English Language

First stage
References
1. Text book; New Headway Plus. Beginner (60%)
2. Specialization (English Language): (40%)
2.1 New Headway Plus , Beginner Student's Book
2.2 English Solutions for Engineering Adam Turner, 2009
 Unit one
Part of speech

1. Noun
A person, place, thing, or idea

Examples: – cat– fireman– house– pencil– Chicago

2. Pronoun
a word used in place of a noun

Examples: – he– she– it– they– You– we

3. Verb
a word that tells what someone or something does– an action word
or word of being

Examples: – sit– laugh– run– jump

4. Adjective
a word used to modify (describe) a noun

Examples:

– happy – short – sad - tall– red - fat– green – hairy

5. Adverb
Can be added to a verb to modify its meaning; can also modify
adjectives

and other adverbs– Tells you when, where, how, in what manner
or to what extent an action is performed – Many end in “ly”, but
not always!

Examples: – cheerfully – briskly– Delicately– fast– never– now

6. Preposition
– a word placed BEFORE a noun or pronoun to show its
location or direction
 – May also show a noun or pronoun’s relationship to
some other word in the sentence
Examples: – to - at– with - for– against - across– by - in–
from

7. Conjunction
a word used to connect other words, phrases, and clauses

Examples: – and– but– or– because

PRACTICE: identify the correct part of speech for each word in

the sentences on the following;

1. The little dog ran.

2. Mary finished her reading assignment.

3. The snow fell softly.

4. The house was red and small.

5. The earth travels around the sun.

Plural nouns

The plural -s endings have three different sounds as follows:

a. The letter “s” when added to a word ending by one of the

sounds /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ and /ɵ/ is pronounced /s/ as follows:

roof: roofs, rock: rocks, map: maps, rent: rents, depth: depths.

b. The letter “s” and “es” when added to a word ending by: ch,
ge, sh, /Ʒ/, s, ce, x, /z/ is pronounced /iz/ as follows:

branch: branches, bridge: bridges, brush: brushes, garage:

garages, case: cases, sentence: sentences, fix: fixes, exercise:
exercises.
 c. If the word is not ending by the above-mentioned sound,
when adding s for the end of the word, it is pronounced /z/ as in
the following word:

road: roads: breath: breathes, valley: valleys.

Examples

Snake = snakes

v Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will

require an -es for the plural:

Witch = witches

v There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms, such
as:

Child = children

v If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by
changing -y to -ies:

v But if the noun ends in a vowel + y, the-y doesn’t change

 Unit Two

Sentences (Kinds and Structures)

The verb to be; (am- is- are)

Affirmative forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form

I am 'm

You are 're

he/she/it is 's

We are 're

You are 're

They are 're

Pronouns

Pronouns replace nouns. A different pronoun is required depending on two

elements: the noun being replaced and the function that noun has in the
sentence. In English, pronouns only take the gender of the noun they replace
in the 3rd person singular form. The 2nd person plural pronouns are identical
to the 2nd person singular pronouns except for the reflexive pronoun.

Pronoun Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive or

Subject Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Intensive
Pronoun (Determiner) Pronoun

1st I me my mine myself

person
singular
Pronoun Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive or
Subject Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Intensive
Pronoun (Determiner) Pronoun

2nd you you your yours yourself

person
singular

3rd he him his his himself

person
singular,
male

3rd she her her hers herself

person
singular,
female

3rd it it its itself

person
singular,
neutral

1st we us our ours ourselves

person
plural

2nd you you your yours yourselves

person
plural

3rd they them their theirs themselves

person
plural

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject of their clause. In the 3rd
person, subject pronouns are often used to avoid repetition of the subject's
name.
EXAMPLES
I am 16.
You seem lost.
Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize.
This table is old. It needs to be repainted.
We aren't coming.
They don't like pancakes.

Exercises:
• New Headway Plus, Workbook with key, Unit One- Items 14, 15
and 16 of Page 9. Unit two- Item 6 page 11, items 18, 19 and 20
page 15

OBJECT PRONOUNS
Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object
of a clause.

EXAMPLES
Give the book to me.
The teacher wants to talk to you.
Jake is hurt because Bill hit him.
Sally received a letter from her sister last week.
Mark can't find it.
Don't be angry with us.
Tell them to hurry up!

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (DETERMINERS)

Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to
learn them at the same time as pronouns, however, because they are
similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function
 as adjectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do not
replace a noun as pronouns do.

EXAMPLES
Did mother find my shoes?
Mrs. Baker wants to see your homework.
Can Jake bring over his baseball cards?
Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow.
The cat broke its leg.
This is our house.
Where is their school?

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject
or the object of a clause. Because the noun being replaced
doesn't appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the
context.

EXAMPLES
This bag is mine.
Yours is not blue.
That bag looks like his.
These shoes are not hers.
That car is ours.

REFLEXIVE & INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words, but
they have different functions in a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because

the subject of the action is also the direct or indirect object.
Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot
 remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence because the
remaining sentence would be grammatically incorrect.

EXAMPLES
I told myself to calm down.
You cut yourself on this nail?
He hurt himself on the stairs.
She found herself in a dangerous part of town.
The cat threw itself under my car!
We blame ourselves for the fire.
The children can take care of themselves.

Exercises:
• New Headway Plus, Workbook with key, Unit Four- Items 13, 14
and 15 Page 27.

Questions with question word

They are called Wh-questions because they usually use a question

word that begins with the letters Wh and used to find out more
information about a topic. The structure of a Wh-question is:
question word + auxiliary verb + subject
To answer such questions, put the subject at the beginning of the
answer then pick the helping verb and put it after the said
subject.
The wh-questions are:
1. What: is used for a thing.
What is your name?
My name is.........
The question word “What” is replaced by the name of a thing
(object).
2. Where, Information questions (where questions with “be”)
Where: is used to ask for a place or location. In this case, to
make a question, place the verb be before the subject.
Example: Where is your wallet?
Where are my keys?
Where: is used for a place.
Example: Where are you from?
I’m from Iraq.
“Where” is replaced by a certain place.
3. How: is used for the condition.
How are you today?
I’m just fine.
“How” is replaced by some condition.
How old: is used for the age.
How old is he?
He is twenty-one.
“How old” is replaced by some age.
4. Who: is used for a person (subject).
Who is that?
He is my brother.
Who are they?
They are my classmates.

Exercises:
• New Headway Plus, Workbook with key, Unit Five- Items 5, and
6 Page 30