Chemistry

Chapter 2
Acids, Base & Salt
Indicator
Indicator is a dye that changes colour when it is put into an acid or a base.
Most common indicators are litmus, Methyl orange and Phenolphthalein.
❖ Litmus is a natural indicator
✓ Obtained from lichen plant (Thallophyta group).
✓ Original colour - Purple.
✓ Acid turns blue litmus red.
✓ Base turns red litmus blue.
❖ Methyl orange is a synthetic indicator
✓ Original colour - orange.
✓ It gives red colour in acid solution.
✓ Gives yellow colour in base.
❖ Phenolphalein is a synthetic indicator.
✓ original colour - colourless.
✓ It is colourless in acid.
✓ Gives pink colour in base.

Natural Indicators
❖ Litmus
❖ Turmeric (Yellow)
✓ Turns red in basic solution.
 ✓ A yellow stain of curry on a white cloth turns reddish brown when soap
is rubbed on it because soap solution is basic in nature which changes
the colour of turmeric in the curry stain to red brown.
✓ No change in acidic solution.

❖ Red Cabbage
✓ Red in acid.
✓ original colour – Purple
✓ Turns green in basic solution.

Olfactory indicators
Those substances whose smell changes in acidic or basic solutions are called
olfactory indicators.
❖ Onion
✓ Acid: Does not destroy smell of onion
✓ Base: Smell cannot be detected
❖ Vanilla
✓ Acid: Does not destroy smell of Vanilla
✓ Base: smell cannot be detected

Acids
Acids are those chemical substances which have sour taste and turns blue
litmus to red. E.g., Hydrochloric acid, citric acid.
❖ The acids present in plant materials & animals are called organic acids. E.g.,
▪ Acetic Acid (Ethanoic acid) - Vinegar
▪ Citric Acid -Citrus fruits (Orange, lemon)
▪ Lactic Acid -sour milk / curd
▪ Tartaric Acid- Tamarind / unripe grapes
▪ Oxalic Acid - Tomato
▪ Methanoic / Formic Acid -Ant sting / Nettle leaf sting
✓ Organic acids are weak acids.
❖ Acids prepared from the minerals of the earth are called mineral acids.
E.g. - HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 (Nitric acid.).
✓ Mineral acids are strong acids.
✓ Exception - Carbonic acid (weak acid)
❖ Concentrated acid - A concentrated, acid is one which contains the
minimum possible amount of water.
❖ Dilute acid – A dilute acid is one which contains more amount of water in it.

➢ Diluting an acid
▪ when a concentrated acid is added to water heat is evolved
gradually and easily absorbed by water.
▪ If water is added to concentrated acid for dilution, then a large
amount of heat is evolved at once. This heat changes some of the
water to steam explosively which can splash the acid on our face.

❖ Properties of Acid
✓ Have sour taste.
✓ Turns blue litmus to red.
✓ Acids conduct electricity (electrolytes)
✓ Acids react with metal to form H2 gas.
Metal + Acid ⇾ Salt + Hydrogen
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
HCl + Metal→ Metal chloride + Hydrogen

➢ Hydrogen test
▪ Bring a burning candle near a gas-filled soap bubble. The gas present
in Soap bubble burns with a pop sound.
▪ Only H2 gas burns making a pop sound.
▪ Note: Curd and other sour food stuffs such as vinegar, lemon juice etc
should not be kept in metal vessels because curd and other sour
foodstuffs contain acids which can react with the metal to form
poisonous metal compounds.

✓ Metal Carbonate + Acid → salt + CO2 + Water

✓ Metal HydrogenCarbonate + Acid → salt + CO2 + Water
Na2CO3 + 2HCL → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3 + HCL → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
 ➢ Carbon dioxide Test
When CO2 is passed through lime water, it turns lime water milky.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(lime water) (white ppt.)

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)

Calcium HydrogenCarbonate

(Clear)

Note: Limestone / Marble / Chalk / Egg shell all are Calcium carbonate

➢ If a person is suffering from acidity, Baking soda solution can be used as

remedy because baking soda (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) is basic in
nature which reacts with excess HCl acid and neutralizes it.
➢ Note: CO2 extinguishes a burning candle.

❖ Acid reacts with base to form salt and water. The reaction is called
neutralization reaction.

Acid + Base → Salt & Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
HCL + Mg(OH)2 → MgCl2 + H2O
( Mg(OH)2 → Milk of Magnesia → Antacid →Weak Base)

❖ Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + Water

2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O
(Blue-Green)

2HCL + Na2O → 2NaCl + H2O

❖ Acids have corrosive nature.
✓ The Mineral acids cause severe burns on the skin and attack and eat up
materials like cloth, wood, metal structures and stonework so they are
said to be corrosive.
✓ Acids are never stored in metal containers because they gradually
corrode and eat up the metal container.
❖ Acid is in a substance which ionizes on dissolving in water to produce
hydrogen ions.
 ➢ A common thing in all the acids is that they produce hydrogen ions
[H+] when dissolved in water.
➢ The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic
character because their hydrogen does not separate out as hydrogen
ions on dissolving in water.
➢ Acids do not show acidic behavior in the absence of water because a
substance, do not form hydrogen ions in the absence of water.
❖ Strong acid - An acid which is completely ionized in water and produces a
large amount of hydrogen ions is called a strong acid. E.g. - HCl, H2SO4 and
HNO3.
❖ Weak acid - An acid which is partially ionised in water and thus produces a
small amount of hydrogen ions is called a weak acid. E. g. - Carbonic acid
(H2CO3) and Sulphurous acid (H2SO3), acetic acid.

❖ Uses of Acids
✓ Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacturing of fertilisers , paints, dyes
Synthetic fibres, detergents, car batteries.
✓ Nitric acid is used for making fertilizers, explosives, dyes and plastics.
✓ Hydrochloric acid is used for removing oxides film from steel objects &
for removing scale deposits inside the boilers. It is also used in dye
stuffs, textile, food and leather industry.

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Bases

Bases are those chemical substances which have better taste, soapy to touch
and turn red litmus to blue. e.g. – NaOH, Na2O, Ca(OH)2) etc.
OR
A base is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
in solution. e. g. - NaOH(s) water Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
✓ Note : "All metal oxides and metal hydroxide are bases.
✓ Metal carbonates & Metal HydrogenCarbonates are also considered
base because they neutralize the acid.
 ✓ Alkali - A base which is soluble in water is called an alkali.
✓ Common property of all the bases is that they produce hydroxide ions
when dissolved in water.
❖ Strong base - A base which completely ionises in water to produces a large
amount of hydroxide ions is called a strong base. E.g. NaOH, KOH
❖ Weak base - A base which partially ionises in water to produce a small
amount of hydroxide ions is called a weak base. E.g. NH4OH, Ca(OH)2) ,
Mg(OH)2.
❖ Properties of Bases
✓ Bases have bitter taste.
✓ Bases feel soapy to touch.
✓ Bases turn red litmus to blue.
✓ Bases conduct electricity in solution. They are electrolytes.
✓ Bases react with some metals to form salt and H2 gas.
2NaOH + Zn Heat Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2(g)
Sodium zincate

Salt
✓ Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Salt
✓ Bases react with non-metal oxides(acidic in nature) to form salt & Water.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O (l)
✓ Two common Antacid are Baking soda & Milk of Magnesia.

❖ Uses Of Base
✓ Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap, paper and a
synthetic fiber called rayon.
✓ Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is used in the manufacture of bleaching
powder.
✓ Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralise excess acid in
the stomach and cure indigestion.
✓ Sodium Carbonate is used as washing soda and for softening hard
water.
✓ Sodium HydrogenCarbonate is used as baking soda in cooking food, for
making baking powder as an antacid to cure indigestion and in soda -
acid fire extinguishers.
❖ Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators which gives
different colours at different pH values. It is used to know how strong or
weak an acid or base is.
✓ The pH of a solution signifies conc. of H+ ions in it.
✓ Range of pH value is 0 to 14. Acid strength increases towards 0 and
base strength increases towards 14.
✓ The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to concentration of H+
ions.
✓ Higher the H+ ions, lower the pH value, more acidic the solution will
be.
✓ Lower the H+ ions, higher the pH value, more basic the solution will
be.
✓ Acids have pH less than 7.
✓ Bases have pH more than 7.
✓ Neutral substances have pH 7.
✓ Some important pH
HCl Vinegar Milk Pure Saliva(before Saliva(after Blood Egg Toothpaste NaOH
water meal) meal)
1.0 4.0 6.5 7.0 7.4 5.8 7.4 7.8 8.0 13
✓ For colour pattern of pH scale refer S Chand page no 74/75
When a solution is added to a universal indicator, it produces a new colour
which is used to find the pH value of an acidic or basic solution by matching the
colour on the pH scale.
✓ Tooth decay starts when the pH of acid in mouth falls below 5.5 because
the acid becomes strong enough to attack the enamel of the teeth.
Tooth decay can be prevented by cleaning the mouth after eating food
and by using toothpaste properly.
✓ The pH of the lake water becomes lower because of too much acid rain.
The high acidity of lake water can kill the aquatic animals since they can
survive in a narrow range of pH. CaCO3 is added to acidic lake water to
neutralise the acid.
✓ When a bee stings a person, it injects an acidic liquid into the skin which
causes pain.
It’s remedy is to rub a mild base like baking soda on it.
✓ when a wasp stings a person, it injects an alkaline liquid into the skin
which causes pain.
It’s remedy is to rub a mild acid like vinegar on it.
 ✓ Since vinegar is acidic in nature so it can't be used to treat a bee sting
because bee insects acid into the skin.
✓ Since baking soda is basic in nature so it can’t be used to treat a wasp
sting because wasp injects alkaline solution into the skin.
✓ If there is excess of HCl in the stomach, it causes indigestion which
causes pain & irritation. Its effect can be cured by taking antacids.
✓ Quicklime or slaked lime are bases and hence react with the excess acids
present in the soil to reduce its acidity.
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Salts
Salt is a compound formed from an acid by the replacement of Hydrogen in the
acid by the metal. E.g. NaCl (Common salt)
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
✓ salt of hydrochloric acid → Chloride
✓ Salt of sulphuric acid → sulphate
✓ salt of nitric acid → Nitrate
✓ salt of carbonic acid → Carbonate
✓ salt of acetic acid → Acetate

➢ Family of Salts: Salts having same positive or negative ions are said to
belong to a family of salts. E.g. Sodium Chloride, Sodium sulphate
belongs to sodium family of salt; Sodium chloride; Potassium Chloride
belongs to chloride family of salts.

❖ pH of salt
Though, the aqueous solution of many salts are neutral but some salts are
acidic or basic when dissolved in Water.
✓ Strong Acid + Strong Base → Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
(Neutral)

• K2SO4 (Neutral)
✓ Strong Acid + Weak Base → Salt + Water
 HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O
(Acidic, pH 6)

• (NH4)2SO4 (Acidic)

✓ Weak Acid + Strong Base→ Salt + Water

H2CO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O
(Basic, pH 9)

• CH3CooNa , Sodium Acetate—Basic

❖ NaCl (Common salt) [Neutral]

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

✓ Common salt is obtained from sea water by the process of evaporation.

✓ Sea water is trapped in pools and allowed to stand there. The sun's heat
evaporates the water slowly & common salt is left behind. This common
salt it impure because it contains many other salts. It is purified to obtain
pure common salt.
✓ Common salt is obtained from Underground deposits. The large crystals
of common salt found in underground deposits are called rock salts.
Rock salt is brown due to impurities in it. Rock salt is mined from the
underground deposits just like coal.

❖ Uses of common salt

✓ Common salt is used as a raw material for making sodium hydroxide
(caustic soda), sodium carbonate (washing soda), sodium
hydrogencarbonate (baking soda), HCl acid, Cl2 H2 , Sodium metal.
✓ Common salt is used in cooking food.
✓ Common salt is required by our body for the working of nervous system,
movement of muscles & for the production of HCl acid in the stomach
for digestion.
✓ Common salt is used as preservative in pickles.
✓ Common salt is used for melting ice on the roads in cold countries.
✓ Common salt is used in the manufacturing of soaps.
❖ Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
✓ Common name: Caustic soda
✓ NaOH is produced by the electrolysis of a conc. Aq solution of sodium
chloride(brine).
NaCl + 2H2O electricity 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Brine

Note: Concentrated aq. solution of sodium chloride is called Brine.

✓ Cl2 gas is obtained at anode (+ve electrode ),
✓ H2 gas is produced at cathode (-ve electrode),
✓ Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near cathode.
✓ The process of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution is called chlor -
alkali process.

❖ Uses of Sodium Hydroxide

✓ Used for making soaps and detergents.
✓ Used for making artificial textile fibres such as rayon.
✓ Used in manufacture of paper.
✓ Used in purifying bauxite ore to extract aluminium metal.
✓ Used in de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dye and bleaches.

❖ Uses of Chlorine
✓ Used to sterlise drinking water supply because chlorine is a disinfectant
which kills germs present in water.
✓ Used in production of bleaching powder.
✓ Used in production of HCl.
✓ Used to make plastics, paints.
✓ Used in making solvents for dry cleaning.

❖ Uses of Hydrogen
✓ Used in hydrogenation of oils to obtain solid fats.
✓ Used in production of HCl.
✓ Used to make ammonia for fertilizers.
✓ Used to make methanol.
✓ Liquid hydrogen is used as fuel for rocket fuels.
❖ Uses of HCl
✓ Used for cleaning iron sheets before galvanization.
✓ Used in the preparation of chlorides.
✓ Used in medicines and cosmetics.
✓ Used in textiles and dyes.
✓ Used in making plastics like PVC.

❖ Washing Soda
✓ Washing soda is Na2CO3 containing 10 molecules of water of
crystallization i.e. sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O).
✓ Note: Sodium carbonate which does not contain any water of
crystallisation is called anhydrous sodium carbonate which is known as
soda – ash.
❖ Production of Washing soda
✓ A cold & concentrated solution of sodium chloride (brine) is reacted with
ammonia & carbon dioxide to form NaHCO3.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
(ppt.)

✓ NaHCO3 is separated by filtration, dried & heated. On heating, NaHCO3

decomposes to form sodium carbonate.
2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 +H2O + CO2
(Soda Ash)
✓ Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate is dissolved in water & recrystallized to
get washing soda.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
(Washing Soda)
❖ Uses of washing soda
✓ Used as a cleansing agent.
✓ Used for removing permanent hardness of water.
✓ Used in the manufacture of glass, soap and paper.
✓ Used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.

❖ Baking Soda (sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) [ NaHCO3 ]

✓ NaHCO3 is produced by reacting cold & concentrated solution of sodium
chloride (Brine ) with ammonia & Carbon dioxide.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
 (ppt.)

❖ Properties of NaHCO3
✓ NaHCO3 consists of white crystals which are sparingly soluble in water.
✓ NaHCO3 is a mild, non-corrosive base.
✓ When solid NaHCO3 is heated, then it decomposes to give sodium
carbonate with the evolution of CO2 gas.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

❖ Uses of NaHCO3
✓ NaHCO3 is used as an antacid.
✓ NaHCO3 is used in making baking powder.
✓ Baking powder = Baking soda + Mild acid (Tartaric acid). Baking powder
is a mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.
✓ When baking powder mixes with water then NaHCO3 reacts with
tartaric acid to evolve CO2 gas. The CO2 gas bubbles out slowly making
the cake soft and spongy.
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na++ CO2 + H2O
✓ If only baking soda is used in making cake then sodium carbonate
formed will give bitter taste to cake but if baking powder is used then
tartaric acid present in it neutralises sodium carbonate formed and
forms sodium tartrate which has pleasant taste.
✓ Baking soda is used in fire extinguisher.
Soda - acid type fire extinguisher contains solution of NaHCO3 and
sulphuric acid in separate containers inside them. When the knob of the
fire extinguisher is pressed, then sulphuric acid mixes with NaHCO3
solution to produce a lot of CO2 gas. The CO2 gas forms a blanket around
the burning substance and cuts off the supply of air and the process of
burning stops.
✓ Note: If baking powder is dry then baking soda will not react with
tartaric acid.

❖ Bleaching Powder (chloride of lime)

✓ Chemical name : Calcium oxychloride

✓ Formula: CaOCl2
 ✓ Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked
lime.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2, + H2O

❖ Properties of bleaching powder

✓ Bleaching powder is a white powder which gives a strong smell of
chlorine.
✓ Bleaching powder is soluble in cold water.
✓ Bleaching powder reacts with dilute acids to produce chlorine.
CaOCl2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + Cl2 + H2O
The chlorine produced by the action of a dilute acid on bleaching
powder acts as a bleaching agent.
✓ Note: Actual bleaching agent is chlorine.
✓ A substance which removes color from coloured substance is called a
bleaching agent.
✓ A substance which is used to kill germs and bacteria is called
disinfectant.

❖ Uses of Bleaching Powder

✓ Used for bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry and wood pulp in
paper industry.
✓ Used for disinfecting drinking water supply.
✓ Used in manufacture of chloroform.
✓ Used for making wool unshrinkable.
✓ Used as oxidizing agent in chemical industry.

❖ Plaster of Paris (P.O.P.)

✓ Chemical name: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
1
✓ Formula: CaSO4. H2O
2
✓ It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) to a temp. of 100°C.
When gypsum is heated at a temp of 100°C, it looses three-fourths of its
water of crystallisation and forums plaster of Paris.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 100°C 1 1
CaSO4. 2H2O → CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O
2 2
(Gypsum) (Plaster of Paris) (Water)
 ✓ Note: If gypsum is heated beyond 100°c then it looses all water of
crystallisation and anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4) is left behind
which is called dead burnt plaster.

❖ Uses of Plaster of Paris

✓ Used in hospitals for setting fractured bones.
✓ Used in making toys, decorative materials, chalk, statues etc.
✓ Used as a fire proofing material.
✓ Used for sealing air gapes in apparatus where air tight arrangement is
required.
✓ Used in making surfaces smooth before painting.

➢ Water of crystallisation: Hydrated salts

Water molecules which form part of the structure of a crystal are called
water of crystallisation. E.g. –
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
CuSO4.5H20 → CuSO4 + 5H20
Hydrated Copper Sulphate Anhydrous Copper Sulphate

Blue White
✓ The salts which contain water of crystallisation are called hydrated salts.
CuSO4 + 5H20 → CuSO4.5H20
Note: water of crystallisation is a part of "crystal structure of a salt, since
water of crystallisation is not free water, it does not wet the salt.
✓ The water of crystallisation gives the crystals of the salts their shape and
in some cases, imparts them colour.
✓ The salts which have lost their water of crystallisation are called
anhydrous salts.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
CuSO4.5H20 → CuSO4 + 5H20
Hydrated Copper Sulphate Anhydrous Copper Sulphate