Prof.Dr/ Hagar Alm ElDin Mohamad Tanta University 2024 Discretize governing equations and solve by computers CFD Discretization Basic aspects of Discretization • Discretization: Basic aspects of Discretization There are various methods of discretization, which can broadly be classified into mesh (grid) methods and mesh-free methods. Currently (as of 2018), mainly mesh methods are being used. Mesh Methods These methods involve two steps: • Meshing - divide the region ("domain") into smaller regions. These smaller regions may be triangles and rectangles (in 2D) and tetrahedrons, hexahedrons (in 3D) and other types of geometric entities. Discretization of the governing equations over the mesh Basic aspects of Discretization Mesh Terminology Discretization Methods
• First step in obtaining a numerical solution is to
discretize the geometric domain to define a numerical grid • Each node has one unknown and need one algebraic equation, which is a relation between the variable value at that node and those at some of the neighboring nodes. • The approach is to replace each term of the PDE at the particular node by an approximation. • Numbers of equations and unknowns must be equal • Applied to structured grids 11 Components of numerical methods (Discretization Methods) Finite Difference Method 1. Introduced by Euler in the 18th century.
2. Governing equations in differential form domain with
grid replacing the partial derivatives by approximations
in terms of node values of the functions one algebraic
equation per grid node linear algebraic equation
system.
3. Applied to structured grids
12 Finite difference: basic methodology • The domain is discretized into a series of grid points. • A “structured” (ijk) mesh is required.
• The governing equations (PDE)(in differential form) are
discretized (converted to algebraic form).(FDE) • First and second derivatives are approximated by truncated Taylor series expansions. • The resulting set of linear algebraic equations is solved either iteratively or simultaneously. 13 Procedure for Finite Difference Method 1- Replace object with set of nodes. 2- Formulate the physical -mathematical model equation in the finite difference forum. 3- Handle the boundary conditions. 4-Apply the finite difference equation to each node 5- numerically solve linear algebraic equation by matrix techniques Finite difference: basic methodology
15 Errors in the Finite difference method • The error in a method's solution is defined as the difference between the approximation and the exact analytical solution. The two sources of error • In finite difference methods are round-off error, the loss of precision due to computer rounding of decimal quantities, • and truncation error or discretization error, the difference between the exact solution of the original differential equation and the exact quantity assuming perfect mathematics. Finite Element Method (FEM) Finite element method (FEM) • Earliest use was by Courant (1943) for solving a torsion problem. • Clough (1960) gave the method its name. • Method was refined greatly in the 60’s and 70’s, mostly for analyzing structural mechanics problem. • FEM analysis of fluid flow was developed in the mid- to late 70’s. coextrusion metal insert 18 contours of velocity magnitude Finite element method (FEM) • Two interpretations 1. Physical Interpretation: The continous physical model is divided into finite pieces called elements and laws of nature are applied on the generic element. The results are then recombined to represent the continuum.
2. Mathematical Interpretation: The differetional equation reppresenting the system is converted into a variational form, which is approximated by the linear combination of a finite set of trial functions. Finite element method (FEM)
FEM is a numerical method for solving a system of
governing equations over the domain of a continuous physical system, which is discretized into simple geometric shapes called finite element.
Continuous system Discrete system
Time-independent PDE Linear algebraic eq. Time-dependent PDE ODE Analysis procedures of linear static structural analysis
A. Build up geometric model
a. 1D problem line b. 2D problem surface c. 3D problem solid B. Construct the finite element model a. Discretize and select the element types (a) element type 1D line element 2D element 3D brick element
(b) total number of element (mesh)
1D: 2D: 3D: b. Select a shape function 1D line element: u=ax+b c. Define the compatibility and constitutive law
d. Form the element stiffness matrix and equations
(a) Direct equilibrium method (b) Work or energy method (c) Method of weight Residuals
e. Form the system equation
• Now the task is to assemble the elements into the whole system in fact we have to sum each integral over all the elements C. Solve the system equations a. elimination method Gauss’s method (Nastran) b. iteration method Gauss Seidel’s method
Displacement field strain field stress field
D. Interpret the results (postprocessing)
a. deformation plot b. stress contour Applications of Finite Element Method
Structural Problem Non-structural Problem
Stress Analysis Heat Transfer - truss & frame analysis Fluid Mechanics - stress concentrated problem Electric or Magnetic Buckling problem Potential Vibration Analysis Impact Problem Finite element method (FEM) • Advantages: highest accuracy on coarse grids. Excellent for diffusion dominated problems (viscous flow) and viscous, free surface problems. Flexible for complex geometries
• Disadvantages: slow for large problems
and not well suited for turbulent flow Conservation is not guaranteed in the solution. Higher computational efforts Finite Volume Method (FVM) Finite volume method (FVM) • First well-documented use was by Evans and Harlow (1957) at Los Alamos and Gentry, Martin and Daley (1966). • Was attractive because while variables may not be continuously differentiable across shocks and other discontinuities mass, momentum and energy are always conserved. • FVM enjoys an advantage in memory use and speed for very large problems, higher speed flows, turbulent flows, and source term dominated flows (like combustion). • Late 70’s, early 80’s saw development of body-fitted grids. By early 90’s, unstructured grid methods had appeared. • Advantages: basic FV control volume balance does not limit cell shape; mass, momentum, energy conserved even on coarse grids; efficient, iterative solvers well developed. • Disadvantages: false diffusion when simple numerics are used. 28 Finite volume: basic methodology • Divide the domain into control volumes. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• Integrate the differential equation over the control
volume. • To evaluate derivative terms, values at the control volume faces are needed: have to make an assumption about how the value varies. • Result is a set of linear algebraic equations: one for each control volume. • Solve iteratively or simultaneously. 29 Cells and nodes • Using finite volume method, the solution domain is subdivided into a finite number of small control volumes (cells) by a grid. • The grid defines the boundaries of the control volumes while the computational node lies at the center of the control volume. • The advantage of FVM is that the integral conservation is satisfied exactly over the control volume. Boundary node
Control volume
Computational node
30 Objective of the F-V Formulation
• Represent the integral equation as an ordinary
differential equation (then eventually an algebraic equation) amenable to a solution using computational (numerical) methods.
• Thus, we need to approximate the volume
integrals and the surface integrals to form algebraic expressions.
• Prior to discussing these approximations, lets
examine the control volumes on which the integrals will be approximated… 31 Location of the Solution in the Cell
The location of the flow solution and geometry of the finite
volume cell with respect to the grid can be of two types:
• Cell-Vertex (Node-Centered) Cell. The flow solution is located at the
vertices of the grid. The finite-volume cell is formed about the vertex.
• Cell-Centered Cell. The flow solution is located at the centroid of the
cell volume defined by the grid lines (primary grid).
Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, but if things are done right, both approaches do well.
