Acids are sour in taste. Bases are bitter in taste and soapy to touch. ACIDS: Acid is a subastance which
r’s 1. Which is sour in taste. 2. Turns the blue litmus to red litmus. 3. Contains replaceable hydrogen. 4. Gives H+ in aqueous solution (Arrhenius theory) ha 5. Can donate a Proton (Bronsted and Lowry concept). 6. Can accept electron (Lewis theory). Non metal oxides when dissolved in water gives acids. Sulphur Dioxide + water Sulphuric acid.
E Carbon dioxide + Water Carbonic acid. d Strong Acids: Which completely dissociated in water. Examples: H2So4, Hcl, HNO3 Sulphuric acid (H2So4)-called as King of chemicals, Oil of vitriol. ee
Note: Blue Vitriol : CuSo4.5H2O White Vitrol : ZnSo4.7H2O C Green Vitriol : FeSo4.7H2O Sr
Red Vitrol : CoSo4.7H2O
Sulphuric acid (Oil of Vitriol) is used in lead storage batteries, manufacturing of Alum, Fertilizers, Drugs, detergents, Explosives. HCl is called as Muriatic acid. Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as Aqua Fortis (Latin for “strong water”) and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. Boric acid – Used as an antiseptic. C Phosphoric acid: In the preparation of Tooth Paste and DAP fertilizer. Hydrofluoric acid(HF) : To write on Glass ( Etching) Benzoic acid : In the Preservation of Foods. Salicylic acid : In the preparation of Para acetyl salicylic acid ( Aspirin). Aqua Regia : Used to dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum, It is a mixture of 1 part of Nitric acid and 3 parts of Hydrochloric acid. Nitrate Mixture: It is a mixture of 1 part of Nitric acid and 1 part of Sulphuric acid. Acid Rains: Pollutants like Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide when dissolved in water in the atmosphere gives acids like sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid which may cause skin cancers and reacts with marbles and affects the beauty of the monuments like Taj Mahal.
::1:: Sreedhar’s CCE CHEMISTRY Some of the acids in food: Name of acid Found in Acetic acid Vinegar Formic add Ants sting Citric acid Citrus fruits such as oranges,lemons, etc. Lactic acid Curd Oxalic acid Spinach Ascorbic acid Amla. Citrus fruits (Vitamin C) Tartaric acid Tamarind, grapes.unripe mangoes, etc.
r’s All the acids mentioned above occur in nature Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a corresponding ha salt, carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the reaction can be summarised as – Metal carbonate/Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid Salt + Carbon dioxide +
Water BASES:
E d Bases generate hydroxide (OH–) ions in water. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. ee
All bases do not dissolve in water. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water. All Alkalis are Bases but All Bases are not Alkalis. ACIDS and BASES comparision : C ACIDS 1. Acids are sour In taste. Sr
2. Acids turns blue litmus to red.
3. An acid is a substance which gives H+ ions in water solution. 4. The orange colour of Methyl orange Indicator changes to red in acid medium 5. pH value of acid is less than 7. 6. Non metallic oxides are dissolved in water to form acids. SO3+H2O H2SO4 C BASES 1. Bases are bitter taste. 2. Bases turns red litmus to blue. 3. A base is a substance which gives OH- ions in water solution. 4. The orange colour of Methyl orange Indicator changes to Yellow in bases. 5. pH value of base is greater than 7. 6. Metallic oxides are dissolved in water to form bases. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Sodium hydroxide ( Caustic soda) When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor-
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alkali process because of the products formed-chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide (Traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or slaked with water. Caustic Potash (KoH): The major uses are in the production of potassium carbonate, potassium phosphates, liquid fertilizers, andpotassium soaps and detergents. Name of base Found In
r’s Calcium hydroxide Lime water Ammonium hydroxide Window cleaner Sodium hydroxide/ Potassium hydroxide Soap Magnesium hydroxide Milk of magnesia H: P ha A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH scale has been developed. The p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German, meaning power. On the pH scale we can measure pH from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH
E should be thought of simply as a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution. Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH d value. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale represent an ee
acidic solution. As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, it represents an increase
in OH– ion concentration in the solution, that is, increase in the strength of alkali. Generally paper impregnated with the universal indicator is used for measuring pH. C Sr C
The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH– ions produced, respectively. If we take hydrochloric acid and acetic acid of the same
::3:: Sreedhar’s CCE CHEMISTRY concentration, say one molar, then these produce different amounts of hydrogen ions. Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids, and acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak acids. Importance of pH in Everyday Life Are plants and animals pH sensitive? Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change. When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water. The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult. pH change as the cause of tooth decay
r’s Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. Tooth enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is the hardest substance in the body. It does not dissolve in water, but is corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles ha remaining in the mouth after eating. The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating food. Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
E Nature provides neutralisation options Nettle is a herbaceous plant which grows in the wild. Its leaves have stinging d hair, which cause painful stings when touched accidentally. This is due to the methanoic acid secreted by them. A traditional remedy is rubbing the area with ee
the leaf of the dock plant, which often grows beside the nettle in the wild. SALTS: Seawater contains many salts dissolved in it. Sodium chloride is separated from C these salts. Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of the world. Sr
These large crystals are often brown due to impurities. This is called rock salt. Beds of rock salt were formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. Rock salt is mined like coal. Bleaching powder Chlorine is produced during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine). This chlorine gas is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder. Bleaching C powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2]. Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2, though the actual composition is quite Complex. Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate ( Na2CO3 ) Baking Soda –Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) INDICATORS Special type of substances is used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic. These substances are known as indicators. The indicators change their colour when added to a solution containing an acidic or a basic substance. 1. Natural Indicators Turmeric, litmus, china rose petals (Gudhal), etc., are some of the naturally occurring indicators.
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A. Litmus: The most commonly used natural indicator is litmus. It is extracted from lichens It has a mauve (purple) colour in distilled water. When added to an acidic solution, it turns red and when added to a basic solution, it turns blue. It is available in the form of a solution, or in the form of strips of paper, known as litmus paper. Generally, it is available as red and blue litmus paper. The solutions which do not change the colour of either red or blue litmus are known as neutral solutions. These substances are neither acidic nor basic. B. China rose:
r’s China rose indicator turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta) and basic solutions to green. 2. Phenolphthalein Indicator: When the solution is basic, phenolphthalein gives a pink colour. On the other hand, when the solution is acidic, it remains colourless. ha 3. Methyl Orange Indicator: In acidic medium gives red colour and with bases give yellow colour. Neutralisation:
E The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralisation. d Salt and water are produced in this process with the evolution of heat. Acid+Base Salt+Water (Heat is evolved) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) + Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Sodium chloride (NaCl) + ee
Water (H2O). Neutralisations In Everyday Life: A. Indigestion: C Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid. It helps us to digest food But too much of Sr
acid in the stomach causes indigestion. Sometimes indigestion is painful. To
relieve indigestion, we take an antacid such as milk of magnesia, which contains magnesium hydroxide. It neutralises the effect of excessive acid. B. Ant sting The sting of an ant contains formic acid. When an ant bites, it injects the acidic liquid into the skin. The effect of the sting can be neutralised by rubbing moist C baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) or calamine solution, which contains zinc carbonate. C. Soil treatment Excessive use of chemical fertilisers makes the soil acidic. Plants do not grow well when the soil is either too acidic or too basic. When the soil is too acidic, it is treated with bases like quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). If the soil is basic, organic matter is added to it. Organic matter releases acids which neutralises the basic nature of the soil. D. Factory wastes The wastes of many factories contain acids. If they are allowed to flow into the water bodies, the acids will kill fish and other organisms. The factory wastes are, therefore, neutralised by adding basic substances.
