REVIEW

PARTS OF SPEECH
Conjunction
I. NOUNS
1. __________________ name
any one of a class of person,
place, or thing.
COMMON NOUNS
Example:

Girl

Place

Dress
2. ____________________
name a specific person, place, or
thing and are always capitalized
PROPER NOUNS
Example:

•Mrs. Felicen
•ESSU-SALCEDO
•ENGLISH
3. ________________________
are two or more nouns that
function as a single unit and can
be two individual words, words
joined by a hyphen, or two words
combined.
COMPOUND NOUNS
•Individual words: time capsule
•Hyphenated words: great-uncle
•Combined words: basketball
4. __________________
name groups of people or
things.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
audience family
herd crowd
5. With possessive singular
nouns, add _______________.

dog’s/ dogs’ ears?

With possessive singular nouns,
add an apostrophe and an s.

dog’s ears girl’s bag

6. With possessive plural nouns
ending in s, add
_______________.

singer’s/ singers’ voices?

With possessive plural nouns
ending in s, add an apostrophe
after the s.

Dogs’ bones girls’ bags

7. With possessive plural nouns
not ending in s, _____________.

•men men’s books

•mice mice’s tails
With plural nouns not ending in
s, add an apostrophe and an s.
8. Jesus’ or Jesus’s disciples?
For singular proper nouns ending
in S, add an apostrophe and
leave off the extra S (e.g., Jesus’
followers, Maus’ story).
PLURAL NOUNS
9. If a plural noun ends in s, sh,
ch, or x, ________________
Add es if the noun ends in s, sh,
ch, or x.
wish - wishes
inch - inches
box - boxes
10. If a noun ends in consonant -
y, _________.
•city
•lady
If a noun ends in consonant -y,
change the y to i and add es.

city – cities lady - ladies

11. If a noun ends in vowel -y,
add s. Words ending in -quy don’t
follow this rule (as in
soliloquies).
•essay - essays
•monkey - monkeys
II. PRONOUNS
Jacob said Jacob’s parents will
be coming to town this
weekend.
ANTECEDENT

•Jacob said his parents will be

coming to town this weekend.
1. Personal pronouns refer to a
specific person, place, object, or
thing.
2. Possessive pronouns show
ownership. The possessive
pronouns are: your, yours, his,
hers, its, ours, their, theirs, whose.

•Is this beautiful plant yours?

•Yes, it’s ours.
•Don’t confuse personal
pronouns with contractions.
Personal pronouns never
have an apostrophe, while
contractions always have an
apostrophe.
3. Reflexive pronouns add information to
a sentence by pointing back to a noun or
pronoun near the beginning of the
sentence. Reflexive pronouns end in -self
or -selves.

•Tricia bought herself a new car.

•All her friends enjoyed themselves riding
in the beautiful car.
4. Intensive pronouns also end in
-self or -selves but just add
emphasis to the noun or pronoun.
•Tricia herself picked out the car.
5. Demonstrative pronouns direct
attention to a specific person, place,
or thing. There are only four
demonstrative pronouns: this, that,
these, those.
•This is my favorite movie.
•That was a fierce rain storm.
6. Relative pronouns begin a subordinate
clause. There are five relative pronouns: that,
which, who, whom, those.

•Jasper claimed that he could run the

washing machine.
•Louise was the repair person who fixed the
machine after Jasper washed his sneakers.
7. Interrogative pronouns ask a
question. They are: what, which,
who, whom, whose.

•Who would like to cook dinner?

•Which side does the fork go on?
WHO IS THE HERO IN THE
STORY?

CAPTAIN AMERICA IS THE HERO

IN THE STORY.
8. Indefinite pronouns refer to
people, places, objects, or things
without pointing to a specific
one.
 PRONOUN CASE
HOW TO USE THE PRONOUNS
•Only two parts of speech, nouns
and pronouns, have case. This
means that they change form
depending on how they are used
in a sentence.
SINO? PARA KANINO? KANINO?
Father and (I, me) like to shop at
flea markets.
•I like to shop at flea markets.
•Me like to shop at flea markets.
A. I and my sister?
B. My sister and I?
•When you list two or more
subjects, always put yourself last.
Therefore, the sentence would
read “Father and I,” never “I and
Father.”
X. I and my sister
✓B. My sister and I
•(Who, Whom) do you believe is
the better shopper?
•Answer: Who is the subject of the
verb is. Therefore, the sentence
would read, “Who do you believe
is the better shopper?”
•WHO (SINO?)
•WHOM (PARA KANINO?)
•Whom will we ask?
•Who will we ask?
• If you can replace the word with he or she,
use who. If you can replace it with him or her,
use whom.
•Whom will we ask?
Rearranged: We will ask ______.

•Who will we ask?

Rearranged: We will ask ______.
•Who/ Whom would like to go on vacation?
______ would like to go on vacation.
To who/ whom was the letter
addressed?

The letter was addressed to

______.
Whom do you believe?

I do believe __________.
•I do not know with who/whom I
will go to the prom.

•I will go to the prom with _____.

Predicate nominative

The salesman of the month was

(I, me).
•Use I, since the pronoun
renames the subject, the
salesman of the month. “The
salesman of the month was I.”
•A predicate nominative is a noun
or pronoun that follows a linking
verb and identifies or renames
the subject.
 Predicate nominative

The salesman of the month was I.

LV
•“It is I”
•“It is me.”
•“This is I.”
•“This is me.”
•You and I will never say goodbye.
•You and me will never say goodbye.
•‘Cause it’s you and me and all of
the people…
•Use "you and I" as the subject of the
sentence: "You and I should go to the store."
•Use "you and me" as the object of the
sentence: "Alex liked you and me."
•Use "I" instead of "me" when it is the
subject of the sentence: "I went to the
store."
•Use "me" instead of "I" when it is the object
of the sentence: "Alex liked me."
 Objective Case

1. Use the objective case to show

a direct object.
•A direct object is a noun or
pronoun that receives the action.
•John’s suit no longer fits (he, him).
•Answer: John’s suit no longer fits
him.
•(Who, Whom) did she finally
invite to the dinner party?
•Answer: She is the subject, the
person doing the action. Therefore,
the sentence should read: “Whom
did she finally invite to the dinner
party?”
•Of course, she can invite
(whoever, whomever) she wants.
•Answer: Of course, she can
invite whomever she wants.

*She can invite her/she?

Whom if you can
replace it with her/him.

Who if you can replace it

with she/he.
•We students like holidays.
•Us students like holidays.
Remove the noun

•We _____ like holidays.

•Us _____ like holidays.
•When you have a pronoun combined with a
noun (such as we guests, us guests), try the
sentence without the noun. You can usually
“hear” which pronoun sounds right.
•It is always a pleasure for we
guests to attend their party.
•It is always a pleasure for us
guests to attend their party.
•It is always a pleasure for we
____ to attend their party.
•It is always a pleasure for us
____ to attend their party.
3. Use the objective case for the object of a
preposition.
•Remember that a preposition is a small word that
links a noun or a pronoun following it to another
word in the sentence.
•Sit by (I, me).
Answer: The pronoun is the
object of the preposition me, so
the sentence reads: “Sit by me.”
 POSSESSIVE CASE
1. Use the possessive case to
show ownership.
•The child refused to admit that
the sweater was (her’s, hers).
•Answer: Hers is the correct
spelling of the possessive case,
which is needed here to express
ownership (belonging to her).
Therefore, the sentence should
read: “The child refused to admit
that the sweater was hers.”
2. Use the possessive case before
gerunds.
•A gerund is a form of a verb that
acts as a noun. Gerunds always end
in -ing, and they always function as
nouns.
•(You, Your) walking in the rain
didn’t cause your cold.
•Answer: The gerund walking
requires the possessive pronoun
your. Therefore, the sentence
should read: “Your walking in
the rain didn’t cause your cold.”
•Do you mind (my, me)
borrowing your cell phone?
•Answer: Do you mind my
borrowing your cell phone?
•3. Use some possessive
pronouns alone to show
ownership.
•This cell phone is mine, not
yours.
GENERIC MASCULINE PRONOUN
A student should turn in his
assignments on time.
2 WAYS

•A student should turn in his or

her assignments on time.
•Students should turn in their
assignments on time.
•She sells seashells by
the seashore
•I saw a kitten
eating chicken in the
kitchen
•I thought I thought
of thinking of thanking
you
•Slim slam slap
H class
J record
A health
K father
good mother
morning Mathematics
flag CEremony Science
afternoon thesis
prayer theses (pl.)
stand up lesson plan
Orion BEED
was BSED
does BTLED
has BECED
•Take your seats.
•Let us have a review.
•Greatest common factor
•Raise your hands.
•Group yourselves into three.
III. PREPOSITIONS
IV. VERB
•action verbs
•linking verbs
•helping verbs
•Verb phrases
ACTION VERBS
Subject Complement

•He became a teacher.

•The soup smells delicious.
HELPING VERBS

•“to be”
•“to have”
•“to do”
• Tense (when the action takes place: past,
present, or future)
• Person (who or what experiences the action)
• Number (how many subjects act or receive the
action)
• Mood (the attitude expressed toward the action)
• Voice (whether the subject acts or is acted
upon: the active or passive voice)
6 TENSES
PRINCIPAL VERB PARTS

1. The present tense

•The present is used to form the
present tense (“I look”) and the
future (“I will look”).
•English uses the helping verb
will to show the future tense.
2. The present participle
•The present participle forms all
six of the progressive forms (“I
am looking,” “I was looking,”
and so on).
3. The past tense
•The past forms only one tense,
the past. As with the present
tense, the principal part stands
alone.
4. The past participle
•The past participle forms the last three
tenses: the present perfect (“I have
looked”), the past perfect (“I had
looked”), and the future perfect (“I will
have looked”). To form the past
participle, start with a helping verb such
as is, are, was, has been. Then add the
principal part of the verb.
“to have” helping verbs
“to have” verbs
HAS, HAVE, & HAD
When deciding which tense to
use…

Who is/ are the subjects?

How many subjects?
When did this happen?
•She _______ review classes.
•The fourth year students _______
review classes.
•The fourth year students _______
review classes last year.
•She _____ review classes yesterday.
“to do” helping verbs
“to do” verbs
DOES, DO, DID
1. Anna _________ her workout
everyday.
2. Anna and her friends _______ their
workout everyday.
3. Anna _____ her workout yesterday.
4. Anna and her friends _______ their
workout yesterday.
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
most common irregular verbs that have the same
present participle, past, and past participle forms.
most common irregular verbs that have the same
past and past participle forms
•It was founded on July 6, 2024.
•A Lesson Plan should be time-
bounded.
most common irregular verbs that change in
unpredictable ways
•CAN BE ABLE
•WILL GOING
•If there is a helping verb, the
verb that follows it is in the
present or base form.
•I can be able to
demonstrate…
(I will be able to
demonstrate…)
(I can demonstrate…)