL Grade 8.8 Chemical including Welding and Bolting (including Rawl Bolts)

100
RC
Anchored Bolts shall conform to the relevant and latest British
14365

40
4655

Standards. Gusset plates shall be minimum 5mm thick.

CK 300x300x10mm S355JR
THI Base Plate With 4No.
13. Shop drawings must be submitted in good time for
18mm Ø Holes
m approval by the Engineer before assembly of units
0 m commence.
20
Xref .\3D-SK-005.dwg

152x152x23
11870

Kg/m U.C

220
14. Setting out dimensions shall be cross checked on site

400
200
and with the Mechanical drawings. Any
inconsistencies shall immediately be notified to the
C1 Xref .\3D-SK-001.dwg

SMAW Engineer.
8
C 400x400mm 15. D.O.S - Determined On Site
B1 RC Column

40
16. Expansion Joint to be provided every 20m or at a joint

100
10mm thick between the existing and a new boundary wall
stiffener plate
A 17. Fabricator to prepare gate shop drawings and share
with the engineer for Approval
SECTION C-C
4655

SCALE 1:5 152x152x23 Kg/m U.C A Issued For Internal Review K.K T.K TK 18.07.24

C C 10mm thick stiffener

2100 plate
Client:
300x300x10mm S355JR
OCTAVIA CARBON
50mm Concrete Base Plate With 4No.
18mm Ø Holes
Blinding T10-08-200B2 T10-06-200T2

3T8-04-150
500
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 T10-03-200T1 4No. M16 grade
300mm thick T10-07-200B1
D RC slab 8.8 HD bolts
Consultant:
C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 SYNERGETIC CONSULTING GROUP

200
300
F.G.L P.O. BOX 14236-00100
A NAIROBI, KENYA.

D.O.S MIN: 1200

Project Title:
RAFT FOUNDATION LAYOUT

5T8-04-150
PROPOSED CO2 PLANT NAIVASHA
Scale: 1:50
D D Drawing Title:
400x400mm RC
Insitu Material Compacted to 300mm Thick Murram column (12No.)
8T10-03
90% MDD ASHTO T180 Compacted to 95% RAFT FOUNDATION LAYOUT & RC DETAILS
MDD AASHTO T180

300
Scale @ A1: Sheet Size: Sheet No: Date:
AS SHOWN A1 1 of 1 18.07.24
Designed By: Drawn By: Checked By: Approved By:
SECTION B-B 400 400 400 D.B
Project No:
H.B.O
Drawing No:
T.K
Revision:
T.K

Scale: 1:20 1200 000.000.2024 000.000.2024-C-95001 A

D C 13970 B A
4655 4655 4655

100 100 700

700

15°
700 700
60x40x3mm 700 700
PITCH
RHS Purlins 700 700
700 700 60x40x3mm
700 RHS Purlins
700 DETAIL "B" 203x133x3mm UB
700 apex haunch 700
120x60x3mm 700 700 120x60x3mm
RHS beam 700 700 RHS beam
700 700
203x133x3mm UB 6.5m flr to eaves height
rafter DETAIL "A"
203x133x3mm UB SECTION C-C
rafter PORTAL FRAME DETAILS
203x133x3mm UB Scale: 1:20 203x133x3mm UB
eaves haunch eaves haunch
6985 6985
152x152x23 Kg/m U.C
152x152x23 Kg/m U.C 1. All dimensions are in millimetres unless otherwise stated.

2. All drawings to be read in conjuction with Architectual

drawings where necessary and any inconstancies to
be reported to the Engineer.

60x40x3mm RHS 700

3. All foundations shall be founded on approved ground.

purlins 4. The concrete used shall be of C25 in accordance with

the specifications.
1 2 3 4 5 SMAW 5. Blinding to be C15 Concrete.
24000 SMAW
8 8
4095 4050 4050 4090 10mm thick 6. All reinforced concrete works shall be quality

steel plate 120x60x3mm controlled and mechanically vibrated to the structural

203
Engineer's satisfaction.
RHS beam
60x40x3mm C 7. Typical cover to main reinforcement shall be as
follows:-
RHS purlins 120x60x3mmB RHS eaves beam 4No. M12 Foundations - 50mm·
A grade 8.8 bolts Columns - 40mm·
Slab - 20mm.

15°
203x133x3mm UB 81 8. Steel Reinforcement for structural concrete shall be HT
9 2/6No. M16
203x133x25 UB rafter

203x133x25 UB rafter

203x133x25 UB rafter

203x133x25 UB rafter

203x133x25 UB rafter
Ribbed bars and shall conform to the latest BS relevant
rafter

445
Standards.
grade 8.8 bolts
9. Contractor to verify all Structural Finished Levels.

203x133x3mm UB
4655

10. Contractor to verify `Structural Finished Level' SFL and

2No. 10mm thick Finished Floor Level FFL before fabrication of Structural
eaves haunch Steel.
steel plates
fall
fall

fall

700 (~10% span) 152 11. Structural Steel sections shall be to BS 5950

12. All Structural Steel Members and Connections

including Welding and Bolting (including Rawl Bolts)
150x150x23Kg/m U.C
s

shall conform to the relevant and latest British

RH
RH

60 brac
60 brac
S b mm

S b mm
ing

ing

Standards. Gusset plates shall be minimum 5mm thick.

x4
x4

B
S
S
rac

rac
RH 40x3

RH 40x3

0x ings
0x ings

DETAIL "A"
13. Shop drawings must be submitted in good time for
3m
3m
x

approval by the Engineer before assembly of units

x
60

60

m
m

commence.

14. Setting out dimensions shall be cross checked on site

and with the Mechanical drawings. Any
ROOF RIDGE 60x40x3mm inconsistencies shall immediately be notified to the
14365

RHS side bracings Engineer.

4655

60x40x3mm RHS side bracings

15. D.O.S - Determined On Site

16. Expansion Joint to be provided every 20m or at a joint

Xref .\3D-SK-005.dwg

100 100 between the existing and a new boundary wall

17. Fabricator to prepare gate shop drawings and share

60 S b
60 S b

rac m

rac m

with the engineer for Approval

700
s

RH

s
S b x3m

x4

S b x3m
RH

700
x4

ing

ing

Xref .\3D-SK-001.dwg
0x acin
0x acin

RH 0x40

RH 0x40

C
3m gs
3m gs

A Issued For Internal Review K.K T.K TK 18.07.24

r
r

m
m

2No. 10mm thick

8
fall

fall

fall

Client:
60x40x3mm RHS steel plates SMAW OCTAVIA CARBON
purlins 203x133x3mm
8 SMAW UB rafter

413
4655

203
203

Consultant:
SYNERGETIC CONSULTING GROUP

15°
P.O. BOX 14236-00100
NAIROBI, KENYA.

768 768
Project Title:
D PROPOSED CO2 PLANT NAIVASHA
120x60x3mmB RHS eaves beam
203x133x3mm UB
C 203x133x3mm 2/5No. M16
grade 8.8 bolts apex haunch Drawing Title:
UB rafter SHED ROOF LAYOUT & SECTION DETAILS

DETAIL "B"
Scale @ A1: Sheet Size: Sheet No: Date:
AS SHOWN A1 1 of 1 18.07.24
ROOF LAYOUT Designed By:
D.B
Drawn By:
H.B.O
Checked By:
T.K
Approved By:
T.K
Scale: 1:50 Project No: Drawing No: Revision:
000.000.2024 000.000.2024-C-95002 A