lzIfs lgb]{lzsf

ul0ft
-sIff ^_

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

1
 k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

© kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;++= @)&(

-of] lzIfs lgb]{lzsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifout l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{ tyf kf7\ok':tssf lj|mofsnfksf]
;xhLs/0fdf lzIfsnfO{ dbt k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o;nfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg k|of]ustf{sf
;'emfj eP s]Gb|sf] ;dGjo tyf ;Dkfbg zfvfdf pknAw u/fpg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . _

2
 xfd|f] egfO
lzIf0f Pp6f snf xf] . kf7\oj|md lzIf0f l;sfOsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{df ck]lIft
bIftf ljsf; ug]{ Ps d'Vo ;fwg xf] . oxL kf7\ok':tssf] ;kmn / cy{k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu
lzIfsnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;fdu|L lzIfs lgb]{lzsf xf] . o; kIfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ kf7\oj|md
ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, ;do;fk]If / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] p2]Zon] kf7\oj|md
tyf kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffn]
afnaflnsfdf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff / l;k Pjd\ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;sf
;fy} JolStut :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgLsf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{'k5{ . cfwf/e"t
lzIffsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fk|lt ;r]t eO{ cg'zf;g,
;bfrf/ / :jfjnDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . o;n] lj1fg,
jftfj/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fO{ snf tyf ;f}Gbo{k|lt cle?lr
hufpg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, :jf:Yos/ afgL Pjd\ l;h{gfTdstfsf] ljsf; tyf hfthflt,
wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt, If]qk|lt ;Ddfg / ;defjsf] ljsf; klg cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ck]lIft kIf x'g \
. b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{
klg cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffsf cfjZos kIf x'g\ . oL ;a} kIfsf] ;xh k|flKtsf nflu lzIf0f ug{
lzIfsnfO{ plrt lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{ lzIfs lgb]{lzsfn] ug]{ ePsfn ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf
nflu o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] n]vg >L afns[i0f u}/], >L ;fg'sfhL dxt, >L cg'kdf zdf{, >L
huGgfy clwsf/L / /fdrGb| 9sfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . lgb]{lzsfnfO{{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df
s]Gb|sf dxflgb]{zs >L c0fk|;fb Gof}kfg], ljifo ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L k|f=8f /fdhLk|;fb kl08t,
>L /fd xf8f, >L k|ldnf avtL, >L s]zj/fh k'mnf/f / >L lgd{nf uf}tdsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfsf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L lrgfs'df/L lg/f}nfaf6 / snf ;Dkfbg >L >Lxl/ >]i7af6
ePsf] xf] . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; tyf ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf lzIfsnfO{ sfo{ut k|lzIf0f lbg] / l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofdf gjLg k|ljlw;Fu
;w}F ;lj|mo /fVg] k"/s ;fdu|L xf] . o;df kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tsdf lgb]{z ul/Psf l;sfO
;Ifstf, l;sfO pknlAw, ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f tyf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf lzIfsn]
ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlw / tl/sf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 l;sfO afns]lGb|t, l;sfOs]lGb|t,
cg'ejs]lGb|t, p2]Zod"ns, k|of]ud'vL / lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
lbOPsf lj|mofsnfknfO{ lzIfsn] cfwf/sf ¿kdf pkof]u u/L pTkfbgd"ns lj|mofsnfksf
dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] 1fg, l;k / wf/0fsf] ljsf; u/fO{ l;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|of]lus agfpg
;Sg] 5g\ eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

3
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf lzIfsnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'¥ofcf]; \ eGg] x]t'n] o; lgb]{lzsfsf]
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . sIffdf ;a} k|sf/sf Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ j}olSts
¿kd} cfsng ug{ ;xh xf]; eGg] Wo]o o; lgb]{lzsfsf] /x]sf] 5 . l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] hLjGt
cg'ejlar tfbfTDo sfod ub}{ o;sf] ;xh k|of]u ug{ lzIfsn] ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, k|jw{s /
vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff o; lgb]{lzsfn] u/]sf]] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ c´ kl/is[t
kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t ljz]if e"ldsf
/xg] x'Fbf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'´fjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .

4
 kf7 M !
;d"x
-s_ kl/ro
o; PsfOdf ;ª\slnt j:t'x¿af6 ;d"xx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / tL ;d"xx¿nfO{ JofVof ljlw,
;"rLs/0f ljlw / ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg] k|lj|moff ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . of] kf7n] ljBfyL{df
;d"x lgdf{0f;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ dbt k'Ug] 5 . of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfOg] j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/fP/ ;fy} ljBfyL{, lzIfs / ljBfnosf ef}lts
;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ g} z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ ;dfg u'0fsf cfwf/df ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg] jf j:t'x¿ ;ª\sng u/L ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg] lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflu u/fOg' kb{5 .
of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df lg0f{o ug]{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k tyf ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf;
x'g] 5 .
-v_ l;sfO pknlAw
▪ j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f ug{
▪ ;d"xnfO{ ;ª\s]tLs/0f ug{
▪ ;d"xnfO{ hgfpg] tl/sfx¿ Aftfpg / k|of]u ug{
▪ ;d"xsf] ;b:o eP gePsf] 5'6\ofpg
-u_ lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt

306f
!)
!= ;d"x lgdf{0f !—$ @
@= ;d"x ;ª\s]tLs/0f !—$ !
#= ;d"xnfO{ hgfpg] %—& @
tl/sfx¿
$= ;d"xsf] ;b:otf *—( !
%= ldl>t cEof; ( !
^= kl/of]hgf sfo{ @
&= PsfO k/LIff !

5
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
▪ ;dfg u'0fsf] cfwf/df ;d"xsf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
ljleGg km/s km/s j:t'x¿sf lrqx¿ ePsf kf]:6/x¿, Worksheet sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts,
rf6{k]k/, /ª\uLg ef}lts ;fdu|Lx¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tn b]vfP h:t} js{l;6 lbg'xf];\ . jf jf:tljs ;fdu|L g} k|:t't ug'{xf];\ /
lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ of] ;ª\sngdf s] s] j:t'x¿÷j:t'sf lrqx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ <
-v_ o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ sxfF b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <
-u_ o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ s] sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 <
-3_ s] oL ;a}df s]xL ;femf u'0f kfpg ;lsG5 <
-ª_ c¿;Fu gldNg] u'0f ePsf] j:t'' jf j:t'sf] lrq klg s'g} 5 ls < 5 eg] s'g xf] t
Tof] j:t' <
-r_ pSt gldNg] j:t'nfO{ of] ;ª\sngaf6 x6fOof] eg] afFsL /x]sf j:t'x¿df s'g} ;femf
u'0f kfpg ;lsG5 ls <

dflysf] k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ o;/L ;ª\sngaf6 cfotsf] lrq x6fOof]
eg] afFsL j:t'x¿af6 Hofldlt afs;df x'g] HofldtLo cf}hf/x¿sf ;ª\sng aGb5 . o;nfO{
Hofldlt afs;df x'g] HofldtLo cf}hf/x¿sf] ;d"x eGg ;lsG5 elg :ki6 u/fOlbg'xf]; .
d"Nofª\sg

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= ! sf] lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / tn lbOP
;ª\sng h:tf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ of] ;ª\sngdf s] s] j:t'sf lrqx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ <
-v_ s] oL ;a}df s]xL ;femf u'0f kfpg ;lsG5 <
=u_ c¿;Fu gldNg] u'0f ePsf] j:t' jf j:t'sf] lrq klg s'g} 5 ls < 5 eg] Tof] j:t' s'g xf] <

6
-3_ pSt gldNg] j:t' -a;_ nfO{ of] ;ª\sngaf6 x6fOof] eg] afFsL /x]sf j:t'x¿df s'g} ;femf
u'0f kfpg ;lsG5 ls <
-ª_ pSt ;femf u'0fsf cfwf/df of] ;ª\sngnfO{ -a; x6fPkl5sf]_ s] sf] ;d"x eGg ldN5 <
d"Nofª\sg
• ;a} ljBfy{L{n] 5nkmndf efu lnPsf] /
;xL 9ª\un] pQ/ lbg ;s] g;s]sf]
olsg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @ sf]
lj|mofsnfk ! df lbOPsf] lrq
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / tn lbOP
h:tf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ of] ;ª\sngdf s'g s'g j:t'x¿sf lrqx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ <
-v_ s] oxfF ;a} Ps} k|sf/sf j:t''x¿ dfq lbOPsf 5g\ <
-u_ ;dfg u'0fsf cfwf/df sltcf]6f km/s km/s ;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 < hf]8Ldf
5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
-3_ pSt ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg' kbf{ s;/L n]Vg ;lsPnf <
-ª_ ;dfg u'0fsf cfwf/df ;d"x lgdf0f{ ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• o;}u/L Pp6} kf]:6/df ljleGg j:t'x¿sf lrqx¿ ePsf kf]:6/x¿ b]vfP/ jf z}Ifl0fs
kf6Ldf lbP/ km/s km/s ;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@ sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / tnsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ of] ;ª\sngdf s'g s'g cIf/x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ <
-v_ s] oxfF ;a} cIf/x¿ dfq} 5g\ t <
-u_ c¿eGbf km/s / gldNg] s'g rflxF 5 <
-3_ oxfF a,b,c,d / e ;a}nfO{ ldNg] ;femf u'0f s] x'g ;S5 <
-ª_ cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf z'?af6 sltcf]6f cIf/x¿ 5g\ <
-r_ cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf 7'nf ls ;fgf cIf/x¿ 5g\ <
-5_ To;f] eP of] ;ª\sngaf6 6 nfO{ x6fPkl5 afFsL /x]sf cIf/x¿af6 s] sf] ;d"x
aGof] < clg o;nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf s;/L n]Vg ;lsPnf <
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\k':tssf] k]h g= 3 df lbOPsf] cEof; 1.1 k|Zg g= 1, 2 / 3 sf afFsL /x]sf
k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg u/L
cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

7
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
▪ j:t'sf] u'0fsf cfwf/df ;d"xsf] kl/efiff atfpg
▪ j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
js{l;6sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts, rf6{k]k/, /ª\uLg snd, kl/eflift ;ª\sngsf] cjwf/0ff
;lxtsf] sf8{af]8{ k]k/
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Psn ¿kdf % ldg]6 hlt ;f]r ljrf/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf ePsf j:t' x¿sf
gfd l6kf]6 ug{ -;"rL tof/ ug{ _ nufpg'xf];\ .
• csf{] % ldg]6;Ddsf] nflu Pp6} a]Grdf ePsf ;fyLx¿;Fu ;d"x agfO{ cfkm"n] n]v]sf]
j:t'x¿sf gfd cfbfg k|bfg u/L gbf]xf]¥ofOsg Pp6} rf6{k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• tL j:t'x¿af6 ;dfg u'0fsf cfwf/df s:tf s:tf ;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 < lgdf{0f
ug{ nufO{ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kf/]sf]
;"rLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t}M
sIffsf]7fdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng
z}Ifl0fs kf6L, dfs{/, 8:6/÷jfOk/, d;L, k':ts, sfkL, Hofldlt afs;, a]Gr, 8]S;, s';L{ , s'rf],
8:6lag,?n/, k]lG;n, O/]h/, s6/, k|f]6\ofS6/, sDkf;, ;]6:Sjfo/ cflb
o;nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf]] ;d"x eGg ;lsG5 .
sf7af6 lgld{t j:t'x¿
?n/, s';L{, a]Gr, 8]:s, z}Ifl0fs kf6L, k]lG;n
o;nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf ePsf sf7af6 lgld{t j:t'x¿sf]] ;d"x eGg ;lsG5 .
Hofldlt afs;df ePsf ;dfgx¿
O/]h/, k]lG;n, s6/, ?n/, k|f]6]S6/, sDkf;, ;]6 :Sjfo/

o;nfO{ Hofldlt afs;sf cf}hf/x¿sf ;d"x eGg ;lsG5 .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k]h g=kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ sIffsf]7fdf ePsf j:t'x¿af6 dfly
lbOPsf h:t} cGo ;d"xx¿ agfpg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @

8
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df -s_ emf]nfdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf ;"rL
;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . -v_ Hofldlt afs;sf ;dfgx¿sf] ;"rL
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ bfofFtk{m b]vfP h:t} -u_ sIffsf]7fdf ePsf z}Ifl0fs lj|mofsnfkdf k|of]u
js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ jf z}Ifl0fs x'g] ;fdfu|Lx¿sf ;"rL
kf6Ldf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ . Ps -3_ 20 eGbf ;fgf ¿9 ;ª\Vofx¿
;d"xn] s'g} Pssf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ -ª_ tkfO{{F 3/df vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] efF8fx¿sf] ;"rL
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf pQ/
;f]r]/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / glhs}
a:g] ;fyL;Fu hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L
;"rL agfO ;d"xsf] Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @ df ePsf] pbfx/0f @ af6 Ps Pscf]6f
;d:of cWoog ug{ nufO 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• lbOPsf] ;ª\sngdf s'g s'g ;ª\Vofx¿÷;x/x¿÷ljBfyL{÷af/x¿ kb{5g\ <
• pSt ;ª\sngdf s] s] k5{ / s] s] kb}{g egL :ki6 ls6fg ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g <
• s'g s'g ;ª\sngdf ls6fg ug{ ;d:of eof] / lsg ;d:of eof] <
• s] elgPsf] eP ls6fg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] <
• s] lo ;a} ;ª\sngx¿ kl/eflift 5g\ t < /fd|f zx/x¿ eg]/ 5'6\6\ofpg] cfwf/x¿ :ki6
5 t < To:t}u/L s'g ljBfyL{ cUnf] egL 5'6\6\ofpgsf nflu slt prfO eGbf cUnf] egL
lbOPsf] 5 t <
• tL ;ª\sngx¿ kl/eflift ;ª\sng x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ < x'g eg] lsg x'g\ < xf]Ogg\ eg] lsg
xf]Ogg\ < h:tf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .

• s'g} klg ;ª\sngdf s'g s'g ;b:ox¿ kb{5g\ egL ls6fgsf ;fy eGg ;lsG5 eg] To:tf]
;ª\sng kl/eflift ;ª\sng xf] .

• /fd|f];Fu kl/eflift ug{ ;lsg] j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng g} ;d"x xf] . ;d"xdf s'g} j:t' k5{ jf kb}{g egL ls6fg
;fy eGg ;lsG5 .

9
 lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• bfofFtk{m b]vfP h:t} js{l;6 ljt/0f tn lbOPsf ;ª\sngx¿ kl/eflift ;ª\sng x'g\ jf
ug'{xf];\ . xf]Ogg\, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
• tL ;ª\sngx¿ kl/eflift ;ª\sng -s_ /fd|f cIf/ n]Vg] sIff 6 sf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x
x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L -v_ nfdf skfn ePsf sIff 6 sf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . -u_ tkfO{F{‘+sf] ljBfnodf k9fpg] lzIfsx¿sf] ;d"x
• ljBfyL{ s f] k| : t' l tdf cfjZos k] h -3_ 20 eGbf ;fgf hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x
g=kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf ;ª\sngx¿ kl/eflift ;ª\sng x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ sIff 6 df k9fO x'g] kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] ;d"x
-v_ sIff 6 sf cUnf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x
-u_ 20 eGbf ;fgf lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x

10
 t];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
▪ ;d"xnfO{ ;ª\s]tLs/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
js{l;6sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts, rf6{k]k/, /ª\uLg snd
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ kmnkm'nsf] gfd sfuhdf n]vL af]8{df
6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ . o;nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf s;/L n]lvG5 < 5nkmnaf6 k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t} M
:ofp ;'Gtnf Dff};d :ofp ;'Gtnf

s]/f ;'Gtnf cgf/ :ofp cgf/

Dff};d s]/f s]/f cgf/ Dff};d

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

-s_ slt k|sf/sf kmnkm"nx¿ eP <
-v_ ;d"xnfO{ cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf] s'g cIf/n] hgfpFbf pko'St x'G5 / lsg <
-u_ s'g s'g kmnkm"nx¿ dg k/fOPsf /x]5g\ <
:ofp, ;'Gtnf, Dff};d, s]/f, cgf/
• ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ demf}nf sf]i7 leq s'g} klg ;b:o g5'6fOsg / gbf]xf]¥ofO{sg cw{lj/fd
(comma) n] 5'6\6ofP/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x ;ª\s]t k|of]u u/L n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
F = { :ofp, ;'Gtnf, Dff};d, s]/f, cgf/ }

oxfF , kmnkm"nx¿ (Fruits) sf] ;d"xnfO{ cª\u]|hL j0f{dfnfsf] 7'nf] cIf/ F n] hgfOPsf] 5 . o;
;d"xleq kg]{ kmnkm"nx¿nfO{ o; ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ elgG5 . t;y{, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, Dff};d, s]/f /
cgf/ ;d"x F sf ;b:ox¿ x'g\ .
;d"xnfO{ cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf] 7'nf cIf/x¿ A, B, C, ... n] hgfpg] ul/G5 .

11
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= ! sf] lrq cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt lrqdf ePsf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf s;/L n]lvPsf] 5 eGg] af/]df vf]hL
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGonfO{ ldNof] ldn]g hfFr ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/L bfofF tk{m b]vfP h:t} tn lbOPsf ;ª\sngx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ jf z}Ifl0fs -s_ 10 eGbf ;fgf k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x
kf6Ldf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ . -v_ 12 dlxgfsf g]kfnL gfdx¿sf]] ;d"x
• tL ;ª\sngx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf -u_ 5 eGbf 7'nf / 15 eGbf ;fgf uGtL ;ª\Vofx¿sf]
n]Vg nufO{ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps ;d"x
Ps hgfnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ -3_ 20 eGbf ;fgf 4 sf ckjTo{x¿sf ;d"x
nufpg'xf];\ . -ª_ 3/kfn' jf hgfj/x¿sf ;d"x
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k]h g=kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• SCHOOL, COLLEGE, POKHARA zAbdf ePsf cIf/x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M S = {s,c, h, o, l}, C = {c, o, l, e, g}, P = {p, o, k, h, a, r} ljBfyL{nfO{ o:t} cEof;
k|z:t ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf ;ª\sngx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ 25 eGbf ;fgf ¿9 ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x
-v_ 12 ;Ddsf k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf]] ;d"x
-u_ EXERCISE zAbdf ePsf cIf/x¿sf] ;d"x
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg ;s] g;s]sf]
olsg ug'{xf];\ .

12
 rf}yf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;d"xnfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 hgfpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
ljleGg km/s km/s j:t'x¿sf lrqx¿ ePsf kf]:6/x¿, js{l;6sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts, rf6{
k]k/, /ª\uLg snd
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu tn b]vfP h:t} lrqfTds js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ jf
z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf agfOlbg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf ;ª\sngx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]lvPsf]nfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 s;/L n]lvG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf];\ .

F = { :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cfFk, s]/f, lnrL }

d"Nofª\sg M
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbb} ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ d´f}nf sf]i7leq cNklj/fdn] 5'6\ofP/ n]lvg] ljlw ;"rLs/0f ljlw xf]

.
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ AolStut ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= % sf] lj|mofsnfk ! / pbfx/0f !
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xnfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 s;/L hgfOPsf] 5 < ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 ;d"xnfO{ hgfpFbf
s] s] ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 < eGg] af/]df hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L k|To]s hf]8Laf6 Ps hgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGTodf lzIfsn] k[i7kf]if0f ;lxt lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

13
 • k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cfk\mg} ;fyLx¿sf lardf ePsf ljleGg u'0fsf cfwf/df b'O{ b'O{cf]6f
;d"xx¿ agfO ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf Go'hlk|G6df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tf]lsPsf] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 Pp6f ;d"xsf] Go'hlk|G6 kfn}kfnf] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ lbg], tL
;d"xnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt eO;s]kl5 pSt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;d]6]/ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M sIff 6 sf 5fqx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ G n] hgfpFbf,
G = {;'lznf, 8f]Ndf, k|s[lt, cGhgf, /df, ;dLIff, gLtf, dLgf, gLzf, bLIff }
sIff 6 sf 5fqx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ B n] hgfpFbf,
B = {;'dg, nfSkf, k|jL0f, cdg, /d]z, z}n]z, lgt]z, dfgj, k|sfz}
cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub{} ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;d"x sfo{df ;llj|mo ;xeflutf eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\.
• lj|mofsnfk ;Fu} d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\.
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/cf]6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 6 df lbOPsf] cEof; 1.2 sf] k|Zg g= 1 df lbOPsf] ;d"xx¿nfO{
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] lglZrt ePkZrft\ Ps ;d"xn] u/]sf] sfo{ csf]{ ;d"xnfO{
k/LIf0f ug{ tyf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ o:t} lsl;dsf] Ps Pscf]6f ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ nufO csf]{ ;d"xnfO{
;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;d"xsfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\.
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf ;a} ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .

14
 kfFrf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;d"xnfO{ JofVof ljlwaf6 hgfpg
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tn b]vfOPsf] h:t} js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lrq -s_ / lrq -v_ df /x]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]vL km/s km/s ;femf u'0fsf]
vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s] oL j:t'x¿nfO{ Pp6} gfd lbg ;lsG5 < lrq -s_ sf j:t'x¿nfO{ Pp6} gfdn] hgfpFbf
s'g gfd l7s xf]nf < To:t} lrq -v_ sf j:t'x¿sf] klg ;femf gfd cg'dfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xsf u'0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;d"xnfO{ Pp6} s] gfd n]Vg ;lsG5 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;d"xnfO{
JofVof ljlwaf6 n]Vg] tl/sfdf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lrq -s_ lrq -v_

oxfF, lrq -s_ df lbOPsf] ;d"xnfO{ A n] hgfpFbf

A = {HofldtLo cf}hf/x¿sf] ;d"x }
lrq -v_ df lbOPsf] ;d"xnfO{ B n] hgfpFbf
A = {t/sf/Lx¿sf] ;d"x }
;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] u'0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L zAb jf jfSoåf/f cleJoSt ug'{nfO{ JofVof ljlw
elgG5 .
d"Nofª\sg
• lj|mofsnfk ;+u} d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\.
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ AolQmut ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= ^ sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf]; .
• JofVofg ljlwsf r/0fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• JofVof ljlwaf6 ;d"xnfO{ hgfpFbf s] s] ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 < eGg] af/]df Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wgdf pTk|]l/t u/fpg'xf];\ .

15
d"Nofª\sg
s_ A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } nfO{ JofVof ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} nfO{ JofVof ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g =7 df lbOPsf] cEof; 1.2 sf] k|Zg g= 2 df lbOPsf] ;d"xx¿nfO{
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] lglZrt ePkZrft Ps ;d"xn] u/]sf] sfo{ csf]{ ;d"xnfO{
k/LIf0f ug{ tyf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 2 ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf Ps Pscf]6f ;d"x ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] pSt ;d"xnfO{ JofVof ljlwaf6
eGg tyf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sgkZrft\ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

16
 5}6f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;d"xnfO{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 JoSt ug{
• z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
js{l;6sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts, rf6{ k]k/, /ª\uLg snd
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Fu} b]vfOPsf] h:tf]
js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . tn lbOPsf ;d"xnfO{ JofVof ljlwdf n]Vg'xf];\ M
• lbOPsf ;d"xnfO{ JofVof ljlwdf n]Vbf -s_ A = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
s] x'G5 < k|To]s ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ -v_ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
hgfpg s'g} rn/flz dfGbf -u_ C = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
;b:ox¿sf ;femf u'0fsf cfwf/df -3_ D = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 }
pSt rnsf] JofVof s] x'g ;S5 <
vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x ;ªs]tdf n]lvPsf ;d"xnfO{
;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 s;/L n]lvG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M -s_ A = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
A ={x : x Pp6f 10 eGbf ;fgf ¿9 ;ª\Vof xf] . }
oxfF, x Pp6f rn/flz xf] . x nfO{ 10 eGbf ;fgf ¿9 ;ª\Vofsf] 7fpFdf /flvPsf] 5 .
To;}n] x n] 2, 3, 5, 7 nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ hgfpg s'g} rn/flz dfg]/ ;b:ox¿sf ;femf u'0fsf
cfwf/df pSt rnsf] JofVof u/]/ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]lvG5 eg] To:tf] ljlwnfO{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlw
elgG5 . …:Ú lrx\gn] such that a'emfpF5 .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= % sf] lj|mofsnfk ! / k]h g= ^ sf]
pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf s;/L n]lvbf]/x]5 < ;d"xnfO{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6
;ª\s]tdf hgfpFbf s] s] ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 < eGg] af/]df hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L Pp6f
ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGTodf lzIfsn] k[i7kf]if0f;lxt lgisif{ jtfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• plgx¿sf cfk\mg} ;fyLx¿sf lardf ePsf ljleGg u'0fsf cfwf/df ;d"xx¿ agfO{
JofVof ljlw / ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rLnfO{
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

17
h:t} M xKtfsf ;ft af/x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ W n] hgfpFbf,
W = {cfOtaf/, ;f]daf/, dª\unaf/, a'waf/, laxLaf/, z'j|maf/, zlgaf/}
W = {x : x Pp6f xKtfsf] af/ xf] .}

d"Nofª\sg
-s_ A = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 } nfO{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ V = { a, e, i, o, u } nfO{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ 5÷5 cf]6f ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . :f"rLs/0f, JofVof tyf ;d"x lgdf{0f
ljlwaf6 sDtLdf 1÷1 cf]6f kg]{ u/L lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Ps ;d"xn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;d"xnfO{ csf]{ ;d"xåf/f km/s ljlwaf6 JoSt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO;s]kl5 k|To]s ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwåf/f k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lar lardf cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 7 df lbOPsf] cEof; 1.2 sf] k|Zg g== 3 / 4 ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ km/s km/s k|Zg kg]{ ul/ u/fpg'xf];\ .
• sfo{ ;DkGg ePkZrft\ Ps ;d"xn] u/]sf] sfo{ csf]{ ;d"xåf/f k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L ;a} ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;s] g;s]sf]
olsg ug'{xf];\ .

18
 ;ftf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
▪ ;d"xsf] ;b:o xf] jf xf]Og 5'6\ofpg
▪ ;d"xsf] ;b:o xf] jf xf]Og egL ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
js{l;6sf gd'gfx¿, kf7\ok':ts, rf6{k]k/, /ª\uLg snd, g]kfnsf] gSzf cfbL
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Psn ¿kdf % ldg]6 hlt ;f]r ljrf/ u/L ljBfnodf ePsf sf7af6
ag]sf j:t'x¿sf gfd l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• csf{] % ldg]6;Ddsf] nflu Pp6} a]Grdf ePsf ;fyLx¿;Fu ;d"x agfO{ cfkm"n] n]v]sf]
j:t'x¿sf gfd cfbfg k|bfg u/L gbf]xf]¥ofOsg Pp6} rf6{k]k/df tof/ ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rLnfO{
sIffdf k|:t't\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ;d"xx¿df n]lvPsf t/ pSt ;d"xdf 5'6]sf j:t'sf gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|:t't u/]sf] ;d"xnfO{ cGo ;d"xaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx¿ klg To;}df l6kf]6 u/L Pp6f
;d"x agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca s'g ;b:o pSt ;d"xsf] xf] jf s'g ;b:o pSt ;d"xsf] xf]Og 5nkmn u/L
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tdf s;/L hgfOG5 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
sf7af6 lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ A n] hgfpFbf,
A = {?n/, s';L{, a]Gr, 8]:s, z}Ifl0fs kf6L, k]lG;n, 6]a'n, ;"rgf kf6L }
?n/ ;d"x A df kb{5 . To;}n] ?n/ ∈ A n]lvG5 .
lstfa ;d"x A df 5}g . To;}n] lstfa ∉ n]lvG5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= * sf] lj|mofsnfk ! pbfx/0f !
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx¿ dWo] s]xLnfO{ kfn}kfnf] cufl8 af]nfO{ Pp6f s';L{ -tftf] s';L{{, ;fªs]lts
¿kdf_ df a:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ;fyLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] s]xL k|Zg ;f]Wg nufpg'xf];\ / cufl8 s';L{{df a;]sfn] k|Zgsf
af/]df pQ/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M -s_ ;d"xsf] ;b:o xf] jf xf]Og egL ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tdf s;/L n]lvg] /x]5 <
-v_ olb B n] afudtL k|b]zdf kg]{ lhNnfx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] sf7df8f}F ;d"x B
df k5{ ls kb}{g <
-u_ ¿9 ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xdf 1 k5{ ls kb}{g < cflb
lj|mofsnfk #

19
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnsf] gS;f pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ / k|To]s k|b]zdf kg]{ lhNnfx¿sf]
;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rLnfO{ af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
lzIfsn] lhNnfx¿sf] gfd egL pSt lhNnf s'g ;d"xdf k5{ s'g ;d"xdf kb}{g elg
ljBfyL{nfO{ ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 9 df lbOPsf] cEof; 1.3 sf] k|Zg g= 1,2 / 3 ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ km/s km/s k|Zg kg]{ ul/ u/fpg'xf];\ .
• sfo{ ;DkGg eP kZrft Ps ;d"xn] u/]sf] sfo{ csf]{ ;d"xåf/f k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• vfnL 7fpFdf ∈ jf ∉ dWo] ldNg] lrx\g 5fg]/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
• (a) 8 ....... {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
• (b) 3 ....... {2, 4, 6, 8, 9}
• ;d"x sfo{df ;lj|mo ;xeflu eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\.

20
 cf7f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw M ;d"xsf ldl>t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
kf7\ok':ts, rf6{ k]k/, /ª\uLg snd cflb
lj|mofsnfk !
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ;d"xx¿df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ldl>t cEof;sf Ps Ps cf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / cWoog
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xdf k'gf/fj[lQ ug'{xf];\ / s]xL ;'wf/ jf yk36 ug{'kg{]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf k|Zg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0fkZrft\ lzIfsn] k[i7kf]if0f ;lxt lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

21
 gjf}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw M
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{] .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
rf6{ k]k/, /ª\uLg snd cflb
lj|mofsnfk ! M
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu Task lbg'xf];\ .
Task: tkfO{F{‘ cfˆgf] 3/df ePsf j:t'x¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . pSt j:t'x¿af6 p:t}
u'0f ePsfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu kl/eflift x'g] sDtLdf tLg cf]6f ;d"xx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L ltgLx¿nfO{
JofVof ljlw, ;"rLs/0f ljlw / ;d"x lgdf{0f ljlwaf6 n]vL sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

• ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg s;/L n]Vg] eGg] af/]df tn lbOPsf] vfFsfnfO{
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] gd'gf vfsf -ljBfyL{sf nflu_

ljifo sIff
PsfO kf7
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{s
!= p2]Zo
@= k|of]u ul/Psf ;|f]t tyf ;fdu|Lx¿
#= ckgfOPsf] sfo{ljlw tyf sfo{k|lj|moff -s] s] sfd, sf] sf] ldn]/, s;/L, slt ;dodf, s]
s:tf ;|f]t tyf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;DkGg ul/of]_
#= kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 l;lsPsf 1fg, l;k, bIftf
$= kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 l;lsPsf s'/fx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u
%= lgisi{f

22
 b;f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|:t't ug{
lj|mofsnfk !
• ca k|To]s ljBfyL{sf sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pko'St ?la|S;sf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{s} dfWodaf6 d"Nofªsg u/fO{ pTs[i6 5flgPsf]
sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7f jf ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf k|bz{gLdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k]h g =kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d'Nofª\sg u/L JolStut ¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] /]s8{ /fVg'xf];\ .

23
 kf7 @
k"0f{ ;ª\Vof

kl/ro
o; PsfOdf k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro, rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof / sf]i7sx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf]
;/nLs/0f, efHotfsf] k/LIf0f, u'0fgv08 / ckjTo{x¿, ju{;ª\Vof / ju{d"n, ¿9 u'0fgv08,
dxQd ;dfkjt{s / n3'Qd ;dfkjTo{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fx¿af6 cfudg ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lj|mofsnfkx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk u/fpFbf ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;xeflu u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7
cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df l;sfO l;k, k|of]u l;k / ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g]5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
▪ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro lbg
▪ rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof / sf]i7sx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] ;/nLs/0f ug{
▪ efHotfsf] k/LIf0f ug{
▪ u'0fgv08 / ckjTo{x¿ kQf nufpg
▪ !)) ;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿df ju{;ª\Vof / tL ;ª\Vofsf ju{d"n kQf nufpg
▪ tLg cª\s;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ¿9 u'0fgv08 kQf nufpg
▪ b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] dxQd ;dfkjt{s / n3'Qd ;dfkjTo{ kQf nufpg

lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt
306f
!^
!= k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro !)—!$ @
@= rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof !$—!( #
/ sf]i7sx¿ ;dfj]z
ePsf] ;/nLs/0f
#= efHotfsf] k/LIf0f @)—@$ @
$= u'0fgv08 / @%—@* @
ckjTo{x¿
%= tLg cª\s;Ddsf @(—#% @
;ª\Vofx¿sf] ¿9
u'0fgv08 kQf
nufpg .
^= ju{;ª\Vof / ju{d"n #^—#* !
&= b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] #(—$( $
dxQd ;dfkjt{s /

24
 n3'Qd;dfkjTo{
klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
!= k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf kl/ro lbg
@= tLg cª\s;Ddn] ag]sf ;a}eGbf 7'nf / ;a}eGbf ;fgf ;ª\Vofx¿ n]Vg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ;ª\Vof /]vf cflb
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• pgLx¿;Fu ePsf sfkL, snd jf cGo j:t'x¿ uGg nufP/ xfdLn]] s'g} j:t', hgfj/,
dflg;sf ;ª\Vof -xfd|f] sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, To;}u/L xfd|f] ufpFkflnsf jf
gu/kflnsf jf dxfgu/kflnsf, lhNnf tyf k|b]z / b]z e/Ldf ePsf dflg;x¿sf]
;ª\Vof, ljZj e/Ld} ePsf dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof_ uGgsf nflu s:tf ;ª\Vofx¿ k|of]u ub{5f}
5nkmn u/L uGtL ;ª\Vofx¿ (Counting Numbers_ / k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿ -
Natural Numbers_ sf af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
uGtLsf nflu k|of]u x'g] ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ uGtL ;ª\Vofx¿ (Counting Numbers_ jf k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿ -
Natural Numbers_ elgG5 . k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ N n] hgfOG5 .
To;}n] N =  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...  nfO uGtL ;ª\Vofx¿sf ;d"x elgG5 / of] c;Lldt x'G5 .

• s'g} @ cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿ h:t} M ^ / $ sfkLdf l6Kg nufpg'xf]; .

• tL @ ;ª\Vof?nfO{ klxnf hf]8\g / To;kl5 36fpg nufpg'xf]; .
• tL b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmn slt eof] < sfkLdf l6Kg nufpg'xf]; .
• To;} ul/ tL b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] cGt/ -7'nf] af6 ;fgf] 36fpFbf cfpg] ;ª\Vof klg sfkLdf l6Kg
nufpg'xf]; .
• ca b'j} ;ª\Vofx¿ s:tf ;ª\Vof x'g 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• To;} ul/ ! cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vof h:t} M ( sfkLdf l6Kg nufpg'xf]; .
• ca ( ± ( , ( × ( / ( — ( slt x'G5 sfkLdf ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• oL ;a} lj|mofx¿ ubf{ k|fs[lts ;ª\Vof cfof] ls cfPg 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !! sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/L k"0f{ ;ª\Vof whole Numbers sf af/]df
k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ s] b'O{cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ hf]8\bf cfpg] of]ukmn klg k|fs[lts ;ª\Vof g}
x'G5 <
-v_ s] b'O{cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ u'0fg ubf{ cfpg] u'0fgkmn klg k|fs[lts
;ª\Vof g} x'G5 <
-u_ b'O{cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿ larsf] km/s s] xf]nf <

25
lj|mofsnfk #
• vfnL efF8f]df ePsf] j:t''sf] ;ª\Vof hgfpg cyf{t\ slQ klg 5}g eGg] hgfpg s'g
;ª\Vof k|of]u ul/G5 < 5nkmn u/fO lgisif{df k'Ug'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xdf z"Go yKbf aGg] ;d"xsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf]
af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
z"Go;lxtsf] k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"x elgG5 . klxnf] / ;a}eGbf
;fgf] k"0f{ ;ª\Vof z"Go xf] . k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xnfO{ W n] hgfOG5 . To;}n] W = {0, 1,
2, 3, 4, ...} n]lvG5 .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 13 sf] cEof; 2.1 sf] k|Zg g== 1 ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• xfdLn] k|of]u ul//x]sf]] ;ª\Vof k|0ffnLnfO{ s] elgG5 < o; k|0ffnLdf ;ª\Vof n]Vg k|of]u
ul/g] ;ª\s]tfª\s -cª\s÷Digit _ s] s] x'g\ / sltcf]6f 5g\ < Pp6fdfq cª\sn] ag]sf
;ª\Vofx¿ sltcf]6f 5g\ / tL ;ª\Vofx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

xfd|f] ;ª\Vof k|0ffnLdf 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 / 9 u/L hDdf bzcf]6f cª\sx¿sf] k|of]u

x'G5 . oL cª\sx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 hlt;'s} 7'nf ;ª\Vofx¿ klg n]Vg ;lsG5 .

• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 / 9 u/L hDdf bzcf]6f cª\sx¿ n]lvPsf 5 ;]6 cª\s

klQx¿ agfO /fd|/L lkm6]/ dflylt/ kmsf{P/ lkmFhfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .
• Ps k6sdf s'g} 2 hgf ljBfyL{ cufl8 af]nfP/ ;f] cª\s klQx¿af6 b'j} hgfnfO{ 2 /2
cf]6f cª\s klQ lng nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;/L lnOPsf 2 cf]6f cª\s klQx¿df ePsf cª\sx¿af6 aGg] ;ª\Vof slt slt x'g
;S5 / s;n] agfPsf] 7'nf] jf ;fgf] aGof] 5'6\6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g s'g 2 cf]6f cª\s lnPsf] eP ;a}eGbf ;fgf] jf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;ª\Vof aGYof] xf]nf
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• o;} u/L j|mdzM csf]{ b'O{ b'O{ hgf ljBfYfL{nfO{ s'g} 3 cf]6f , 4 cf]6f, 5 cf]6f
cª\sklQx¿ lng nufO{ tL cª\sx¿af6 aGg] ;ª\Vof t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• dflysf] 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !@ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df
lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= %

• ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ jf ;Fu}sf b'O{ hgfnfO{ km/s km/s k|Zg kg]{ u/L
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 13 sf] cEof; 2.1 sf] k|Zg g= 4 / 5 ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ pQ/ k'l:tsf Ps csf{df ;f6f;f6 u/L ldn] gldn]sf] hfFr ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

26
 • Ps Ps hgf k|ltlglw ljBfyL{af6 ;dfwfgsf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufO{ cfjZostfg';f/
;xhLs/0f tyf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;lj|mo ;xefuLtfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf k"0f{ ;ª\Vofsf] k|of]u sxfF / s;/L ePsf] 5 < cfkm"eGbf
cu|h;Fu ;f]w]/ jf OG6/g]6af6 vf]h]/ n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

27
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf tLgcf]6f cª\sx¿af6 aGg] km/s km/s ;ª\Vofx¿ n]Vg
• tLg cª\sn] aGg] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ;ª\Vof /]vf, :yfgdfg tflnsf cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Pp6f ;ª\Vof lnP/ To;df ePsf k|To]s cª\sx¿sf] b]lVfg] dfg -face value_,
:yfg -place_ / :yfg dfg -place value_ sf af/]df k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• kof{Kt pbfx/0fx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 cª\sx¿sf] :yfgdfgsf] cfwf/df ;ª\Vof 7'nf] jf ;fgf]
x'G5 eGg] lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
;ªVofx¿ 536, 356 / 635 dWo] klxnf] ;ª\Vofdf 5 ;osf] :yfg 5 / o;sf
cfwf/df 5 sf] :yfgdfg 500 x'G5 . bf];|f]df 5, b;sf] :yfgdf ePsfn] o;sf]
:yfgdfg 50
x'G5 . To:t} t];|f] ;ª\Vofdf 5 Pssf] :yfg 5 / o;sf cfwf/df 5 sf] :yfgdfg 5 x'G5
. 5 Pssf :yfgdf ePsf]n] o;sf] :yfgdfg 5 dfq xG5 .
• o:t}u/L cª\s 3 / 6 sf :yfgsf cfwf/df :yfgdfg slt slt x'G5, n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

cªsx¿sf dfg ltgsf] :yfgcg';f/ km/s km/s x'g] x'gfn] 7'nf jf ;fgf ;ª\Vofx¿ n]Vg
ltgLx¿sf :yfg dfq abn] k'U5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !@ sf] lj|mofsnfk @ / k]h g=
!# sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ km/s km/s cª\s n]lvPsf] tLgcf]6fsf b/n] cª\skQL lbg'xf];\ .
• oL tLgcf]6f cª\skQLx¿sf] k|of]u u/L sltcf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 < cnu
cnu ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• tL ;ª\Vofx¿df lbOPsf cª\sx¿ bf]xf]l/Psf] jf 5'6]sf] 5 of 5}g olsg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• tL ;ª\Vofx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof / 7'nf] ;ª\Vof s'g s'g x'g\ < ltgLx¿larsf]
km/s slt 5 < kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rL ldn]sf] gldn]sf] hfFRg nufpg'xf]; \
.
h:t} M 2, 4 / 6 af6 hDdf sltcf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿ aGb5g\ < ltgLx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /
;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vofx¿ larsf km/s lgsfNg'xf];\ .
oxfF,

28
2, 4 / 6 af6 aGg] ;ª\Vofx¿ 246, 264, 426, 462, 624 / 642
;a}eGbf 7'nf ;ª\Vof 642 / ;aeGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof 246 xf] .
ca logLx¿ larsf] km/s 642-346 = 396 x'G5 .
• lbOPsf cª\sx¿ k|of]u u/L aGg ;Sg] ;a} ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;"rL gagfOsg g} ;a}eGbf
;fgf] / ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg] tl/sf vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= 13 sf] cEof; 2.1 sf] k|Zg g== 2,3,6 / 7 ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !# sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg 1, 7, 0, 2 / 3 cªsx¿af6 aGg] ;a}eGbf 7'nf / ;a}eGbf ;fgf
;ª\Vof larsf] km/s kQf nufpg lbg'xf];\ .
oxfF,
1,7,0,2,3 af6 aGg ;a}eGbf 7'nf ;ª\Vof 73210,
;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof = 10237
logLx¿ larsf km/s = 73210–10237 = 62973
• ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof 01237 lsg ePg < 5nkmn ug'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cluNnf]] kf7df lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k]h g=kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L JolStut¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] /]s8{ /fVg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

29
 t];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• sf]i7x¿afx]ssf] rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf] ;/nLs/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/ cflb
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / lgDg
k|Zgx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• /fd ;Fu sltcf]6f l;;fsnd /x]5 <
• slt hgfnfO{ a/fa/ x'g]u/L afF8\g' 5 <
• a/fa/ u/L afF8\g sfd s'g ul0ftLo lj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 / o;sf] ;ª\s]t s'g xf] <
• /fdsL cfdfn] 4 cf]6f l;;fsnd ylklbg'eof] elgPsf] 5 oxfF ylklbg'eof] eGg] zAb s'g
ul0ftLo lj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
• oxfF c¿ s'g s'g sfdx¿ 5g\ h'g ul0ftLo lj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ / tL lj|mof;Fu
;DalGwt ;ª\s]tx¿ s] s] x'G5g\ < vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ul0ftLo jfSodf n]lvPsf] 5 <
• ul0ftLo ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;/nLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 < hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8LdWo] s'g} PsnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• of] ;dfwfgeGbf km/s tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls < of] ;dfwfg l7s 5
eGg] cfwf/ s] x'g ;S5 < vfhL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @

• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

• kf7ok':tssf k]h !% sf] pbfx/0f ! / @ -km/s ;d"xnfO{ km/s pbfx/0f_ df ;dfj]z
ljifoj:t' cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• of] ;dfwfg s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < ;dfwfgsf] km/s tl/sf klg x'G5 ls < k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; @=@ sf] gDa/ @ sf k|Zgx¿dWo] Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostf cg';f/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
h:t}
ljb';fn] cfkm\gf] hGdlbgsf] cj;/df k|lt Kofs]6df 25 cf]6fsf b/n] 4 Kofs]6 / v'nf 20 cf]6f
rsn]6 lslg5g\ . pSt rsn]6dWo] 30 cf]6f cfˆgf] kl/jf/df afFl85g\ eg] pgL;Fu ca
sltcf]6f rsn]6 afFsL 5g\ xf]nf <
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

30
 • k|lt Kofs]6df sltcf]6f rsn]6x¿ /x]5g\ <
• sltcf]6f Kofs]6 lslgPsf] /x]5 <
• 4 Kofs]6df x'g] hDdf rsn]6sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg s'g ul0ftLo lj|mof k|of]u ug'{ knf{
< c¿ s'g} pkfo klg 5 ls <
• ca To;df c¿ 20 cf]6f rsn]6 yk ug]{ eg]kl5 rsn]6sf] ;ª\Vof a9\g] eof] ls 36\g]
eof] <
• To; dWo]af6 30 cf]6f rsn]6 kl/jf/df afFl8Psf] elgPsf] 5, ca rsn]6sf] ;ª\Vof
a9\g] eof] ls 36\g] eof] <
• o;nfO{ s'g ul0ftLo lj|mofn] hgfpg'k5{ xf]nf <
;dfwfg
ul0ftLo jfSodf JoSt u/L lgDgfg';f/ xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
= 4 × 25 + 20 -30
= 100 +20 - 30
= 120 – 30
= 90
• o;nfO{ km/s tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / km/s
lsl;dsf] ;xL ;dfwfgnfO{ klg :yfg lbg'xf];\ .
• oxfF of] ;dfwfgdf u'0fg lj|mof g} klxnf lsg ug{'k5{ xf]nf <
• 25 + 20 sf] of]ukmn klxnf kQf nufO{ 4 n] u'0fg ul/Psf] eP s:tf] ;dfwfg
cfpYof] xf]nf < clg s] o;/L cfpg] ;dfwfg ;xL x'G5 t <
• s] o:tf ;d:of h;df PseGbf a9L lj|mofx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\, ;dfwfg ug]{ s'g}
lglZrt lgod klg x'G5 xf]nf < 5nkmn u/L :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
-s_ 18 sf] 5 u'0ffdf 5 hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <
-v_ 400 - 50 + 2
-u_ 80 + 20 - 4
-3_ 48 nfO{ 5 n] efu u/L 2 n] u'0ff ubf{ cfPsf] u'0fgkmndf hf]8L 36fpFbf slt x'G5 <

31
 rf}yf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• sf]i7x¿ ;lxtsf rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf] ;/nLs/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/ cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• ;a}eGbf klxn] sf]i7x¿ k|of]u x'g] s'g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{
ul0ftLo jfSodf s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t} M /fdnfO{ afafn] 30 cf]6f cdnf / cfdfn] 20 cf]6f cdnf lbg'eof] . pgn] 5 hgfnfO{
a/fa/ efu nufpFbf x/]ssf] efudf slt knf{ <
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ of] ;d:ofnfO{ k9\g nufO{ k|Zgn] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/fnfO{ cfcfkm\g}
tl/sfaf6 k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;f] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg s] x'g ;S5 JolStut ¿kdf ;f]Rg / n]Vg nufpg'xf];\
• cfkm"n] n]v]sf] tl/sf ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu ;f6f;f6 u/L t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• o; ;d:ofdf afafn] lbg' ePsf] 30 cf]6f cdnf / cfdfn] lbg'ePsf] 20 cf]6f
cdnfnfO{ Ps}7fpFdf ld;fpFbf 50 cf]6f cdnf x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf
s;/L n]lvG5 <
• ca 50 nfO{ 5 a/fa/ efu nufpbf x/]ssf] efudf 10 k5{ . o; egfOnfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf s;/L n]lvG5 <

o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf JoSt u/L lgDgfg';f/ xn ug{ ;lsG5 .

oxfF, 30 / 20 sf hf]8kmnnfO{ Pp6} ;ª\Vof dfg]/ ;fgf] sf]i7 - _ leq /fVg'k5{ . clg 5 n]
efu ug'{k5{ . To;}n], ul0ftLo jfSodf,
= (20 + 30) ÷ 5
= 50 ÷ 5
= 10
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^ sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s'g s'g ul0ftLo lj|mofx¿ ul/Psf] 5 < of] Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ul0ftLo jfSodf n]lvPsf] 5 < / of] ul0ftLo ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;/n
ul/Psf] 5 < hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^ sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• of] ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ul/Psf] 5 ;dfwfgsf] tl/sf Kf|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• oxfF sf]i7sf] cfjZostf lsg k/]sf] xf]nf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg

32
12/12 cf]6f l;;fsnd ePsf] 8 cf]6f Kofs]6 5g\ . tL ;a} l;;fsnd Pp6f sIffdf ePsf 32 hgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L afFl8of] . ca k|To]sn] kfPsf] l;;fsndaf6 1/1 cf]6fsf b/n] csf{] sIffsf
ljBfyL{nfO{ lb+bf pgLx¿;Fu slt sltcf]6f l;;fsnd afFsL /xG5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7ok':tssf k]h !& sf] lj|mofsnfk # df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/L s;/L ;/n ug{ ;lsG5, lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
-s_ s] {(45 − 3) ÷ 6} + 8 nfO{ ;/n ubf{ 45 af6 3 g36fO{ 6 n] efu ug{ ldN5 <
-v_ s'g sf]i7leqsf] sfd klxn] ug'{knf{ <
-u_ ;/n ubf{ sf]i7sf] j|md s] xf]nf <
oxfF, 45 af6 3 36fP/ dfq 6 n] efu nufpg'kb{5 / cGTodf 8 hf]8\g'kb{5 . To;}n] (45 − 3)
nfO{ ;fgf] sf]i7df / {(45 − 3) ÷ 6} nfO{ demf}nf sf]i7df /flvPsf] 5 .

rf/ ;fwf/0f lj|mofx¿ +, −, ×, ÷ / sf]i7x¿;lxtsf] ;/nLs/0f ubf{ sf]i7leq ;dfj]z

ePsf lj|mofnfO{ klxnf ul/;s]kl5 afFsL lj|mofx¿ ub}{ hfg'k5{ . ;/nLs/0fdf k|of]u ePsf
sf]i7x¿ j|md};Fu ;fgf] sf]i7 ( ), demf}nf sf]i7 { } / 7'nf] sf]i7 [ ] leq ;dfj]z ePsf
lj|mofx¿ ug'{k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf k]h !* sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca kf7ok':tssf] k]h !( sf] cEof; 2.2 sf] k|Zg g= 1 sf] em / ` sf k|Zgx¿ ;Fu}sf
b'O{ hgfnfO{ km/s km/s kg]{ u/L Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ Ps csf{df ;f6f;f6 u/L k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf / sIffsfo{nfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ s] slt l;sfO eof]
olsg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;/n ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ {(5 + 4 ) × 3 - 7} ÷ 2
-v_ 33 ÷ {3 + (7 - 1) + 2}

33
 kfFrf} lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw M
• sf]i7x¿;lxtsf rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf] ;/nLs/0f ug{

lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7ok':tssf k]h !& sf] pbfx/0f ! df ;dfj]z ljifoj:t' cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt k|ZgnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf n]lv s;/L ;/n ul/Psf] 5 < gd'gf lrq0f ljlwaf6
s;/L ;/n ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h !( sf] cEof; 2.2 sf] k|Zg g= 3 sf] s b]lv 3 ;DDfsf k|Zgx¿
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f kg]{ u/L ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f ;d"xn] u/]sf] ;dfwfg csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ nufO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
k[i7kf]if0f lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;d"xdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutfsf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\.
lj|mofsnfk g= @
• kf7ok':tssf k]h !* sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sf]i7 ;lxtsf rf/ cfwf/e"t lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;/nLs/0f ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df
;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #=
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7ok':tssf k]h !( sf] cEof; 2.2 sf] k|Zg g= 1 sf] r b]lv h ;Dd k|To]s
;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{
sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ .

34
 5}6f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• efhs, efHo, efukmn / z]if 5'6\ofpg
• 2, 3 / 5 n] lgMz]if efu hfg] ;ª\Vofx¿ kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lstfa, sflk jf cGo 7f]; j:t'x¿, :s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/ cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Ps pbfx/0f k|:t't ub}{ efhs, efHo, efukmn / z]ifsf] af/]df k'g/jnf]sg u/fpFb}
efHo = efhs  efukmn + z]if x'G5 eGg] lgisif{sf ;fy} efHotfsf] k/LIf0f af/]df
atfpg'xf];\ .

oxfF, efhs = 3, efHo = 82 , efukmn = 27 / z]if = 1 x'G5 .

o;nfO hfFRbf, 82 = 3 x 27 + 1 = 81 + 1 = 82
s'g} klg ;ª\VofnfO{ lgMz]if efu nfUgsf nflu z]if 0 xg'k5{ . To:tf] cj:yfdf efhs /
efukmnsf] u'0fgkmn a/fa/ efHo x'G5 .

efusf] k|lj|mof gb]vfO{sg s:tf] ;ª\VofnfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] lgMz]if efu nfU5 egL k/LIf0f ug'{nfO{
efHotfsf] k/LIf0f elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h @) sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df ;dfj]z ljifoj:t' cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.
• lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ub}{ lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
-s_ 2 sf] u'0fg tflnsfaf6 cfPsf 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... s:tf ;ª\Vofx¿ x'g\ <
-v_ hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿df Pssf] :yfgdf ePsf cª\sx¿df s]xL ;dfgtf b]Vg ;lsG5 <
-u_ s] Pssf] :yfgdf 0,2,4,6 jf 8 ePsf ;a} ;ª\Vofx¿ hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿ x'G5g\ t <
-3_ s] ;a} hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ nfO{ 2 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 <

Pssf] :yfgdf 0,2,4,6 jf 8 ePsf ;a} ;ª\Vofx¿ hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿ x'G5g\ / ;a} hf]/
;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ nfO{ 2 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 .

35
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h @! sf] lj|mofsnfk @ / pbfx/0f ! df ;dfj]z ljifoj:t' cWoog
ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ 3 u'0fg tflnsf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• s] 2 sf] u'0fg tflnsfdf h:t} hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿ dfq jf ljhf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿ dfq 5g\ t <
• 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 26 / 30 df s]lx ;dfg u'0f e]6\g ;lsG5 ls <
7542 nfO{ 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ M
oxfF,
lbOPsf] ;ª\Vof = 7542
;ª\Vofdf ePsf cª\sx¿sf] of]ukmn, 7 + 5 + 4 + 2 = 18
To;}n], 7542 nfO{ klg 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 .
ca, 7542 nfO{ 3 n] efu u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• o:t} yk ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ cEof; u/fpg'xf]; .
• olb s'g} klg ;ª\Vofdf ePsf cª\sx¿sf] of]ukmnnfO{ 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 eg]
pSt ;ª\VofnfO{ klg 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 egL :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf]; .
lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @! sf] lj|mofsnfk # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s:tf s:tf ;ª\VofnfO{ 5 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 < hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L n]Vg nufpg'xf];\
/ sIffdf lgisif{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
s'g} ;ª\Vofsf] Pssf] :yfgdf 0 jf 5 dWo] Pp6f cª\s 5 eg] To:tf] ;ª\VofnfO{ 5 n] lgMz]if
efu hfG5 .

lj|mofsnfk g= %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 4 ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{dWo] Ps Ps hgfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] cufl8 af]nfO{ Pp6f s';L{{df a:g
nufpg'xf];\ .
• afFsL ;d"xaf6 kfn}kfnf] 2, 3, / 5 sf] efHotf k/LIf0f;DaGwL 5/5 cf]6f k|Zg ;f]Wg
nufpg'xf];\ / cufl8 s';L{{df a;]sfn] pQ/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=24 df lbOPsf] cEof; 2.3 sf] k|Zg g= 1, 2,3 / 4 sf Ps
Pscf]6f k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ pQ/ k'l:tsf ;f6f;f6 u/fP/ k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .

36
 • ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
;ftf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• 7 / 11 sf] efHotfsf k/LIf0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
rf6{k]k/, ;fOgk]g cflb .
lj|mofsnfk g= !
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h @@ sf] lj|mofsnfk $ u/fpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ pTk|]l/t u/L ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{
lbg'xf];\ .
h:t} M 735 nfO{ 7 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ M
oxfF, Pssf] :yfgdf /x]sf] cª\s 5 sf] b'O{ u'0ff = 10
afFsL /x]sf] ;ª\Vofaf6 ;f] Pssf] :yfgdf /x]sf] cª\ssf] b'O{ u'0ffnfO{ 36fpFbf, 73 -10 = 63,
63 nfO{ 7 n lgMz]if efu hfG5, To;}n], 735 nfO{ 7 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 .
ca, 735 nfO{ 7 n] efu u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h 24 sf] cEof; 2.3 sf] k|Zg g= 5 sf] Ps Pscf]6f k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= @
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h @# sf] lj|mofsnfk % sf k|ls|ofx¿nfO{ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
s:tf ;ª\VofnfO{ 11 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
• ca af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/L ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{
ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ / k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

407 nfO{ 11 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ M

oxfF,
;ª\Vof 407 df Pssf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 7 nfO{ afFsL cª\sn] ag]sf] ;ª\Vof 40 af6 36fpFbf, 40
– 7 = 33
oxfF 33 nfO{ 11 n] efu hfG5 . To;}n] 407 nfO{ 11 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 .
ca, 407 nfO{ 11 n] efu u/L x]g'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ldl>t Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f km/s km/s ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

37
 h:t} M
-s_ 9246 nfO{ 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . o; ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] s'g}
Pp6f cª\snfO{ o;/L kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ tfls ;f] ;ª\VofnfO{ 2 / 5 n] klg lgMz]if efu
hfcf];\ .
-v_ 6724 sf] vfnL /x]sf] bz xhf/sf] :Yffgdf s'g ;a}eGbf ;fgf] tyf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] cª\s
/fVbf aGg] ;ª\VofnfO{ 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 < o;/L aGg] ;ª\VofnfO{ 2 tyf 7 n] klg
lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ 2160 nfO{ 2, 3, 5,7 / 11 dWo] s'g s'g ;ª\Vofn]] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f
ug'{xf];\ . 2 / 3 b'jn
} ] lgMz]if efu hfg] ;ª\VofnfO{ 6 n] klg lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g ,
k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ 9240 nfO{ 11 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . 2, 3, 5,7 / 11 ;a}n]
lgMz]if efu hfg] s'g} Pp6f ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• ca Ps hgf cfˆg} ;d"xdf a;]/ cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ %.^ ldg]6 sf nflu gofF ;d"xdf
uP/ To; ;d"xdf k/]]sf] k|Zgsf ;dfwfgsf af/]df a'em\gsf nflu k7fpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xd} a;]sf] Ps hgfnfO{ c¿ ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ cfPsf] j]nf cfk\mgf] ;d"xsf] sfo{sf]
k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ s'g} s'/fdf c:ki6tf ePdf pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf k|Zg
nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

38
 cf7f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• u'0fgv08sf] kl/ro lbg
• 2 cªsn] ag]sf ;ª\Vofx¿sf u'0fgv08x¿ kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, juf{sf/ sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ cflb
lj|mofsnfk g= !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\
• k|To]s ;d"xdf cf7 cf7cf]6f Ps} gfksf juf{sf/ sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
• pSt sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿af6 slt tl/sfn] cfot agfpg ;lsG5 < 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/
ub}{ cfot agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / lgisif{af6 u'0fgv08sf cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
oxfF,

oxfF, 8 cf]6f juf{sf/ 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ 1 × 8, 2 × 4, 4 × 2 / 8 × 1 rf/ tl/sfaf6

cfot agfpg ;lsG5 . oxfF 1, 2, 4 / 8 n] 8 nfO{ lgz]if efu hfG5 . To;}n] 1, 2, 4 / 8
nfO{ 8 sf u'0fgv08x¿ elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk g= @
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h @% / @^ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! / @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} klg ;ª\VofnfO{ lgMz]if efu hfg] ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ s] elgG5 < hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= #

39
 • s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ u'0fgv08sf af/]df k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
/fd;Fu 6 cf]6f rsn]6x¿ 5g\ . pgn] cfk"m;Fu slQ klg g/fvL ;a}n] a/fa/ rsn]6x¿ kfpg]
u/L afF8\g] ;f]Fr agfP5g\ .
-s_ slt hgfnfO{ s'g s'g tl/sfn] afF8\g ;S5g\ <
-v_ tL ;ª\Vofx¿n] s]nfO{ hgfpF5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfgM
1 hgfnfO{ 6 cf]6} rsn]6x¿ lbg ;S5g\ .
2 hgfnfO{ 3-3 cf]6fsf b/n] rsn]6x¿ afF8\g ;S5g\ .
3 hgfnfO{ 2-2 cf]6fsf b/n] rsn]6x¿ afF8\g ;S5g\ .
6 hgfnfO{ 1-1 cf]6fsf b/n] rsn]6x¿ afF8\g ;S5g\ . – gf]6M lrqaf6 rsn]6 b]vfpg] ._
oxfF, 6 cf]6f rsn]6x¿nfO{ 1 × 6, 2 × 3, 3 × 2 / 6 × 1 rf/ tl/sfaf6 afF8\g ;lsG5 .
To;}n] 1, 2, 3 / 6 nfO{ 6 sf u'0fgv08x¿ elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h @^ sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ . ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{
ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= % - v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ . _

• u'0fgv08 v]nsf nflu sf8{af]8{df ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v]n v]Ng] tl/sf
b'O{ hgf v]nf8L / Ps hgf /]k|mL 5fGg'xf];\ . ;j{k|yd klxnf] v]nf8LnfO{ Pp6f ;ª\Vof 5fGg
nufpg'xf];\ . Tof] ;ª\Vof p;sf] :sf]/ x'G5 . bf];|f] v]nf8LnfO{ ;f] ;ª\Vofsf ;a}
u'0fgv08x¿ -Ps / Tof] ;ª\Vof afx]s_ df 3]/f nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL 3]/f nufOPsf
;ª\Vofx¿sf hDdf of]ukmn g} p;sf] :sf]/ x'G5 . ca bf];|f] v]nf8LnfO{ Pp6f ;ª\Vof 5fGg
nufpg'xf];\ . Tof] ;ª\Vof p;sf] :sf]/ x'G5 . klxnf] v]nf8LnfO{ ;f] ;ª\Vofsf ;a}
u'0fgv08x¿df a]Un} d;Ln] 3]/f nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL 3]/f nufOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf hDdf
of]ukmn g} p;sf] :sf]/ x'G5 . Pjd\ l/tn] v]n hf/L /xG5, hj ;Dd ;ª\Vofx¿ ;lsb}gg\ .
- /f]h]sf] / 3]/f nufPsf ;ª\Vofx¿ _ nfO{ hf]8]/ hDdf :sf]/x¿ lgsfNg'xf];\ . cGTodf h;sf]
:sf]/ a9L x'G5 pxL lah]tf aG5 .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/

40
 gjf}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ckjTo{sf kl/ro lbg
• Ps cª\ssf] ;ª\Vofsf] 2 cª\s;Ddn] ag]sf ckjTo{x¿ kQf nufpg . h:t} 3 sf]
ckjTo{x¿ M3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ..., 96, 99}
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u'0fg tflnsfsf] rf6{, kf7\ok':ts
lj|mofsnfk !
• af]8{df ! b]lv !) ;Ddsf u'0fg tflnsf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
• tL tflnsfsf dfWodaf6 ckjTo{ s] xf] < ckjTo{x¿sf ;d"x s;/L n]lvG5 < eGg]
af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M 6 sf klxnf bzcf]6f ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x
;dfwfg
6 sf klxnf bzcf]6f ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x M6 = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54,
60}

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h @& sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ckjTo{ s] nfO{ elgG5 < hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #
s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ ckjTo{sf af/]df 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf]; .
h:t}M
Pp6f v/fof] s'g} Ps :yfgaf6 Ps k6sdf 2 ÷ 2 lkm6 sf] b'/Ldf pk|mg] ub{5 / csf]{ v/fof]
pxL :yfgaf6 3 ÷ 3 lkm6sf] b'/Ldf pk|mg ;S5 eg] ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lgsfNg'xf];\ M
-s_ klxnf] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf k|To]s k6sdf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 kf/ u/]sf] b'/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ bf];|f] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf k|To]s k6sdf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 kf/ u/]sf] b'/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ oxfF v/fof]x¿n] kf/ u/]sf] b'/LnfO{ s] elgG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .

bf];|f] lrq ldnfpg'kg]{ 5 .

41
klxnf] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf k|To]s k6sdf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 kf/ u/]sf] b'/LnfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwdf
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\, h:t} M {2, 4, 6, 8, 10…}
bf];|f] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf k|To]s k6sdf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 kf/ u/]sf] b'/LnfO{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwdf
n]Vg nufpg'xf]; .
klxnf] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf 2 sf ckjTo{x¿ ag]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} bf];|f] v/fof]n] pk|mFb} hfFbf 3
sf ckjTo{x¿ ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h @* sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f ;ª\Vof lbg'xf];\ .
• ca af]8{df lbOPsf] ;ª\Vofsf] klxnf bzcf]6f ckjTo{x¿ lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{
ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
-s_ 7 sf klxnf bzcf]6f ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ 11 sf klxnf bzcf]6f ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;ª\Vof 672 nfO{ 2,3 / 7 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g, efHotfsf] k/LIf0fsf]
lgodcg';f/ k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . ;ª\Vof 672 / efhsx¿ 2,3 ,7 larsf] ;DaGw
n]Vg'xf];\ .
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/

42
 b;f}F lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw
• nuftf/ efu ug]{ ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{]
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
nuftf/ efu ug]{ ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{] tl/sf n]lvPsf sf8{af]8{
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @( sf] lj|mofsnfk g= ! cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f dfq u'0fgv08 ePsf] ;ª\Vof s'g 5 <
• s'g s'g ;ª\Vofx¿sf b'O{cf]6f dfq u'0fgv08x¿ 5g\ < b'O{cf]6f eGbf a9L u'0fgv08
ePsf ;ª\Vofx¿ s'g s'g 5g\ < eGg] k|Zgx¿af6 ¿9 ;ª\Vofsf af/]df k'g/jnf]sg
u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h #) sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f ;ª\Vof lng'xf];\ . lgDg k|Zgx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• af]8{df lnOPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmnsf ¿kdf slt tl/sfn] JoSt ug{
;lsG5 <
• s] ;a} cj:yfdf u'0fgv08x¿ ¿9 ;ª\Vof 5g\ <
• ;a} u'0fgv08x¿ ¿9 ;ª\Vof x'g] u/L v08Ls/0f ug{ s] ug'{knf{ <
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\.
• 5nkmn u/L lgisif{af6 ¿9 v08Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
s'g} Pp6f ;ª\Vof 12 lncf}F . of] ;ª\Vof 12 nfO{ o;sf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmnsf] ¿kdf
slt tl/sfn] JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 x]/f}F .

1 x 12 = 12
2 x 6 = 12 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
3 x4 = 12 3 x 2 x 2 = 12
4 x 3 = 12 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
6 x 2 = 12 2 x 3 x 2 = 12
12 x 1 = 12

Pp6f ;ªVofnfO{ 2 jf 2 eGbf a9L ;ªVofx¿sf u'0fgsf ¿kdf JoSt ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ u'0fgv08
lgsfNg' jf v08Ls/0f ug'{ elgG5, h:t}M 12 sf u'0fgv08x¿ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 / 12 x'g\ .
12 =2x2x3 u/L u'0fgv08 lgsfNbf ;a} ¿9 ;ª\Vofx¿ dfq ePsfn] o;nfO{ ¿9 v08Ls/0f
elgG5 .

43
s'g} klg ;+o'St ;ª\VofnfO{ ¿9 ;ª\Vofx¿sf] dfq u'0fgkmnsf ¿kdf JoSt ug'{nfO{ pSt
;ª\Vofsf] ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug'{ elgG5, h:t} M 12 = 2× 2× 3

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ efHotfsf] k/LIf0fsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f ;o'St ;ª\Vof lng'xf];\ .
• pSt ;ª\VofnfO{ s'g s'g ¿9 ;ª\Vofn] lgMz]if efu hfG5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• nuftf/ efu ug]{ ljlwaf6 s;/L ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\.
h:t}M 48 nfO{ ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ .
– ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ¿9 ;ª\Vof 2 xf] .
– 48 hf]/ ;ª\Vof xf] t;y{ o;nfO{ 2 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 .
To;}n],
2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3
r/0f 1 : 48 nfO{ 2 n] efu ubf{ efukmn 24 eof] .
r/0f 2: 24 nfO{ 2 n] efu ubf{ efukmn 12 eof] .
r/0f 3 12 nfO{ 2 n] efu ubf{ efukmn 6 eof] .
r/0f 4 6 nfO{ 2 n] efu ubf{ efukmn 3 eof] .
r/0f 5 clGtddf efukmn 3 ¿9 ;ª\Vof xf] . ca efu ug{ aGb u/f}F .
To;}n], 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ldl>t Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Ps cf]6f km/s km/s ;d:ofx¿ -d]6fsf8{df n]v]/_ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M
-s_ 3 cª\sn] ag]sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ . efHotfsf] k/LIf0f ug{] lgodcg';f/ ;f]
;ª\VofnfO{ 2, 3, 5 / 7 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . ;f] ;ª\VofnfO{
nuftf/ efu ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ d Pp6f 4 cf]6f km/s km/s ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ ePsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof x'F . d sf] x'F <
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ j|md};Fu cfpg] s'g} tLgcf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿ lng'xf];\ . tL tLgcf]6} ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmn
lgsfNg'xf];\ . o;/L cfPsf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ 2 / 3 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g ,

44
 efHotfsf] lgodsf cfwf/df k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . ;f] ;ª\Vofsf] nuftf/ efu ljlwaf6 ¿9
v08Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ 5 cª\sn] ag]sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ . efHotfsf] k/LIf0f ug{] lgodcg';f/ ;f]
;ª\VofnfO{ 2, 3, 5 / 7 n] lgMz]if efu hfG5 jf hfFb}g k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . ;f] ;ª\VofnfO{
nuftf/ efu ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg k"/f ePkZrft\ pko'St tl/sfaf6 k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
-s_ 24 sf] nuftf/ efu ug]{ ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .
-v_ 27 sf] nuftf/ efu ug]{ ljlwaf6 ¿9 v08Ls/0f lgsfNg'xf];\ .

45
 P3f/f}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw M
tLg cª\s;Ddn] ag]sf] lbOPsf] ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fgv08sf] j[Iflrq agfP/ ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
j[Iflrq agfP/ ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{] tl/sf n]lvPsf sf8{af]8{

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ¿9 ;ª\Vof / efHotfsf] k/LIf0fsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f ;o'St ;ª\Vof lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M 48
• pSt ;ª\VofnfO{ s'g s'g ¿9 ;ª\Vofn] lgMz]if efu hfG5 < 5nkmn u/fpFb} s;/L
j[Iflrq agfP/ ¿9 v08Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
48

2 x 24

2 x 2 x 12

2 x 2 x 2 x 6

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3

To;}n], 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3

dfyLsf] sfo{nfO{ yk :ki6 kfg{ s]xL yk pbfx/0f k:t't ug'{xf];\.

990

2 x 495

2 x 3 x 165

2 x 3 x 3 x 55

2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 11

To;}n], 990 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 11

46
lj|mofsnfk g= @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h ## / #$ sf pbfx/0f # / $ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f ;o'St ;ª\Vof lbg'xf];\ .
• ca af]8{df lbOPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ j[Iflrq agfP/ ¿9 v08Ls/0f lgsfNg] ljlwaf6 ¿9
v08Ls/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{
ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tn b]vfP h:t} k"j{ tof/L ul/Psf Worksheet ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• jBfyL{x¿nfO{ glhs} a:g] ;fyL;Fu hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L ¿9 v08Ls/0f lgsfNg
nufpg'xf];\ / sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgv08 j[Iflrq agfP/ ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ 90 -v_ 144 -u_ 105 -3_ 680 -ª_ 850
-r_ 980
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

47
 afx|f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• 10 ;Ddsf]] ju{ ;ª\Vof lgsfNg
• 100 ;Ddsf k"0f{ ju{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf ju{d"n lgsfNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u'0fg tflnsf, juf{sf/ sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿, lhof]af]8{ .
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ ju{ ;ª\Vofsf af/]df cjwf/0ff
lbg'xf];\ .
h:t}M
cg'kdfn] cfk\mgf] s/];faf/Ldf nx/ /
kª\lStdf a/fa/ 5/5 x'g] u/L
sfpnLsf] la?jf ;fg{ pgLnfO{
sltcf]6f la?jf cfjZos kb{5 <
-s_ nx/ / kª\lStdf a/fa/ ¿kdf
;fbf{ sltcf]6f la?jf cfjZos knf{ <
-v_ Ps Ps u/L gulgsg 5f]6f]
tl/sfaf6 hDdf sfpnLsf] la?jf
;ª\Vof kQf nufpg] tl/sf s] xf]nf <
dflysf] lrqdf k|To]s nfOgdf 5/5 cf]6f la?jf 5g\ eg] hDdf la?jf ;ª\Vof slt 5g\ <
k|To]s kª\lSt / nx/df a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf kg{] u/L ldnfOPsf] :j¿knfO{ juf{sf/ :j¿k
elgG5 . o;/L juf{sf/ ¿kdf ldnfpg ;lsg] ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ ju{ ;ª\Vof elgG5 . p:t}
;ª\Vofx¿ u'0fg u/L k|fKt x'g] ;ª\Vof pSt ;ª\Vofsf] ju{ ;ª\Vof xf] . oxfF, 5 sf] ju{
;ª\Vof 25 xf] .

lj|mofsnfk g= @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ juf{sf/ ;txsf] nDafO / rf}8fO cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• nDafO / rf}8fO a/fa/ ePsf] ;txnfO{ s] elgG5 egL sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• To;}u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h #^ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ul/ ;s]kl5 lgDg k|Zx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
-s_ /ª\UofOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿ s:tf s:tf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmnaf6 ag]sf ;ª\Vofx¿ x'g\ <
-v_ 2 cf]6f p:tf p:t} ;ª\Vofx¿sf u'0fgkmnaf6 aGg] ;ª\Vofx¿ s'g s'g 5g\ <
-u_ tL ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ p:tf p:t} b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmnsf] ¿kdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ tL ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ s:tf] ;ª\Vof elgG5 <
• 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{af6 ju{ ;ª\Vof / ju{d"nsf af/]df wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #

48
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• pgLx¿nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h #^ sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ 1 b]lv 100 ;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿dWo]af6 s'g s'g ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{
k|To]s kª\lSt / nx/df a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf yf]Knfx¿ kg{] u/L juf{sf/ ¿kdf ldnfpg
;lsG5 < vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf]; / yf]Knfx¿af6 juf{sf/ 9fFrf tof/ ug{ pTk|]l/t
ug'{xf];\ .
juf{sf/ :j¿kdf ldnfpg ;lsPsf ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ ju{ ;ª\Vof elgG5 . ju{;ª\VofnfO{ b'O{cf]6f
p:tfp:t} ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmnsf] ¿kdf JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} M 1 × 1 = 1
2×2=4
3×3=9
4 × 4 = 16
...
oxfF, 3 × 3 = 9 df 9 nfO{ 3 sf] ju{;ª\Vof elgG5 eg] 3 nfO{ 9 sf] ju{d"n elgG5 .
To;}u/L, 4 sf] ju{;ª\Vof = 16 16 sf] ju{d"n = 4
5 sf] ju{;ª\Vof = 25 25 sf] ju{d"n = 5
6sf] ju{;ª\Vof = 36 36 sf] ju{d"n = 6
7 sf] ju{;ª\Vof = 49 49 sf] ju{d"n = 7

lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= #& sf] lj|mofsnfk # df lbOPsf] ;ª\Vof tflnsfnfO{
hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L k"/f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / lgisif{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h #* sf] cEof; 2.6 sf] k|Zgx¿af6 Ps Pscf]6f k|Zg
;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgf ljBfyL{af6 k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf tyf sIffsfo{sf cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] l;sfO pknlAw xfFl;n eP
gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .
• sIffsf]7fdf pkl:yt ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnosf] v]n d}bfg jf v'nf 7fpFdf nu]/ cfotfsf/
tyf juf{sf/ ¿kdf klª\Sta4 x'g nufpg'xf];\ .
k|of]ufTds sfo{
• 1 b]lv 100 ;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿df s'g s'g ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ juf{sf/ :j¿kdf ldnfpg
;lsG5 < ud jf 6]ksf] ;xfotfn] rf6{k]k/df bfn jf u]8fu'8L jf lasf]{x¿ jf dvdnsf
l6sfx¿ jf 6fFsx¿ 6fF;]/ jf yf]Knf tyf lrqåf/f juf{sf/ :j¿kdf ldnfpg'xf];\ /
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

49
 t]x|f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿sf] u'0fgv08x¿sf ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]/ d=; kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Lx¿, 1 b]lv 100 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{, ljleGg /usf ;fOgk]gx¿
cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Pp6f ;+o'St ;ª\Vof lnP/ pSt ;ª\VofnfO{ s'g s'g ;ª\Vofn] lgMz]if efu hfG5 <
5nkmn u/L u'0fgv08sf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t}M

12 nfO{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 / 12 n] lgMz]if efu uof] . To;}n], 12 sf] u'0fgv08x¿ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 /

12 x'g\ . ∴ F (12) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} n]Vg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h #( sf] lj|mofsnfk ! sf] tflnsf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt tflnsfaf6 ;f´f u'0fgv08x¿ s] s] x'g\ < ;f´f u'0fgv08x¿dWo] 7'nf]
u'0fgv08 s'g xf] < hf]8L ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
b'j} ;ª\Vofx¿df ePsf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;f´f u'0fgv08 elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• plgx¿nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $) sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca, 9 PsfO / 12 PsfO nDafOsf sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Lx¿ lnP/ pSt
lj|mofsnfkdf eg]adf]lhd 1 PsfO, 2 PsfO, 3 PsfO / 4 PsfO nDafOsf sfuhsf
l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Lx¿n] kfn}kfnf] b'j} 8G8LnfO{ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g s'g PsfOsf sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Ln] b'j}nfO{ l7Ss gfKg ;lsof] n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} Ps ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf gfk]/ tof/ kf/]sf]
;"rLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
b'j}nfO{ l7s gfKg ;lsPsf sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Lsf gfkdWo] 7'nf] gfk d=;= xf] .

50
lj|mofsnfk g=$
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $) sf] u'0fgv08x¿sf] ;d"x agfP/ d= ;= lgsfNg] tl/sfdf lbOPsf]
lj|mofsnfk cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• 1 b]lv 100 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{ lbg'xf];\ .
• ;ª\Vof rf6{df ;ª\Vofx¿ 36 / 60 sf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ km/s km/s /ªsf ;fOgk]gn] uf]nf] 3]/f
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca ;a} /ªsf ;fOgk]gn] uf]nf] 3]/f nfu]sf ;ª\Vofx¿ s'g s'g 5g\ <
• tL ;ª\Vofx¿dWo] 7'nf] ;ª\Vof s'g xf] <
• pSt 7'nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ s] elgG5 <
• hf]8L ;d"xdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / hf]8L dWo] Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
cGonfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
-s_ 1 b]lv 20 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{ k|of]u u/L ;ª\Vofx¿ 12 / 18 sf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ km/s
km/s /ªsf] ;fOgk]gn] lrXg nufO{ ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ / d. ;. lgsfNg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=%
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h $! sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• pbfx/0f ! df s'g s'g ;ª\Vofsf] d=;= lgsfNg elgPsf] 5 <
• pSt ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgv08x¿ slt slt /x]5g\ <
• tL ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;femf u'0fgv08 slt slt /x]5g\ <
• ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;femf u'0fgv08 slt /x]5 <
• 7'nf] ;femf u'0fgv08nfO{ s] elgG5 <
• lj|mofsnfk g== # df ljefhg ul/Psf] ;d"xdf ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $# sf]
cEof; 2.7 sf] k|Zg g== 1 df lbOPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿ / k|Zg g== 2 df lbOPsf] s'g} Ps k|Zg ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/;s]kZrft\ Ps Ps hgf k|ltlglw ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ul/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
21 / 28 nfO{ u'0fgv08sf] ;d"x agfP/ d. ;. lgsfNg'xf];\ .
k/of]hgf sfo{
1 b]lv 100 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{df ;ª\Vofx¿ 72 / 96 sf u'0fgv08x¿nfO{ km/s
km/s /ªsf] ;fOgk]gn] uf]nf] 3]/f (O) nufO{ ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ / d.
;. lgsfNg'xf];\ .

51
 rf}wf}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw M
• lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿sf] ¿9 v08Ls/0f / efu ljlwaf6 d=; kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
efHotfsf] k/LIf0f;DaGwL lgod n]lvPsf] rf6{, u'0fg tflnsf
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Pp6f ;+o'St ;ª\Vof lnP/ pSt ;ª\Vofsf] ¿9u'0fgv08x¿ s] s] x'G5g\ < 5nkmn
u/L ¿9 v08Ls/0fsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t}M

90 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ =

lj|mofsnfk g= @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $@ sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ¿9
v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 d=; lgsfNbf s] s] k|lj|mofx¿ ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 < hf]8L jf ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
-s_ 24 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <
-v_ 60 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <
-u_ ¿9 u'0fgv08 2 , b'j} ;ª\Vofx¿ 24 / 60 sf ;femf u'0fgv08 x'g\ t <
-3_ km]l/ klg ¿9 u'0fgv08 2, b'j}sf] ;femf u'0fgv08df k5{ t <
-ª_ ¿9 u'0fgv08 5 , b'j} ;ª\Vofsf] ;femf 5 ls 5}g <
-r_ b'j} ;ª\Vofsf] ;femf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ s] s] eP t <
-5_ ;femf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn slt x'G5 <
-h_ o;/L cfPsf] u'0fgkmn 12 n] b'j} ;ª\Vofx¿ 24 / 60 nfO{ lgMz]if efu hfG5 < s]
12 nfO{ b'js} f] ;femf u'0fgv08 klg eGg ;lsG5 <

52
 -em_ 24 / 60 sf] d=;= slt eof] t <
• efu ljlwaf6 24 / 60 sf] d=;=kQf nufpg lgDgfg';f/sf] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
-s_ 24 / 60 dWo] ;fgf] ;ª\Vof 24 n] 7'nf] ;ª\Vof 60 nfO{ efu ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ o;/L k|fKt x'g] z]ifn] k"gM klxnf] efhs 24 nfO{ efu ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ of] k|lj|mof z]if 0 gcfp~h]n bf]xf/\ofpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
60
24 2
-48
12 24
-24
0

oxfF, z]if z"Go agfpg] clGtd efhs 12 g} 24 / 60 sf] d=;= x'G5 .

• o;}cg';f/sf c¿ yk k|Zgx¿ agfP/ ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} tl/sfaf6 lgsflnPsf] d=;= ;dfg cfof] jf cfPg k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h $# sf] cEof; 2.7 sf] k|Zg g== 3 sf] -s_ b]lv -ª_ ;Ddaf6 Ps
Pscf]6f k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

• k|To]s k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgaf6 Ps Ps hgf kg]{u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{ ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
h:t}M 24 / 60 sf] d=; lgsfNg'xf];\ .
2 24 2 60
2 12 2 30
2 6 3 15
3 5

24 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
60 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ 60= 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
ca ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ = 2, 2 / 3
To;n} d=;= = ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf u'0fgkmn = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

lj|mofsnfk g= $
efiffdf JoSt ul/Psf ;d:ofx¿af6 d=; lgsfNg ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L
lgDgfg';f/ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

53
Pp6f efF8f]df 20 ln6/ / csf]{df 30 ln6/ b'w /x]5 . k|To]s efF8f] vfnL ug{] u/L gfKg ;lsg]
;a}eGbf 7'nf] gfksf] csf{] 5'6\6} efF8fdf slt ln6/ c6fpnf <
pQ/ M oxfF, b'j} efF8f vfnL ug]{ u/L gfKg ;lsg] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] 5'6\6} efF8f]sf] gfk eg]sf] 20 /
30 sf] d=; a/fa/sf] gfk xf] .

2 20 2 30
2 10 3 15
5 5

To;}n] , 20 = 2 x 2 x 5
30 = 2 x 3 x 5
oxfF, ;femf u'0fgv08 2 / 5 x'g\ / ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf] u'0fgkmn =2 x 5 = 10 To;sf/0f,
b'j} efF8f] vfnL ug{ ;lsg] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] efF8f]df 10 ln6/ c6fpF5 .

d"Nofª\sg
kf7ok':tssf] k]h $# sf] cEof; 2.7 sf] k|Zg g= 5 ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\ .

54
 kGw|f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿sf] ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x agfP/ n=; kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ jf 8G8Lx¿, 1 b]lv 100 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{, ljleGg /usf
;fOgk]gx¿ cflb .

lj|mofsnfk !
• u'0fg tflnsf b]vfP/ s'g} b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x agfpg] sfo{sf]
k'g/jnf]sg ub{} ltgLx¿sf ;femf ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M 3 sf ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x M3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33,
36, ..=
4 sf ckjTo{x¿sf ;d"x M4 =  4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, ... 
oxfF, 3 / 4 sf ;femf ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x =  12, 24, 36, ...

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $$ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;f´f ckjTo{x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
• ;f´f ckjTo{x¿dWo] ;a} eGbf ;fgf] ckjTo{ s'g xf] <
• ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{nfO{ s] elgG5 < hf]8L jf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• plgx¿nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $$ sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca 6 PsfO / 9 PsfO nDafOsf sfuhsf l:6«kx¿ lnP/ pSt lj|mofsnfkdf eg]
adf]lhd 6 PsfO nDafOsf sfuhsf l:6«kx¿df 6 PsfOs} csf]{ l:6«k hf]8\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;}u/L 9 PsfO nDafOsf sfuhsf l:6«kdf csf]{ 9 PsfO nDafOsf] sfuhs]f l:6«k
hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} sfuhsf l:6«ksf nDafO a/fa/ gx'Fbf;Dd of] k|lj|mof bf]xf]¥ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} lj|mofsnfkaf6 aGg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;dfg nDafO s'g xf] < n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;d"xdf gfk]/ tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rLnfO{ sIffdf
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $% sf] lj|mofsnfk # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• 1 b]lv 100 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof rf6{ lbg'xf];\ .

55
 • ;ª\Vof rf6{df ;ª\Vofx¿ 6 / 9 sf ckjTo{x¿nfO{ km/s km/s /ªsf ;fOgk]gn] uf]nf]
3]/f agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca b'j} /ªsf ;fOgk]gn] uf]nf] 3]/f nfu]sf ;ª\Vofx¿ s'g s'g 5g\ <
• tL ;ª\Vofx¿dWo] ;fgf] ;ª\Vof s'g xf] < pSt ;fgf] ;ª\VofnfO{ s] elgG5 < hf]8L jf
;d"xdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / hf]8LdWo] Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\
/ cGonfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;ª\Vof rf6{df ckjTo{x¿sf] ;d"x agfP/ n. ;. lgsfNg'xf];\ .
-s_ 10, 15 -v_ 11, 22
lj|mofsnfk g=%
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h $^ sf] pbfx/0f ! df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• pbfx/0f ! sf] 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{sf] cfwf/df tnsf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk g= # df ljefhg ul/Psf] ;d"xdf ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ kf7ok':tssf]
k]h $* sf] cEof; 2.8 sf] k|Zg g== 1 df lbOPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿ / k|Zg g= 2 df
lbOPsf] s'g} Ps k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/;s] kZrft Ps Ps hgf k|ltlglw ljBfyL{nfO{
k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ul/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
;a} ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .

56
 ;f]x|f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw M
• lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿sf] ¿9 v08Ls/0f / efu ljlwaf6 n=; kQf nufpg ;Sg] 5g\ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ¿9 v08Ls/0fsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fpFb} kf7ok':tssf] k]h $^ sf] pbfx/0f @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ¿9 v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 n=; lgsfNbf s] s] k|lj|mofx¿ ug'{kg]{ /x]5 < hf]8L jf ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h $* sf] cEof; 2.8 sf] k|Zg g== k|Zg g= 3 df lbOPsf] s'g} Ps
k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu pQ/ k'l:tsf ;f6f;f6 u/L k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xhLs/0f ub}{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZosf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= @
• kf7ok':tssf] k]h $& sf] lj|mofsnfk # / pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ pTk|]l/t u/L ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ ;fy} cGonfO{
ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
h:t}M 24 / 60 sf] d=;= / n=;= lgsfNg'xf];\ . ;ª\Vofx¿ 24 / 60 sf] u'0fgkmn /
ltgLx¿sf] d=;= / n=;= sf] u'0fgkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ . glthf s] cfpF5 < t'ngf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

2 24 2 60
2 12 2 30
2 6 3 15
3 5

24 sf u'0fgv08x¿ 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
60 sf ¿9 u'0fgv08x¿ 60= 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
ca, ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ = 2, 2 / 3
afFsL u'0fgv08x¿ = 2,5
To;n}, d=;= ;femf u'0fgv08x¿sf u'0fgkmn = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
n= ;= = ;femf u'0fgv08x¿ x afFsL u'0fgv08x¿

57
 =2x2x3x2x5
= 120
ca lbOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmn = 60 × 24 = 1440
n=;= / d=;=sf] u'0fgkmn = 12 × 120 = 1440
lgisif{ M lbOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fgkmn a/fa/ n=;= / d=;=sf] u'0fgkmn x'G5 .
➢ 24 / 60 sf] efu ljlwaf6 klg lgDgcg';f/sf] lj|mofsnfkaf6 n= ;= lgsfNg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
➢ 24 / 60 b'jn} fO{ efu hfg] ;femf ;ª\Vofn] j|mdzM efu ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
➢ efHosf] ¿kdf ¿9 ;ª\Vof gcfp~h]n of] k|lj|mof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
2 24, 60
2 12, 30
3 6 , 15
3 2, 5
24 / 60 sf] n= ;= = 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 120
➢ o:t} yk ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ¿9 v08Ls/0f / efu ljlwaf6 n. ;. lgsfNg'xf];\ .
-s_ 20, 25 -v_ 32, 36

lj|mofsnfk g= #
zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] r/0fx¿sf] af/]df :ki6 u/fOlbg'xf];\ .
h:t} M lbOPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k9\g nufpg]
• lbOPsf] ;df:of df s] s] ljifoj:t' lbOPsf] 5 .
• s] kTtf nufpg' kg]{ 5 .
• o;nfO{ s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 < oL k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/fO cfPsf] pQ/nfO{
;d:ofdf hfFr]/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f d]hl/ª 6]kx¿ j|mdzM 20 cm / 30 cm nDafOsf 5g\ . ca s'g rflxF ;a}eGbf 5f]6f]
nDafO ePsf] 6]knfO{ oL b'j} 6]kn] l7s efu hfg] u/L gfKg ;lsPnf < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

pQ/ M

58
oxfF, M 20 = {20, 40, 60, 80, 100, ...}
M 30 = {30, 60, 90...}
b'j} 6]kx¿n] gfKg ldNg] ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] b'/L 60 ;]=ld= 5 . o;nfO{ tL b'O{ ;ª\Vofsf n=;=
elgG5 .
∴ n=;= = 60 ;]=ld
20 cm / 30 cm sf] ¿9 v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 klg n=;= kQf nufO{ dflysf] pQ/sf] k/LIf0f
u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
d"Nofª\sg
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=$* sf] cEof; 2.8 sf] k|Zg g= 9 h:t} k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ;dfwfg
u/fpg'xf];\ .

59
 Kff7 M 3
k"0ff{ª\s (Integers)
cg'dflgt 3G6L M 2
kl/ro
o; kf7df k"0ff{ª\ssf] kl/ronfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k"0f{ ;ª\VofnfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf b]vfpg
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/e"t lj|mofx¿sf] 5nkmn u/L k"0ff{ª\ssf] kl/ro lbg] ;fy}
k"0ff{ª\sx¿nfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfaf6 JoSt ug]{ tl/sf tyf sfuh k6\ofP/ C0ffTds / wgfTds
;ª\Vofsf] ;dldtLo ;DaGw b]vfpg] ljifoj:t' ;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6
ljBfyL{df l;sfO l;ksf] lasf; x'g]5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• k"0ff{ª\ssf] cjwf/0ff lbg
• ;ªVof /]vfdf wgfTds k"0ff{ª\s, C0ffTds k"0ff{ª\s / pb\ud laGb' b]vfpg
• sfuh k6\ofP/ C0ffTds / wgfTds ;ª\Vofsf] ;dldtLo ;DaGw b]vfpg
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt 306f
k[i7 @
!= k"0ff{ª\ssf] kl/ro %)—%! !
@= cEof; #=! %!—%@ !

60
klxnf] lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw
• k"0ff{ª\ssf] cjwf/0ff lbg
• ;ªVof /]vfdf wgfTds k"0ff{ª\s, C0ffTds k"0ff{ª\s / pb\ud laGb' b]vfpg]
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;ªVof /]vf, k]lG;n, :s]n, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, 8fO;, sfpG6/x¿ cflb
lj|mofsnfk !
• ;j{k|yd k|fs|lts ;ª\Vofx¿ -Natural numbers_ / k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿ -Whole
numbers_ sf af/]df sIffdf k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} af6 s'g} b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿ lng
nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;ª\Vofsf hf]8, 36fp / u'0fgdWo] s'g s'g lj|mof ;Dej xf]nf <
5nkmn u/L lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
b'O{cf]6f k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmn / u'0fgkmn hlxn] klg k"0f{ ;ª\Vof g} x'G5 t/ cGt/ ;w}
k"0f{ ;ª\Vof gx'g ;S5 .

lj|mofsnfk g= @
k"0f{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} nfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf k|:t't ub}{ pSt ;ªVof
/]vfdf hf]8, 36fp / u'0fg dWo] s'g s'g lj|mof ;Dej xf]nf egL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
h:t}M 2+3= 5

km]l/ 2 x 3 = 6

2-3 =-1 nfO{ pSt ;ª\Vof /]vfdf b]vfpg ;lsb}g lsg xf]nf, 5nkmn u/L C0ffTds ;ª\Vofsf
af/]df atfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= #

61
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h %) sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lgDg k|Zgx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• lj|mofsnfk @ df s:tf] ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x agfOPsf] /x]5 <
• pSt ;d"xnfO{ s'g ljlwaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 <
• b'O{ ;ª\Vofx¿ @ / # lar s'g s'g lj|mofx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ <
• hf]8 lj|mof / 36fp lj|mof ubf{ cfPsf] ;ª\Vof s:tf] ;ª\Vof xf] <
• @ af6 # 36fpFbf cfpg] ;ª\Vof k"0f{ ;ª\Vof xf] ls xf]Og <
• o:tf ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ s] elgG5 <
• o:tf ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf 5g <
• ca k"0ff{ª\s;lxtsf] ;ª\Vof /]vf sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / To;df ePsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf]
;d"xnfO{ Set of Integers (Z) elgG5 egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ . To;}n], Z=  … -3,-2,
-1, 0, 1, 2,3,4....  x'G5 .
• z"Goaf6 bfofFlt/ hfFbf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] dfg a9\b} hfG5 eg] afofFlt/ hfFbf ;ª\Vofx¿sf]
dfg 36\b} hfG5 . ;ª\Vof /]vfdf 0 n]v]sf] :yfgnfO{ pb\ud laGb' (Point of origin)
elgG5 . pb\ud laGb'jf} 6 bfofFlt/sf ;ª\Vofx¿ wgfTds (positive) / afofFlt/sf
;ª\Vofx¿ C0ffTds (negative) x'G5g\ . wgfTds k"0ff{ª\sx¿ (Positive Integers)sf]
;d"xnfO{ Z+ = {+1, +2, +3, …} / Z– = {-1, -2, -3, -4, …} nfO{ C0ffTds
k"0ff{ª\sx¿ (Negative intergers) sf] ;d"x elgG5 egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ . ;ª\Vof /]vf
ldnfpg' kg]{

wgfTds ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x, z"Go / C0ffTds ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x ldn]/ ag]sf ;ª\Vofx¿sf]
;d"xnfO{ k"0ff{ª\sx¿sf] ;d"x elgG5 . z"Go (0), C0ffTds / wgfTds b'j} xf]Og .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= %! sf] cEof; 3.1 sf] k|Zg g=2, 3 / 4 ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\
.

lj|mofsnfk g= $ - v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ _

62
 • Pp6f 8fO; lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
• 3gsf ;txx¿df j|mdzM #, @, !, —!, —@, —# n]Vg'xf];\ .
• v]Ngsf] nflu x/]s v]nf8L;Fu Ps Pscf]6f uf]6L (Counter) x'g'kb{5 . z''?df b'j}
v]nf8Lsf uf]6Lx¿ (0) sf] cfdg] ;fdg] /fVg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ 8fO; xfGg nufpg'xf];\ .
• 8fO; xfGbf hlt ;ª\Vof k5{, ;f]xLcg';f/ uf]6LnfO{ :yfg kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t}M uf]6L # df 5, 8fO; xfGbf —@ cfof] eg] Tof] uf]6L ! df k'U5 . h'g v]nf8Lsf] uf]6L
;a}eGbf klxn] 5]psf] ;ª\Vof cyf{t\ !) df k'U5, pxL lah]tf aG5 .
d"Nofª\sg
tnsf tYox¿ l7s eP (√) / a]l7s eP (×) lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ z"Go wgfTds ;ª\Vof xf] .
-v_ z"GoeGbf 7'nf] ;ª\Vof pb\ud laGb'jf} 6 bfofFlt/ kb{5 .
-u_ s'g} ;ª\VofeGbf 1 PsfO ;fgf] ;ª\Vof ;f] ;ª\VofeGbf bfofFlt/ kb{5 .
-3_ C0ffTds k"0ff{ª\sx¿ pb\udlaGb'jf} 6 afofFlt/ kb{5g\ .
-ª_ -6 / -5 df -6 7'nf] k"0ff{ª\s xf] .
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= %@ df lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/L sIffdf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{

63
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• k"0ff{ª\ssf] t'ngf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;ªVof /]vf, k]lG;n, :s]n, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, 8fO;, sfpG6/x¿ cflb
lj|mofsnfk g== !
• cluNnf] lbgsf] sIffdf k|bfg ul/Psf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pko'St ?la|S;sf] k|of]u u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|:t't kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7f jf ljBfnosf] ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf Jojl:yt tl/sfn]
/fVg'xf];\ .
• b}lgs hLjgdf k"0ff{ª\ssf] k|of]usf] s]xL pbfx/0fx¿
-s_ tfkj|mdsf] dfkg ug{
s'g} lbg d':tfª lhNnfsf] cf};t tfkj|md -3° C dfkn ul/Psf] lyof] To; lbgsf] ef]lnkN6
cln /fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] sf/0f cf};t tfkj|md 2° C dfkg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] pSt b'O{ lbgdf
tfkj|mddf slt km/s k/]sf] lyof] <
-v_ cfly{s sf/f]Aff/df
cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;DklQ wg / c¿;Fu ;fk6L lnPsf] gub C0f x'G5 . C0f ltg'{ kbf{ cfkm";Fu
ePsf] ;DklQ 36\5 . ;dfhdf wg w]/} ePsf / C0f w]/} ePsf b'j} y/L dflg; x'G5g\ .
-u_ xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutfdf k|fKtfª\s k|bfg ug{
ljBfnodf ePsf] ;bgut xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutfdf k|ltof]uLx¿n] k|to]s ;xL
hjfkmdf 5 cª\s k|fKt ug]{5g\ eg] k|To]s unt hjfkmsf nflu 2 cª\s sfl6g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . olb ;f] /fpG8df s'g} ;bgn] 10 cf]6f k|Zgdf 6 cf]6fsf] ;xL hjfkm / 4 cf]6fsf]
unt hjfkm lbPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d"xn] hDdf slt k|fKtfª\s k|fKt u¥of] xf]nf <
-3_ j:t'ut k|Zg
nf]s;]jf cfof]u tyf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf k|To]s ;xL hjfkmsf nflu 2
cª\s k|bfg ul/G5 / k|To]s unt hjfkmsf nflu cfwf cyf{t 0.5 cª\s sfl6g] 5 egL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] /x]5 . olb s'g} k/LIffyL{n] 50 cf]6f k|Zgdf 46 cf]6fsf] ;xL hjfkm / 4 cf]6fsf] unt
hjfkm lbPsf] /x]5 eg]] hDdf slt k|fKtfª\s k|fKt u¥of] xf]nf <

-ª_ ;ª\uLtsf] If]qdf uLtsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] cfwf/df - bz{s tyf >f]tfx¿sf] ?rfOPsf cfwf/df _
6k uLtx¿df kg}{] / gkg]{ x'G5 .
-r_ ;]o/sf] d"No
sDklgsf] gfkmf gf]S;fgsf cfwf/df ;f] sDkgLsf] ;]o/sf] ahf/ d"No a9\g] / 36\g] eO/x]sf]
x'G5 .
-5_ d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/
cGt//fli6«o d'b|fsf] t'ngfdf s'g} klg b]zsf] d'b|fsf] d"No 36\g] / a9\g] eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
-h_ uNkm ( Golf ) v]ndf par x'G5 , v]nf8Ln] ls t par eGbf tn cyf{t\ -2 k|fKt ub{5 , h;nfO{
/fd|f] :sf]/ dflgG5, ls t par eGbf dflYf cyf{t\ +8 k|fKt ub{5 h;nfO{ g/fd|f] :sf]/
dflgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk g= @

64
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'x{ f];\ .
• ;ª\Vof /]vfsf dfWodaf6 k"0ff{ª\sx¿sf] t'ngf ug]{ lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf] ;ª\VofeGbf 7'nf ;ª\Vofx¿ ;f] ;ª\Vofaf6 bfofFtkm{ x'G5 / ;f]eGbf ;fgf
;ª\Vofx¿ jfofFtkm{ x'G5 egL pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 agfpg'xf];\ .
• 36fp lj|mofsf dfWodaf6 k"0ff{ª\ssf] t'nfgf ug{] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 3.1 sf k|Zg g== 4, 5 / 6 sf] Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf
c:ki6tfx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ldl>t Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= %! sf] cEof; 3.1 sf k|Zg g== 7 sf] k|Zg / o:t} cGo
k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO Ps Pscf]6f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ Ps csf]{ ;d"x;Fu ;f6f;f6 u/L k/LIf0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ l;sfOdf ljBfyL{sf] ;lj|motfsf]
d"Nofª\sg u/L cjZos pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

65
 kf7 M $
leGg
kl/ro
o; kf7df ;dt'No leGgx¿ kQf nufpg], c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] t'ngf ug{ ], c;dfg x/
ePsf leGgsf] hf]8 / 36fp ug]{], leGgsf] u'0fg / efu ug]{ ;fy} bzdnjsf] u'0fg / efu ug]{ ,
bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ glhssf] ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{] / k|ltzt;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{
ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf leGg / bzdnj;Fu ;DalGwt
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' g} o;sf] d"Vo p2]]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf ;fy} leGg / bzdnjsf ljleGg df]8]nx¿sf] k|of]u u/L l;sfpg]
lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df l;sfO l;k, k|of]u l;k /
lg0f{o tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ leGg
▪ ;dt'No leGgx¿ kQf nufpg
▪ c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] t'ngf ug{
▪ c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] hf]8 / 36fp ug{
▪ leGgsf] u'0fg / efu ug{
-v_ bzdnj
▪ bzdnjsf] u'0fg ug{
▪ bzdnjsf] efu ug{ - bzdnjnfO{ k"0ff{ª\sn] _
▪ bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ glhssf] ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{ - tLg :yfg;Dd _
-u_ k|ltzt
k|ltzt;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ - hDdf ;ª\Vof, k|ltzt / k|ltztsf] ;ª\VofdWo] s'g}
b'O{cf]6f lbOPdf _

lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt 3G6f
k[i7 !!
leGg
!= ;dt'No leGgx¿ kQf %#— %^ @
nufpg
@= c;dfg x/ ePsf %&— ^! @
leGgx¿sf] t'ngf ug{
#= c;dfg x/ ePsf ^@—^^ @
leGgsf] hf]8 / 36fp
$= leGgsf] u'0fg / efu ^^—&% $
%= Kl/of]hgf sfo{ !

66
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dt'No leGgx¿ klxrfg ug{
• ;dt'No leGgx¿ kQf nufpg
• ;dt'No leGgx¿nfO{ leGg rf6{df b]vfpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, :s]n, ;fOgk]g, 6]k, s}FrL, leGg rf6{ , kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb .

lj|mofsnfk !
• Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ s;/L tL ;d:ofnfO{ leGgsf ¿kdf n]Vg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df
k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
k|jL0fn] Pp6f :ofpnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efu agfP/ Ps efu vfP . ;lagfn] afFsL efu :ofp
vfOl5g\ . s;n] w]/} efu vfP5g\ <
• dflysf] ;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf JoSt ug{ cEof; u/fpg'xf]; .
1
k|jL0fn] vfPsf] :ofpsf] efu =
2
1
;lagfn] vfPsL :ofpsf] efu =
2
b'j} hgfn] Pp6f :ofpsf] cfwf cfwf efu vfPsfn] a/fa/ g} x'g] eof] t;y{ b'j} hgfn] a/fa/
:ofp vfP5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ b'O{cf]6f
a/fa/ cfsf/sf j[Qfsf/ sfuh
lbg'xf];\ .
• klxnf] sfuhnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efu
nfUg] u/L k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ /
Ps efudf /ª\ufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;}u/L bf];|f] sfuhnfO{ rf/
a/fa/ efu nfUg] u/L k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ / tLdWo] b'O{ efudf /ª\ufpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} sfuhnfO{ kf/bzL{ sfuhaf6 6«]; u/]/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

67
 • klxnf] sfuhsf] /ª\ufPsf] efunfO{ leGgdf s;/L n]lvG5 < bf];|f] sfuhsf] /ª\ufPsf]
efunfO{ leGgdf s;/L n]lvG5 < s] b'j} sfuhdf /ª\ufOPsf efux¿ a/fa/ 5g\ <
o:tf k|Zgx¿sf 5nkmnsf] lgisif{af6 ;dt'No leGgsf af/]df :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
Pp6f leGg;Fu a/fa/ ePsf c¿ leGgx¿nfO{ ;f] leGgsf] ;dt'No leGg elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kf7ok':tssf] k]h %$ sf] lj|mofsnfk @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f cfotfsf/ sfuh lnP/ pSt sfuhnfO{ a/fa/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg x'g] u/L
k6\ofP/ Ps efudf /ª\ufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca pSt sfuhnfO{ j|mdzM rf/ efu / cf7 efudf ljefhg x'g] u/L k6\ofpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• To;af6 5fof k/]sf efux¿nfO{ leGgdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . tL aGg] leGgx¿ s:tf
leGgx¿ x'g\ < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cGo ;d"xnfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8
= = = ;a}n] Pp6} leGg hgfpF5g\ . ctM , , / ;dt'No leGgx¿ x'g\ .
2 4 8 16 2 4 8 16
lj|mofsnfk $ M -;dt'No leGg rf6{_

leGg rf6{sf] dfWodaf6 ;dt'No leGgsf] wf/0ffnfO{ k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-leGg rf6{sf] lgdf{0f ljlw_
leGg rf6{ lgdf{0f ug{ 4 cm x 16 cm ;fOhsf] cfotsf/ sfuhnfO{ rf/ a/fa/ efudf
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
⧫ klxnf] cfotnfO{ 2 a/fa/ efudf, bf];|f] cfotnfO{ 4 a/fa/ efudf, t];|f]nfO{ 8 a/fa/
efudf / rf}yf]nfO{ 16 a/fa/ efudf afF8\g'xf];\ .
k|To]s cfotsf] bfofFlt/ j|md};Fu leGgx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ / lrqdf b]vfOPcg';f/ 5fof kfg'{xf];\
.

dflysf] leGg rf6{sf cfwf/df lgGglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ M

i. klxnf] cfotdf /ª\ufPsf] efunfO{ hgfpg] leGg slt x'G5 <
ii. bf];|f] cfotdf /ª\ufPsf] efun] slt hgfpF5 <

68
 iii. bf];|f] cfotsf] /ª\ufPsf] efu, klxnf] cfotsf] /ªufPsf] efu eGbf 7'nf], ;fgf] jf a/fa/
s] 5 <
iv. s] ;a} cfotx¿df /ª\ufPsf efux¿ a/fa/ 5g\ <
dflysf kfFrcf]6} cfotx¿df /ª\ufPsf efux¿ a/fa/ 5g\ . To;}n] ;a}n] Pp6} leGg
hgfpF5g\ . To;}n], n]Vg ;lsG5 .
ctM ;dt'No leGgx¿ x'g\ .

d"Nofª\sg

lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

2
-s_ tnsf s'g s'g leGgx? ;Fu ;dt'No 5g\ .
3
2 4 4 12
-c_ -cf_ -O_ -O{_
3 6 3 18

69
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dt'No leGgx¿ kQf nufpg
• lbOPsf b'O{ leGgx¿ ;dt'No x'g] jf xf]Ogg\ k/LIf0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, ;fOgk]g cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kf7ok':tssf] k]h %$ / %% sf pbfx/0fx¿
hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/fO k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
-s_ pbfx/0f ! / @ sf] d"Vo leGg s'g s'g x'g\ <
-v_ d'Vo leGgnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] slt n] u'0fg ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ leGgsf] x/ / c+z b'j}nfO{ u'0fg ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ k|To]s k6s x/ / c+znfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vofn] lsg u'0fg ul/Psf] xf]nf <
-ª_ cGtdf sltn] u'0fg ul/Psf] 5 <
-r_ c¿ ;ª\Vofn] klg u'0fg ug{ ;lsPnf <
-5_ cfPsf] glthfnfO{ d"Vo leGg;Fu s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 <
-h_ s'g} klg leGgsf] ;dt'No leGgx¿ s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 <
s'g} klg leGgnfO{ x/ / c+z b'j}df Pp6} ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg u/]/ klg ;dt'No leGg agfpg ;lsG5
.
lj|mofsnfk @
ca ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; 4.1 df ePsf k|Zgx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
1
-s_ leGg sf b'O{cf]6f ;dt'No leGgx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ M
5
1
-v_ leGgsf] x/df 16 cfpg] Pp6f ;dt'No leGg n]Vg'xf];\
4

70
 t];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dfg x/ leGgx¿sf] t'ngf ug{
• c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgnfO{ ;dfg x/ ePsf] leGgdf abNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ;ª\Vof /]vf, :yfgdfg tflnsfsf] lrq cflb
lj|mofsnfk g=!
s'g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;dfg x/ leGgnfO{ s;/L t'ngf ug{
;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
/dfn] Pp6f /f]6LnfO{ a/fa/ rf/ efu nufP/ tLg efu vfOg\ eg] pgn] vfPsf] /f]6LnfO{ leGgdf
s;/L n]lvG5 < vfg afFsL /x]sf] /f]6LnfO{ leGgdf s;/L n]lvG5 < oL b'O{dWo] s'g leGg 7'nf]
5<
dflysf] k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO{ ;s]kl5 pSt ;d:ofnfO{ leGgdf n]Vg cEof; u/fpg'xf]; .
3
/dfn] 4 efu dWo] 3 efu /f]6L vfPsL 5g\ . To;}n] /dfn] vfPsf] /f]6LnfO{ leGgdf n]Vbf
4
3 1 1 1
x'G5 . df 3 cf]6f 5g\ . To:t} vfg afFsL /f]6LnfO{ leGgdf n]Vbf x'G5 . df 1
4 4 4 4
1 3 1
cf]6f 5g\ . 3 > 1 x'G5, To;}n] > x'G5 .
4 4 4

olb x/ ;dfg ePsf leGgx¿ 5g\ eg] c+zsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ t'ngf ug'{kb{5 . h'g leGgsf] c+z a9L
5, Tof] leGg 7'nf] x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk g=@
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kf7ok':tssf] k]h %* sf] lj|mofsnfk @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / 5nkmnaf6 c;dfg x/nfO{ ;dfg x/ leGgdf s;/L abNg
;lsG5 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
• b'O{cf]6f a/fa/ cfotfsf/ sfuhx¿ lng nufpg'xf];\ .
3 5
• Pp6fdf 5 / csf]{df 10 x'g]u/L leGg agfP/ 5fof kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lrq I

lrq II
3 5
klxnf] lrqsf] leGg 5 / bf];|f] lrqsf] leGg 10 5 . pSt lrqsf] cfwf/df lgDg k|Zgx¿df
5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• s] dflysf b'O{ leGgx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ <

71
 • klxnf] leGgsf] x/ / bf];|f] leGgsf] x/ a/fa/ agfpg s] ug'{knf{ <
3 5
• oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/sf cfwf/df leGgx¿ 5 / 10
sf x/ a/fa/ 5}gg\ . klxnf] leGgsf] x/nfO{ bf];|f] leGgsf] x/;Fu a/fa/ agfpgsf nflu
klxnf] lrqnfO{ 10 efudf ljefhg ug'{kb{5 elg :ki6 kfg'{xf]; .

lrq III
3 6
klxnf] lrqnfO{ 10 efudf ljefhg ubf{ 5 nfO{ 10 n]Vg ;lsG5 . h'g lrq III df
6 5 6
b]vfOPsf] 5 . ca, 10 / 10 df b'j}sf] x/ ;dfg ePsfn] 10 7'nf] 5 .

c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ t'ngf ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd ;dfg x/ leGgdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug'{kb{5 .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kf7ok':tssf] k]h %( sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} klg c;dfg x/sf] leGgnfO{ s;/L ;dfg x/ agfpg ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df hf]8Ldf
5nkmn u/L lbOPsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M [klxnf] leGgsf] x/ 6 nfO{
3 5
/ nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg'xf];\ . bf];|f] leGgsf] x/ 18 ;Fu
6 18
o:tf k|ZgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{ k"j{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df a/fa/ agfpsf nflu klxnf]
5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; . leGgsf] c+z / x/
• s] dflysf k|Zgdf b'O{ leGgx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < b'j}nfO{ 3 n] u'0fg ug{
• s] b' j } leGgdf x/x¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < nufpg'xf];\
• a/fa/ x/ gePsf leGgnfO{ a/fa/ x/ agfpg s] ug'{knf{ <
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ b'O{ leGgsf x/nfO{ a/fa/ x/ agfpg pTk]|l/t ug'{xf];\.
3 5
oxfF, / df x/nfO{ a/fa/ agfpFbf,
6 18
3 3 ×3 9
= =
6 6 ×3 18
9 5
∴ / ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿ x'g\ .
18 18

lbOPsf leGgx¿sf x/df Ps csf{sf u'0fgv08 ePsf cj:yfdf dfq of] k|lj|moff ckgfpg
;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h %( sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

72
 • o;sf cfwf/df Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]
JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
2 3
/ nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg'xf];\ .
5 7
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• s] dflysf leGgsf x/x¿ ;dfg 5g\ <
• % nfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ & cfpF5 <
• clg & nfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ % cfpF5 <
• olb % / & nfO{ s'g} klg ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ Ps csf]{ ;ª\Vof cfpFb}g eg] ca ;dfg
x/ agfpg s] ug'{knf{ <
oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 tnsf] lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .

oxfF 5 nfO{ s'g} klg ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg u/]/ 7 agfpg ;lsFb}g . To;}n] b'j} leGgsf x/df ePsf
;ª\Vofx¿sf ;femf ckjTo{ lgsfNg'kb{5 .
To;}n],
• % sf ckjTo{x¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• & sf ckjTo{x¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• % / & b'j}sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} leGgsf] ;dfg x/ slt x'G5 / pSt ;dfg x/ s;/L lgsflnG5 n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M
5 sf ckjTo{x¿ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,35,.............
7 sf ckjTo{x¿ 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,42 .............
5 / 7 b'j}sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ 35 xf] .
2 3
To;}n] sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 7 n] / sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 5 n] u'0fg ug'{kb{5 .
5 7

2 2 7 14
= × =
35
5 5 7

3 3 5 15
= × =
7 7 5 35

14 15
∴ / ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿ x'g\ .
35 35

d"Nofª\sg
2 3
-s_ / nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg'xf];\ M
9 18

73
 2 3
-v_ / nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg'xf];\ M
3 7

rf}yf]] lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw
• c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] t'ngf ug{
• c;dfg x/ ePsf lEfGgx¿sf] t'ngf;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;Df:of ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{ k]k/, kf7\ok':ts cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ c;dfg x/ leGgnfO{ s;/L t'ngf
ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
2 7
Pp6f vDafsf] efudf sfnf] /ª\u / pxL nDafOsf] csf]{ vDafsf] efudf ;]tf] /ª
3 8
nufOPsf] 5 eg] s'g /ª nufOPsf] efu a9L 5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

• dfly lbOPsf leGgx¿ s:tf x/ ePsf leGgx¿ x'g\ <
• c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgnfO{ ;dfg x/ agfpg s] ug'{knf{ <
• # nfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ * cfpF5 <
• * nfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ # cfpF5 <
• # sf ckjTox¿ s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
• * sf ckjTo{x¿ s] s] x'g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
• # / * sf ;femf ;kjTo{x¿ s'g xf], n]Vg'xf];\ .
dflysf] k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO ;s]kl5 lbPsf] leGgnfO{ ;dfg x/ ePsf] leGgdf n]Vg
cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos k/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

oxfF,
2 7
/ nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg,
3 8
3 sf ckjTo{x¿ 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,21,24, 27.............
8 sf ckjTo{x¿ 8, 16, 24, 32, 40,48 .............
3 / 8 b'j}sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ 24 xf] .

74
 2 7
To;}n,] sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 8 n] / sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 3 n] u'0fg u/L b'j} leGgsf
3 8
x/x¿ ;dfg cyf{t\ 24 agfpg'kb{5 .
2 2 8 16
= × =
3 3 8 24

7 7 3 21
= × =
8 8 3 24

16 21 21
∴ / ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿ x'g\ . hxfF, 21 > 16 5 To;}n], 7'nf] 5 .
24 24 24

ctM vDafsf] ;]tf] /ª\u nufPsf] efu a9L 5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^) sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^! sf] cEof; 4.2 sf] k|Zg g= 5, 6, 7 / 8 af6 s'g} Pp6f k|Zg
lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ;d"xx¿df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 4.2 sf Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xdf k'gf/fj[lQ ug'{xf];\ / s]xL ;'wf/ jf yk36 ug{'kg{]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf jf lrTt ga'em]df jf zª\sf nfu]df pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf
k|Zg nufpg] eGg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
sf]i7sdf pko'St lrx\g - jf = jf _ /fVg'xf];\ .

-s_ • -v_ • -u_ • -3_ • -ª_ •

2 3 2 14 3 3 7 9 2 7
3 4 3 21 5 7 4 4 9 13

75
76
 kfrf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] hf]8 ug{ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, 6]k, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, leGgsf rf6x¿, ;fOgk]g, kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ s;/L hf]8\g / 36fpg ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k'g/jnf]sg
u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= @
1 2
• lrqsf] dfWodaf6 / nfO{ s;/L hf]l8G5 < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
2 5
1 2
lrqdf b]vfP h:t} kf/blz{ sfuhdf 2 / 5 leGgx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
pSt b'O{ leGgsf df]8]nx¿ cfk;df vK6\ofpg
nufpg'xf];\ . hDDff slt efudf afl8Psf] 5 ,
u0fgf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
5fof kfl/Psf] efux¿ u0fgf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
bf]xf]/f] 5fof k/]sf] efunfO{ b'O{k6s u0fgf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
hDDff = 10 cf]6f
5fof kfl/Psf] efux¿ = Psf]xf]/f] 5fof + bf]xf]/f]
5fof = 5 + (2 + 2) = 9
9
5fof kfl/Psf] efusf] leGg = 10
1 2 9
2 + 5 = 10
bf];|f] tl/sf

c;dfg x/ leGgnfO{ ;dfg x/df ¿kfGt/0f u/]kl5 dfq hf]8\g jf 36fpg ;lsG5 . To;}n],

x/ ;dfg agfpg b'j} lrqx¿nfO{ bz a/fa/ efudf af8\g' kb{5 .

77
 1 2 9
ca, ++ = eof] .
2 5 10
t];|f] tl/sf
1 2
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g ^@ sf] lj|mofsnfk g= ! cg';f/ / nfO{ leGg l:6«ksf] k|of]uaf6 hf]8]/
2 5
b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= # M
ca, s'g} Pp6f ldl>t ;ª\Vof ;DalGw ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ s;/L hf]8 ug{
;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df leGgsf] l:6«kaf6 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
hf]8 ug'{xf];\ M (I) 3 15 + 2 35
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• lbOPsf] klxnf] lrqdf 5fof kfl/Psf] l;ª\uf] efu sltcf]6f 5g\ <
• bf];|f] lrqdf 5fof kfl/Psf] l;ª\uf] efu sltcf]6f 5g\ <
• b'j} lrqdf 5fof kfl/Psf] hDdf sltcf]6f l;ª\uf] efux¿ eP <
• b'j} lrqdf 5fof kfl/Psf] slt cf]6f 6'j|mf efux¿ 5g\ <
• tL 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Ps} :yfgdf slt x'G5 xf]nf <
dflysf oL k|Zgx¿ u/fO;s]kl5 ldl>t leGgsf] hf]8 lj|mof ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
cfjZos k/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} MoxfF, (3 + 2) + (15 + 35)
4
=5+5
4
= 55

dflysf l;ª\uf efux¿nfO{{ Ps} :yfgdf /fVbf 5 eof] . 6'j|mf efunfO{{ Ps} :yfgdf /fVbf, 4 eof] .
4
To;}n] 5 5 eof] .

78
o:t} yk ;d:of k|:t't ub}{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
3 4
(2 + 1 )
5 5
;dfwfg
oxfF, (2 + 1) + (35 + 45)
7
=3+5
2
= 3 + 15
2
= 45

dflysf l;ª\uf efux¿nfO{{ Ps} :yfgdf /fVbf 3 eof] . 6'j|mf efunfO{{ Ps} :yfgdf /fVbf, 7 eof] .
2
7 cf]6f af6 klg 5 cf]6fsf] Pp6f k"/f efu ag]/ 2 efu afFsL /x\of] . To;}n] 4 eof] .
5

ldl>t ;ª\Vofsf] hf]8 ubf{ l;ª\uf] ;ª\VofnfO{{ l;ª\uf];Fu / leGgnfO{{ leGg;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ .

d"Nofª\sg
• hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .
3 4
(3 + 1 )
7 7

79
 5}6f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL Jojxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{ k]k/, kf7\ok':ts cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^# sf] pbfx/0f ! / k]h ^$ sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• leGgsf] hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL s'g} Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
5 3
h:t}M hf]8 ug'{xf];\ M +
7 4

dflysf] pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿M

-s_ s] lbPsf b'j} leGg ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿ x'g\ <
-v_ c;dfg x/nfO{ ;dfg x/ agfpg s] ug'{knf{ <
-u_ & nfO{ s'g ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ $ cfpnf <
-3_ $ nfO{ s'g k'0f{ ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ & cfpnf <
-ª_ & sf ckjTo{x¿ s] s] x'g\ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ $ sf ckjTo{x¿ s] s] x'g < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ & / $ b'j}sf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ slt xf] <
ca, & / $ nfO{ sltn] u'0fg ubf{ ;femf ckjTo{ cfpnf <
• dflysf oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO{ ;s]kl5 lbPsf] leGgnfO{ ;dfg x/ ePsf]
leGgdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] hf]8 lj|mof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]df k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
h:t} M
5 3
/ nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg,
7 4
7 sf ckjTo{x¿ 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42,.............
4 sf ckjTo{x¿ 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,24,28,32 .............
7 / 4 b'j}sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ 28 xf] .

gf]6 M x/x¿sf] n=;= kQf nufpg csf]{ tl/sf klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
5 3
To;}n], sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 4 n] / sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 7 n] u'0fg ug'{kb{5 .
7 4

5 5 4 20
= × =
28
7 7 4

80
 3 3 7 21
= × =
4 4 7 28
ca,
5 3
+
7 4
20 21
= +
28 28
41
=
28

ca s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ c;dfg x/ leGgsf] hf]8 /
36fpm s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
𝟏𝟏 𝟑
36fp ug'{xf];\ M −
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
• c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] hf]8 lj|mof ubf{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ egL k'g/jnf]sg
u/fpg'xf]; . To;}sf cfwf/df c;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf 36fpm lj|mof ug{ cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
11 3
/ nfO{ ;dfg x/df abNg,
15 10
15 sf ckjTo{x¿ 15, 30, 45,............
10 sf ckjTo{x¿ 10, 20, 30, 40, .............
15 / 10 b'j}sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;femf ckjTo{ 30 xf] .
11 3
To;}n], sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 2 n] / sf] c+z / x/ b'j}nfO{ 3 n] u'0fg ug'{kb{5 .
15 10

11 11 2 22
= × =
15 15 2 30

3 3 3 9
= × =
10 10 3 30
ca,
𝟏𝟏 𝟑
−
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
22 9
= −
30 30
22−9
=
28
13
=
28
csf]{ tl/sf,
c;dfg x/ ePsfn] ;dfg x/ agfpg' kb{5 .
15 = 3× 5 ×2

81
 10 = 2× 5 ×3
𝟏𝟏 𝟑
−
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟏×𝟐 𝟑×𝟑
= −
𝟏𝟓×𝟐 𝟏𝟎×𝟑
22 9
= −
30 30
22−9
=
28
13
=
28
lj|mofsnfk g= @
• s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ c;dfg x/ leGgsf] hf]8 /
36fp s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
3 1
k|;'gn] Pp6f lkHhfnfO{ 8 efudf afF8]5g\ . o;dWo] efu k|;'gn] / efu k|fGhnn] vfP5g\ .
8 4
b'j} ldn]/ hDdf slt efu lkHhf vfP5g\ < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg,
3
k|;'gn] vfPsf] lkHhf efu
8
1
k|fGhnn]] vfPsf] lkHhf efu
4
𝟑 𝟏
+
𝟖 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏×𝟐
= +
𝟖 𝟒×𝟐
3 2
= +
8 8
3+2
=
8
5
=
8
5
b'j} ldn]/ hDdf efu lkHhf vfP5g\ .
8
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ;d"xx¿df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 4.3 sf Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

82
 • ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xdf k'g/fj[lQ ug'{xf];\ / s]xL ;'wf/ jf yk36 ug{'kg{]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf jf lrQ ga'em]df jf zª\sf nfu]df pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf
k|Zg nufpg] eGg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:of lbO ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
1 1
ddtfn] Pp6f lkHhfnfO{ a/fa/ 8 efudf afFl8l5g\ . o;dWo] efu ddtfsf] alxgLn] / efu
8 4
ddtfn] vfOl5g\ . b'j} ldn]/ hDdf slt efu lkHhf vfP5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

83
 ;ftf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• leGgn] k"0f{ ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fg ug{
• lbOPsf] ;ª\Vofsf] s]lx efu -lbOPsf] leGg_ a/fa/sf] dfg lgsfNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{ k]k/, leGgx¿sf u'0fg;DaGwL rf6{x¿ cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ leGgn] k"0f{ ;ª\VofnfO{{ s;/L
u'0fg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
3
h:t}M 1 afs; 6fonn] 3/sf] 5tdf efudf la5\ofpg k'U5 eg] 3 afs; 6fonn] 3/sf]
10
5tdf slt efudf 6fon lj5\ofpg k'U5 <

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

• ! afs; 6fonn] 3/sf] 5tsf] slt efudf la5\ofpg k'U5 <
• hDdf slt jfs; 6fon /x]5 <
• s'g ul0ftLo lj|mof4f/f # afs; 6fonn] 3/sf] slt efudf 6fon la5\ofpg k'U5 egL
kQf nufpg ;lsPnf <
oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 tnsf] h:t} sfo{ ug{ cEof; u/fpg'xf]; M
3
×3
10
1
oxfF, 3 cf]6f
10
1
= 3 × 3 cf]6f
10
1
= 9 cf]6f
10
9
=
10

csf]{ tl/sf
3 3
× 3 eg]sf] tLg k6s hf]l8Psf] eg]sf] xf] . To;}n],
10 10
3 3 3 3 3+3+3 9
×3 = + + = =
10 10 10 10 10 10

84
 3 9
dfly ul/Psf] lx;fjdf ×3 = x'G5 eGg] yfxf eof] .
10 10
3 3
ca, s] u¥of] eg] ×3 =
9
x'G5 egL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] sf] c+zn]
10 10 10
k"0f{;ª\Vof 3 nfO{ u'0fg ug'{k5{ eGg ;Sb5g\ . cfjZos k/]df leGgnfO{ k"0f{;ª\Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ k"0f{;ª\Vofn]
c+zdf dfq u'0fg ug'{ kb{5 egL :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] s'g} leGgnfO{ u'0fg ubf{ leGgsf] c+zdf ePsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] u'0fg
ug'{kb{5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^^ sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ca s'g}
Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf
;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^^ sf] pbfx/0f ! /fVg]

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^& sf] pbfx/0f @, # / $ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• leGgn] k"0f{ ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fg ug{] ;DalGw s'g} Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\, h:t} M
1
Pp6f 10kg rfdn ePsf] af]/faf6 efu rfdn lgsflnof] eg] slt rfdn lgsflnP5 <
2
af]/fdf slt s]=hL= rfnd afFsL /x]5 <
;dfwfgM -lrqaf6_

1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg
1 1
lrqdf 10kg rfdn 5 . af]/faf6 lgsflnPsf] rfdn 10kg sf] efu xf] . eg]sf]
2 2
2efusf] 1 efu xf], To;}n] k'/} rfdnnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8\bf,

1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg

1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg 1kg

k|To]s efudf 5- 5 kg rfdn 5g\ . af]/fdf 5 s]=hL= rfnd afFsL /x]5 .

85
;dfwfg,
oxfF,
af]/fdf ePsf] rfdn = 10 kg
1
af]/faf6 lemlsPsf] rfdn = 2
efu
af]/fdf afFsL rfdn = <
1
ca af]/faf6 lemlsPsf] rfdn = 10 sf] efu
2
1
= 10 ×
2
10×1
= =5
2
ctM af]/fdf 5 s]=hL= rfnd afFsL /x]5 .

d"Nofª\sg
1
u'0fgkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M 5 ×
4
1
dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M 2 𝑘𝑔 sf] efu
4

lj|mofsnfk $
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] xn
1
h:t}M lbkfsf] dfl;s cfDbfgL ?=45000 5 . pgn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf]] efu vfgfdf
3
3
vr{ ul5{g\ / cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf efu lzIffdf vr{ ul5{g\ eg] pgn] s'g zLif{sdf
5
a9L vr{ ug]{ /lx5g\ <
;dfwfg,
bLkfsf] dfl;s cfDbfgL ?=45000
1
vfgfdf vr{ cfDbfgLsf]] efu
3
3
lzIffdf vr{ cfDbfgLsf]] efu
5

86
 1
vfgfdf vr{ = 45000 sf] efu
2
1
= 45000 ×
3
= 15000
3
lzIffdf vr{ = 45000 sf] efu
5
3
= 45000 ×
5
= 27000

87
 cf7f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• leGgn] leGgnfO{ u'0fg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
:s]n, s}FrL, sf8{af]8{ k]k/, leGgx¿sf u'0fg;DaGwL rf6{x¿ cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
lrqx¿df bf]xf]/f] 5fof kf/]sf] efunfO{ leGgsf] u'0fgkmnsf] ¿kdf s;/L n]lvG5 < 5nkmn
3 2
u/fpg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ / sf] u'0fgkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf]; .
4 3

3 2 3 2
dflysf lrq cjnf]sg / 5nkmn u/fO{  eg]sf] efusf] efu eGg] wf/0ff k|:6|
4 3 4 3
kfg'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
1 1
lrqåf/f / sf] u'0fgkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
2 3

r/0f I: Pp6f cfotsf/ sfuh lng'xf]; .

1
r/0f II: ;f] cfotdf t];f] w;f]{ tfg]/ agfpg'xf]; .
2

88
 1
r/0f III: k'g pxL cfotdf 7f8f] w;f]{ tfg]/ agfpg'xf]; .
3

1 1
r/0f IV: b'j} /ª\un] 5fof k/]sf] efu slt 5 < ;f]xL efun] g} / sf] u'0fgkmn hgfpF5 . 6
2 3
1 1 1
cf]6f efudWo] Ps efudf dfq b'j} /ªn] 5fof k/]sfn] / sf] u'0fgkmn x'G5 .
2 3 6
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^( sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ca s'g}
Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ leGgn] leGgnfO{ s;/L u'0fg
ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ . k]h ^( sf] pbfx/0f ! sf] k|Zg / lrq /fVg]
h:t}M
;Ltfn] vfhfdf /f]6L vfFb}lyOg . ToxL ;do cfidf 6'Kn'Ss ToxfF cfOk'lug\ clg ;Ltfn]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] cfwf /f]6Laf6 km]l/ cfwf u/L Ps 6'j|mf cfidfnfO{ lbOg\ eg] pgn] k'/} /f]6Lsf]
slt efu lbOg\ < leGgdf s;/L n]]lvG5 <

cfidfnfO{ 14 efu /f]6L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ 4 efusf] 1 efu /f]6L lbOPsf] s'/f dflysf] t];|f]
1
lrqdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;}n], sf] 12 = 12 × 12 = 21 ×× 21 = 14 x'G5 .
2

leGgnfO{ leGgn] u'0fg ubf{ c+z c+zsf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ c+zdf / x/ x/sf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ x/df /fvL
gofF leGg agfOG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $

89
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &) sf] pbfx/0f @ / # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . leGgn]
leGg nfO{ u'0fg ug{] ;DalGw s'g} Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
1 1
u'0fgkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M ×
2 4
1 4
u'0fgkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M ×
5 5
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

90
 gjf}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• k"0f{ ;ªVofnfO{ leGgn] efu ug]{
• leGgnfO{ k"0f{ ;ªVofn] efu ug]{
Z}fIfl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, :s]n, ;fOgk]g, 6]k, s}FrL, leGg rf6{ , kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• k"0f{ ;ªVofnfO{ leGgn] efu ubf{ ¸ nfO{ × df abn]/ efhs leGgnfO{ pN6fpg' kb{5 eGg]
af/]df pbfx/0f ;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
1
3 ÷ nflu ;j{k|yd 3 cf]6f l;ª\uf] j:t'x¿ lng'kb{5 . h:t} tn b]vfOPsf] k|To]s l;ª\uf]
2
1
/f]6Lx¿nfO{ efudf afF8\g'kb{5
2

1
Dflysf lrqx¿af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls 3 cf]6f l;ª\uf] j:t'df 6 cf]6f x'G5g\ .
2
To;}n] o;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf o;/L ug{ ;lsG5 M
1
3÷
2
2 2 3×2 6
=3× =3× = = =6
1 1 1 1
k"0f{ ;ª\VofnfO{ Pp6f leGgn] efu ubf{ ¸ nfO{ × df abn]/ efhs leGgnfO{
pN6fpg' kb{5 cyf{t\ efhsnfO{ Jo'Tj|md ug'{k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &! sf] pbfx/0f !
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ca, s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ leGgnfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] s;/L
efu ug{
;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ . k]h &! sf]
pbfx/0f ! sf] k|Zg / lrq /fVg]
h:t} M
3
;Gtf]ifn] t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ hUuf vGg 5 hgf dflg; af]nfP5g\ . pgLx¿n] 1 lbgdf efu
4
dfq vGg ;s]5g\ eg] Ps hgf dflg;n] pSt hUufsf] slt efu vg]sf] /x]5 <
;dfwfg M
ul0ftLo jfSodf n]Vbf,

91
3
÷ 5 lrq ldnfpg' kg]{
4
3 1
= ×
4 5
3
=
20

lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &# sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ca s'g}
Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lbP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cGonfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug'{xf]nf .
k]h &# sf] pbfx/0f ! sf] k|Zg / lrq /fVg]

d"Nofª\sg
lrq;lxt ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\ M
1
efukmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M ÷5
3
1
efukmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M 4 ÷
2

92
 b;f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ldl>t ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u'0fg ug{
• cEof; 4.5 sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
Z}fIfl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, :s]n, ;fOgk]g, 6]k, s}FrL, leGg rf6{ , kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb
lj|mofsnfk g=!
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &# sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lbP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGonfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=@
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ;d"xx¿df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 4.5 sf Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xdf k'gf/fj[lQ ug'{xf];\ / s]xL ;'wf/ jf yk36 ug{'kg{]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf jf lrQ ga'em]df jf zª\sf nfu]df pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf
k|Zg nufpg] eGg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .
lj|mofsnfk g= #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &$ sf] pbfx/0f $ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

93
 kf7 5
bzdnj (Decimal)
o; kf7df bzdnjsf] u'0fg / efu ug]{ / bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ glhssf] ;ª\Vofdf z"GofGt ug{]
ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf bzdnj;Fu ;DalGwt
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' g} o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . o;df Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofsf dfWodaf6 bzdnjsf ljleGg df]8]nx¿sf k|of]u u/L l;sfpg] lj|mofsnfkdf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg] lj|mofsnfkx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df l;sfO
l;k, k|of]u l;k / lg0f{o tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 306f

!= bzdnjsf] u'0fg / efu &^—*# @
@= bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ *#—*% !
glhssf] ;ª\Vofdf
z"GofGt
#= kl/of]hgf sfo{ !

94
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• bzdnj ;ª\Vof / k"0f{;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg ug{
• bzdnj ;ª\Vofx¿lar u'0fg ug{
Z}fIfl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, :s]n, ;fOgk]g, 6]k, s}FrL, leGg rf6{, kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &^ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df lbOP h:t} u/L tLgcf]6f kf/bzL{
sfuh lng nufpg'xf];\ .
• tLgcf]6} 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ vK6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• vK6\ofpFbf 5fof k/]sf] efunfO{ bzdnjdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8sf] bf]xf]l/Psf] ¿kdf u'0fgnfO{ k|:t't ub}{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ s;/L
u'0fg ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df 5nkmnaf6 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &^ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! sf] lrq /fVg] . Commented [MOU1]: अब यसलाई हटाइदिए हुन्छ ।
0.25 × 3 = 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.75 x'G5 .
0.25 × 3 = 0.75 x'G5 .
1
cyf{t\, u'0fgsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ubf{, 0.25
3
lj|mofsnfk g=@ 0.75
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &* sf] pbfx/0f # / $ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Pp6f k|Zg lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;sf nflu yk ;d:ofx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\, h:t} M
/]Zdfn] 2kg ux'Fsf] lk7f] ?= 38.50 k|lt s]= hL= sf b/n] lslg5g\ eg] pgn] hDdf slt ?lkofF
a'emfO5g\ <
dflysf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{k"j{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• /]Zdfn] slt s]hL uFx'sf] lk7f] lslgg\ <
• ! s]hL lk7f] sf] d"No slt /x]5 <
• lk7f]sf] d"No kQfnufpg s'g lj|mof ug'{ knf{ <
• bzdnj ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg lj|mof ug]{ k|lj|moff s] xf]nf <
oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 bzdnj ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg ug{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg'xf];\ .

95
 cfjZos k/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF, 2 n] 38.50 nfO{ u'0ff ubf{,
2 × 38.5 = 46.25 38.5
×2
77.0
/]Zdfn] 2 kg ux'Fsf] lk7f]sf]] hDdf ?= 76.0 ?lkofF a'emfO5g\ .
k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ u'0fg ubf{ ;'?df bzdnj laGb' gePsf] 7fgL u'0fg ug'{k5{ .
lbOPsf] bzdnj ;ª\Vofdf bzdnj laGb' k5fl8 hlt cª\s 5 ;f]xLcg';f/ cfPsf] u'0fgkmndf
bfofb]lv TolQ g} cªs\ 5f]8]/ bzdnj laGb' /fVg'kb{5 .
lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= &* sf] lj|mofsnfkdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=$
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} bzdnj ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ 10 jf 10 sf] 3ftn] u'0fg ug{'kg{] k|Zgx¿ lbP/ pSt
k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / tL ;dfwfgsf dfWodaf6 tnsf lgodx¿ ckgfpg
;lsG5 egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
10 × 0.6284 = 6.284 -10 n] u'0fg ubf{ bzdnj 1 PsfO bfofF ;fg]{ _
100 × 0.6284 = 62.84 (100 n] u'0fg ubf{ bzdnj 2 PsfO bfofF ;fg]{ _
1000 × 0.6284 = 628.4 (1000 n] u'0fg ubf{ bzdnj 3 PsfO bfofF ;fg]{ _
10,000 × 0.6284 = 6284 (10,000 n] u'0fg ubf{ bzdnj 4 PsfO bfofF ;fg]{ _
1,00,000 × 0.6284 = 62,840 (1,00,000 n] u'0fg ubf{ bzdnj 5 PsfO bfofF ;fg]{ _

h:t}M Pp6f ?n/sf] d"No ?= 25. 50 kb{5 eg] 10 cf]6f ?n/sf] hDdf d"No slt knf{ < kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg, 10 × 25. 50 = 255
d"Nofª\sg
u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 2×2.51 -v_ 5×1.25 -u_ 100×0.657
• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ .

96
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] efu ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M wfuf], s}FrL, rf6{k]k/, :s]n, k]lG;n, ;fOgk]g cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *) sf] lj|mofsnfk ! / k]h *@ sf] pbfx/0f !, @ / #
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• s'g} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ bzdnj ;ª\Vofsf] efu
s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M
Pp6f cfotfsf/ v]tsf] If]qkmn 248.64 m2 / o;sf] nDafO 16 m eP rf}8fO kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• cfotsf/ v]tsf] hDdf If]qkmn slt /x]5 <
• cfotsf/ v]tsf] nDafO slt /x]5 <
• cfotsf/ v]tsf] nDafO / If]qkmnsf] PsfO{ Ps} 5 <
• cfotsf/ v]tsf] rf}8fO kQf nufpg s'g ul0ftLo lj|mof ug'{ knf{ <
• bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ k"0f{ ;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
dflysf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO bzdnj ;ª\Vofsf] efu lj|mof ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;dfwfg cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
ljBfyL{n] k|:t't u/]sf] ;dfwfg ldn] gldn]sf] c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
s]xL ;d:of cfPdf k[i6 kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\.
cfjZos k/]df cfk}mFn] u/]/ b]vfOlbg'xf];\ .
248.64  16
16) 248.64 (15.54
oxfF, 248.64  16 -16
88
-80
86
- 80
64
- 64
0

248.64  16 = 15.54

97
 To;sf/0f rf}8fO 15.54 m 5 .
bzdnjsf] jf:tf gu/L] ;fdfGo efu k|of]u u/]/ ;dfwfg ug{'k5{ egL :ki6 kfg]{ .
efu ug]{ lgodx¿
klxn] bzdnjsf] jf:tf gul/sg efu ug'{kb{5 .
ha bzf+zsf] :yfgdf k'luG5, efukmndf bzdnj /fVg'kb{5 .

lj|mofsnfk #
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} bzdnj ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ 10 jf 10 sf] 3ftn] efu ug{'kg{] k|Zgx¿ lbP/ pSt
k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / tL ;dfwfgsf] dfWodaf6 tnsf lgodx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5
egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
232.59÷10 = 23.259 (10 n] efu ubf{ bzdnj 1 PsfO afofF ;fg]{_
232.59÷ 100 = 2.3259 (100 n] efu ubf{ bzdnj 2 PsfO afofF ;fg]{_
232.59÷1000 = .23259 (1000 n] efu ubf{ bzdnj 3 PsfO afofF ;fg]{_
232.59÷10000 = 0.023259 (10,000 n] efu ubf{ bzdnj 4 PsfO afofF ;fg]{_
d"Nofª\sg
efu ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 183.31 ÷ 10 -v_ 966.45 ÷ 15

98
 t];|f] lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw
• bzdnj ;ª\VofnfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] :yfgdf z"GofGt ug]{
Z}fIfl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8af]8{, :s]n, ;fOgk]g, 6]k, s}FrL, leGg rf6{ , kf/bzL{ sfuh cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
• Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6 z"GofGtsf] wf/0ffsf] k|of]u / dxŒjsf af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
h:t}M s'g} klg j:t'sf] gfk lnFbfv]l/ slt;Dd -l7s_ gfk lng] eGg] s'/fsf] 7'nf] dxŒj x'G5 .
h:t} M 15 wfgL{ cfn' hf]Vbf cfwf kfp cfn' a9L jf 36L ePdf Tolt jf:tf x'Fb}g . t/ Ps kfp
lsGbf cfwf kfpsf] km/s k/]df lsga]r x'Fb}g . To;}n] b}lgs hLjgdf z"GofGtsf] k|of]u /
dxŒj 5 .
lj|mofsnfk @
• bzf+z, ;of+z / xhf/f+zx¿ sf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fO{ bzdnj k5fl8 klxnf] :yfgsf] dfg,
bf];|f] :yfgsf] dfg / t];|f] :yfgsf] dfg s'g cg'kftdf 36\b} uPsf] 5, Tof]eGbf k5fl8sf]
:yfgdf dfg slt xf]nf h:tf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO{ z"GofGt ubf{ dfg w]/} km/s gkg]{
s'/fsf] wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *# sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / bzdnj
;ª\Vofsf] z"GofGt s] xf] < of] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
s'g} klg kl/0ffdnfO{ ;a}eGbf glhssf] :yfgdf JoSt ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ z"GofGt (Rounding
off) elgG5, h:t} M 23.67≈23.70 x'G5 .
-s_ olb z"GofGt ug]{ :yfgsf] cª\s 5 eGbf ;fgf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ 0 agfpg] .
h:t} M 3.573 nfO{ t];|f] bzdnj :yfgdf z"GofGt ubf{ 3.570 n] n]lvG5 .
cyf{t\,3.573≈3.570 x'G5 .
-v_ olb z"GofGt ug]{ :yfgsf] cª\s 5 jf 5 eGbf 7'nf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ 0 agfpg] / Tof]eGbf
cluNnf] -afofF_ :yfgdf ePsf] cª\sdf 1 yk]/ n]Vg] . h:t} M 92.637 nfO{ t];|f] bzdnj
:yfgdf z"GofGt ubf{ 92.640 n]lvG5, cyf{t, 92.637≈92.640 x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk g=$
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *$ sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufO s'g} Pp6f k|Zg
lbP/ pSt k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfg';f/ JolStut ¿kdf klg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
tnsf ;ª\Vofx¿nfO{ bzdnjsf] t];|f], bf];|f] / klxnf] :yfgdf z"GofGt ug'{xf];\ M
(i) 5.6342 (ii) 23.472

99
Rf}fyf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• bzdnj;Fu ;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
lj|mofsnfk g=!
• ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0fg ;d"x, efu ;d"x / z'GofGt ;d"x u/L tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ltg ltgcf]6f bzdnj ePsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} u'0fg ;d"xsf],
-s_ Pp6f juf{sf/ v]tsf] nDafO 7.55 ld6/ 5 eg] pSt v]tsf] kl/ldlt slt xf]nf <
-v_ Pp6f HofldtL afs;sf] d"No ? 186.50 5 eg] To:t} 18 cf]6f HofldtL afs;sf]
d"No slt xf]nf <
-u_ Pp6f cfotsf/ z}Ifl0fs kf6Lsf] nDafO 186.50 m / rf}8fO 105.75 m 5 eg] pSt
z}Ifl0fs kf6Lsf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf <
u'0fg ;d"xn] h:t} efu ;d"x / z"GofGt ;d"xn] klg Jofjxfl/s ;d:of agfpg]
lj|mofsnfk g=@
• ljBfyL{n] ;d"xut ¿kdf lgdf{0f u/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿nfO{ csf]{ ;d"xdf ljt/0f
u/L ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg] .
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L lzIfsn] cfjZostfg';f/ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ljBfyL{n] ;d"xut ¿kdf ;dfwfg u/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿nfO{{ ;d"xut ¿kdf
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
• ljBfyL{n] k|:t'tLs/0f ub}{ ubf{ c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo s]xL 5g\ ls
< olb tkfO{F{ ePsf] eP s;/L ug'{x'GYof] egL sIffsf]7fnfO{ cGt/lj|mofTds agfpg] .
d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .

100
 kf7 5
k|ltzt
o; kf7df k|ltzt;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . b}lgs
hLjgsf k|ltzt;Fu ;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' g} o;sf] d'Vo
p2]Zo xf] . o;sf nflu Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ k|:t't u/L 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 ;ª\Vofsf]
k|ltztaf6 dfg / b'O{ ;ª\Vofaf6 k|ltzt lgsfNg nufpg'sf ;fy} gd'gf lrq0f ljlwaf6 k|ltzt
lgsfNg] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df lg0f{o
tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] cg'dflgt 306f
;DalGwt k[i7 $
!= leGg / k|ltztnfO{ Ps !
cfk;df ¿kfGt/0f

@= k|ltzt;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ *^—() !

;dfwfg
#= klof]hgf sfo{ @

101
 klxnf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• leGg / k|ltztnfO{ Pscfk;df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkm k]k/, gd'gf lrq0f ljlw b]vfOPsf rf6{k]k/x¿, cflb
lj|mofsnfk g=!
• ljBfyL{nfO{ u|fkm k]k/sf] dfWodaf6 ;of+zsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/fO{ k|ltztsf] cjwf/0ff
a'emfpg'xf];\ .

s'g} klg leGgsf] x/df 100 5 eg] pSt leGgsf] c+zn] k|ltzt dfgnfO{ hgfpF5 . k|ltztnfO{{
'%' lrx\gn] hgfOG5 .

102
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

• dflysf] cfotnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 <

• sltcf]6f sf]7fx¿df /ª el/Psf 5g\ <

• /ª\ufOPsf] efunfO{ leGgdf s;/L n]Vg ;lsPnf <

• /ª\ufOPsf] efunfO{ b;dnj ;ª\Vofdf s;/L n]lvG5 <

lj|mofsnfk g=@

• ljBfyL{nfO{ hf]8L ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *& sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ leGg, bzdnj /
k|ltztsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / hf]8LdWo] Ps ljBfyL{nfO{
sIffsf]7fdf logLx¿sf ;DaGwsf af/]df k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf cfjZos k]h g=kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
-s_ 0.1 , 0.3, 0.8 / 0.9 nfO{ leGgdf n]Vbf slt slt ePsf] 5 <
-v_ bf];|f] r/0fdf ePsf k|To]s lEfGgsf x/x¿ slt slt 5g\ .
-u_ bf];|f] r/0fdf ePsf k|To]s leGgsf x/df 100 agfpg s'g ul0ftLo lj|mof ul/Psf] xf]nf <
-3_ t];|f] r/0fdf x/df 100 ePsf] k|To]s leGgnfO{ rf}yf] r/0fdf s;/L JoSt ul/Psf] 5 <
2 2×10 20 2
-ª_ oxfF, 0.2 = = = ePsf] 5 cyf{t sf] x/ / c+z b'j}df 10 n] u'0fg u/L
10 10×10 100 10
x/df 100 agfOPsf] 5 . oxfF, x/df ePsf] 10 nfO{ 100 agfpg sltn] u'0fg ug'{ k5{ egL yfxf
kfpg 100 nfO{ 10 n] efu u/]/ x]g{'k5{ . o; k|lj|mofnfO[{ c¿ s'g} tl/sfaf6 klg ug{ ;lsPnf <
lj|mofsnfk g=#
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *& sf] pbfx/0f ! / k]h ** sf] pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / leGg / k|ltztnfO{ Ps cfk;df s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ;lsG5 < slt tl/sfn]
¿kfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . ca s'g} Pp6f ;d:of lbP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cGonfO{
k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug'{xf]nf .

103
d"Nofª\sg
tnsf tYox¿ l7s eP (√) / a]l7s eP (×) lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ 100 efudf 25 efunfO{ 25% elgG5 .
3
-v_ nfO{ k|ltztdf n]Vbf 25% x'G5 .
4
9
-u_ 0.45% nfO{ n3'Qd kbdf n]Vbf x'G5 .
20
-3_ leGg jf bzdnjnfO{ k|ltztdf abNbf 100 n] efu u/L % lrx\g /fVg'kb{5 .
2. tnsf k|To]s k|ltztnfO{ leGgdf JoSt u/L n3'Qd kbdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ 22% -v_ 57%
3. tn lbOPsf leGg / bzdnjnfO{ k|ltztdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ .
3
-s_ -v_ 67.5
5

104
 bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• k|ltzt;Fu ;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
gd'gf lrq0f ljlw b]vfOPsf rf6{ k]k/x¿, kf7\ok':ts cflb .
lj|mofsnfk g=!
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ** sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . gd'gf lrq0f
ljlwaf6 s;/L k|ltztsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < gd'gf lrq0f ljlwafx]s cGo ljlw klg
5g\ ls < eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=@
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *( sf] pbfx/0f # / $ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ca s'g} Pp6f
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lbP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf
cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cGonfO{ k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]df
JolStut ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g=#
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ;d"xdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 6 sf Ps Pscf]6f ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ / cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .

• cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xdf k'g/fj[lTt ug'{xf];\ / s]xL ;'wf/ jf yk36 ug{'kg{]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

• ca k|To]s ;d"x sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf jf lrTt ga'em]df jf zª\sf nfu]df pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf
k|Zg ug]{ eGg'xf];\ .

• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg'xf];\ .

105
d"Nofª\sg
lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:of ;f]wL ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

sIff 6 df 65 hgf ljBfyL{x¿ lyP . tLdWo] 13 hgf cg'kl:yt eP5g\ eg] slt k|ltzt
ljBfyL{ cg'kl:yt eP5g\ < slt k|ltzt ljBfyL{ pkl:yt ePsf /x]5g\ <

t]];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• k|ltzt;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{
lj|mofsnfk !
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbO{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu Task
tkfO{F{sf] ljBfnodf ePsf ljleGg sIffx¿dWo] ;a} hgf Ps Pscf]6f sIffdf hfg'xf];\ .
cfh sIffdf ePsf] pkl:yt ljBfyL{sf] cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf ljifoj:t' ;d]6]/ k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ 5fqsf] / 5fqfsf] ;ª\Vof
-v_ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
-u_ 5fq / 5fqfsf] k|ltzt
-3_ 5fq / 5fqfdf s;sf] k|ltzt w]/} 5 <
-ª_ sltn] s:sf] k|ltzt a9L 5 <
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu ;do pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ;do /x]df ljBfyL{nfO{ k'gM Ps Pscf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbO{ ug{ nufpg ;lsg] 5 .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu Task
tkfO{F{sf] sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'w / lrof s'g dg k5{ egL ;f]wL tYofª\s ;ª\sng
ug'{xf];\ . o;s} cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf ljifoj:t' ;d]6]/ k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ lrof dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
-v_ b'w dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof

106
-u_ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
-u_ lrof dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt
-3_ b'w dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt
-ª_ lrof / b'w dg k/fpg]df s;sf] k|ltzt w]/} 5 <
-r_ pSt k|ltzt sltn] s:sf] a9L 5 <

107
 rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• k|ltzt;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ .
lj|mofsnfk
• cluNnf] lbg lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pko'St ?la|S;sf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{s} dfWodaf6 d"Nofª\sg u/fO{ pTs[i6 5flgPsf]
sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7f jf ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf k|bz{gLdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L JolStut ¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] /]s8{ /fVg'xf];\ .

108
 kf7 M 7
gfkmf / gf]S;fg (Profit and Loss)
cg'dflgt 3G6L M 4
kl/ro
o; kf7df gfkmf / gf]S;fgsf] cy{, s'g} j:t'sf] j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"Nosf cfwf/df gfkmf jf
gf]S;fg kTtf nufpg] tyf k|ltzt ;dfj]z gePsf gfkmf / gf]S;fg ;lDdlnt ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]uL s]xL lzIf0f lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6
ljBfyL{df lg0f{o tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;xsfo{ l;k / ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• gfkmf / gf]S;fgsf] cy{ atfpg
• lbOPsf j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"Nosf cfwf/df gfkmf jf gf]S;fg lgsfNg
• k|ltzt ;dfj]z gePsf gfkmf / gf]S;fg ;lDdlnt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] cg'dflgt 306f
;DalGwt k[i7 $
!= gfkmf / gf]S;fg, j|mo d"No / (@—($ !
ljj|mo d"Nosf] kl/ro
@= j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No lbOPsf] ($ !
cj:yfdf gfkmf jf gf]S;fg kQf
nufpg
#= k|ltzt ;dfj]z gePsf gfkmf / (%—(^ !
gf]S;fg ;lDdlnt ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg
$= kl/of]hgf sfo{ !

109
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• gfkmf / gf]S;fgsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg
• lbOPsf j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"Nosf cfwf/df gfkmf jf gf]S;fg lgsfNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No plNnlvt lrqx¿ jf rf6{ k]k/, ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿, lrq cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ lnP/ ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No s] xf] < eGg]
af/]df cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
-s_ /fdsf] Ps kmlg{r/ k;n 5 . p;n] Pp6f 6]a'n ?=4500 df lsg/ ?= 5250 df
a]r]5g\ .
-v_ km'ndfof Ps t/sf/L Aofkf/L x'g\ . pgn] Ps lsnf]u|fd sfpnL ?=50 df lsg]/ ?=
60 df a]lr5g\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• /fdn] slt ?lkofFdf 6]a'n lsg]sf /x]5g\ <
• /fdn] 6]annfO{ slt ?lkofFdf a]r] <
• k"mndfofn] ! s]=hL= sfpnLnfO{ slt df lsg]sL /lxl5g\ <
• pgn] pSt sfpnLnfO{ slt ?lkofFdf laj|mL ul/g\ <
o:tf k|Zgx¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 lsg]sf] d"NonfO{ j|mo d"No (Cost Price/ C.P.) /
a]r]sf] d"NonfO{ ljj|mo d"No (Sellingt Price/ S.P.) elgG5 egL :ki6 kfg'{xf]; .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf] k]h (@ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
-s_ xs{dfgn] Pp6f emf]nfnfO{ slt ?lkofFdf lsg]sf /x]5g\ <
-v_ xs{dfgn] Pp6f emf]nfO{ slt ?lkofFdf a]r] <
-u_ xs{dfgn] /ª\u v'OlnPsf] emf]nfnfO{ sltdf a]r <
-3_ klxnf] emf]nfdf lsg]sf] d"NoeGbf a]r]sf] d"No sd jf a9L s] 5 < bf];|f] emf]nfdf lg <
-ª_ klxnf] emf]ndf df xs{dfgnfO{ kmfObf jf 3f6f s] eof] < bf];|f] emf]nfdf lg<
-r_ b'j} emf]nfsf] hDdf lsg]sf] d"No slt xf]nf <
-5_ b'j} emf]nfsf] hDdf a]r]sf] d"No slt xf]nf <
-h_ b'O{cf]6f emf]nfx¿ a]Rbf xs{dfgnfO{ slt kmfObf jf 3f6f eof] <
• dflysf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 s:tf] cj:yfdf gfkmf / s:tf] cj:yfdf
gf]S;fg x'G5 < gfkmf s;/L lgsflnG5 < gf]S;fg s;/L lgsflnG5 < 5nkmn u/L :ki6
kfg'{xf];\ .

oxfF, lj=d" (S.P.) , j|m=d" (C.P.) eGbf w]/} 5 To;}n] o;df /fdnfO{ gfkmf x'G5 .
lj=d" (S.P.) > j|m=d" (C.P.) ePdf gfkmf x'G5 .

110
j|m=d" (C.P.) > lj=d"=(S.P.) ePdf gf]S;fg x'G5 .
Gffkmf (Profit) = ljj|mo d"No (Selling price) – j|mo d"No (Cost Price)
gf]S;fg (Loss) = j|mo d"No (Cost price) — ljj|mo d"No (Selling price)
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] sIffsf]7fdf ePsf s]xL ;fdfgx¿ ;ª\sng u/L gd'gf k;n vf]n]/
a:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• k;naf6 kfn}kfnf] ;fdfgx¿ vl/b laj|mL ug]{ cEof; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps ljBfyL{n] s]xL ;fdfg vl/b laj|mL u/]kl5 To;sf cfwf/df ;fdfg sltdf
lsgsf] < slt gfkmf jf gfS;fg eof] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\.
d"Nofª\sg
tnsf tYox¿ l7s eP (√) / a]l7s eP (×) lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ s'g} klg j:t'sf] lsg]sf] d"NoeGbf a]r]sf] d"No a9L 5 eg] ;f] cj:yfdf gfkmf x'G5 .
-v_ ljj|mo d"Nodf gfkmfnfO{ hf]8\bf j|mo d"No cfpF5 .
-u_ j|mo d"NoeGbf ljj|mo d"No yf]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf gf]S;fg x'G5 .
-3_ j|mo d"NoeGbf ljj|mo d"No w]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf gf]S;fg x'G5 .
-ª_ s'g} klg j:t'sf] lsg]sf] d"NoeGbf a]r]sf] d"No sd 5 eg] ;f] cj:yfdf gfkmf x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ($ sf] pbfx/0fx¿ ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf Hf:tf gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf cfwf/df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
-s_ oxfF Jofkf/L sf] x'g\ < pgn] s] sf] Jofkf/ ubf{ /x]5g\ <
-v_ pgn] /]lk|mh/]6/ sltdf lsg]sf /x]5g\ < /]lk|mh/]6/sf] j|mo d"No slt /x]5 <
-u_ /]lk|mh/]6/sf] ljj|mo d"No slt /x]5 <
-3_ j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"Nodf s'g w]/} 5 <
-ª_ oxfF Jofkf/L /d]z rf}w/LnfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s] ePsf] 5 <
-r_ slt d"Nodf a]Rg' k/]sf] eP pgnfO{ gf]S;fg ;xg' kYof{] <
-5_ pgnfO{ slt gfkmf eP5 egL s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsPnf <
-h_ gfkmf sdfpgsf] nflu s] ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 <
-em_ df]8n 8«Oªdf j|mo d"NonfO{ hgfpg] cfoteGbf ljj|mo d"NonfO{ hgfpg] cfotsf] nDafO
lsg a9L agfOPsf] xf]nf <
-`_ df]8n 8«Oªdf gfkmf ePsf] efunfO{ 5fof kf/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h (% sf] cEof; 7 sf] k|Zg g= 2 sf] PsPscf]6f k|Zg ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\ /
;dfwfgnfO{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]lw ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

111
nvgn] ?= 14,500 df lsg]sf] 38L ?= 17,000 df a]r]5g\ eg] pgnfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s]
eof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

bf];|f] lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw M j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"Nosf cfwf/df gfkmf jf gf]S;fg lgsfNg]

z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No plNnlvt lrqx¿ jf rf6{k]k/, cflb .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ($ sf] pbfx/0f ! df lbP h:t} yk ;d:ofx¿ k|:t't
ub}{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• o;sf] cfwf/df j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No ;lDdlnt yk ;d:ofx¿ lbg'xf];\ /
;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/] JolStut ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
• o:tf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf lzIf0f ubf{ ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k9\g, a'em\g / s] lbOPsf] 5,
s] kQf nufpg' kg]{ 5, s;/L kQf nufpg] eGg] k|Zgdf ljrf/ u/fO{ cfPsf] pQ/nfO{
;d:ofdf bfFh]/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\, h:t} M
xl/gf/fo0fn] ?= 65,000 df lsg]sf] Pp6f Nofk6k s]xL ;do cfkm"n] rnfP/ ?= 50,000 df
a]r]5g\ eg] p;nfO{ slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eP5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• xl/gf/fo0fn] Nofk6k slt ?lkofFdf lsg]sf /x]5g\ <
• pgn] Nok6k slt ?lkofFdf laj|mL u/] <
• ljj|mo d"NoeGbf j|mo d"No sd 5 ls a9L 5 <
• xl/gf/fo0fnfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s] x'G5 xf]nf<
• olb xl/gf/fo0fnfO{ gf]S;fg x'g] eP slt gf]S;fg eof] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsPnf <
• s] ePsf] eP xl/gf/fo0fnfO{ gfkmf x'g] lyof] xf]nf <
dflysf] k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO{;s]kl5 cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\.

kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{nfO{ a;f]af; ug]{ If]qsf cfwf/df - ;s];Dd Pp6} If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{_ ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h (& sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d"xdf u/L / ef]lnsf] sIffdf k|:t't ug]{
nufpg'xf]; .

112
 t];|f] lkl/o8

l;sfO pknlAw M
• k|ltzt ;dfj]z gePsf gfkmf / gf]S;fg ;lDdlnt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
j:t'sf j|mo d"No / ljj|mo d"No plNnlvt lrqx¿ jf rf6{ k]k/, cflb .
lj|mofsnfk !
gfkmf, gf]S;fg / j|mo d"No dWo] s'g} b'O{ ;lDdlnt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ ljj|mo d"No
s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
;l/tfn]] ?= 5000 df lsg]sf] 6]a'n ;]6 /fVbf /fVb} v'6\6fdf clnslt lalu|P5 .
To;nfO{ dd{t u/]/ ?=500 gf]S;fgdf a]lr5g\ eg] pgn] pSt 6]a'n sltdf a]r]sL
/lx5g\ < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
• ;l/tfn] 6]a'n ;]6 sltdf lsg]sL /lxl5g\ <
• ;l/tfn] pSt 6]a'n ;]6nfO{ dd{t u/L slt ?lkofF gf]S;fgdf laj|mL ul/g\ <
• olb ?= %))) df laj|mL u/]sf] eP ;l/tfnfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s] x'GYof] xf]nf <
• slt ?lkofFdf a]r]sf] eP ;l/tfnfO{ gfkmf x'g] lyof] <
• ljj|mo d"No s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsPnf <
dflysf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 cfjZos ;xhLs/0f k|bfg ub}{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ pTk]|l/t ug'{xf];\.
lj|mofsnfk @
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=($ sf] pbfx/0f @ / k]h g= (% sf] pbfx/0f # nfO{ cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0fnfO{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ M
-s_ clgzfn] Pp6f Hofs]6nfO{ sltdf laj|mL ul/g\ <
-v_ pg]n] pSt Hofs]6 laj|mL ubf{ slt ?lkofF gfkmf ul/g\ <
-u_ ljzfnn] k'/fgf] df]afOnnfO{ sltdf lsg]sf /x]5g\ <
-3_ ljzfnnfO{ pSt df]jfOn a]Rbf slt ?lkofF 3f6f eof] <
-ª_ pbfx/0f @ / # df s] km/s 5 <
-r_ ljj|mo d"No / gfkmf lbOPsf] cj:yfdf j|mo d"No s;/L lgsflnPsf] 5 <
-5_ j|mo d"No / gf]S;fg lbPsf] cj:yfdf ljj|mo d"No s;/L lgsflnPsf] 5 <
lj|mofsnfk #
gfkmf, gf]S;fg / ljj|mo d"NodWo] s'g} b'O{ ;lDdlnt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ j|mo d"No s;/L
lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\,
h:t}M

113
 xs{dfgnfO{ ?= 24,500 df /]lk|mh]/]6/ a]Rbf ?=1300 gfkmf eP5 eg] pgn] pSt
/]lk|mh]/]6/ sltdf lsg]sf lyP < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
dflysf] k|ZgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{ k"j{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ M
• /]lk|mh]/]6/sf] laj|mo d"No slt xf] <
• /]lk|mh]/]6/ a]Rbf slt ?lkofF gfkmf eP5 <
• ljj|mo d"No / gfkmf lbOPsf] cj:yfdf j|mo d"No s;/L kQfnufpg ;lsPnf <
dflysf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fO;s]kl5 cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ pTk]l/t ug'{xf];\.

lj|mofsnfk $
• ;dfg Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ kg{] u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfFr ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cEof; 7 sf Ps Ps cf]6f km/s km/s ;d:ofx¿ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f 7'nf] cfsf/sf] k]k/df tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• ca Ps hgf cfˆg} ;d"xdf a;]/ cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ %.^ ldg]6 sf nflu gofF ;d"xdf
uP/ To; ;d"xdf k/]]sf] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf af/]df a'em\gsf nflu k7fpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xd} a;]sf] PshgfnfO{ c¿ ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ cfPsf] j]nf cfk\mgf] ;d"xsf] sfo{sf]
k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ s'g} s'/fdf c:k:6tf ePdf jf lrQ ga'em]df jf zª\sf
nfu]df pSt :yfgdf ;'emfj jf k|Zg nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;d"x sfo{ cWoog ul/;s]kl5 pSt ;d"x sfo{df ePdf sdL jf
c:ki6tfx¿dfly 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / cGTodf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
sIffsf]7fdf lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:of lbO ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
3. /ljn] ?= 2050 df lsg]sf] SofNs'n]6/ ?= 200 gfkmf lnP/ clgzfnfO{ a]r]5g\ eg] ;f]
SofNs'n]6/ slt /sddf laj|mL ul/Psf] lyof] <

rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Gffkmf / gf]S;fg;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
rf6{ k]k/x¿, kf7\ok':ts cflb .

114
lj|mofsnfk
• ljBfyL{nfO{ bf];|f] lbg k|bfg ul/Psf] kl/of]hgf kfn}kfnf] ;d"xut ¿kdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• afFsL cGo ;d"xnfO{ pko'St ?la|S;sf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{s} dfWodaf6 d"Nofxg\sg
u/fO pTs[i6 5flgPsf] sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7f jf ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf k|bz{gLdf /fVg'xf]; \ .
• cfjZos ;xhLs/0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

115
 kf7 *
P]lss lgod
kl/ro cg'dflgt 3G6L M $
o; PsfOdf ;dfa]; ul/Psf] P]lss lgodsf] ;d:ofx¿ ljBfyL{sf b}lgs hLjgdf cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu l;k xfl;n u/fpg] vfnsf 5g . o;sf nflu ljifoj:t'x¿ b}lgs k|of]udf x'g] ;d:ofaf6 ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg kl/j]zdf kfOg] j:t' jf ul/g] sfo{x¿df cfwfl/t eO{
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflu u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df lg0f{o ug]{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k tyf
;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
l;sfOpknlAw
• PsfO j:t'sf] dfgsf cfwf/df w]/} j:t'sf] dfg / w]/} j:t'sf] dfgsf] cfwf/df PsfO j:t'sf] dfg kQf
nufpg

lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] cg'dflgt
;DalGwt k[i7 306f
!= lbOPsf] Pp6fj:t'sf] dfgaf6 p:t} w]/}j:t'sf]] dfg kQf (*,((, !)! !
nufpg
#= lbOPsf] w]/} j:t'sf] dfgaf6 Pp6f j:t'sf] dfg kQf ((,!)),!)#,!)#,!)$ @
nufpg
$= P]lss lgoddf cfwfl/t eO ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of !)$, !)% !
;dfwfg ug{

116
 klxnf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf] PsfO j:t'sf] dfgsf cfwf/df p:t} w]/j} :t'sf]] dfg kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg js{ l;6, ;fdfg vl/b lan, rf6{ k]k/, dfs{/
lj|mofsnfk !
Pp6f rsn]6sf] ?= @ k5{ eg] p:t}
• ljBfyL{nfO{ bfofFtk{m b]vfP h:t} km/s km/s k|Zg rf/cf]6fsf] slt k5{ <
n]lvPsf] A4 k]k/df tof/ ul/Psf js{ l;6 ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• js{ l;6df ePsf] k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} js{ l;6 ;ª\sng u/L ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] ;dfwfg hfFr
ug'{'xf];\ . olb hf]8]/ u/]sf /x]5g eg] To;nfO{ u'0fgdf
abn]/ b]vfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
• tnsf] lnª\sdf uP/ yk :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
s://learning.cehrd.edu.np/html?fp=..%2FePaath%2F&fn=index.html
lj|mofsnfk @@

ljBfyL{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= (* cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k':tssf] k]h (*

lgDg k|Zgdf /xL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• Pp6f k]lG;nsf] d"No slt 5 <
• p:t} b'O{cf]6fsf] s;/L kQf nufOPsf] 5 < tLgcf]6f sf] lg <
ca af]8{df Pp6f k|Zg n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h:t} M k;ndf !kg cfn'sf] ? #) k5{ eg] #kg cfn' lsGg slt ?lkofF cfjZos k5{ < _
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cf cfkm\gf] sfkLdf ;d:of ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ To;sf] ;dfwfg eGg nufpg] / ;xL ;dfwfg ug{]sf ;dfwfg s;/L u/]sf] 5 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lbb}F lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= (( sf] lan cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k':tssf] k]h (( sf]
• kl/df0f / b/sf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿ hf]8fdf 5nkmn
u/L pQ/ lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk !

lj|mofsnfk $
$
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cluNnf] lbgd} Nofpg elgPcg';f/sf] lan jf cfkm"n] nu]sf lanx¿ af8]/ lan cWoog
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt lanaf6 ljleGg k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ pQ/ kQf nufpg] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
-k|Zgx¿ b/, kl/df0f, / d"No tyf ltgLx¿ u'0fg u/]/ pQ/ lgsfNg] vfnsf] x'g' kb{5 . _

h:t} M

117
 • tn lbOPsf] lan cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lx;fa u/L kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ M

lan g+= M !#%

;/:jtL k':ts e08f/, w'lnv]n
u|fxssf] gfd M ldª\df Anf]g ldltM @)&& / )@ / !%
s|=;+= ljj/0f kl/df0f b/ hDdf d"No
!= sfkL @ bh{g ?= $*) ?= (^)
@= 86\k]g ^ cf]6f ?= !@ ?= &@
#= k]lG;n !) cf]6f ?= % ?= %)
$= Hofldlt afs; ! ?= !@) ?= !@)
hDdf d"No ?= !@)@
cIf]/]lk M ?lkofF Ps xhf/ b'O{;o b'O{ dfq
e'nr's lng] lbg] .
ljs|]tf M ;gd

k|Zgx¿
• Ps bh{gdf sltcf]6f sfkL x'G5g\ <
• Ps bh{g sfkLsf] d"No ? $*) eP % bh{gsf] d"No lgsfNg'xf];\ <
• Pp6f 86k]gsf] ? !@ k5{ eg] !) cf]6f 86k]gsf] d"No lgsfNg'xf];\ <
• of] lan cg';f/ $ cf]6f k]lG;nsf] slt k5{ <

• cfjZostf x]/L k[i6kf]if0f lbb}F ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\.

d"Nofª\sg
• Pp6f j:t'sf] dfg yfxf x'Fbf p:t} w]/}j:t'sf] dfg lgsfNg] tl/sf ;f]w]/ .
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/ .
• sIff sfo{df ;lj|mo ;xeflutfnfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/
k]h g+= !)!

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{F{n] k|of]u ug'{ ePsf] !÷ ! cf]6f k]lG;n, snd, sfkL, HofldtL afs;
cflbsf] d"No slt xf] cfˆgf] cleefjs ;Fu ;f]w]/ l6Kg'xf]; / To;sf] cfwf/df % ÷ % cf]6fsf]
d"No slt kb{5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{xf];\.

118
 bf];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf] w]/} j:t'sf] dfgaf6 Pp6f j:t'sf] dfg kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{x¿, ;fdfg vl/b lan
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbgsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu /]s8{ /fVg'xf]; .
• tn lbOPsf] k|Zg af]8{df n]Vg'xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] k|:t't u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ af]8{df l6kf]6 ul/ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; / lgisif{ lgsfNg ;xof]u
ug'{xf];\.
h:t} M cfh ;fhgsf] hGd lbgdf p;n] of] sIffsf k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{cf]6fsf] b/n] rsn]6 afF8\g' k/]df
hDdf sltcf]6f rsn]6 rflxG5 <

lj|mofsnfk @
k':tssf] k]h g= !)) sf] b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
tnsf k|Zgsf cfwf/df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k':tssf] k]h g+= !)) sf] pbfx/0f ! / @
-s_ b'Oc{ f]6f pbfx/0fdf s] km/s 5 <
-v_ klxnf]df / bf];|f]df ul0ftLo k|lj|moffx¿ s] s] ul/Psf 5g <
-u_ w]/}j:t'sf] d"Noaf6 Pp6fsf] d"No lgsfNg s] ul/Psf] 5 <

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / tof/ kfl/Psf] k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fO{ k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps PshgfnfO{ ;dfwfg k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df c¿nfO{ k|Zg
;f]Wg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
sf8{sf nflu gd'gf k|Zgx¿
-s_ !) cf]6f sfkLsf] d"No ? @)) eP Pp6f sflksf] d"No slt xf]nf lgsfNg'xf];\ <
-v_ $ cf]6f k]lG;nsf] d"No ? @$ eP Pp6fsf] d"No slt xf]nf <
-u_ tkfO{{n
F ] ! bh{g sfkL lsGbf ? ^)) k¥of] eg] Pp6fsf] slt k5{ <

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf lan ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . cWoog / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• kl/df0f / b/af6 hDdf d"No, b/ / d"Noaf6 kl/df0f tyf kl/df0f / hDdf d"Noaf6 b/ lgsfNg]
k|Zgx¿ agfP/ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

119
lan M
lan g+= M !!!!
dx]z ls/fgf :6f]/, rf}sf]6
u|fxssf] gfd M s[idf >]i7 ldltM @)&& / !) / !%
s|=;+= ljj/0f kl/df0f b/ hDdf d"No
!= bfn # s]=hL ?= !*) ?= %$)
@= lrgL @ s]=hL ?= (% ?= !()
#= cfn' $ s]=hL ?= $% ?= !*)
$= Kofh ! s] hL ?= &) ?= &)
hDdf d"No ?= (*)
cIf/]lk M ?k}of gf} ;o c;L dfq
e'nr's lng] lbg] .
ljs|]tf M dx]z

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ P]lss lgodsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s'g s'g k|lj|moffx¿ ug{k' 5{ egL ;f]Wg'xf];\ / n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ . n]v]sf] pQ/nfO{ k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

• w]/} j:t'sf] dfg yfxf x'Fbf Pp6f j:t'sf] dfg lgsfNg] tl/sf ;f]w]/ .
• ;d"x sfo{df ;+nUgtf cjnf]sg u/]/
k]h g+= !)@

kl/of]hgf sfo{ - Project work _

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !)# df lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg'xf];\ . csf]{
lbg sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

120
 t];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• lbOPsf] w]/} j:t'sf] dfgaf6 Pp6f j:t'sf] dfg kQf nufO{ ;f]lwPsf] j:t'sf] dfg lgsfNg
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• d"Nofª\gsf nflu /]s8{ klg /fVg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !)@ sf] k|Zg g= !@ sf] k|ZgnfO{ af]8{df n]Vg'xf]; .
• cluNnf kf7sf k|Zg / of] k|Zgdf s] leGgtf 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg ug{ s] s] ug'{' knf{ < hf]8fdf vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿af6 cfPsf] pQ/nfO{ af]8{df l6Kg'xf]; / cem :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk @ df ljt/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 cfP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ug{ pTk|l/t u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\, k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !)! sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k]h g+= !)!
cfk'mn] ;dfwfg u/]sf] tl/sf / pbfx/0fdf u/]sf] tl/sf ldN5 jf km/s 5 <
kQf nufpg lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgaf6
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg u/]sf] x]/]/
• ;d"xdf ;ls|otf cjnf]sg u/]/
k]h g+= !)#

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{F{sf] 3/ glhs}sf] ls/fgf k;ndf hfg'xf];\ / ! af]/f rfdfn -@) s]=hL=_,
! Kofs]6 lrgL -% s]=hL=_, ! afs; t]n -!) ln6/_ / ! kfs]6 la:s'6 -!@ cf]6f_sf] d"Nosf]
;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf]; . pSt d"No ;"rLsf cfwf/df PsfO d"No kQf nufpg'xf];\ / & s]=hL=
rfdfn, # s]=hL= lrgL, $ ln6/ t]n / % cf]6f la:s'6sf] d"No slt k5{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\.

121
 rf}yf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• P]lss lgoddf cfwfl/t eO{ ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
A4 k]k/ ,k|Zg n]Vg ;;fgf k]k/sf 6'j|mf, ;fgf] afs;
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ @, @ cf]6f A4 k]k/sf 6'j|mf afF8\g'xf];\ .
• k]k/df !,! cf]6f P]lss lgodsf k|Zg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} k|ZgnfO{ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / afs;df xfNg'xf];\ .
• ca /fd|f] ;Fu rnfP/ k|To]snfO{ Pp6f Pp6f lemSg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|Zg ldN5 jf ldNb}g hfr]/ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/]sf] 7fpFdf ;xof]u ug'{xf];\.
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ A4 k]k/ lbg'xf];\ .
• ca k':tssf] ldl>t cEof;sf k|Zgx¿ ;d"xdf ljt/0f ug'{xf];\.
• /fd|f;
] Fu cWoog u/L cfˆgf] ;d"xnfO{{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;d"x 5nkmn u/L A4 k]k/df ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 ;d"xdf ;dfwfg ul/Psf] k]k/ 3'dfP/ -Paper Graffitti ljlwaf6 _ Psn]
csf]{ ;d"xsf] cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] ;a} ;d"xsf] cWoogkl5 Pp6f ;d"xnfO csf]{ ;d"xaf6 Feedback lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/L k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ sIffdf 6fFl;lbg'xf];\ . cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg - Evaluation_
• ljBfyL{n] s] slt l;s] x]g{sf nflu @) ldg]]6sf] PsfO k/LIff k]h g+= !)$,!)%
;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . o;sf nflu k|Zgx¿ klxnf g} lgdf{0f u/L
nfg'xf];\ .
• sfkL k/LIf0fkZrft\ k[i7kf]if0f;lxt pQ/ k'l:tsf lkmtf{ lbg'xf];\ .

122
 kf7 (
b'/L
kl/ro cg'dflgt 3G6L M #
o; PsfOdf b'/Lsf gfk lngsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] PsfOx¿sf af/]df / Pp6f PsfOaf6 csf]{df
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|ls|ofx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . of] kf7af6 ljBfyL{df b'/L dfkgdf hLjgdf cfO kg]{ ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ dbt k'Ug] 5 . of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ b'/L ;DalGw cfpg] ljleGg kl/j]zdf cfwfl/t eO{
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflu u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df lg0f{o ug]{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k tyf
;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; xg] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• OGr, km'6, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] cfk;L ;DaGw :yflkt ug{

lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt
k[i7 3G6f
! • b'/Lsf] gfkdf OGr, km'6, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] cfk;L !)^,!)&, !
;DaGw
@ • OsfOsf] ¿kfGt/0f -ldlnld6/, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/ _ !)*,!)( !
# • OsfOsf] ¿kfGt/0f - ;]lG6ld6/, OGr, k'm6 / ld6/ _ !)&, !)*,!!) !

123
 klxnf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• b'/Lsf] gfkdf OGr, km'6, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] cfk;L ;DaGw
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M OlGr 6]k, ld6/ 6]k
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbg lnPsf] PsfO k/LIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f;lxtsf] pQ/ k'l:tsf lbg'xf];\ /
;a}nfO{ lbg' kg]{ k[i7kf]if0f Psd'i6 lbg'xf]; .
• 5'6\6f5'6\6} lbg' kg]{ ePdf ;do ldnfP/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• k'g/jnf]sgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf] pQ/ Quick write u/fpg'xf];\ .
-s_ b'/L eg]sf] s] xf] <
v_ b'/L gfKg s'g s'g PsfO k|of]u ul/G5 <
• ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf pQ/x¿ hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• !,@ cf]6f pQ/x¿ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !)^
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=+ !)^ cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]lG6ld6/ / OGrdf n]lvPsf] :s]n ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ jf cluNnf] lbgdf eg]/ k7fpg' ePsf]
eP lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{{nF ] ;]lG6ld6/ / OGr cª\lst :s]nnfO{ cufl8 k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ of] lj|mof -;Dej ePdf_ LCD af6
b]vfpg' ePdf cem /fd|f] x'g] 5 .
• OGr / ;]lG6ld6/sf] ;DaGw b]vfpbf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] :s]ndf klg x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ! OGrdf slt ;]lG6ld6/ x'G5 < vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\, b]vfpg'xf];\ .
! OGr = @=%$ ;]= ld x'G5 egL atfOlbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M :s]ndf OGr / ;]lG6ld6/ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . s'g 7'nf] dfg xf] <

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ul0ft k':tssf] nDafO / rf}8fO OGrdf gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• km]l/ ;]lG6ld6/df klg gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tL b'O{df km/s kQf nufpg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
k':tssf] k]h g= !)& sf] lj|mofsnfk ! u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfkkZrft\ 5nkmn u/L tflnsf cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg k':tssf] k]h g= !)& sf] lj|mofsnfk
!
• lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf cjnf]sg u/]/
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ M
3/df cfkm" ;'Tg] knª - vf6_ sf] nDafO / rf}8fO gfKg'xf];\ / tflnsfdf eg{'xf];\ .
gfk ;]lG6ld6/ ld6/ OGr lkm6
nDafO
rf}8fO

124
 bf];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• gfkdf ldlnld6/, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/nfO{ Psaf6 csf]{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M ldhl/ª 6]k, js{ l;6
M
lj|mofsnfk !
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s PsfO s;/L kQf nufOPsf] lyof] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu /]s8{ klg /fVg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;;fgf ;d"xdf afF8g'xf];\ / k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ldhl/ª 6]k lbg'xf];\ .
• kfn}kfnf] ljBfyL{sf] prfO ;]lG6ld6/df gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfcfk\mgf] prfOnfO{ ld6/df abNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• abNg ;s] g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Pscf]6f k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;]lG6ld6/nfO{ ld6/df abNg] tl/sf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgsf k|lj|moff;lxt :ki6 ul/lbg'xf]; .
• ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ 7'nf]df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s] ug{'k5{ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• # hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ .
• b'O{ hgfnfO{ t];|f] ljBfyL{sf] prfO ld6/df gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• To;nfO{ af]8{df l6lklbg'xf];\ .
• ca ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt dfgnfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df abNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• !,@ hgfnfO{ af]8{df cfP/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .
• ldn] gldn]sf] x]g{'xf];\ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
• 5nkmn ub}{ ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ b]vfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M 7'nf] PsfOnfO{ ;fgf]] df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s] ug{'k5{ < b\|t n]vg u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ klxn] g} tof/ ul/Psf bfofFtkm{ b]vfPsf] h:t} -s_ %!) ;]= ld= nfO{ ld6/df
A4 k]k/df km/s km/s js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . ¿kfGt/0f ug'x{ f];\ .
• ToxfF tf]lsP cg';f/sf] dfgnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfo{ glhs}]sf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-v_ @ ld6/ #) ;]=ld=nfO{
;]lG6ld6/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;d"xsfo{df ;+nUgtf cjnf]sg u/]/
• k|Zg ;dfwfg u/]sf] af6
kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{F{sf] % hgf ldNg] ;fyLx¿sf] prfO ;]lG6ld6/ PsfO{df lgsfNg'xf];\ . ;a}
hgfsf] prfOnfO{ ld6/df ¿kfGt/ ug'{xf];\ .

125
 t];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• OGr, k'm6, ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/nfO{ Psaf6 csf]{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
ldhl/ª 6]k, k|Zg sf8{

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / ldhl/ª 6]k lbg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ b'O{ j:t' jf 7fpFsf] gfk Pp6f ;]=ld= df / csf]{ OGrdf lng nufpg'xf];\ . -h:t}M
sIffsf]7fsf] nDafO / rf}8fO, ‰ofnsf] nDafO / prfO, a]Grsf] nDafO / prfO , cflb_
• ;xL gfk] jf gfk]gg\ cjnf]sg ub}{ /xg'xf];\ .
• gfk lnO;s]kl5 ;d"xdfg} ;]=ld nfO{ ld6/ OGr / k'm6df tyf OGrnfO{ k'm6, ;]=ld= / ld6/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ k':tssf] k]h !)& / !)* sf]

• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !)& sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ lj|
nufpg' xf];\ @.
mofsnfk
• cfkm"n] u/]sf] tl/sf / To;df s] km/s 5 < n]Vg eGg'xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{ afF8\g'xf];\ .
• k|Zg /fd|f];Fu cWoog u/L k|Zgcg';f/ lbOPsf] gfksf dfgnfO{ :ff]w]sf] PsfO{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lbOPsf] gfknfO{ OGr / k'm6df lbOPsf] gfknfO{ ;]=ld= / ld6/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{'xf];\ . ¿kfGt/0f ug{'xf];\ .
!$) ;]=ld= , !*) ;]=ld=, @ ld= #^ OGr , & lkm6, @ lkm6 % OGr

gd'gf sf8{x¿

d"Nofª\sg
• lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf / l;sfOsf] cjnf]sg u/]/
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/

kl/of]hgf sfo{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !!) sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ lbg'xf];\ . k|ltj]bg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

126
 kf7 !)
kl/ldlt, If]qkmn / cfotg
kl/ro cg'dflgt 3G6L M !@
o; PsfOdf b'/Lsf gfk lng l;s]kl5 / dfgnfO{ Pp6faf6 csf]{ PsfOdf kl/jt{g ug{ l;ls ;s]kl5 lglZrt
cfsf/sf j:t'x¿sf] kl/ldlt, If]qkmn tyf cfotg lgsfNg] k|lj|moffx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . of] kf7n]
ljBfyL{df j:t'x¿sf] ;txsf] kl/ldlt tyf If]qkmn kQf nufpg / cfotg lgsfNg] vfnsf ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ dbt k'Ug] 5 . of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflu u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7
cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df lg0f{o ug]{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k tyf ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
l;sfOpknlAw
• juf{sf/ / cfotfsf/ ;txsf] kl/ldlt / If]qkmn kQf nufpg
• lbOPsf] lrqdf ju{ uGtL u/]/ clgoldt cfs[ltx¿sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg
• if8\d'vf / 3gsf]] cfotg kQf nufpg
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt
k[i7 3G6f
! cfotfsf/ ;txsf] kl/ldlt !!!,!!@,!!# !
@ juf{sf/ ;txsf] kl/ldlt !!!,!!$ !
# cfotfsf/ tyf juf{sf/ ;txsf] kl/ldlt !!! b]lv !!% ;Dd !
$ cfotfsf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn !!*,!!(,!@) !
% juf{sf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn !!*,!@! !
^ clgoldt cfs[ltsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn !!&, !@! !
& cfotfsf/ juf{sf/ / clgoldt j:t'sf] If]qkmn !!^b]lv !@@ ;Dd !
* if8\d'vfsf] cfotg !@#,!@$ !
( 3gsf] cfotg !@#,!@$ !
!) kl/ldlt , If]qkmn tyf cfotg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of !@^ !
;dfwfg
!! pRr bIftfsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ !@& !
!@ kl/of]hgf sfo{ k/LIff !

127
 klxnf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• kl/ldltsf] kl/efiff;lxt cfotfsf/ ;txsf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
ljleGg cfotfsf/ j:t'x¿, lrq sf8{ jf k|Zg sf8{, cfOl;6Lsf ;fdfu|L .

lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] kf7df lbPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• To;df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;donfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s]xL k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 ;a} kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ ;ª\sng u/]/ nfg'xf];\ /
d"Nofª\sgkZrft\ k[i7kf]if0f;lxt lkmtf{ ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/ldlt eg]sf] s] xf], k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf]; .
• TPS method af6 kl/efiff olsg u/fpg'xf];\ .
kl/efiff M s'g} klg j:t'sf] ;txsf] jl/kl/sf] 3]/fsf] hf]8 jf nDafO g} Tof] j:t'sf] kl/ldlt xf] . j[Q jf
j[Qfsf/ ;txsf] jl/kl/sf] 3]/fnfO{ kl/lw elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf /x]sf] sfnf] jf ;]tf]kf6L sf] kl/ldlt s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 b|'t n]vg
u/fpg'xf];\
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lgisif{ lgsfNg lbg'xf];\ .
• lgDglnlvt cfwf/df :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
nDafO
kl/ldlt = nDafO + rf}8fO + nDafO+ rf}8fO
= @ nDafO + @ rf}8fO rf}8fO rf}8fO
= @ - nDafO+ rf}8fO _
;ª\s]tdf M P=2(l+b)
nDafO
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfk\mgf] ul0ft k':tssf] kl/ldlt lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• kl/ldlt lgsfn]sf] tl/sf !,@ cf]6f sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfOl;6Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ tnsf] lnª\sdf uP/ yk :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
https://learning.cehrd.edu.np/html?fp=..%2FePaath%2F&fn=index.html
d"Nofª\sg
;a}n] lgsfNg ;s] ls ;s]gg\ < ;a}sf] a/fa/ cfof] ls cfPg <

lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !!! sf] lj|mofsnfk !cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca lj|mofsnfk # df cfk'mn] u/]sf] / k':tsdf u/]sf] tl/sf s]
kf7\k':tssf] k]h g+= !!!
km/s 5 jf p:t} 5 t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• leGgtf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

128
lj|mofsnfk ^
ljBfyL{nfO{ cfotfsf/ j:t' ljt/0f ug{xf];\ / kl/ldlt lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• lbOPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sf] hfr]/
• ;d"x sfo{df ;xeflutf cjnf]sg u/]/

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{Fsf] 3/df ePsf] cfotfsf/ j:t''x¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . tL j:t''x¿sf] ;txsf]
nDafO / rf}8fOnfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df gfKg'xf];\ / kl/ldlt klg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg agfO{ sIff
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

129
 bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• juf{sf/j:t'sf] ;txsf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
juf{sf/ j:t'x¿, wfuf] .

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf juf{sf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / gfk]/ kl/ldlt lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf] j:t'sf] nDafO / rf}8fO s;/L kQf nufpg'eof] <
• s] klxn]s} ;ª\s]t ;"qn] sfd u¥of] <
• s;/L kQf nufOof] <
o;/L 5nkmn ub]{ ju{sf] kl/ldlt lgsfNb} ;ª\s]t ;"q l;sfpg'xf];\ .
ju{sf] kl/ldlt = nDafO + nDafO + nDafO+ nDafO nDafO
= $ nDafO
= $l nDafO nDafO
;ª\s]tdf M P=4l

nDafO
lj|mofsnfk @
• tn lbOPsf k|Zg af]8{df lrq;lxt jf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 A B
ljBfyL{nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{{ nufpg'xf];\ .
bfofF lbOPsf] juf{sf/ sf]7f ABCD sf] nDafO $*) ;]=ld= 5 eg]
pSt sf]7fsf] kl/ldlt slt ld6/ x'G5 <
• ljBfyL{n] nDafOsf] PsfOnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < C D
cg'udg ub}{ /xg'xf];\ .
• PsfOnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L lgsfNg' kg]{ k|lj|moff 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #

• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

• km/s km/s gfksf wfuf] -sDtLdf @) ;]=ld=sf]_ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• To; wfuf]af6 au{ agfpFbf ju{sf] nDafO slt x'G5 cg'dfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g s'g k|lj|moffaf6 sfo{ ul/P < cg'udg ug'{xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\
• lgsfNg] ljlw 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . -wfuf] k6\ofP/, ;"q k|of]u u/]/, gfk]/ _

130
 k':tssf] k]h !!$
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• k':tssf] k]h g= !!$/ !!% sf s]xL k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tnsf]] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d"x agfO{ ;d"xdf ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
!= tkfO{sF f] ufpFdf jf 6f]ndf jf ljBfnodf /x]sf] elnan sf]6{ jf km'6jn u|fpG8sf] rf/}lt/ jl/kl/ 8f]/L
/fVg slt nfdf] 8f]/L rflxG5 gfk]/ lx;fa u/L lgsfNg'xf];\ . / k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
@= sIffsf]7fsf] leQfdf jl/kl/ tf]/0f /fVg' k/]df slt nfdf] tf]/0f rflxG5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ . k|ltj]bg n]vL
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

131
 t];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw M
• juf{sf/ jf cfotfsf/ j:t' 5'6\ofO ;txsf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg
• kl/ldlt lbOPsf] juf{sf/ / cfotsf/ j:t''sf] nDafO jf rf}8fO kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cfotfsf/ tyf juf{sf/ j:t'x¿, wfuf], lrq jf k|Zg sf8{ .

lj|mofsnfk !
• ;d"xut ¿kdf cluNnf] lbgsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|lta]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k[i7kf]if0f;lxt d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljleGg gfksf cfotsf/ / ju{fsf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lbOPsf j:t' cfot jf ju{ s] xf] gfk]/ 5'6\ofpg nufO{ kl/ldlt lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tof/ kfl/Psf k|Zg jf lrqsf8{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ - kl/ldlt, nDafOjf rf}8fO lbPsf]
afFsL e'hfsf] gfk kQf nufpg] / PsfO ¿kfGt/0f ug{'kg]{ vfnsf _ .
• k|Zgx¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ / lbOPsf] s'/fx¿ / lgsfNg' kg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofpg
nufpg'xf];\ . k|ZgnfO{ xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfk\mgf] sfkLdf Pp6f kl/ldlt ;DaGwL k|Zg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• A4 sfuh 6'j|mf kf/]/ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} hgfnfO{ To;df cfk"mn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] k|Zg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} k|Zgx¿nfO Pp6f afs;df hDdf ug'{xf];\ .
• /fd|f];Fu ld;fpg'xf];\ / k'gM ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f lemSg nufpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ xn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} k|Zgdf ;d:of eP ldnfO lbg'xf]; o;f] ubf{ k|Zg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Fu 5nkmn klg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/ k':tssf] k]h !!%
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg u/]sf] tl/sf x]/]/

kl/of]hgf sfo{M tkfO{{s

F f] 3/df ePsf] auf{sf/ / cfotsf/ j:t''x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf]; . pSt j:t''x¿sf]
nDafO / rf}8fOsf] gfk lng'xf]; / kl/ldlt klg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} s'g} cfotsf/ v]nd}bfgsf] jl/kl/
Ps kmGsf] tf/af/ nufpg !@)) lkm6 tf/sf] cfjZos k5{ . olb v]]n d}bfgsf] rf}8fO @) lkm6 eP
v]nd}bfgsf] nDafO s;/L kQfnufpg ;lsG5 < k|ltj]bg agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

132
 rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw M
• cfotfsf/ j:t'sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg
• If]qkmn, nDafO/ rf}8fOdWo] s'g} @ lbPsf] cj:yfdf t];|f] sf] gfk kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lhof]af]8{, /a/AofG8 lrq jf k|Zg sf8{ .
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbgsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
• s]xL kl/of]hgfsfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub{} d"Nofª\sgsf nflu /]s8{ /fVg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• sIffdf lhof]af]8{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\/ Ps ju{sf]7f a/fa/ Ps PsfO xf] egL atfpg'xf];\ .
• lhof]af]8{df /a/AofG8 k|of]u u/L ljleGg gfksf cfot agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s cfotn] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF sf]7f ug]/ kQf nufpg lbg'xf]; .
o;sfnflu https://www.mathlearningcenter.org/apps/geoboard _ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk #
bfofF b]vfP h:t} lhof] af]8{df Pp6f 7'nf] cfot agfpg'xf]; jf ICT
sf] k|of]u u/L u|fkmdf cfot agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . cfotsf] If]qkmn
af/]df lgDglnlvt k|Zgdf /xL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• cfotsf] rf}8fOtkm{ ;'?sf] lsnf jf laGb'af6 sltcf]6f
lsnf jf laGb'' 5g\ <
• cfotsf] nDafO tkm{ ;'?sf] lsnf jf laGb'af6 sltcf]6f
lsnf jf laGb' 5g\ <
• cfotdf hDdf slt ju{ sf]7fx¿ 5g\ <
• cfotn] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF jf If]qkmn ;Fu -sf]7f;Fu _ lsnfsf]
jf laGb'sf] ;DaGw kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
cfotn] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF jf If]qkmn = Ps PsfOsf ju{ sf]7fx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof
cfotsf] If]qkmn = nDafOdf /x]sf laGb' jf lsnfsf] ;ª\Vof × rf}8fOdf /x]sf laGb' jf lsnfsf] ;ª\Vof

lj|mofsnfk #
kf7\ok':tsssf] k]h g= !!* sf] lj|mofsnfk # / pbfx/0f @ cWoog ug{ nufpg' xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
k]h !!*
d"Nofª\sg
• cfotsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q ;f]w]/
• cfotdf /x]sf ;fgf ju{ sf]7fx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vofn] s] hgfpF5 <
lj|mofsnfk $
• af]8{df tnsf b'O{cf]6f k|Zg n]Vg'xf]; jf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
➢ #) ;]= ld= nDafO / !% ;]=ld= rf}8fO ePsf] cfotsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
➢ !=@% ld nDafO / ^) ;]=ld= rf}8fO ePsf] cfotfsf/ j:t'sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .

133
 • pbfx/0f @ cg';f/ klxnf] k|Zg ;"qdf /fvL lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• bf];|f] k|Zg klg ug{ lbg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\, s] of] klxnf] h:t} 5 <
• klxnf s] ug{' knf{ < 5nkmnaf6 lgisif{ vf]Hg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
;d:of xn ubf{ nDafO/ rf}8fOsf] PsfO Pp6} x'g' kg]{ s'/f atfO lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ klxn] g} tof/ kfl/Psf ljleGg vfnsf k|Zg ePsf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\
. -k|Zg s'g} tLgdWo] b'O{ lbP/ csf]{ lgsfNg] / PsfO ¿kfGt/0f ug{' kg]{ vfnsf ;d]t x'g' kg]{ _
• k|Zgaf6 lbOPsf] / kQf nufpg' kg]{ s'/f 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;"q k|of]u u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf x]/]/
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg u/]sf] k/LIf0f u/]/

kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{{F ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] slt If]qkmn knª\n] cf]u6]sf] 5 < gfk]/ kQf nufO{ k|ltj]bg agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

134
 kfrf}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• juf{sf/ j:t'sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg
• juf{sf/ j:t'sf] nDafO / If]qkmndWo] s'g} ! lbPsf] cj:yfdf csf]{sf] gfk kQfnufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lhof]af]8{, /a/AofG8;\, lrq jf k|Zg sf8{ .

lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
• ;a}sf] k|:t't ug{ gEofPdf ;ª\sng u/L n}hfg'xf];\ / cWoog u/L
k[i7kf]if0f;lxt lbg'xf];\ .
• d"Nofª\sg k|of]hgsf nflu ;a}sf] /]s8{ eg] /fVg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• bfofF b]vfP h:t} lhof] af]8{df Pp6f cfot / Pp6f ju{ agfpg'xf]; .
• b'O{ lrqdf s] km/s 5 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfotsf] h:t} ju{sf] klg sf]7f ug]/ If]qkmn lgsfNg eGg'xf];\ .
• eGg ;s] ls ;s]gg olsg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
u|fkm af]8{df -ICT k|of]uaf6_ Pp6f 7'nf] ju{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . / lgDg k|Zgdf /xL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• ju{sf nDafO / rf}8fOtkm{ slt sltcf]6f ju{ 5g\ <
• s] o;df nDafO / rf}8fO a/fa/ 5 <
• cfotsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q s] lyof] <
• ju{sf] s] x'G5 xf]nf <
cfotsf] If]qkmndf nDafO / rf}8fOsf dfg Pp6} /fv]/ If]qkmnsf] ;"q lgsfNg 5nkmn ub}{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
cfotsf] If]qkmn 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑏
olb ju{df nDafOl / rf}8fO klg l eP
ju{sf] If]qkmn 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑙
𝐴 = 𝑙 2 ju{ PsfO x'G5 egL atfOlbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
ju{ / cfotsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg] ;"q ;f]w]/
lj|mofsnfk $ Pp6f juf{sf/ rf}/sf] Pp6f 3]/fsf]
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fgf] ;d"xdf af8\g'xf]; / bfofF lbOPsf] nDjfO (=% ld6/ 5 eg] pSt rp/sf]
k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• To;df lbOPsf] / lgsfNg' kg]{ s'/f 5'6\ofP/ n]vL
If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf]; .
k|Zg xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf dfg c+lst lrqsf8{ jf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .

135
 • To;df lbOPsf] / lgsfNg' kg]{ s'/f 5'6\ofP/ n]vL k|Zg xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Ps b'Oc
{ f]6f sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf x]/]/
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/

kl/of]hgf sfo{ MtkfO{sF f] 3/df ePsf juf{sf/ j:t''x¿sf] ;"rL lgdf0f{ ug'{xf];\. pSt j:t''x¿sf] ;txsf] gfk
OGrdf lng'xf];\ / If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

136
 5}7f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• clgoldt j:t'sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L Mlhof]af]8{,u|fkm af]8,{ u|fkm sfkL , clgoldt j:t', lrq sf8{ .

lj|mofsnfk !
• lhof]af]8{, u|fkm af]8{ jf ICT sf] k|of]uaf6 bfofFsf] h:t} lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-of] agfpgsf nflu Math learning
center sf] geoboard df uP/
agfpg ;Sg'x'g] 5
https://www.mathlearningcenter.
org/apps/geoboard _
• A, B / C lrqsf] If]qkmn s;/L
lgsfNg ;lsG5 < egL 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] k]h g=
!!^, !!& sf] lj|mofsnfk @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / lgDg k|Zgdf /xL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
➢ clgoldt j:t''sf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg' kg]{ /x]5 <
➢ If]qkmn lgsfNg s] s] k|lj|mof ug{'kg]{ /x]5 <

lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !!& sf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . k':tssf] k]h g+= !!&
• clgoldt j:t'sf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsflnPsf] /x]5 5nkmn
• ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf clgoldt j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• clgoldt j:t'nfO{ u|fkm sfkLdfyL /fv]/ aflx/L 3]/f lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• To; j:t'n] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF -If]qkmn _ kQfnufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf sfo{x¿ Ps b'O{cf]6f sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
• u|fkm k]k/df cfˆgf] xftsf] kGhfsf] aflx/L 3]/f 6«]; ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
• To;kl5 ju{ sf]7f ug]/ cfˆgf] xftsf] If]qkmn kQf nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/

137
 • lj|mofsnfksf] glthfaf6
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg u/]sf]af6

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{F{sf] k':tssf] k]h g= !!@ sf] @ g= sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .

138
 ;ftf}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ju{, cfot / clgoldt j:t'sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{ , A4 k]k/, ldhl/ª 6]k

lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ d'Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
•
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !!( sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lgDg k|Zgdf /xL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• rf}8fOnfO{ lsg x dfg]sf] xf]nf < k]h g= !!( pbfx/0f #
• nDafO s;/L 2x eof] <
• ;"qdf s;/L /flvPsf] 5 <
• o:t} vfnsf cGo k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L yk cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf laefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ sf8{df n]v]/ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• pSt ;d:ofnfO{ A4 k]k/df ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg u/L ;s]kl5 k]k/ 3'dfP/ ;a}sf] ;a}nfO{ -Paper Graffitti ljlwaf6_ x]g{ lbg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lbbF} ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

gd'gf k|Zgx¿
-s_ Pp6f cfotsf] nDafO # ld= / rf}8fO !@% ;]=ld 5 eg] cfotsf] If]qkmn slt ju{ ;]=ld= x'G5 <
-v_ Pp6f ju{sf] If]qkmn !@% ju{ ;]=ld= 5 eg] ju{sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ rf}8fOsf] t]Aa/ nDafO ePsf] cfotfsf/ rp/sf] If]qkmn ^&% ju{ ld= eP nDafO/ rf}8fO slt slt
xf]nf < lx;fa u/L lgsfNg'xf];\ .
-3_ Pp6f ljBfnodf /x]sf] elnan sf]6{sf] nDafO !* ld / rf}8fO ( ld= 5 . pSt sf]6{sf] jl/kl/ @ kmGsf
8f]/L afWg slt ld= 8f]/L rflxPnf <
-ª_ ;u}sf] lrqdf cfotsf] nDafO %) ;]ld / rf}8fO @) ;]=ld= 5 . pSt
cfot leq * ;]=ld e'hf ePsf] ju{ 5 eg] /ª nufPsf] efusf] If]qkmn
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

-r_ cfkm" a;]sf] a]Grn] sIff sf]7fsf] slt 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 < gfk]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-5_ lbOPsf] clgoldt j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . - clgoldt j:t' / u|fkm lbg'xf];\ _ .

-h_ lbOPsf] u|fkm cWoog u/L clgoldt j:t'sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .

139
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• ;d"x lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf / glthf x]/]/
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg u/]sf]af6

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M tkfO{{s

F f] Hofldlt afs;df ePsf] :s]n, ;]6 :SjfP/, k|f]6]S6/, O/]h/sf]] u|fkmk]k/df 6«];
ug'{xf];\ . To;kl5 k|To]sn] cf]u6]sf juf{sf/ sf]7fx¿ ug]/ k|To]ssf] If]qkmn kQfnufO{ sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

140
 cf7f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• if8\d'vfsf]] cfotg kQf nufpg
• cfotg, nDafO{, rf}8fO / prfOdWo] s'g} # cf]6fsf] gfk lbOPsf] cj:yfdf rf}yf]sf] gfk kQfnufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|f]h]S6/, ! ;]=ld= sf 3gx¿, lrq sf8{

lj|mofsnfk !

• dfly lbOPsf if8\d'vfnfO{ jf To:t} if8\d'vfx¿nfO{ k|f]h]S6/af6 l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .

• ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]sdf sltcf]6f 3gsf 6'j|mf 5g ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• tLgcf]6f Face dfq b]lvPsf]n] ljBfyL{ uGg cK7]/f] dfGg ;Sg]5g\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L ;xL / l56f] uGg ;lsG5 encourage ug'{xf];\ .
• ;xL uGg ;Sg]nfO{ s;/L uGg ;lsof] ;f]Wg'xf];\ / tfln ahfP/ k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .
• cfotgsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ kf7\ok':ts k]h g+= !@#

• ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !@# sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk @ ;Fu t'ngfTds 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ / ! 3g ;]dL sf 3gx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• k|fKt 3gaf6 if8d'vfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt if8d'vfdf sltcf]6f 3g k|of]u ePsf 5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• lgld{t if8d'vfdf nDafO lt/, rf}8fOlt/ / prfO lt/ slt sltcf]6f if8\d'vf k|of]u ePsf 5g
5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• if8\d'vfsf] cfotg =k|of]u ePsf PsfO 3gsf] ;ª\Vof
= nDafO lt/sf] ;ª\Vof × rf}8fO lt/sf ;ª\Vof × prfOlt/sf] ;ª\Vof
= nDafO × rf}8fO × prfO

141
 𝑣 =𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
d"Nofª\sg
• cfotg eg]sf] s] xf] <
• if8\d['vfsf] cfotg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg if8d'vfsf/ j:t''x¿sf] gfd eGg / n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿n] n]v]sf] dWo]af6 s'g} Pp6fsf] gfk lnP/ cfotg lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
h:t} M ul0ft k':tssf] cfotg, Hofldlt aS;sf] cfotg .
• k|Zg ;dfwfgkl5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lrqsf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lrqdf nDafO rf}8fO prfO{ gfk]/ cfotn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

gd'gf lrqsf8{
!

@= ^ ;]=ld

# ;]=ld

% ;]=ld

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sfaf6

kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{s
F f] 3/df ePsf] s'g} @ cf]6f if8\d'vfsf] cfotg kQf nufO k|ltj]bg;lxt sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

142
 gjf}F} lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• 3gsf]] cfotg kQf nufpg
• cfotg lbPsf] cj:yfdf e'hf kQf nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
k|f]h]S6/, ! ;]=ld= sf So'ax¿, v]nf}gf So'j / So'AjfO8 .

lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgdf lbPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• k|f]h]S6/af6 oL
if8\d'vfx¿ l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
jf ;fdfu|L g} lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ oL b'O{
if8d'vfdf s] km/s 5 kQf
nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• So'asf] -3gsf]_ wf/0ff
:ki6 agfO lbg'xf];\ .
-nDafO , rf}8fO / prfO{ a/fa/
ePsf] if8\d'vf So'a -3g_ xf] .

lj|mofsnfk #
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg lbP/ a|]g :6ld{ª u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 3gsf] cfotg if8\d'vfsf] cfotg lgsfNg] ;"qaf6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g xf]nf <
• dflysf] 3gsf] cfotg lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
if8\d'vfsf] cfotg 𝑣 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ
= #× # ×#
= ( 3g PsfO
oxfF nDafOrf}8fO / prfOsf] dfg Pp6} 5 .
t;y{ 3gsf] cfotg 𝑣 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 × 𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑙 3 3g PsfO x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg k|Zg sf8{ -3g;Fu ;DalGwt_ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• sf8{df ePsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
sf8{sf gd'gf
=
& ;]=ld= nDafO{ ePsf] 3gsf] a ;]=ld= nDafO ePsf] 3gsf]
cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ . cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

143
 ^$3g ;]=ld= cfotg ePsf] 3gsf]
e'hfsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{af6
• ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sfaf6

kl/of]hgf sfo{

144
 bzfF} lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• b'/L, kl/ldlt, If]qkmn, cfotg ;DalGw ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M ldhl/ª 6]k
lj|mofsnfk !
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ldhl/ª 6]k lbg'xf];\ /
lgDgfg';f/sf] k|of]ufTds sfo{df nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffsf]7fsf] cfotg lgsfNg
• :s'ndf ePsf] cfotsf/ rp/sf] kl/ldlt lgsfNg
• :s'ndf ePsf] cfotsf/ rp/sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg
• sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8sf] leQfdf /x]sf] af]8{sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg
• sIffsf]7fsf] leQfsf] hDdf If]qkmn lgsfNg
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k|f]T;fxg tyf dfu{ lgb]{zg ub}{ hfg'xf]; .
ljBfyL{n] sfd ;ls;s]kl5 ;d"xnfO{ Go'h lk|G6df n]vfP/ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pRr bIftf n]ensf klxn] g} tof/ kfl/Psf k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf]; .

gd'gf k|Zgx¿
!= s'g} Pp6f rp/sf] nDafO !) ld ^) ;]=ld / rf}8fO *ld=@) ;]=ld 5 . To;sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
@= ljBfnodf /x]sf] rp/sf] If]qkmn !)% ju{ ld= 5 . rp/sf] rf}8fO % ld= eP nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
#= % ld
@ld lrqsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
$ld # ld
@ ld

* ld
$= ;u}sf] clgoldt kftsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .

%= Pp6f ju{sf] If]qkmn ^$ ju{ lkm6 eP ju{sf] e'hf kQf nufpg'xf];\ . k':tssf] k]h g= !@^
;a} ljBfyL{n] ul/;s]kl5 k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• ;d"x lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf x]/]/
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/
kl/of]hgf sfo{

145
 P3f/f}+ lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• kl/ldlt / If]qkmn ;DalGw pRr bIftfsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk !
cluNnf]] lbgsf] k|:t'lt ug{ afFsL /x]sf] eP k|:t'lt u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• dl:tis dGygsf nflu of] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfnosf] juf{sf/ rp/ * ld nDafOsf] 5 Ps hgf dflg; To;sf] jl/kl/ Ps kmGsf] nufp5 eg]
p slt b'/L lx8\5 <
• TPS u/fO{ pQ/nfO{ sIfdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ / klxn] g} lgld{t u/]sf pRr bIftfsf k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• To;df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / ;dfwfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ To;nfO{ Go'hlk|G6df n]vfO{ sIffdf 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
gd'gf k|Zgx¿
• Pp6f rp/sf] nDafO rf}8fOsf] bf]Aa/ 5 / To; rp/sf] If]qkmn &@m2 5 eg] rp/sf] nDafO ,
rf}8fO / kl/ldlt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f cfotfsf/ ?dfnsf] If]qkmn !@) cm2 5 / rf}8fO !) ;]= ld 5 eg] ?dfnsf] kl/ldlt kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f if8\d'vfsf] nDafO rf}8fOsf] bf]Aa/ 5 / prfO$ ;]=ld=/ cfotg @** cm3 5 eg] pSt
if8\d'vfsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f 3gfsf/ sf]7fsf] cfotg ^$ m3 5 eg] sf]7fsf] nDafO / kl/ldlt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{ cjnf]sg u/]/
• ;d"x sfo{df ;+nUgtf x]/]/
k':tssf] k]h g+= !@&
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufP/

kl/of]hgf sfo{
k':tssf] k]h g= !@& sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

146
 afx|f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'lt / k/LIffdf ;xefuL
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zgkq .

lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu /]s8{ klg /fVg'xf]; \ .

lj|mofsnfk @
#) ldg]6 ;dosf] k|Zg kq lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgkq ljt/0f u/L k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

147
 kf7 !!
3ftfª\s

kl/ro
o; PsfOdf 3ftfª\ssf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o;sfnflu bf]xf]/lPsf cª\s s;/L 5f]6f] tl/sfn] n]Vg
;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g] 5 . of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ slt k6s bf]xf]l/Psf] jf u'0fg ul/Psf]
eGg] s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fOg' kb{5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df l;sfO tyf k|of]u l;k sf] ljsf; x'g]
5.

l;sfO pknlAw
• 3ftfª\ssf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt
k[i7 3G6f
! • 3ftfª\s sf] cjwf/0ff !@* !
@ • 3ftfª\s ;DalGw ;d:of ;dfwfg !@(,!#) !

148
 klxnf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• 3ftfª\s sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
lj|mofsnfk !
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDglnlvt b'O{cf]6f k|Zg lbP/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ M
• e'hfsf] nDafO s ePsf] ju{sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
• e'hfsf] nDafO x ePsf] 3gsf] cfotg slt x'G5 <
s;n] slt slt lgsfn]5g\ eGg nufpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !@* cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !@*
o;sf nflu lgDg k|lj|moff ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
𝑎 × 𝑎 = ⋯ slt x'G5 <
𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 = ⋯ slt x'G5 <
𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = ⋯ slt x'G5 <
To;f] eP 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35 n]Vg ;lsG5 <
x6 eg]sf] slt xf] t <
25 eg]sf] lg <
𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 nfO{ klg 3ftfª\ssf ¿kdf n]vg ;lsG5 < ;lsG5 eg] s;/L <

lj|mofsnfk #

2x3 af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ jf n]Vg'xf];\ . o;af6 u'0ffª\s , cfwf/ / 3ftfª\s k'gM a'emfO lbg'xf];\ .
3ftfª\s
u'0ffª\s 2x3
cfwf/

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf k|Zg ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft k|:t'lt / 5nkmn klg ug'{xf];\ .

tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ 3ftfª\sdf eP lj:tfl/t ¿kdf / lj:tfl/t ¿kdf eP 3ftfª\sdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

• 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 ×× 𝑥 × 𝑥
• 2×2×2×3×3×3×3
• 45
• 3 4 23
• 𝑦×𝑦×𝑦×𝑧×𝑧×𝑧×𝑧

149
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:of ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ 3ftfª\sdf eP lj:tfl/t ¿kdf / lj:tfl/t ¿kdf eP 3ftfª\sdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
• 𝑦×𝑦×𝑦×𝑦
• 2×2×2×𝑎×𝑎×𝑎×𝑎
• 5 4 23
kl/of]hgf sfo{

150
 bf];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• 3ftfª\s;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{x¿
lj|mofsnfk !
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] k|Zgaf6 b|'t n]vg u/fO{ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• “ 3ftfª\s eg]sf] s] xf] < ”5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s'g} rn jf crn /flzx¿ sltk6s bf]xf]l/Psf] jf u'0fg ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 To;nfO{ hgfpg] cª\snfO{ g}
3ftfª\s jf To;sf] power elgG5 . h:t} 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎3 df a, 3 k6s cfPsf]n] a sf] dfly n]lvPsf]
3, a sf] 3ftfª\s xf] .

lj|mofsnfk @
tnsf] k|ZgnfO{ af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ jf n]Vg'xf]; . To;nfO{ hf]8f ;d"xdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
!= lj:tfl/t ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . 𝑚4 × 𝑛3
@= 3ftfª\ssf] ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ s_ 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑦
v_ 𝑚3 × 𝑚2 × 𝑚3
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"x ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ /fv]/ lgdf{0f u/LPsf] k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} k|Zg ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df k'/} sIffaf6 ;dfwfgsf] k|of; vf]Hg'xf];\ .

k|Zgx¿
• e'hfsf] nDafO x ld= ePsf] juf{sf/ rp/sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
• lj:tfl/t ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\
𝑎2 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3
𝑝3 + 𝑟 2
• tkfO{{+s
F f] ul0ft k':tssf] cfotg 3]/f gfk]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . olb pSt k':tssf] nDafO, rf}8fO /
prfO{ ;a}sf] gfk * ;]=ld= ePsf] eP cfotg slt x'g] lyof] <
• 3gfsf/ afs;sf] e'hf % ;]=ld= sf] eP cfotg kQf nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-s_ lbOPsf 3ftfª\ssf lj:tfl/t ¿k n]Vg'xf];\ M

-c_ b4 -cf_ C3×C2 -O_ y2 ×y2 × p -O{_ l3 ×b2 ×h2

151
-v_ 3ftfª\ssf ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ M

-c_ 4x2 ×x2 -cf_ x5 ×x2 -O_ a×a×a×a×a -O{_ x×x×x×y×y

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!#)

kf7 !@
aLhLo cleJo~hs

kl/ro
Pp6f dfq dfg x'g] /flznfO{ crn /flz elgG5 . b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dfg x'g] /flznfO{ rn /flz elgG5 .
Pp6} rn /flz -cfwf/_ / 3ftfª\s ePsf kbx¿nfO{ ;hftLo kbx¿ elgG5 . km/s km/s rn /flz ePsf
kbx¿nfO{ lahftLo kbx¿ elgG5 . rn /fzL / crn /fzL lar ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lj|mof -hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg
/ efu_ ePdf aLhLo cleAo~hs aGb5 . o; kf7df rn /fzL / crn/fzL, ;hftLo / ljhftLo kbx?,
aLhLo cleJo~hs / logLx?sf] hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu ul/G5 .

l;sfO pknlAw
• tLg kbLo;Ddsf b'O{cf]6f aLhLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 / 36fp ug{
• b''O{ kbLo ;Ddsf] cleJo~hsnfO{ PskbLo aLhLo cleJo~hsn] u'0fg / efu ug{
• aLhLo cleJo~hssf] dfg kQf nufpg
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt
k[i7 3G6f
! rn crn /flz, ;hftLo, ljhftLo kb !#! !
@ Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 !#@,!##,!#$ !
# låkbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 !#@,!##,!#% !
$ tLg kbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 !#@,!##,!#% !
% Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] 36fp !#@,!#$ !
^ låkbLo cleJo~hssf] 36fp !##,!#$ !
& cleJo~hssf] ;/n !#%,!#^ !
* Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] u'0fg !#&,!#( @
( låkbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] u'0fg !#*,!$),!$! @
!) cleJo~hssf] dfg kQf nufpg !#(,!$),!$! @
!! Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] efu !$@ @
!@ låkbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] efu !$#,!$$,!$% @
!# PsfO{ k/LIff !

152
153
 klxnf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• rn crn /flz, ;hftLo ljhftLo kb tyf cleJo~hssf] cjwf/0ff
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zgx¿
lj|mofsnfk !
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf k|Zgx¿af6 ;d"xdf dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ M
• rn /flz eg]sf] s] xf] <
• crn /flz eg]sf] s] xf] <
• x sf] dfg ;w}F Pp6} jf % x'G5 eg] x s] xf] <
• ;hftLo / ljhftLo kb eg]sf] s] xf]<
;d"xsf lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':ttssf] k]h g= !#! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . kf7\k':tssf] k]h g= !#!
• cWoog kZrft hf]8L agfO{ 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• klxnf] lj|mofsnfksf pQ/x¿ o;af6 vf]Hg ;s] ls ;s]gg\ <
;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
• k'/} sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
k]h g= !#@ sf] lgisif{ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

c¿ klg pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L cem :ki6 kf/L lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !## sf] pbfx/0f ! x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ /
• hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k'/} sIffdf klg 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k]h g= !## sf] pbfx/0f !

lj|mofsnfk $
v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
• ;s];Dd k|lt ljBfyL{ Pp6f k|Zg k'Ug] u/L tn lbOP h:t} k|Zg lgdf{0f u/L 6'j|mf sfuhdf n]v]/ Pp6f
a6\6fdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• To;nfO xNnfP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfpFb} Pp6f lemSg nufpg'xf];\ / pQ/ klg eGg jf n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a}sf] kfnf] k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .
gd'gf k|Zgx¿

154
 • x sf] dfg PseGbf a9L x'g ;S5 eg] x s:tf] /flz xf] <
• x / y s:tf kbx¿ x'g <
• ;hftLo kb eg]sf] s] xf] <
• 3xy / xy ;hftLo x'g ls xf]Ogg\ < lsg <
• 𝑥 2 sf u'0fgv08 s] s] xf]nfg <
• 3𝑎𝑏 sf u'0fgv08 s] s] x'g <
• 2 ;'Gtnf / 3 cfFk hDdf slt x'G5 <
• 2 / x hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <
• 3𝑥 af6 x 36fpg ldN5 ls ldNb}g <36fP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• 𝑥 / y hf]8\g ;lsG5< hf]8]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{ / 5nkmn df ;xeflutf x]/]/
• ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sf] x]/]/
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!#$

kl/of]hgf sfo{

155
 bf];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• cleJo~hssf] kl/efiff lbg
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|f]h]S6/, k|Zgx¿, PskbLo cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿

lj|mofsnfk !

• tn lbOP h:tf s]xL k|Zg kfn};Fu cufl8 l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ jf n]Vg'xf];\ / o;af6 dl:tis dGyg
u/fpg'xf];\ .
• kfn};Fu pQ/ eGg lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/x¿nfO{ af]8{df l6Kg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/ ;xL jf unt s] 5 egL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
• 2x df x hf]8\bf slt x'G5 <
• k|ldgf ;Fu ! kfs]6 - x cf]6f _ rsn]6 lyof] cfdfn] yk kfFrcf]6f lbg'eof] eg] pgL;Fu hDdf
sltcf]6f rsn]6 eP xf]nfg\ <
• k|ldgfn] ! kfs]6 rsn]6 - x cf]6f _ af6 cfwf efOnfO{ lbg'eof] eg] efOn] slt kfP <
• z'l;n;Fu y cf]6f ;'Gtnf lyof] 5cf]6f /dfnfO{ lbP eg] pgL;Fu slt afFsL /xG5 <

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !#@ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !#@
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk ! ;Fu t'ngf u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cleJo~hs wf.0ff :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
cleJo~hs eg]sf] s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k]h g= !## sf] pbfx/0f ! sf s b]lv em ;Ddsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] s;/L hf]8]sf 5g cg'udg ug'{xf];\ .
• ca cfkm"n] hf]8]sf]tl/sf hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;a}n] u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg ug'{xf];\ .
• s] s] uNtL u/] < s] s] uNtL x'g;S5g\ < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• l8:Kn] af]8{df jf LCD af6 tnsf PskbLo kbx¿ ePsf] sf8{x¿ Ps k6sdf b'O{cf]6f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ d'v}n] hf]8]/ pQ/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

156
gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf sf8{
-s_ 4a / 2a -v_ 5x2y / x2y -u_ s, 3s / 5s

4a 2a 5x2y x2y s 3s 5s
d"Nofª\sg

ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

of]ukmn lgsfNg'xf];\ M
-s_ 3x / 4x -v_ x, 4x / 5x -u_ 2x, 3y / 7x
kl/of]hgf sfo{

157
 t];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• b'O{ kbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{, låkbLo cleJo~hs ePsfsf sf8{x¿ jf ICT sf] k|of]u
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f;lxt 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• s:tf] cleJo~hsnfO{ låkbLo cleJo~hs elgG5 < Quick write u/fO{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kfFrcf]6f låkbLo cleJo~hs n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} b'O{cf]6f hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf tn lbOPsf k|Zg /fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf sf8{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8L ;s]kl5 sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
hf]8 ug'{xf];\ M
• 𝑥 + 𝑦 / 𝑥 + 2𝑦
• 𝑥 2 + 3 / 2𝑥 2 + 1
• 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 / 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦
• 5𝑎2 + 𝑎 / 𝑎2
• 3𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 / 𝑎2 𝑦 + 3

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ .
• klxnf b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ / nfOgdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df kffrcf]6f låkbLo cleJo~hssf k|Zg l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
• ca b'j} ;d"xnfO{ Ps} k6s s|dzM klxnf]n] ! ;s] kl5 bf];|f]n] g=@ clg # ub}{ !,@,#,$,% lx;fa ug{
eGg'xf];\ .
• s'g ;d"xn] klxnf k"/f ug{ ;S5 To;nfO{ ljh]tf agfpg'xf];\ .
• To;} u/L c¿ ;d"xnfO{ klg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljh]tfnfO{ tflnn] k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d:of ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ (2a + 3) / (3a + 5) -v_ (5x + 3) / (3x - 5) -u_ (2a - 5) / (3a + 2)

158
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
rf}yf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• tLg kbLo cleJo~hssf] hf]8 ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zgx¿, tLgkbLo cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿ jf ICT sf] k|of]u
lj|mofsnfk !
s:tf] cleJo~hsnfO{ tLgkbLo cleJo~hs elgG5 < Quick write u/fO 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f tLgkbLo cleJo~hs n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8fdf agfPsf] cleJo~hsnfO{ hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf tn lbOPsf sf8{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos eP k[i6kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

k|Zgx¿
hf]8 ug'{xf];\ M
• 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 / 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧+
• 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 / 3𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑦
• 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 / 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2
• 5𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 2 / 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 1
• 3𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎 / 𝑎2 𝑦 + 3𝑎 + 2

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{sf] tLg tLg hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ .
• klxnf b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ / nfOgdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df tLgcf]6f tLgkbLo cleJo~hssf k|Zg l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
• ca b'j} ;d"xnfO{ Ps} k6s s|dzM klxnf]n] ! ;s] kl5 bf];|f]n] g=@ clg # ub}{ !,@,#,g== sf lx;fa
ug{ eGg'xf];\ .
• s'g ;d"xn] klxnf k'/f ug{ ;S5 To;nfO{ ljh]tf agfpg'xf];\ .
• To;}u/L c¿ ;d"xnfO{ klg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljh]tfnfO{ tflnn] k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg

(3x2 + 4x + 5) / (5x2 +6x + 7) sf] hf]8 ug'{xf];\ .

159
160
 kfrf}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] 36fp ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zgx¿, cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿ jf ICT sf] k|of]u

lj|mofsnfk !
tn lbOP h:tf s]xL k|Zg kfn} ;Fu cufl8 l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ jf n]Vg'xf]; / o;af6 dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿ M
• 2x df x 36fpFbf slt x'G5 <
• ldgf ;Fu @) cf]6f rsn]6 lyof] pgn] alxgLnfO{ kfFrcf]6f lbOg eg] pgL ;Fu hDdf sltcf]6f
rsn]6 afFsL xf]nf<
• k|ldgf ;Fu ! kfs]6 - x cf]6f _ rsn]6 lyof] pgn] alxgLnfO{ kfFrcf]6f lbOg eg] pgL ;Fu hDdf
sltcf]6f rsn]6 afFsL xf]nf<
• z'l;n;Fu y cf]6f ;'Gtnf lyof] 5 cf]6f /dfnfO lbP eg] pgL;Fu slt afFsL /xG5 <
ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/x¿nfO{ af]8{df l6Kg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• klxn] g} tof/ ul/Psf Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿ sIffdf ldnfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .
• ca bfof xftdf 7'nf] / afofF xftdf ;fgf] sf8{ lnP/ sIffsf] cufl8 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
• d'v}n] 36fpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• w]/} hf]8f sf8{x¿af6 of] k|lj|moff bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .
ca km]l/ JolStut ¿kdf eGg nufpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf sf8{

3a a 3x2 x2 5s 3s x2 x

lj|mofsnfk #

• af]8{df PskbLo k|Zgx¿ n]Vb} jf l8:Kn] ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .

• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s lx;fasf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

gd'gf k|Zgx¿
-s_ 4a af6 2a -v_ 5x2y af6 x2y -u_ 3s af6 5s -3_ x2y af6 xy2
d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ 4y af6 2y -v_ 5x af6 x -u_ 5s af6 2s

161
 5}6f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• låkbLo cleJo~hssf] 36fp ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zgx¿, cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿ jf ICT sf] k|of]u

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f låkbLo cleJo~hs n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;Fu}sf] ;fyLn] n]v]sf]af6 cfk"mn] n]v]sf] 36fpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!#$ sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|To]s k|Zgdf 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ /fvL tof/ ul/Psf] sf8{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• 36fpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 36fpFbf lrx\g kl/jt{g ug]{ tl/sf :ki6 x'g] u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf k|Zg
hf]8 ug'{xf];\ M
• 3𝑥 + 𝑦 af6 𝑥 + 2𝑦
• 5𝑥 2 + 3 af6 2𝑥 2 + 1
• 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 af6 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦
• 5𝑎2 + 𝑎 af6 𝑎2
• 3𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 af6 𝑎2 𝑦 + 3
• 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 af6 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2
• 5𝑎2 − 𝑎 + 2 af6 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 1
• 3𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎 af6 𝑎2 𝑦 + 3𝑎 + 2

162
d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-s_ (3x + 4y) af6 (2x + 2y)

-v_ (6a + 4b) af6 (a + b)

163
 ;ftf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• cleJo~hssf] ;/n ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zgx¿, cleJo~hssf sf8{x¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . ;d"xdf tkfO{{n
F ] nu]sf k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\
• llrx\g x]/L hf]8 36fp -;/n _ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] u/L ;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf] cufl8 k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• sf]i7 / lrx\gsf af/]df :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
gd'gf k|Zgx¿
!= 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦
@= 5𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 − 3𝑎2
#= (4𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1) + (2𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 2)
$= (4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐) − (3𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐)
%= /]vfv08sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

x 2x

lj|mofsnfk @
• k"j{ tof/ ul/Psf - lj|mofsnfk ! sf h:tf _ k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{x¿ Pp6f afs;df /fVg'xf];\
/fd|f];Fu rnfpg'xf];\ .
• ;a}nfO{ kfn} kfnf] Ps Pscf]6f lemSg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• sf]xL s;}n] g;s]sf] eP af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
• g;Sg'sf] sf/0f vf]Hg'xf]; .
• k"g ;dfwfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .
• cfjZos dfu{bz{g klg ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• af]8{df !,@ cf]6f pRr bIftfsf k|Zg n]Vg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ug{ ;s] ;s]gg\ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':ttsf] k]h g= !#^ sf] g+= ^/&
• g;Sg]nfO{ ;Sg]x¿af6 ;xof]uL l;sfO u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
!= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) − ( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
@= (𝑎3 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏) + (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏)

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
;/n ug{'xf];\ M

164
-s_ 4a + 6a – 9a
-v_ 5x – 6x + 3x
-u_ 6m2 + 3m2 – 9m2
-3_ (x2 + xy + y2) – (x2 – xy + y2)
cf7f} lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] u'0fg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cfotfsf/ j:t'x¿, k|Zg sf8{x¿

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg lrqx¿ k|:t't u/L If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8fdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
2x x x x 2x

x a 2a

lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#& sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#& sf]
lj|mofsnfk !
lj|mofsnfk #
A B x

C D
• sIffsf] cfsf/ x]/L ljBfyL{nfO{ $/ % hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf dfly lbOPsf h:t} Pp6f 7'nf] / c¿ * cf]6f ;fgf ldNg] u/L sf6]sf 6'jm| fx¿ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• 7'nfsf] dfly ;fgf 6'j|mf ldnfP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L ldnfpFbf 7'nfsf] k"0f{ efu ;fgfn] 5f]lkg'
kb{5 .
• ;fgf 6'j|mfsf] gfk lng nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;fgfsf] gfkaf6 7'nf] cfotsf] If]qkmn s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 elg ;f]Wg'xf];\ / lgsfNg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fO 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

165
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
gd'gfsf nflu
• 0×𝑚
• 3𝑎 × 2𝑏
• 2(𝑥 × 3𝑥)
• 2𝑥 × 𝑥
• ===============

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 0 × a -v_ 1× b -u_ 2a × 9b -3_ a × b × c

166
 gjf}F} lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hssf] u'0fg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{x¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• tnsf k|Zgx¿ af]8{df n]Vg'xf]; / ljBfyL{nfO{ b\'t n]vg ( Quick write ) ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• eGg nufpg'xf]; / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
• a / 2 sf] u'0fg slt x'G5 <
• 5x nfO{ sltn] u'0fg u/] 20x x'G5 <
• 5y / 0 u'0fg ubf{ slt x'G5 <
• 5m / 3n u'0fg ubf{ slt x'G5 <
• b / 2b u'0fg ubf{ slt x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ hf]8fdf tn lbOP h:t} ljleGg k|sf/sf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

gd'gf k|Zgx¿
• 𝑎 × 2𝑎
• 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐
• 2𝑎 × 𝑏 × 3𝑐
• 𝑎2 × 𝑏 2
𝑎 𝑎
• 𝑏×𝑏
2 1
• 𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐
3 3

lj|mofsnfk #
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#&, !#* df ePsf] pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ k]h g= !#&, !#* pbfx/0f !
nufpg'xf];\ / k|To]s k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• js{l;6df vfnL sf]7fdf ldNg]u/L cleJo~hs n]Vg'xf];\ .

167
 •

gfd M

d"Nofª\sg M
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 8b × 9c -v_ 2p × 3q × 4r -u_ 2a × 5a -3_ 4x × 7x

168
 b;f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• b'O{ kbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] u'0fg ug{ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{x¿ , ljleGg gfksf cfotx¿

lj|mofsnfk !
tn lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ cufl8 l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
M x R y N

P S O
• dflysf] lrqsf] If]qkmn s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 < k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
• If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lgsfNg ;s] ls ;s]gg\ < s;/L lgsfn] < k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• If]qkmn lgsfNg s] ug{' kb{5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#* sf] lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk ! ;Fu s] km/s 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#* sf] lj|mofsnfk @

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f cfot lbg'xf];\ / If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s;/L lgsfn]sf 5g\ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
cfotsf gd'gf sf8{x¿ M
x y a
c

x b

y m 2

x
x

lj|mofsnfk $

169
 • ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#* sf] pbfx/0f @ df lbOP h:tf] - ;a}nfO{ k'Ug] km/s km/s _
k"j{ lgld{t sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• u'0fg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• u'0fg u/L ;s]kl5 s]xLnO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ a × (b + c) -v_ 3l × (2l + 3m ) -u_ 5x × (4x – 5y)

170
 P3f/f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• b'O{ kbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] u'0fg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{x¿ , ljleGg gfksf cfotx¿

lj|mofsnfk !
• bfofF lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ cufl8 l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ \. x 3y
• ljBfyL{nfO{ l56f] o;sf] If]qkmn / kl/ldlt lgsfNg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• Ps b'O{ hgfnfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ ug{
lbg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . 2x

• cGo tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < jf ;lsFb}g < egL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf tn lbOPsf] k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
• 𝑥 × (𝑥 + 𝑦)
• 2𝑚 × (𝑚 + 3𝑛)
• 3𝑎 × ( 2𝑎 + 4𝑏)
• 𝑥 × (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)
• 𝑥𝑦 × (𝑥 + 𝑦)

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk @ df lbOPsf h:t} km/s km/s k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{x¿ k|To]snfO{ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 2x × (3y + 4z) -v_ 2p × (q + 3) -u_ 2x × (3x + 4y)

171
 afx|f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• rn /flzsf] dfg k|lt:yfkg u/L cleJo~hssf] dfg lgsfNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
lj|mofsnfk !
tn lbOPsf /]vfv08x¿ af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ x+1 -v_ x+2x

-u_ x-2 -3_ x+y

olb x sf] dfg 4 ;]=ld= / y sf] dfg 3 ;]=ld= eP /]vfv08x¿sf] gfk slt slt x'G5 < kQf nufpg
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !#* sf] lj|mofsnfk @ k'gM cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cfotnfO{ sfkLdf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cfotdf olb a sf] dfg 4 ;]=ld= b sf] dfg 6 ;]=ld / d sf] dfg 3 ;]=ld= eP pSt cfotsf]
If]qkmn slt x'G5 < lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s;/L lgsfn]sf 5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L nu]sf] k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lbOPsf] k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

!= 2a
olb a sf] dfg 8 ;]=ld / b sf] dfg 3 ;]=ld= eP cfotsf] If]qkmn slt
3b x'G5 < kl/ldlt klg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

@= 2x+3y
olb x sf] dfg 5 ;]=ld / y sf] dfg 3 ;]=ld= eP cfotsf] If]qkmn
5x slt x'G5 < kl/ldlt slt x'G5 <

# m n+2
olb m sf] dfg 6 ;]=ld= / n sf] dfg 8 ;]=ld= eP cfotsf]
2n If]qkmn slt x'G5 <

5x

172
 2y olb x sf] dfg 5 ;]=ld=, y sf] dfg 3 ;]=ld / z sf] dfg 4 ;]=ld=
eP cfotg lgsfNg'xf];\ .

3z

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

olb a = -2, b = 3 / c = 4 eP tn lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M

-s_ a + b -v_ a – b + c -u_ 2a + 3b + 4c

173
 t]/f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• rn /flzsf] dfg k|lt:yfkg u/L cleJo~hssf] dfg lgsfNg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{x¿
lj|mofsnfk !
af]8{df oL b'Oc
{ f]6f k|Zg n]Vg'xf];\ .
• != olb a=3 eP a2-2 sf] dfg slt x'G5 < lgsfNg'xf];\ .
• @= olb x=2 / y=3 eP x(x+y) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ oL k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k]h g= !#( sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk ! df cfk"mn] u/]sf] tl/sf / pbfx/0f @ df s] leGgtf e]l6of] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\o k':tssf] k]h g= !#( sf] pbfx/0f # df lbP h:t} tof/ ul/Psf] k|Zg sf8{x¿
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ s]xLnfO{ sIffdf cufl8 cfO{ u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
ljBfyL{nfO{ cem a9L cEof; u/fpgsf nflu af]8{df k|Zg n]Vb} hfg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

olb a = -2, b = 3 / c = 4 eP tn lbOPsf cleJo~hsx¿sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M

-s_ 5a – 3c + 7b -v_ a2 + 2abc + b2 -u_ 3a × 4b × 5c

174
 rf}wf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] PskbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ efu ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M js{ l;6
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k'gM Ps k6s c+s ul0ftdf If]qkmnsf] lx;fa ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
h:t} M
➢ nDafO !) ;]=ld= / rf}8fO ^ ;]=ld= ePsf] ?dfnsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
➢ nDafO %lkm6 / If]qkmn !% ju{lkm6 ePsf] rp/sf] rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
➢ nDafO2a / rf}8fO 3b ePsf] sf]7fsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
➢ If]qkmn 3x2 / rf}8fO x ePsf] cfotfsf/ sfuhsf] nDafOslt x'G5 <
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] dflysf k|Zgx¿ xn ug{ ;s] jf ;s]gg\< klxnf] / bf];|f] h:t} t];|f] / yf}yf] klg xn ug{
;s] <
• sxfF cndlnP 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$@ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$@
/ s] s] ul/Psf] 5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf Ps Pscf]6f sf8{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sf8{sf] glbOPsf] gfk kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
3x ? 5y

? 3x2 x 4x ? 10y2

? 2a

? 8ab
2y 8y2

• ljBfyL{n] u/L ;s]kl5 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

• ;d"x ;d"xlar d"Nofª\sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f klg lbg'xf];\ / pTs[i7 k|:t'ltnfO{ tfnL ahfP/ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

175
lj|mofsnfk $
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] js{ l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• efu ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

gfd M

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

efu ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ (xy + xz) ÷ x -v_ (a2bc + abc2) ÷ abc

176
 kGw|f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] PskbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ efu ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{

lj|mofsnfk !

• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps kbLonfO{ Ps kbLo n] efu ug]{ vfnsf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ /
;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfkm"n] ;dfwfg u/]sf] ;u}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos 7fpFdf ;xhLs/0f klg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ @,# hgf x'g] u/L ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf sf8{ lbg'xf];\ / ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
➢ 4𝑥 2 ÷ 𝑥
➢ 6𝑎𝑏 2 ÷ 2𝑏
➢ 16𝑚3 𝑛 ÷ 4𝑚𝑛
➢ 20𝑎4 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 ÷ 5𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐
➢ 35𝑥 5 𝑦 7 ÷ 7𝑥 5 𝑦 4
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / :ki6 ul/lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} tnsf k|Zgx¿ ePsf] js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgkZrft\ cufl8 af]8{df k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• gldn]sf] sf/0fx¿ vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• uNtL ePsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

177
d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

efu ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ xy ÷ x -v_ a2bc ÷ abc

178
 ;f]x|f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] åLkbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ efu ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{
lj|mofsnfk !
• bfofF lbOPsf] h:t} lrq cufl8 af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ . x y
• lrqdf lbOPsf] cfotsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• To:t} csf]{ lrq l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ t/ To;df If]qkmn / x
nDafO lbg'xf]; / rf}8fO lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s] ;a}n] lgsfNg ;s] < Pscfk;df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f klg ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$@ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !$# sf]
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk !
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} Ps hgfnfO{ cufl8 u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• lj|mofsnfk ! sf] clGtd lgisif{ :ki6 kf/L lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
b'Ok{ bLo cleJo~hsnfO{ Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] efu ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s ;d"xdf tn lbOPsf] k|Zg/fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf sf8{x¿
lbg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
• 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 ÷ 𝑎
• 21𝑥 3 + 35𝑥 2 ÷ 7𝑥
• 25𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 10𝑥 2 𝑦 ÷ 5𝑥𝑦
• 10𝑚4 𝑛4 − 6𝑚3 𝑛2 ÷ 2𝑚𝑛
• 8𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 ÷ 2𝑥

lj|mofsnfk $
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk # df h:t} k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .
•

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

efu ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ (xy + xz) ÷ x -v_ (a2bc + abc2) ÷ abc

179
 ;qf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps kbLo cleJo~hsn] låkbLo cleJo~hsnfO{ efu ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M k|Zg sf8{
M
lj|mofsnfk ! 5x ;]=ld=
• ljBfyL{nfO{ bfofFsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ . klxnf] kf7df em}F s] s] dfg
lbOPsf] 5 kQf nufO{ rf}8fO lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• rf}8fO kQf nufpg s] sl7gfO eof] hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . 10x2+5x a=;]=ld=
• ljBfyL{n] u/]sf sfo{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf]; .
• ;xL ;dfwfgnfO{ tfnL ahfP/ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ / unt ePsf ;dfwfgnfO{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f
;lxt ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
!= 24𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 + 16𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ÷ 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2
@= 𝑎𝑥 3 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 ÷ 𝑥 3 𝑦 2
#= 4𝑚2 𝑛 − 6𝑚𝑛2 ÷ 2𝑚𝑛
$ Pp6f juf{sf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn 36𝑥 2 𝑦 2 eP pSt hUufsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
%= 2x + y
of] cfotsf] nDafO{df slt 36fP ju{ aG5 < ju{sf] nDafO, rf}8fO /
2x If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

• ;a} ;d"xn] u/L ;s]kl5 sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

• 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !$$ /!$%

efu ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ (14p3q2 + 49p2q3) ÷ 7p2q2 -5 -v_ (40u3v2 – 24u2v3) ÷ 8u2v2

180
 c7f/f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• PsfO k/LIffdf ;xefuLe} k/LIffdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg kq

lj|mofsnfk !
tnsf k|Zg kq ljt/0f u/L k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

k|Zgkq M
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M k"0ff{ª\s M @%
ldlt M ;do M $% ld=
;a} k|Zgx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\ .

!= tnsf egfO ;xL eP l7s / unt eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ . %

-s_ 2𝑥 2 / 5x ;hftLo kb x'g .
-v_ s'g} klg ;ª\Vof jf rn/flznfO{ ;f]xL ;ª\Vof jf rn /flzn] slt k6s u'0fg ul/of] eGg] hgfpg
3ftfª\ssf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
-u_ 3x / 4x sf] u'0fgkmn 12x x'G5 .
-3_ 4𝑥 2 𝑦 / 7𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 ljhftLo kb x'g .
-u_ y n] 2 / 4 larsf] ;ª\Vof hgfpF5 eg] x rn /flz xf] .
@= kb ldnfP/ ;/n ug'{xf];\ M $
-s_ (5𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)
-v_ (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
#= u'0fg ug'{xf];\ M $
-s_ 2𝑥 × 3𝑦 × 𝑧
-v_ 3𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)
$ efu ug'{xf];\ M %
-s_ 16𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ÷ 4𝑥 2
-v_ (5𝑝2 𝑞 − 15𝑝𝑞 2 ) ÷ 5𝑝𝑞
%= s_ Pp6f cfotfsf/ rp/sf] nDafO 9x ld= / rf}8fO 6y ld= 5 eg] rp/sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ . olb
x=3 / y=2 eP If]qkmn slt x'G5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ . #
v_ 5ab cm
lbOPsf] lrqdf afFsL e'hfsf] gfk kQf nufpg'xf];\ . #
20𝑎2 𝑏 2 cm2

181
 kf7 !#
;dLs/0f, c;dfgtf / n]vflrq
kl/ro
o; PsfOdf Ps rno'St /]vLo ;dLs0f n]Vg xn ug{ tyf l6«sf]6f]dL lgodsf llrx\gx¿ lrGg / To;sf]
k|of]u;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o; kf7 lzIf0fsf nflu t/fh' jf ;Gt'lnt 8G8Lsf] k|of]u u/L
a/fa/L tYosf] wf/0ff ljsf; u/fO{ ul0ftLo v'nf jfSoaf6 ;dLs/0f agfpg / a/fa/L tYo k|of]u u/L Ps
rno'St /]vLo ;dLs/0fsf] xn ug{ l;sfOg] 5 . To;}u/L b'O{cf]6f ;ª\Vofx¿lardf t'ngf ub}{ ;ª\Vof /]vfsf]
k|of]u u/L l6«sf]6f]dL lgodsf lrx\gx¿ ( =, ,  ) k|of]u ug{ l;sfOg] 5 . of] kf7 cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{df
l;sfO tyf k|of]u l;k tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;ksf] ljsf; x'g] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• Ps rno'St /]vLo ;dLs/0fsf] xn ug{
• l6«sf]6f]dL lgodsf lrx\gx¿ k|of]u ug{

lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg

j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt
k[i7 306f
!= k'g/jnf]sg ul0ftLo jfSox¿ !$^,!$& !
@= ;dLs/0f / a/fa/L tYo !%),!%! !
#= hf]8 / 36fpsf] a/fa/L tYo !%!,!%@,!%$ !
$= u'0fgsf]] a/fa/L tYo !%@,!%$ !
%= efusf] a/fa/L tYo !%#,!%$ !
^= a/fa/L tYo k|of]u u/L xn ug]{ !%#,!%$,!%% !
&= l6«sf]6f]dL lgodsf lrx\g\x¿ / To;sf] k|of]u !%^ !
*= ldl>t cEof; !%&,!%* @
(= PsfO k/LIff !

182
 klxnf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ul0ftLo jfSosf] af/]df atfpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
ljleGg jfSox¿ n]lvPsf sf8{x¿

lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf] js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• cluNnf]] sIffdf l;s]sf cfwf/df js{l;6df sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
• sfd ;lsPkl5 k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] sIfdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xx¿lar 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
js{l;6
tn lbOPsf egfOnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
egfO ul0ftLo jfSo
!= d;Fu ePsf] k};fdf # yKbf !) x'G5
@= tkfO{n F ] dnfO{ ? % lbg'eof] eg] tkfO{;
F Fu ? $ afFsL /xG5 .
#= d]/f] pd]/ !% jif{ xf] .
$= tkfO{s F f] pd]/ sDtLdf !@ jif{ xf] .
%= d]/f] vNtLdf a9Ldf !) ?lkofF 5 .
^= d 3/df lbgsf] # 306f k95' .
&= d t # 306feGbf sd k9\5' .
*= d t # 306feGbf a9L k9\5' .
d"Nofª\sg
ul0ftLo jfSo eg]sf] s] xf] < n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$^ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm"n] n]v]sf] ul0tLo jfSosf] kl/efiff / k':tsdf eg]sf] kl/efiff ldNof] ls ldn]g x]g{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• s]xLnfO{ k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cWoogkZrft\ ;fFrf] jfSo, e'm7f] jfSo / v'nf jfSox¿af] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] js{l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• tnsf ul0ftLo jfSox¿ ;frf], e'm7f] jf v'nf s] x'g 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .

183
 • ljBfyL{n] 5'6\ofO ;s]kl5 lsg< egL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] k|Zg u/]sf] / lh1f;faf6
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{ x]/]/
• ;d"xsfo{df ;lj|motfnfO{ x]/]/

kl/of]hgf sfo{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !$( df lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

184
 bf];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dLs/0f / a/fa/L tYo atfpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
t/fh', l;Ssf jf u'Rrfx¿

lj|mofsnfk !
af]8{df tn lbOPsf ul0ftLo v'nf jfSo n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ 𝑥 + 2 = 5 v_ 𝑎 − 1 = 4 u_ 2𝑦 = 4

• ljBfyL{nfO{ hf]8fdf lgDglnlvt k|Zgdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / pQ/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\

k|Zgx¿
• dflysf k|Zgdf rn / crn /flz 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
• tL crn /flzsf dfg slt eof] eg] v'nf jfSo ;fFrf] jfSo x'G5 <
• ul0ftLo v'nf jfSodf bfofF / afofF kIfnfO{ s'g lrx\gn] hf]8]sf] 5 <

ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tsdf lgDglnlvt s'/f cWoog u/fpg'xf];\ M

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !%! sf] lj|mofsnfk @ sf] sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn klg ug'{xf];\ .
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !%! sf] lj|mofsnfk @

lj|mofsnfk #

• t/fh' / l;Ssf jf u'Rrfsf] k|of]u u/L lj|mofsnfk !df lbOPsf v'nf jfSox¿df rn /flzsf] dfg
kQf nufP/ b]vfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
• t/fh'df /fv]sf] / lems]sf] :ki6 ul/lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
-s_ ;dLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;dLs/0f / aLlho cleAo~hsdf s] km/s 5 <

185
 •
t];|f] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• 36fp / hf]8sf] a/fa/L tYo pkof]u u/L ;dLs/0f xn ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
t/fh', l;Ssf jf u'Rrfx¿

lj|mofsnfk !

• lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ lbO{ b|'t n]vg u/fpg'xf];\

!= t/fg'sf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
@= t/fh'df Ps tL/ dfq j:t' yk]df jf lems]df s] x'G5 <
#= a/fa/L tYo eg]sf] s] xf]<
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fP/ k"/f sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• o;sf nflu t/fh' / l;Ssfsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @

!= hf]8 / 36fpsf] a/fa/L tYo eg]sf] s] xf] < of] k|Zg af]8{df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• cfk"mn] n]v]sf] / k':tsdf ePsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf]; .

@= kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !%@ sf] pbfx/0f @ / # cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

186
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• hf]8 / 36fpsf] tYo k|of]u u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;d"xdf xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 𝑎 − 2 = 6
-v_ 𝑥 − 6 = 15
-u_ 𝑦 + 4 = 8
-3_ 𝑚 + 7 = 16
• k|Zg ;dfwfgkZrft\ k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xn] k|:t't u/]sf] ;dfwfgnfO{ ;d"xlar 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

tn lbOPsf k|To]s ;dLs/0fx¿sf] a/fa/L tYox¿ k|of]u u/L xn ug{'xf];\ M

-s_ x + 4 = 5 -v_ u + 2 = 8 -u_ 10 – x = 3 -3_ 13 – x = 2

187
 rf}yf] lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dLs/0fdf u'0fg tYo pkof]u u/L ;d:of xn ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
k|Zg sf8{

lj|mofsnfk !

• u'0fgsf] a/fa/L tYo eg]sf] s] xf]nf < k|ZgnfO{ l8:Kn] u/L dlit:s dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8 36fp h:t} o;sf] klg ;dLs/0f ;dfwfgdf pkof]u x'G5 egL atfO lbg'xf];\ .
• u'0fgsf] a/fa/L tYo n]Vg / eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k':ts;Fu t'ngf ug{ lbg'xf];\ .

u'0fgsf] a/fa/L tYo M a/fa/ kl/df0fnfO{ a/fa/ kl/df0fn] u'0fg ubf{ kl/df0f klg a/fa/ x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !%@ sf] pbfx/0f $ cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ToxfF # n] lsg u'0fg u/]sf] xf]nf egL :ki6 x'g 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ /fv]/ agfOPsf k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg - xn_ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|:t't u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

188
 𝑎
-s_ =3
2
𝑦
-v_ =5
5
𝑥
-u_ =6
3
2
-3_ =1
𝑥
𝑦
-ª_ +2=4
3

d"Nofª\sg

tn lbOPsf k|To]s ;dLs/0fx¿sf] a/fa/L tYox¿ k|of]u u/L xn ug{'xf];\ M

𝑥 𝑦
-s_ + 1 = 8 -v_ =8
5 6

189
 kfFrf}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dLs/0fdf efu tYo pkof]u u/L ;d:of xn ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{

lj|mofsnfk !

• efusf] a/fa/L tYo eg]sf] s] xf] < k|ZgnfO{ l8:Kn] u/L jf af]8{df n]vL dlit:s dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• hf]8 36fp/ u'0fg h:t} o;sf] klg ;dLs/0f ;dfwfgdf pkof]u x'G5 egL atfO lbg'xf];\ .
• efu tYo n]Vg / eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfk"mn] n]v]sf] / k':tsdf ePsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

efusf] a/fa/L tYo M a/fa/ kl/df0fnfO{ a/fa/ kl/df0fn] efu ubf{ kl/df0f klg a/fa/ x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk @

• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !%# sf] pbfx/0f % cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ , Toxf & n] lsg b'j}lt/ lsg efu u/]sf] xf]nf :ki6 x'g lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #

• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿ % cf]6} k|Zgx¿ /fv]/ agfOPsf k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xaf6 km/s km/s ljBfyL{af6 k|:t't u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-s_ 3𝑦 = 9
-v_ 5𝑎 = 45
-u_ 3𝑥 + 2 = 19
-3_ 4𝑚 − 4 = 24

190
 2𝑥
-ª_ =8
3
d"Nofª\sg
• hltsf] tQL, tQLsf] cfwf, cfwfsf] cfwfdf 1 hf]8\bf of]ukmn 100 x'G5 eg] pSt ;ª\Vof slt xf] <
xn ug'{xf];\ .

191
 5}7f}F lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• a/fa/L tYo pkof]u u/L ;d:of xn ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg sf8{
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;dfwfg ug{ nufO{ k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .
3𝑦
!_ 3𝑥 + 5 = 20 @_ −1=8
2
• k|Zg ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @

• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps k6s kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !%# sf] pbfx/0f ^/ & cWoog ug{ / 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf] s'/f sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg''xf];\ .
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !%#

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf] k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] k|Zg sf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• k|ZgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu cWoog / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• k|ZgnfO{ ;dLs/0ff agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / ;dLs/0fnfO{ xn ug{ nufpg'xf]; .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k|:t't u/fpg'xf]; .
• k|To]s ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]sf] l7s eP gePsf] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf]; .
• pTs[i6 k|:t'ltnfO{ :ofaf;L lbg'xf]; .
• s'g} ;d"xnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sl7g ePdf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ 8 df x hf]8bf 12 x'G5 .
-v_ ltdL;Fu hlt ?lkofF 5 Tolt g} ylk lbFbf hDdf ? $@ x'G5 eg] ltdL;Fu slt lyof] .
-u_ x nfO{ 6 n] efu u/L 5 hf]8bf 8 x'G5 .
-3_ x sf] Ps rf}yfOaf6 4 36fpFbf 6 afFsL /xG5 .
-ª_ 2 n] a nfO{ u'0fg u/L 4 hf]8\bf 18 x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk $

• lgDglnlvt b'O{ k|ZgnfO{ af]8{df l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .

• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ZgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k9\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;af6 ;dLs/0f s:tf] / s;/L aG5 egL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• ;dLs/0f agfO{ xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

192
 -s_ x 11cm
20 cm
-v_ xcm 3x cm
28cm
d"Nofª\sg

tn lbOPsf k|To]s cj:yfdf ;dLs/0f agfO{ x sf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ M

k':tssf] k]h g+= !%$ / !%%

193
 ;ftf}F+ lbg

l;sfO pknlAw M
• l6«sf]6f]dL lgodsf lrx\gx¿ k|of]u ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;ª\Vof /]vf, t/fh'

lj|mofsnfk !
• sIffdf cufl8 ;ª\Vof /]vf l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\ .
• ;ª\Vof /]vfsf] bfofF / afofF 7'nf] / ;fgf] x'g] cj:yf k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @

sIffdf t/fh'sf] k|of]u u/L w]/}, yf]/} / a/fa/ x'g] cj:yf / lrx\g k|of]usf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;ª\Vof/]vfsf] bfofFlt/ hfbf / afofFlt/ hfFbf dfg s] x'G5 <
• −10 / 5 df s'g ;fgf] 5 ?
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ kf7\k':tssf] k]h g= !%^ sf] lj|mofsnfk # kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= !%^
• cWoog ub}{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{ lbg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $

• ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] js{ l;6 ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .

• ToxfF cfjZos 7fpFdf eGbf 7'nf >, eGbf ;fgf] < tyf a/fa/ = lrx\g k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

194
 • dfly lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg eP gePsf] hfFFRg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lbg'xf]; .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf pko'St lrx\g <, > jf = eg'{xf];\ M

-s_ 3 • 2 -v_ 7 • 11 -u_ -7 • - 5

195
 cf7f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• ldl>t cEof;sf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg nufO{ hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-s_ aLhLo cleJo~hs eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ a/fa/L tYox¿ sltcf]6f 5g\ <
-u_ ;dLs/0ffsf] xn ug{' eg]sf] s] xf] <

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{ / cfjZos A4 k]k/ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} k|Zgsf af/]df 5nkmn u/]/ pQ/x¿ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} A4 k]k/df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|T]os ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d"xn] u/]sf] sfo{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xaf6 k|:t'lt ;s]kl5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{

!= lrx\g x]/L lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ (3𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏3 ) + (𝑎3 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏3
-v_ 5𝑥 2 𝑦 × (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )
-u_ (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) ÷ 𝑥𝑦

-3_ ljBfnosf] rp/sf] If]qkmn 36𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦 ju{ ;]= ld= 5 /

rf}8fO 8xy ;]=ld= 5 eg] rp/sf] nDafO lgsfNg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lbP/
• ;d"x sfo{df ;+nUgtfaf6

196
 gjf}F}+ lbg

l;sfO pknlAw
• ldl>t cEof;sf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lj|mofsnfk !
• tn lbOPsf] k|Zg af]8{df n]Vg'xf]; / ljBfyL{nfO{ hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf] pQ/nfO{ af]8{df n]Vg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ .
• af]8{df n]lvPsf pQ/x¿ l7s eP gePsf] 5nkmn u/fpg''xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lbb}F ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zgx¿
• cleJo~hs / ;dLs/0fdf s] km/s 5 <
• cleJo~hs / ;dLs/0fsf b'O{ b'Oc { f]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{ / cfjZos A4 k]k/ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} k|Zgsf af/]df 5nkmn u/]/ pQ/x¿ 5'6\6f5'6\6} A4 k]k/df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg''xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xaf6 k|:t't ;s]kl5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

k|Zg n]lvPsf] sf8{{

!= olb a=3,b=2 c=-2 eP cleJo~hssf] dfg lgsfNg'xf];\ .
𝑎2 + 2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 3
𝑎+𝑏
@= x nfO{ 4 n] u'0fg u/L 9 36fpFbf 15 afFsL /xG5 eg] x sf] dfg slt xf]nf
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
#= l;d|gn] cfk\mgf] cfDbfgLaf6 ? 15,200 vr{ ul5{g\ / ?= 6400 art ul5{g\
eg] pgsf] cfDbfgL kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
$= A B C D lrqdf AB sf] dfg @ ;]=ld=,
BC sf] dfg # ;]=ld= / AD sf] hDdf dfg * ;]= ld= eP CD sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ k':tssf] k]h g= !%* sf] k|=g== * ug{ lbP/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

197
u[xsfo{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !%* sf] ^ b]lv ( g== ;Dd ug{ lbg'xf];\

198
 b;f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• sIff ^ df ;dfj]z ;dLs/0f / c;dfgtf;DaGwL aLhul0ftsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|Zg kq
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ o; kf7df -PsfO !#_ s] s] s'/fx¿ l;Sg'eof] n]Vg'xf];\ < egL cfkm"n] l;s]sf s'/fx¿
l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfk"mn] l6kf]6 u/]sf s'/fx¿ hf]8fdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• sIffdf eGg nufpg'xf];\ / af]8{df l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ .
• cufl8 n]lv;s]sf] ljifoj:t' gbf]xf]l/g] u/L c¿nfO{ klg eGg nufpg'xf]; / l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ .
• af]8{df l6k]sf ljifodf 5nkmn klg ug['{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ #) ldg]6sf] k|Zgkq ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf k|Zgkq

199
 kf7M !$
/]vfx¿ / sf]0fx¿
cg'dflgt 3G6LM !(
kl/ro
o; kf7df k|ltR5]lbt / ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{, ;dfgfGt/, nDa tyf nDafw{ ssf]
/rgf ug]{, sf]0fx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ / sf]0fx¿sf] /rgf ug]{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf
5g\ . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf] emG8} ;a} sfo{df /]vf / sf]0fsf] k|of]u x'G5 . rfx] ‰ofn, 9f]sf,
ejg, kmlg{r/ agfpFbf xf];\ jf 3/ ejgsf] l8hfOg ubf{ xf];\ xfdL ljleGg k|sf/sf /]vf /
sf]0fs} k|of]u u5f}{+ . To;}n] /]vf / sf]0fx¿ xfd|f] k|ToIf b}lgs sfo{snfk;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifoj:t'
xf] . o:t} sfo{snfk;Fu k|ToIf hf]8]/ o; kf7sf] ;xhLs/0f ul/G5 . of] kf7n] ljBfyL{df ;d:of
;dfwfg ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{, k|of]u ug]{ h:tf Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• k|ltR5]lbt, ;dfgfGt/ / nDa /]vfx¿ klxrfg ug{
• cw{s / nDafw{ssf] /rgf ug{
• ;dfgfGt/ /]vf / nDa /]vf /rgf ug{
• sf]0fx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{
• sf]0fx¿ -300, 450, 600, 900 / 1200_ sf] /rgf ug{ .
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 3G6L
!= k|ltR5]lbt, nDa / ;dfgfGt/ !%(, !^), !^!, !^@, !^#, #
/]vfx¿sf] klxrfg !^$, !^%
@= ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] /rgf !^%, !^^ !
#= nDa /]vfsf] /rgf !^&, !^* !
$= nDafw{ssf] /rgf !^*, !^(, !&), !&! @
%= ;dsf]0f, Go"gsf]0f, clwssf]0f, !&@, !&#, !&$, !&%, !&^ @
l;wfsf]0f / a[xt\sf]0fsf] klxrfg
^= sf]0fsf] cw{ssf] /rgf !&^, !&&, !&* @
&= sf]0fsf] juL{s/0f;DaGwL yk cEof; !&*,!&(, !*) !
*= 300, 450, 600, 900 / 1200 sf] sf]0fsf] !*), !*!, !*@, !*#, !*$ &
/rgf / !*%

klxnf] lbg

200
l;sfO pknlAw
k|ltR5]lbt /]vfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;fbf kfgfx¿, n6\7L tyf l;Gsfx¿, l;;fsnd
lj|mofsnfk !
• lgDg k|Zgx¿af6 ljBfyL{sf] lbdfu dGyg
(Brain Storming) u/fpg'xf];\ .
• s:tf] /]vfnfO{ l;wf /]vf / s:tf] /]vfnfO{
jj|m /]vf elgG5 <
• /]vf / /]vfv08df s] km/s 5 <
• ljBfyL{;Fu} 5nkmndf efu lnO{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df
;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{{ ;fbf cfwf kfgf sfuh $, $
cf]6f ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] lj|mofsnfk ! df lbP h:t}
u/L rf/ tl/sfn] b'O{ b'O{ k6s k6\ofpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• k6\ofPsf] 7fpFdf snd jf l;;fsndn] /]vf
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;/L aGg] /]vfx¿sf] cWoog ug{ nufO{
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ M
o hDdf sltcf]6f /]vfx¿ ag] <
o /]vfx¿ cfk;df sfl6Psf 5g\ jf
5}gg\ <
o ltgLx¿ s:tf hf]8L /]vfx¿ xf]nfg\ <
• ;a} ;d"xdf k'u]/ pgLx¿sf] sfo{sf]
cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf kf7\ok':tssf] lj|mofsnfk ! df lvr] h:t} u/L $ hf]8L
/]vfv08x¿ lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .

201
• tL hf]8L /]vfv08x¿ s'g s'g cfk;df sfl6Psf 5g\ / s'g s'g sfl6Psf 5}gg\ klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfcfˆgf] sfo{sf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] lj|mofsnfk @ df
lbOPsf] lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g s'g /]vfx¿ cfk;df sfl6Psf 5g\ /
s'g s'g /]vfx¿ sfl6Psf 5}gg\ klxrfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• To;kl5 ;d"xut¿kdf 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / lgisif{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfˆgf] lgisif{
;'gfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ v]Ng] rp/df n}hfg'xf];\ / $, $ hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f ;d"xsf ljBfyL{ Ps} :yfgdf kg]{ u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ cw{j[Qfsf/ cfsf/df pleg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f ;d"xkZrft\ s]xL vfnL 7fpF /fVg'xf];\ / x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ !, ! hf]8L l;wf n6\7Lx¿
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ca tkfO{F{n] k|ltR5]lbt ePsf eGg] zAb pRrfs/0f ubf{ ljBfyL{n] n6\7LnfO{ Pscfk;df
sfl6g] u/L /fVg'kg]{ / k|ltR5]lbt gePsf pRrf/0f ubf{ n6\7Lx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df gsfl6g]
u/L /fVg'kg]{ lgod atfOlbg'xf];\ .
• olb ;d"xsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] eg]cg';f/ ;xL sfo{ u/]df k|lt Pssf] Ps cª\ssf b/n] cª\s
k|fKt ug]{ lgod atfpg'xf];\ .
• ca (, !) k6s k|ltR5]lbt ePsf, k|ltR5]lbt gePsf zAbx¿ 5\of;ld; u/]/ pRrf/0f
u/L v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ . h'g ;d"xn] a9L cª\s k|fKt u5{ pxL ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\
.
d"Nofª\sg
!= k|ltR5]bg ePsf / k|ltR5]bg gePsf s]xL lrqx¿ af]8{df agfpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] k|ltR5]bg
ePsf], k|ltR5]bg gePsf] /]vfv08sf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
@= ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ltR5]bg ePsf / gePsf @, @ hf]8L /]vfx¿ sfkLdf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

202
nDa / ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;fbf sfuh, sfuhsf] a6\6f, sf8{af]8{sf] cfotfsf/ 6'j|mf, ?n/, l;;fsnd .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ !, ! cf]6f ;fbf kfgf
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^) / !^! sf]
lj|mofsnfk # sf] lrqdf h:t} u/L
sfuhnfO{ k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• To;kl5 k6\ofOPsf] sfuhnfO{ vf]n]/
k6\l6Psf] w;f]{df snd jf l;;fsndn]
/]vf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pscfk;df sfl6Psf tL /]vfx¿lar slt
slt l8u|Lsf sf]0fx¿ ag]sf 5g\ gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x lgdf{0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• pSt ;d"xdf ;a}n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] ;dLIff
u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg nufO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ s:tf
/]vfx¿nfO{ nDa /]vf elgG5 lgisif{
atfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ / x/]s
;d"xnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/f ePsf !, !
cf]6f j:t' -sfuhsf] a6\6f, ?n/, 8:6/,
sf8{af]8{sf] 6'j|mf_ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• j:t'nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^! sf]
lj|mofsnfk $ df h:t} u/L sfkLsf]
kfgfdf /fvL To;sf] ;fd'Gg]sf] lsgf/fdf
b'j}tk{m /]vfv08x¿ lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg nufO{
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o b'j} /]vfv08x¿nfO{ b'j}lt/ nDAofpFbf
cfk;df s'g} laGb'df k|ltR5]bg x'G5g\

203
 jf x'Fb}gg\ <
o s] b'j} /]vfv08x¿larsf nDax¿sf]
b'/L ;dfg 5 <
• k|To]s ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ ;a}
k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf nDa ePsf / ;dfgfGt/ ePsf j:t'x¿ tyf cfs[ltsf] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf]] cfwfdf ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / af]8{df x/]s ;d"xsf] gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ .
• ca ;a}} ;d"xsf lardf xflh/hjfkm k|ltof]lutf u/fpg'xf];\ .
xflh/ hjfkm k|ltof]lutfsf] lgod atfOlbg'xf];, h:t}M
• x/]s ;d"xn] kfn}kfnf] sIffleq pknAw ePsf nDasf pbfx/0f lbg'kg]{
• % /fp08 ePkl5 km]l/ sIffsf]7fleq s} ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/f ePsf j:t'x¿sf] pbfx/0f
lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
• ;xL pbfx/0f lbg] ;d"xn] ! cª\s kfpg], atfpg g;s] cªs gkfpg]
• unt pbfx/0f lbPdf ! cª\s 36\g]
• Pp6f ;d"xn] #) ;]s]G8 ;do kfpg], elg;s]sf] pbfx/0f bf]xf]¥ofpg gkfOg]
• cGTodf ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• nDa /]vf eg]sf] s] xf] < -df}lvs k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ ._
• ;dfgfGt/ /]vf eg]sf] s] xf] < -df}lvs k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ ._
• k|ltR5]lbt gePsf, k|ltR5]lbt ePsf t/ nDa gePsf, nDa ePsf / ;dfgfGt/ ePsf
/]vfx¿ af]8{df lvRg'xf];\ . lrq b]vfpFb} s:tf /]vfx¿ x'g\ < sf/0f;lxt eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cGbfhsf e/df !, ! hf]8f nDa / ;dfgfGt/ /]vfv08x¿ sfkLdf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• -Ps}lt/ 3/ ePsf ljBfyL{ Pp6} ;d"xdf kg]{ u/L ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5_ k|To]s
;d"xn] cfˆgf] glhsdf ePsf wfld{s :yn, kf6L / 3/sf 5fgf, 9f]sf, ‰ofn, lad,
lkn/nufotsf efux¿df k|ltR5]lbt, nDa / ;dfgfGt/ b]lvg] efux¿sf] gfd / tL
efux¿nfO{ bzf{pg] /]vflrq agfO{ ef]ln sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

204
 t];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
k|ltR5]lbt, nDa / ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|ltR5]lbt, nDa / ;dfgfGt/ /]vf ePsf sf8{af]8{sf kQLx¿, tL /]vfsf] lsl;d n]lvPsf
sf8{af]8{sf kQLx¿, uf]hLtflnsf .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
k|ltj]bg kfn}kfnf] ;a} ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!^@ sf] lj|mofsnfk
% df lbOPsf lrqx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L
xftsf cf}Fnfx¿af6 s:tf /]vfv08x¿
ag]sf 5g\ ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug{' nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df
;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g= !^@, !^# / !^$ sf] pbfx/0f ! / @
cWoog ug{ nufO{ lgisif{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xut¿kdf k]h g=!^$ sf]
cEof; !$=! sf] k|Zg g= ! df lbOPsf]
rf/cf]6f hf]8L /]vfx¿ k|ltR5]lbt, nDa jf
;dfgfGt/ s] s] x'g\ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] -lgisif{nfO{_7DofO
s] /x\of] sf/0f;lxt k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .
• dfly s} ;d"xdf ToxL cEof;sf] k|Zg g=
@ df lbOPsf] lrq cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\

205
 / tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg nufpg'xf];\
.
o AB / CD s:tf /]vfv08x¿ x'g\ <
lsg <
o AC / CD s:tf /]vfv08x¿ x'g\ <
lsg <
• ;d"xdf 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf]
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
• dfly s} ;d"xdf ToxL cEof;sf] k|Zg g= #
df lbOPsf cª\uh |] L j0f{dfnfsf cIf/x¿df
k|ltR5]lbt /]vfx¿, nDa /]vfx¿ /
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ 5'6\ofpg nufO{ k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df a/fa/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xdf ;d"xsf] k|d'v
rog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8sf] leQfdf uf]hLtflnsf em'G8\ofpg'xf];\ .

206
• uf]hLtflnsfsf] dflyNnf uf]hLx¿df j|mdzM k|ltR5]lbt ePsf /]vfx¿, nDa /]vfx¿,
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ / cGo /]vfx¿ n]lvPsf sf8{x¿ /fVg'xf];\ .
• k|ltR5]lbt ePsf /]vfx¿, nDa /]vfx¿, ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ / k|ltR5]lbt gePsf /
;dfgfGt/ klg gePsf /]vfx¿ cnUu cnUu ;dfg gfksf sf8{df -tf; h:t}_ ljBfyL{
;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df k|To]snfO{ sd;]sd Pp6f k'Ug] u/L tof/ u/]sf] sf8{x¿ lkm6]/ cufl8sf]
6]an' df 3f]K6f] kf/]/ /fVg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xaf6 kfn}kfnf] !, ! hgf cufl8 af]nfpg'xf]; .
• 3f]K6f] kf/]/ /fv]sf] sf8{dWo]af6 Pp6f lemSg nufpg'xf]; .
• pSt sf8{df ePsf /]vfx¿ k|ltR5]lbt, nDa, ;dfgfGt/ jf cGo dWo] s'g ;d"xdf kb{5, Tof]
sf8{nfO{ ToxL zLif{s sf8{sf] l7s tn uf]hLdf /fVg'kg]{, sf8{ ;xL uf]hLdf /fVg ;s]df
;d"xn] kfFr cª\s kfpg] / unt dxndf /fv]df % cª\s s§f x'g] lgod ljBfyL{nfO{
atfOlbg'xf];\ .
• ca gbf]xf]l/g] u/L kfn}kfnf] !, ! hgfnfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ v]nfpb} hfg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{sf] ! k6s kfnf] ;lsPkl5 Ps k6s bf]xf]¥ofg'xf];\ .
• cGTodf h'g ;d"xsf] ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s x'G5 ToxL ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpFg] j|mddf sIffsfo{ u/fpFbf / xflh/ hjfkm k|ltof]lutf u/fpFbf
g} d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

207
 rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿sf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;dfgfGt/ /]vfsf] /rgf_
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfkm\gf Hofldlt afs;df
ePsf ;]6:Sjfo/sf] hf]8L lemSg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• tL ;]6:Sjfo/sf sf]0fx¿sf gfk slt
slt x'G5 < x]/]/ cg'dfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\
/ lglZrt x'gsf nflu rfFbsf] ;xfotfn]
gfKg nufO{ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ ;d]6]/
;]6:Sjfo/sf sf]0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|:6
kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!^^ sf] lj|mofsnfk
! df h:t} u/L Pp6f l;wf /]vf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\, h;sf] gfd AB lbg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca oxL AB /]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g]u/L
;]6:Sjfo/sf] dbtn] s;/L /]vf lvRg
;lsPnf Psl5g dGyg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] s'g} tl/sf ;'emfPdf af]8{df
;dfgfGt/ /]vf lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} ljBfyL{n] atfpg g;s] jf unt
atfPdf Pp6f ;]6:Sjfo/sf] nfdf] lsgf/f
lrqdf b]vfP em}F tn / csf]{ lsgf/f AB
/]vfdf kg]{ u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca bf];|f] ;]6:Sjfo/sf] nfdf] lsgf/fnfO{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!^^ sf] lj|mofsnfk

208
 ! df h:t} u/L klxnf] ;]6:Sjfo/sf] nfdf]
lsgf/fdf ldNg] u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
• bf];|f] ;]6:Sjfo/nfO{ grNg] u/L Pp6f
xftn] lyr]/ klxnf] ;]6:Sjfo/nfO{ lj:tf/}
tn ;fg{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ b'j}
;]6:Sjfo/sf] nfdf] lsgf/f cfk;df
hf]l8g'k5{ .
• ca /]vf AB sf] l7s tn klxnf]
;]6:Sjfo/sf] lsgf/df l;;fsndn] sf]/]/
;dfgfGt/ /]vf agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf] gfd PQ lbg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AB / PQ /]vfx¿
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ x'g\ .
• of] cEof; @,# k6s ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ -rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;dfgfGt/ /]vfsf] /rgf_

• ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f l;wf /]vf AB lvRg
A B
nufpg'xf];\ . P
• /]vf AB df Pp6f laGb' lrgf] nufpg
Q
eGg'xf];\ . o;sf] gfd P /fVg eGg'xf];\ .
• /]vf AB sf] laGb' P df rfFbsf] s]G›laGb' laGb' P df rfFbsf] s]G› laGb' /
kg]u{ /L nDa /]vf PQ lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . cfwf/ /]vf AB k/]sf] lrq /fVg]

A B
P
Q
• /]vf AB sf] csf]{ laGb'' R df rfFbsf]
s]G›laGb' kg]{ u/L nDa /]vf RS lvRg laGb' R df rfFbsf]
nufpg'xf];\ . s]Gb|laGb' / cfwf/
/]vf AB k/]sf] lrq
/fVg] .
209 A B
P R

Q S
• /]vf PQ / RS ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ x'g\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf @, # k6s
o;/L g} ;dfgfGt/ /]vf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^& sf] cEof; !$=@ sf]
k|Zg ! sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^& / !^* sf] cEof;
!$=@ sf] k|Zg # df lbOPsf] gfk ePsf] /]vfv08
lvr]/ To;df rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;dfgfGt/
/]vfv08 lvRg] sfo{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .

210
 kfrf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
nDa /]vfsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ nDa /]vfsf] /rgf_
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] Hofldlt afs;df ePsf]
s'g} Pp6f ;]6:Sjfo/ lemSg nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf Pp6f l;wf
/]vf lvRg nufpg'xf];\ h;sf] gfd AB lbg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca oxL AB /]vfdf P laGb'' lrgf] nufpg
eGg'xf];\ . laGb'' P df s;/L nDa lvRg ;lsPnf
Psl5g dGyg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} ljBfyL{;Fu s'g} tl/sf ePdf cufl8 cfP/
af]8{df ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} ljBfyL{n] atfpg
g;s] jf unt atfPdf Pp6f ;]6:Sjfo/sf]
()) sf] sf]0f agfpg] Pp6f lsgf/f AB /]vfdf
kg]{ u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L /fVbf
;]6:Sjfo/sf] ()) sf] sf]0f agfpg] zLif{laGb'' P
laGb''df kfg{'kb{5 . ;]6:Sjfo/sf] ()) sf] sf]0f
agfpg] csf]{ lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn] /]vfv08
sf]g{'kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ nDa /]vf aG5 . nDa
/]vfv08sf] gfd PQ lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca ;]6:Sjfo/nfO{ x6fP/ /]vfv08 PQ n] AB
df agfPsf] sf]0f gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• nDa /]vf lvRg] cEof; @, # k6s ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= @ -rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ nDa /]vfsf] /rgf_

• Pp6f l;wf /]vf AB lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .

A B
P
211
• /]vf AB df Pp6f laGb'' P lrgf] nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• /]vf AB sf] laGb'' P df rfFbsf] s]G›laGb' / /]vf AB df rfFbsf] cfwf/ /]vf kg]{u/L rfFbnfO{
/fVg nufpg'xf];\ / ()) sf] sf]0f agfpg] u/L l;;fsndn] lrgf] nufpg eGg'xf];\ . pSt
laGb''sf] gfd Q lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
laGb' P df rfFbsf] s]Gb|laGb' / cfwf/
/]vf AB k/]sf] lrq /fVg] .

• ca rfFbnfO{ x6fP/ ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] laGb'' Q / P hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF

PQ /]vf AB df nDa eof] eGg] k|:6\ofOlbg'xf];\ . Q

• o:tf] cEof; @, # k6s ug{ eGg'xf];\ .

A B
P
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!^& / !^* sf] cEof; !$=@ sf] k|Zg @ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !^& / !^* sf] cEof; !$=@ sf] k|Zg $ df lbOPsf] gfk ePsf]
/]vfv08 lvr]/ To;df rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ nDa /]vfv08 sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ . sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

212
 5}6f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;]6:Sjfo/ / rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ nDafw{ssf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df
;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g= !^( sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df lbOPsf] lrq
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ AMC / CMB sf]
gfk / ?n/sf] k|of]u u/L AM / MB sf] gfk
lng nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]hL k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{
hfg'xf]; .
o AB / CD k|ltR5]bg ePsf] laGb' M /
AB sf] lardf s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <
o /]vfv08 AB / CD larsf] ;DaGw s]
x'G5 <
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ lgisif{ ;'gfpg'xf];\
.
lj|mofsnfk @ -;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/
nDafw{ssf] /rgf_
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!^( sf] lj|mofsnfk @
df h:t} cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf l;;fsnd /
?n/sf] k|of]u u/L Pp6f /]vfv08 AB = 10
cm lvrL dWolaGb' O df lrXg nufpg
eGg'xf];\ .
• ca ;]6:Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] AB /]vfv08sf]
dWolaGb'' O df nDa lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;sf] gfd OP lbg nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF OP
/]vfv08 AB sf] nDafw{s x'G5 .

213
• o;/L km/s km/s /]vfv08sf] gfk lnP/
nDafw{s lvRg] cEof; k6s k6s
u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # -rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ nDafw{ssf] /rgf_

• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !&) sf] lj|mofsnfk @ sf] v df h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf Pp6f /]vfv08 AB = 10 cm lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca ?n/sf] ;xfotfn] AB /]vfv08sf] dWolaGb'' C kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• C laGb''df df rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] 900 sf] sf]0f lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf] gfd CD lbg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF CD /]vfv08 AB sf] nDafw{s x'G5 . o;/L km/s km/s /]vfv08sf] gfk
lnP/ nDafw{s lvRg] cEof; k6s k6s u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !&! sf] cEof; !$=# sf] k|Zg g= ! / # sf] ;d:of sIffsfo{sf
¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf AB = 8 cm x'g]u/L pSt /]vfv08df Psk6s ;]6:Sjfo/sf]
k|of]u u/]/ / csf]{ k6s rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ nDafw{s lvRg nufpg'xf]; \ . To;nfO{ k/LIf0f
u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

214
 ;ftf}F+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ nDaf{wssf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf l;;fsnd / ?n/sf]
k|of]u u/L 10 cm nfdf] Pp6f /]vfv08
AB lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' A df sDkf;sf] l;of]nfO{ /fv]/ AB
sf] nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf s]xL a9L
-% ;]=ld= eGbf s]xL a9L_ gfk lnP/ AB
sf] b'j}tkm{ kg]{u/L cw{j[t lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' B df sDkf;sf] l;of]nfO{ /fv]/
dflys} gfksf] cw{Jof; lnP/ AB sf]
b'j}tkm{ kg]{u/L o; cl3 lvlrPsf]
cw{j[tnfO{ sf6\g] u/L csf]{ cw{j[t lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• b'j} cw{j[tx¿ Ps cfk;df sfl6Psf]
laGb'x¿nfO{ j|mdzM P / Q gfds/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] k|of]u
u/]/ P / Q hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• PQ / AB k|ltR5]bg ePsf] laGb'nfO{ O
gfd lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca, AO / BO tyf sf]0fx¿ POA /
POB gfKt nufpg'xf];\ .
• s] oxfF PQ l;wf /]vfv08 AB sf]
nDafw{s eof] < cfcfˆgf ts{x¿ kfn}kfnf]
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] k|:t't u/]sf ts{x¿ ;xL jf
unt s] 5 pgLx¿nfO{ g} kQfnufpg
eGg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lbFb} lgisif{

215
 lgsfNg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !&! sf]
cEof; !$=# sf] k|Zg g=@ sf] s / v sf]
k|Zgcg';f/ PQ Ö 7 cm / ST Ö 12 cm
gfk ePsf] /]vfv08 ?n/sf] ;xfotfn]
lvRg nufpg'xf];\
• sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/L To;df nDafw{s
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k/]df k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .
• sIff lj|mofsnfkdf ;lj|mo ;xefuL x'g
k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dfly lj|mofsnfk @ df lbOPsf] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
u[xsfo{
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&! sf] cEof; !$=# sf] k|Zg g= @ sf] u, 3, ª / r ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\
.

216
 cf7f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;dsf]0f, Go"gsf]0f / clwssf]0fsf] klxrfg u/L juL{s/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;, 8f]/Lx¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&# sf] lj|mofsnfk !
df h:t} ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn]
cfcfkm\gf sfkLdf Pp6f sf]0f lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt sf]0fnfO{ ;]6:Sjfo/sf] ()) sf]
s'gfaf6 gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sf]0f ())
eGbf ;fgf], a/fa/ jf 7'nf]dWo] s'g k|sf/sf]
5, 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&# sf] lj|mofsnfk @
df h:t} ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn]
cfcfkm\gf sfkLdf #, # cf]6f km/s km/s
gfksf sf]0fx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / ;Fu}sf]
;fyL;Fu ;f6f;f6 u/L rfFbsf] ;xfotfn]
gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\
. x/]s ;d"xsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] agfPsf
sf]0fx¿nfO{ ()) eGbf ;fgf], l7s ()) sf] /
()) eGbf 7'nf sf]0f u/L # ;d"xdf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xdf k'u]/ cjnf]sg
u/L cfjZos eP k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ()) eGbf ;fgf] sf]0fnfO{ s] elgG5 < egL
k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g} ;d"xaf6 ;xL hjfkm cfPdf To;nfO{
;d]t ;d]6]/ Go"g sf]0f elgG5 eGg]
lgisif{df k'of{pg'xf];\ . ;xL hjfkm lbg]
;d"xnfO{ tfnL ahfP/ xf};fnf a9fpg'xf]; .
• l7s To;} u/L l7s ()) sf] sf]0f / ())
eGbf 7'nf] sf]0fnfO{ s] elgG5 eGg] k|Zg u/L

217
 ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ l7s ())
sf] sf]0fnfO{ ;dsf]0f tyf ()) eGbf 7'nf]
sf]0fnfO{ clwssf]0f elgG5 eGg] lgisif{df
k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] agfPsf s'g s'g
sf]0f Go"gsf]0f, s'g s'g ;dsf]0f / s'g s'g
clwssf]0f eP egL 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfkLdf Ps Ps
cf]6f Go"gsf]0f, ;dsf]0f / clws sf]0f lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿n] agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{ rfFbsf] k|of]u
u/]/ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&$ sf]
pbfx/0f ! df lbOPsf sf]0fx¿ rfFbsf] k|of]u
u/]/ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ juL{s/0f
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ aflx/ v]nd}bfgdf n}hfg'xf];\ / ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ !, ! cf]6f 8f]/L lbg'xf];\ .
• 8f]/Lsf] b'O{ 5]pdf Ps Ps hgfnfO{ / lardf csf]{ Ps hgfnfO{ ;dfP/ pleg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{F{n] Go"gsf]0f, ;dsf]0f jf clws sf]0fdWo] s'g} Ps pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ . 8f]/L 3'dfP/ x/]s
;d"xn]] elgPcg';f/sf] sf]0f agfP gagfPsf] x]g{'xf];\ . l7s;Fu sf]0f agfpg] ;d"xnfO{ !
cª\s k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

218
• @, # k6s v]ln;s]kl5 ;d"xsf cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ kfnf] lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ . lglZrt
;do;Dd v]nfpFbf ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
• lj|mofsnfk # df lgld{t ;d"xnfO{ % ldg]6sf] ;do k|bfg u/]/ sIffsf]7fleq Go"gsf]0f,
;dsf]0f / clwssf]0fsf] jf:tljs gd'gf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP 5nkmn u/fO{ k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• af]8{df s]xL Go"gsf]0f, ;dsf]0f / clwssf]0f lvRg'xf];\ / lrq b]vfpFb} s'g s'g sf]0f xf] <
kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg'xf];\ / gofF lrq agfP/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ;]6:Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ !, ! cf]6f Go"gsf]0f, ;dsf]0f / clwssf]0f lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

gjf}F}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

219
l;wfsf]0f / a[xt\sf]0fsf] klxrfg u/L juL{s/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;, d]sfgf] l:6«K;, jf:tljs jf gd'gf 38Lx¿, l;wfsf]0f / a[xt\sf]0f agfOPsf
sfkLsf kfgfx¿ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ;Fu}sf @, @ a]Grsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ s]xL l;wfsf]0f / s]xL a[xt\ agfOPsf
kfgfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf sf]0fx¿ slt slt gfksf 5g\ rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos eP ;xof]u;d]t ug'x{ f];\ .
• pSt sf]0fnfO{ s] elgG5 ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xaf6 s'g} hjfkm cfPdf
;f];d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g=!&$ sf] lj|mofsnfk # df em}F pgLx¿sf]
sfkLdf ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn]
Pp6f l;wfsf]0f / csf]{ a[xt\ agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• tL sf]0fx¿nfO{ rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\
.

220
lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !&% sf] lj|mofsnfk
$ df lbP h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ rf/
hgfsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xdf jf:tljs 38L jf gd'gf
38L ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• pSt 38Ldf lrqdf b]vfPh:t} u/L km/s
km/s ;do b]vfpg] u/L ;'O{x¿ ldnfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfP h:t} 306f ;'O{
/ ldg]6 ;'O{sf lardf ag]sf b'j}lt/sf
sf]0fx¿sf] gfk klxn] cg'dfg ug]{ /
To;kl5 rfFbsf] k|of]u u/L sf]0fx¿ gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . cg'dfg ul/Psf] / jf:tljs
gfkdf slt km/s kfOof] 5nkmn ub}{ 1800
eGbf ;fgf] jf a/fa/ jf 7'nf] s:tf 5g\,
juL{s/0f u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{df
k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .
• o;} lardf a[xt\ sf]0fsf] gfk s;/L
ul/G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{
hfgsf/L 5 jf 5}g ;f]Wg'xf];\ . hfgsf/L
eP cufl8 af]nfP/ atfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
olb hfgsf/L geP kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g=!&% / !&^ df h:t} u/L b'j} tl/sfx¿
atfOlbg'xf];\ / sf]0f lvr]/ tkfO{F{n] gfk]/
b]vfOlbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ / x/]s ;d"xnfO{ d]sfgf] l:6«K;
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xsf] ! hgfnfO{ pSt l:6«K; ;dfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• l;wfsf]0f jf a[xt\dWo] s'g} Ps sf]0f pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xn] eg] cg';f/sf] sf]0f
agfP gagfPsf] cjnf]sg u/L l7s;Fu sf]0f agfpg] ;d"xnfO{ ! cª\s lbg'xf];\ . !, @ k6s
v]nfP kZrft\ ;d"xsf] km/s ljBfyL{nfO{ kfnf] lbg nufpg'xf];\ .

221
• l;wfsf]0f / a[xt\sf] k|z:t cEof; ePkl5 Go"gsf]0f, ;dsf]0f, clwssf]0f, l;wfsf]0f /
a[xt\sf]0fsf] klg ;Fu;Fu} cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xsf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
• lj|mofsnfk $ df lgld{t ;d"xnfO{ % ldg6sf] ;do k|bfg u/]/ sIffsf]7fleq Go"gsf]0f,
;dsf]0f, clwssf]0f, l;wfsf]0f / a[xt\sf] jf:tljs gd'gf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf]
k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP 5nkmn u/fO{ k[i7kf]if0f;d]t k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf] cEof; !$=$ sf] k|Zg g=# df lbPsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ sIffsfo{sf
¿kdf xn ug{ nufO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

222
 b;f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
sfuh k6\ofP/ / rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ sf]0fsf] cw{s lvRg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;, sfuhsf kfgfx¿, s}FrLx¿ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -sfuh k6\ofP/_
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&^ sf] sf]0fsf]
cw{ssf] /rgf zLif{sdf elgP em}F ;a}
ljBfyL{nfO{ !, ! cf]6f sfuhsf] kfgfx¿
lbO{ tL sfuhsf kfgfdf ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f sf]0f
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sf]0fsf] gfd
MAN lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• agfOPsf] MAN nfO{ Tof] sf]0f agfpg]
/]vf MA / NA af6 s}FrLn] sf6]/
sf]0fnfO{ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• /]vf MA / NA Ps cfk;df vlK6g] u/L
k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . sfuh bf]la|Psf]
7fpFdf xftn] /fd|/L lyRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k6\ofPsf] sfuhnfO{ vf]n]/ k6\ofpFbf
ag]sf] w;f]{df ?n/ / l;;fsndsf]
;xfotfn] /]vf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
/]vfsf] gfd AP lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
MAN @ efudf ljefhg ePsf] 5 .
• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ MAP / NAP sf]0fx¿
gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . s] MAP / NAP
a/fa/ 5 < oxfF MAP / NAP
a/fa/ 5g\ . To;}n] /]vf AP, MAN
sf] cw{s eof] .
• o;/L g} km/skm/s gfksf sf]0fx¿
sfkLsf] kfgfdf agfP/ k6\ofpg nufO{
sf]0fsf] cw{s agfpg] cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .

223
 lj|mofsnfk g= @ -rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/_
-s_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&& sf] tl/sf @
df h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfkLdf
?n/ / l;;fsnd k|of]u u/]/ Pp6f sf]0f
PQR lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sf]0fnfO{
rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ dfgf}F pSt sf]0f 700 /x]5 . pSt sf]0fnfO{
@ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . 700 sf] cfwf 350 x'G5 .
rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] PQR nfO{ 350, 350
sf @ cf]6f sf]0fdf ljefhg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt sf]0fnfO{ @ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg
ug]{ /]vfnfO{ QS gfds/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF QS, PQR sf] cw{s
eof] .
-3_ o;/L g} km/s km/s gfksf sf]0fx¿
agfpg nufO{ tL sf]0fsf cw{sx¿ lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ !@)) sf] sf]0f agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / pSt
sf]0fdf rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ cw{s lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sIffsfo{nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

P3f/f}F lbg

224
l;sfO pknlAw
sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ sf]0fsf] cw{s lvRg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk g= !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&& sf]
tl/sf # df h:t} ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] !, ! cf]6f sf]0f
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ h;sf] gfd ABC
lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• zLif{laGb'' B df sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ b'j}
e'hfx¿ AB / BC nfO{ j|mdzM D / E
df sf6\g] u/L Pp6f rfFk lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ToxL gfk lnP/ laGb'' D / E df
sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ sf]0fsf] ;fd'Gg]
cufl8 b'O{ cf]6f rfFkx¿ Pscfk;df
sfl6g] u/L lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . b'j}
rfFkx¿ sfl6Psf] laGb''nfO{ F n] hgfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . ca laGb'' B / F hf]8\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
• oxfF l;wf /]vf BF n] ABC nfO{ @
efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . b'j} sf0fx¿
ABF / FBC gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . s] b'j}
sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < oxfF ABC nfO{
/]vf BF n] @ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg
u/]sf]n] BF, ABC sf] cw{s ePsf]
:ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
• o;/L g} km/s km/s gfksf sf]0fx¿
agfpg nufO{ x/]s sf]0fsf] cw{s lvRg]
k|z:t cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf]

225
 pbfx/0f ! nfO{ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ !%)) sf] sf]0f agfpg
nufP/ To;sf] cw{s lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&( sf] k|Zg g== $ s df lbOPsf] %))
sf] sf]0f lvrL To;sf] cw{s lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . oxL sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ ljBfyL{sf]
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

afx|fF} lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

226
sf]0fsf ljleGg k|sf/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L juL{s/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf]
cEof; !$=$ sf] k|Zg g= ! sf vfnL 7fpF
eg]{ k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ s]xL ;do
lbg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/L tL k|Zgsf] pQ/ ldn] gldn]sf]
5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf]
cEof; !$=$ sf] k|Zg g= @ sf] h:tf]
tflnsf agfpg nufO{ ToxfF lbOPsf sf]0fx¿
600, 900, 1050, 500, 300, 2200, 1500, 1800, 450, 890,
1700, 950, 2500, 600, 360, 1100 / 220 nfO{
tflnsfsf] pko'St dxndf /fVg nufpg'xf];\
.
• lj|mofsnfk ! df agfOPsf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn
ug{ nufO{ pQ/ ;dfwfg ldn] gldn]sf]
lglZrt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/
;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf]
cEof; !$=$ sf] k|Zg g= % sf] s s;/L
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf < egL ljBfyL{nfO{
lbdfu dGyg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• dfly lj|mofsnfk ! df agfOPsf] ;d"xdf
5nkmn ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos eP ;dfwfg u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&* sf]

227
 cEof; !$=$ sf] k|Zg g= ^ sf] k|Zg s;/L
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf < egL ljBfyL{nfO{
;f]Wg'xf];\ / tLdWo]sf Ps b'O{ hgfnfO{
;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sf s] x'g ;S5 < atfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• dfly lj|mofsnfk ! df agfOPsf] ;d"xdf
5nkmn ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos eP ;dfwfg u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&( sf] k|Zg g== % u df lbOPsf]
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . oxL sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ^)) sf] sf]0f lvRg nufpg'xf];\ / To; sf]0fdf sDkf;sf] ;xfotfn] cw{s
lvRg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!&( sf afFsL k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

t]/f}F}+ lbg

228
l;sfO pknlAw
600 sf] sf]0fsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;fbf sfuhsf kfgfx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -sfuh k6\ofP/_
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfotfsf/ sfuh lng nufpg'xf];\
. To;nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*) sf]
sf]0fx¿sf] /rgf zLif{sdf b]vfPh:t} u/L
k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;/L ag]sf] lqe'hsf tLgcf]6} sf]0fx¿ gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;/L sfuh k6\ofP/ 600 sf] sf]0f agfpg]
cEof; @, # k6s u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ -;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf
/]vf OA lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 600 s'gf ePsf] ;]6 :Sjfo/sf]
zLif{laGb''nfO{ O df / To;sf] Pp6f lsgf/fnfO{
/]vf OA df kg]{u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
;]6 :Sjfo/sf] csf]{ lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn]
sf]/]/ OB /]vf lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ca AOB
= 600 eof] .
• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ @, #
k6s 600 sf]0f lvRg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk g= # -sDkf; / ?n/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*! df pNn]v
u/]cg';f/ ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn]
Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' O df sDkf;sf] l;of] kg]{ u/L OC
a/fa/sf] gfksf] cw{Jof; lnO{ tnsf] lrqdf
b]vfP emF} Pp6f rfFk lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cw{Jof;nfO{ 36a9 gu/L sDkf;sf]
l;of]nfO{ laGb'' C df /fv]/ o; cl3 lvr]sf]

229
 rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfl6Psf]
laGb''sf] gfd D lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ca laGb'' O
/ D hf]8\b} OB lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] sf]0f AOB gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AOB = 600 x'G5 .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ / sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ 600 sf]
sf]0f /rgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

rf}wf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

230
1200 sf] sf]0fsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] k]h g=!*! df
em}F Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 900 s'gf / b'O{cf]6f 450 ePsf]
;]6:Sjfo/sf] Pp6f lsgf/fdf OA /]vf kg]{ u/L
/fVg nufpg'xf];\ . afFsL /x]sf] ;]6:Sjfo/sf]
300 sf] zLif{laGb''nfO{ O laGb''d} kg]{ u/L klxnf]
;]6:Sjfo/sf] lsgf/fdf ldnfP/ lrqdf b]vfP
em}F u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . bf];|f] ;]6:Sjfo/sf]
csf]{ lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/ OB /]vf
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ca AOB Ö 1200 eof] .
lj|mofsnfk @ -sDkf; / ?n/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tsdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' O df sDkf;sf] l;of] kg]{ u/L OC
a/fa/sf] gfksf] cw{Jof; lnO{ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf
b]vfP em}F Pp6f cln 7'nf] rfFk lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cw{Jof;nfO{ 36a9 gu/L sDkf;sf]
l;of]nfO{ laGb'' C df /fv]/ o; clu lvr]sf]
rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfl6Psf]
laGb''sf] gfd D lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ca km]l/
laGb'' D df sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ k'gM pSt
rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt laGb''sf] gfd
E lbg nufpg'xf];\ . laGb'' O / E hf]8\b} OB
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] AOB gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AOB Ö 1200 x'G5 .
d"Nofª\sg

231
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ / sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ 1200 sf]
sf]0f /rgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

232
 kG„f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
• 300 sf] sf]0fsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -;]6 :Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/_ B
• ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf
OB lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 300 s'gf ePsf] ;]6 :Sjfo/sf]
Pp6f lsgf/fdf OB /]vf kg]{ u/L /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] csf]{ lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn]
sf]/]/ OA /]vf lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ca AOB
Ö 300 eof] .
lj|mofsnfk @ -sDkf; / ?n/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tsdf pNnv u/]cg';f/ ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' O df sDkf;sf] l;of] kg]{ u/L OC
a/fa/sf] gfksf] cw{Jof; lnO{ k]h g=!*@ sf]
lrqdf b]vfP em}F Pp6f rfFk lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cw{Jof;nfO{ 36a9 gu/L sDkf;sf]
l;of]nfO{ laGb'' C df /fv]/ o; clu lvr]sf]
rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfl6Psf]
laGb''sf] gfd D lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ca km]l/
laGb'' D / C df sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ @ cf]6f
rfFkx¿ Ps cfk;df sfl6g] u/L tnsf] lrqdf
b]vfP emF} u/L lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt laGb''sf]
gfd E lbg nufpg'xf];\ . laGb'' O / E hf]8\b}
OE lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] AOE gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AOE Ö 300 x'G5 .

d"Nofª\sg

233
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ / sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ 300 sf]
sf]0f /rgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

234
 ;f]x|f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
900 sf] sf]0fsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
juf{sf/ sfuh, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof

lj|mofsnfk g= ! -sfuh k6\ofP/_

• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*# sf] 900 sf]
sf]0fsf] /rgf kf7 zLif{scGtu{t s df
lbOPsf] lrqdf em}F ljBfyL{nfO{ juf{sf/
sfuh lng nufpg'xf];\ . To;nfO{ lrqdf
b]vfPh:t} u/L rf/}tkm{af6 cfwf cfwfdf
k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• sfuhdf ag]sf] lrgf] nufOPsf] sf]0f
gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L sfuh k6\ofP/
900 sf] sf]0f agfpg] cEof; @, # k6s
u/fpg'xf];\ .

! @ #

^ % $

235
 lj|mofsnfk g= @ -;]6 :Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f
l;wf /]vf OA lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ 900 s'gf ePsf] ;]6
:Sjfo/sf] Pp6f lsgf/fdf OA /]vf kg]{
u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . ;]6 :Sjfo/sf]
csf]{ lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/ OB
/]vf lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ca AOB Ö
900 eof] .
lj|mofsnfk g= # -sDkf; / ?n/sf] k|of]u
u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tsdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf
OA lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' O df sDkf;sf] l;of] kg]{ u/L OB
a/fa/sf] gfksf] cw{Jof; lnO{ k]h
g=!*$ v sf] lrqdf b]vfP em} Pp6f
cln 7'nf] rfFk lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cw{Jof;nfO{ 36a9 gu/L sDkf;sf]
l;of]nfO{ laGb'' B df /fv]/ o; cl3
lvr]sf] rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
sfl6Psf] laGb''sf] gfd C lbg nufpg'xf];\
. ca km]l/ laGb'' C af6 TolQs} cw{Jof;
lnP/ k'gM cl3 lvr]sf] 7'nf] rfFknfO{
laGb'' D df sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . ca laGb''
C / D df sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ @ cf]6f
rfFkx¿ Pscfk;df sfl6g] u/L lrqdf
b]vfP em}F lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
laGb''sf] gfd E lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] AOE gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AOE Ö 900 x'G5 .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df sfuh k6\ofP/, ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ / sDkf;sf]
k|of]u u/]/ 900 sf] sf]0f /rgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

236
237
 ;qf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
450 sf] sf]0fsf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -;]6 :Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*$ sf] 450 sf]0fsf]
/rgf zLif{s cGtu{t s df h:t} u/L ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ 450 s'gf ePsf] ;]6 :Sjfo/sf]
Pp6f lsgf/f OA /]vfdf / s'gfnfO{ O laGb''df
kg]{ u/L /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] csf]{
lsgf/fdf l;;fsndn] sf]/]/ OB /]vf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ . ca AOB Ö 450 eof] .
lj|mofsnfk @ -sDkf; / ?n/sf] k|of]u u/]/_
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*$ sf] 450 sf]0fsf]
/rgf zLif{scGtu{t v df h:t} u/L ?n/ /
l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f l;wf /]vf OA
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• laGb'' O df sDkf;sf] l;of] kg]{ u/L OB
a/fa/sf] gfksf] cw{Jof; lnO{ lrqdf b]vfP em}F
Pp6f rfFk lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt cw{Jof;nfO{ 36a9 gu/L sDkf;sf]
l;of]nfO{ laGb'' B df /fv]/ o; cl3 lvr]sf]
rfFknfO{ sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfl6Psf]
laGb''sf] gfd C lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ca km]l/ laGb''
C af6 TolQs} cw{Jof; lnP/ k'gM cl3 lvr]sf]
7'nf] rfFknfO{ laGb'' D df sf6\g nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca laGb'' C / D df sDkf;sf] l;of] /fv]/ @
cf]6f rfFkx¿ Pscfk;df sfl6g] u/L] lrqdf
b]vfP em+} u/L lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt laGb''sf]
gfd E lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca laGb'' O / E nfO{ 86 nfOgn] hf]8\g

238
 nufpg'xf];\ . pSt 86 nfO{gn] 7'nf] rfFknfO{
sf6]sf] laGb''sf] gfd F lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca AOE sf] cw{s /]vf lvRg s] ug{'knf{
eGg] k|Zg ljBfyL{nfO{ ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{af6 s'g}
;xL hjfkm cfPdf To;nfO{ ;d]6]/ laGb'' F /
laGb'' B af6 cl3s} cw{Jof; lnP/ tnsf]
lrqdf h:t} u/L Pscfk;df sfl6g] u/L
b'O{cf]6f rfFkx¿ lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
rfFkx¿ sfl6Psf] laGb''nfO{ H gfds/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] laGb''x¿ O / H
af6 hfg] /]vfv08 OH lvRg nufpg'xf];\
• ca rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] AOH gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ . oxfF AOH Ö 450 x'G5 .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ / sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/]/ 450 sf]
sf]0f /rgf u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
• ljBfyL{nfO{ $, $ hgfsf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ @ sf]7f ePsf] ljBfnosf] Pp6f
ejgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu s'6, ds}sf] ;'s]sf] af]6sf] 8fF7, lgufnf],
afF;sf l;Gsf, sf6{'gnufotsf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• pSt ejgsf] gS;f ;d]t sf]g{ sf]l;; u/fpg'xf];\ . pSt gd'gf tyf gS;fdf sxfF sxfF
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿, nDa /]vfx¿, nDafw{s /]vfx¿, ljleGg k|sf/sf sf]0fx¿ k|of]u ePsf] 5
;"rL;lxt kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ;ª\lIfKt k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L k;L{sf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

239
 c7f/f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;]6 :Sjfo/, ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg gfksf sf]0fx¿sf] /rgf ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ Hofldlt afs;af6 ;]6 :Sjfo/ lemSg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;]6 :Sjfo/sf]
;xfotfn] slt slt l8u|Lsf sf]0fx¿ agfpg ;lsPnf < ljBfyL{nfO{ ;"rL agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu % ldg]6 ;do k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] dbtaf6 agfpg ;lsg] sf]0fx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] Ps Pscf]6fsf b/n]
atfpg nufpg'xf];\ / af]8{df l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ . ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] agfpg ;lsg] s'g}
sf]0f 5'6]df tkfO{{Fn] yk ul/lbg'xf];\ .
• ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] 300, 450, 600, 750, 900, 1050, 1200, 1350, 1500 / 1800 sf sf]0fx¿
agfpg ;lsG5 .
• ca x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]6 :Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] sfkLdf o; cl3 gagfPsf sf]0fx¿ agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{;dIf k'u]/ pgLx¿n] agfPsf sf]0fx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/]/ agfPsf ljleGg sf]0fx¿ /rgf
u/]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

240
 pGgfO;f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
/]vf / sf]0fx¿ ;DaGwdf yk cEo:t x'g
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf kl/of]hgf sfo{x¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• @ lbg clu lbPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xsf]
k|:t'tLs/0fkZrft\ cfjZostfcg';f/ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / l;sfOnfO{ cem dha't agfpg]
k|of; ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*% sf] cEof; !$=% sf] k|Zg ! sf] u / r, k|Zg @ sf] r tyf k|Zg
# sf] 3 sf] ;d:of sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;Fu}sf] csf]{ ;fyL;Fu
;f6f;f6 u/]/ k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf k|:t'tLs/0fsf j|mddf lar lardf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*% sf] cEof; !$=% sf] k|Zg ! sf] s, v, 3, ª / 5, k|Zg @ sf] s,
v, u, 3, ª / 5 tyf k|Zg # sf] s, v, u / ª sf] ;d:of u[xsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

241
 kf7 !%
;dtnLo cfs[ltx¿
cg'dflgt sfo{306fM &
kl/ro
o; kf7df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f ug],{ rt'e{'hsf ljleGg k|sf/x¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ / lqe'h Pjd\
rt'e{'hsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf
xfdL lbgx'F lqe'h / rt'e{'h;Fu 7f]lSsPsf x'G5f}F . xfd|f 3/x¿ x'g jf 3/leqsf sf]7f, rf]6f,
efG;f, sf};L g} x'g\ jf 3/df k|of]u ul/g] kmlg{r/ x'g\ To;df xfdL lqe'h / rt't{'h cfs[lt s}
k|of]u
u5f}{F . To;}n] lqe'h / rt'e{'h h:tf ;dtnLo cfs[lt xfd|f] k|ToIf b}lgs sfo{snfk;Fu hf]l8Psf]
ljifoj:t' xf] . o; kf7sf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ o:t} Jojxfl/s sfo{snfksf dfWodaf6 ;xhLs/0f
ul/G5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• e'hf / sf]0fsf cfwf/df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f ug{
• ljleGg lsl;dsf rt'e{'hx¿sf] klxrfg ug{
• lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 306f
!= e'hfsf cfwf/df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f !*^, !*&, !() !
@= sf]0fsf cfwf/df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f !**, !*(, !(), !(! !
#= cfot / ju{sf] klxrfg !(@, !(# !
$= ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] klxrfg !(#, !($ !
%= ;dnDa rt'e'{hsf] klxrfg !(% !
^= rt'e'{hsf] klxrfg !(%, !(^, !(& !
&= lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] ;DaGw !

242
 klxnf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
e'hfsf cfwf/df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
l;Gsfx¿, lqe'h agfOPsf] sf8{af8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!*^ sf] k'g/jnf]sgdf
lbOPsf] sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df
;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ #, # cf]6f d'7f agfP/ l;Gsf
lbg'xf];\ .
• klxnf] d'7fdf * ;]lG6ld6/sf # cf]6f l;Gsf,
bf];|f] d'7fdf * ;]lG6ld6/sf @ cf]6f l;Gsf /
!) ;]lG6ld6/sf] Pp6f l;Gsf] / t];|f] d'7fdf
* ;]lG6ld6/sf], !) ;]lG6ld6/ / !@
;]lG6ld6/sf !, ! cf]6f l;Gsf lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ x/]s d'7f l;Gsfaf6 Ps Pscf]6f
lqe'h agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• oL lqe'hx¿ s:tf s:tf lqe'h eP eg]/
;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos eP lqe'hdf k|of]u ePsf l;Gsfx¿
gfKg klg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ ;d¿k lqe'h, ;dlåafx' lqe'h
/ ljifdafx' lqe'hsf] lrq ePsf] sf8{af]8{sf
6'j|mfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lqe'hsf e'hfx¿ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . tL
lqe'hsf ljz]iftfx¿ klg vf]hL ug{

243
 nufpg'xf];\ .
• o; cl3sf] lj|mofsnfkdf agfPsf lqe'hx¿
/ o;df s]xL ;dfgtf 5 ls < ljZn]if0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• oL lqe'hx¿nfO{ s:tf lqe'h eg]/ lrGg
;lsPnf eGg] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{
;'gfpg'xf];\

lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!() sf] k|Zg g= @ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{
b]xfosf] tflnsf agfpg nufO{ e'hfx¿nfO{ gfk]/ tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ / lqe'hsf]
juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
k|Zg g== lqe'h e'hf e'hf e'hf glthf lqe'hsf] lsl;d
s ABC AB= BC= AC=
v PQR PQ= QR= PR=
u RAT RA= AT= RT=
3 LMN LM= MN= LN=

244
d"Nofª\sg
dfly lj|mofsnfk $ df lbOPsf] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

245
 bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
sf]0fsf cfwf/df lqe'hsf] juL{s/0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lqe'h agfOPsf] sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tLg tLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f Go"gsf]0fL, Pp6f
;dsf]0fL / Pp6f clwssf]0fL lqe'h ePsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ afF8\g'xf];\ .
• ;a} lqe'hsf sf]0fx¿ rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ / tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
△ABC △DEF △PQR
ABC = DEF = PQR =
BAC = EDF = QPR =
ACB = DFE = PRQ =

• tflnsfsf cfwf/df cfcfkm\gf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg
nufpg'xf];\ M
o s] △ABC sf tLgcf]6} sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < tL sf]0fx¿sf] ;femf ljz]iftf s] xf] < o:tf
sf]0fx¿ ePsf] lqe'hnfO{ s] elgPnf <
o s] △DEF sf tLgcf]6} sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ < tL sf]0fx¿sf] gfk slt slt 5 < o:tf
sf]0fx¿ ePsf] lqe'hnfO{ s] elgPnf <
o △PQR sf sf]0fx¿sf] gfk slt slt 5 < o:tf sf]0fx¿ ePsf] lqe'hnfO{ s] elgPnf <

246
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ dfly s} ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
?n/, :s]n / rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f
;b:onfO{ Go"gsf]0f, csf]{ ;b:onfO{
;dsf]0f / afFsL ;b:onfO{ clwssf]0f
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} sf]0fsf e'hfsf
5]p 5]psf b'O{ laGb''x¿ hf]8]/
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!** sf] lj|mofsnfk
@ df h:t} lqe'hx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] agfPsf] lqe'hnfO{
cfk;df ;f6\g nufpg'xf];\ . rfFbsf] k|of]u
u/]/ sf]0fx¿ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ / k':tssf]
h:t} tflnsf agfpg nufO{ tflnsfdf eg{
nufpg'xf];\ . s:tf] lqe'h aGof], tflnsfdf
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{
;'gfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tsf] k]h g=!*( sf] pbfx/0f @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!() sf] cEof;
!%=! sf] k|Zg g= ! df lbOPsf ;a}
k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ /
cfjZostf cg';f/ tkfO{F{n] k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!() sf] cEof;
!%=! sf] k|Zg g= # df lbOPsf lqe'hsf
sf]0fx¿nfO{ gfKg nufO{ sf]0fsf cfwf/df
lqe'hx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(! sf]
cEof; !%=! sf] k|Zg g= $ df lbOPsf]
lrq cjnf]sg u/L b'O{ b'O{cf]6f Go"gsf]0fL,
;dsf]0fL / clwssf]0fL lqe'hx¿sf] gfd

247
 n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(! sf]
cEof; !%=! sf] k|Zg g= % df lbOPsf]
gfksf cfwf/df # cf]6f lqe'hx¿ agfpg
nufP/ afsL sf]0fx¿ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ /
pSt lqe'hnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
dfly lj|mofsnfk g= $ df lbOPsf] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

248
 t];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
cfot / ju{sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cfotfsf/ / juf{sf/ sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, cfotfsf/ ;fbf kfgfx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(@
df elgP em}F sIffsf]7fdf ePsf em\ofn,
9f]sfsf rf}sf]; tyf vfkfx¿, lstfasf]
;tx, a]Grsf] ;tx, z}Ifl0fs kf6Lsf]
;txsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ sltcf]6f
lsgf/fx¿ / sltcf]6f sf]0fx¿ /x]5g\
vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f cfotfsf/ ;fbf
kfgfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf]
k]h g=!(@ sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df h:t}
sfuhnfO{ k6\ofpFb} hfg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L k6\ofpFb} hfFbf lardf ag]sf] lrq
s] xf] kfn}kfnf] atfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ o:tf]
lrqnfO{ cfot elgG5 egL
atfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f cfotfsf/ ;fbf
kfgfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf]
k]h g=!(@ sf] lj|mofsnfk @ df h:t}
sfuhnfO{ k6\ofpFb} hfg nufpg'xf];\ .
o;/L k6\ofpFb} hfFbf cGTodf ag]sf] lrq
s] xf] atfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ o:tf]
lrqnfO{ ju{ elgG5 egL atfpg'xf];\ .

249
क्रियाकलाप $
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f cfot / Pp6f
ju{ ePsf] sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ afF8\g'xf];\ .
A B P Q

D C
S R
• x/]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ :s]n / rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] pSt cfot / ju{sf] e'hfx¿ / sf]0fx¿

ABCD AB= BC= CD= AD= glthfM

BAD= ADC= BCD= ABC=
PQRS PQ= QR= RS= PS= glthfM
PQR= QRS= PSR= QPS=
gfKg nufpg'xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .

• x/]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ dflysf] tflnsf ljZn]if0f u/L s:tf] rt'e{'hnfO{ cfot elgG5 /
s:tf] rt'e{'hnfO{ ju{ elgG5 eGg] k|Zg /fVg'xf];\ / cfk;df 5nkmn u/]/ lgisif{ atfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{af6 ;xL hjfkm cfPdf ;f];d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{tkm{ ljBfyL{nfO{ n}hfg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
• ljBfyL{nfO{ % ldg]6 ;do lbP/ sIffsf]7fdf ePsf cfot / ju{ cfsf/sf cfs[ltx¿ sxfF
sxfF / s] s] 5g\ l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿n] l6kf]6 u/]sf] cfot / ju{sf] pbfx/0f gbf]xf]l/g] u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltdf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dfly lj|mofsnfk % df lbOPsf] sIffsfo{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ;'g]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

250
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hsf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h / ;dafx' rt'e{'h ePsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, cfotfsf/ ;fbf kfgfx¿,
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ @, @ cf]6f ;dfgfGt/
rt'e{'h ePsf] sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ afF8\g'xf];\ .
A B P Q

D
C
S R
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ :s]n / rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] lbOPsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hsf e'hf / sf]0fx¿ gfKg
nufpg'xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
ABCD AB= BC= CD= AD= glthf M
BAD= ADC= BCD= ABC=
PQRS PQ= QR= RS= PS= glthf M
PQR= QRS= PSR= QPS=

• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ tflnsf ljZn]if0f u/L dflysf rt'e{'hdf ;femf ljz]iftf s] 5 < To:tf]
rt'e{'hnfO{ s] elgG5 < eGg] k|Zg /fVg'xf];\ / lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(# sf] lj|mofsnfk
# df h:t} u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf]
;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• k|To]snfO{ sfkLdf Ps Pscf]6f l;wf
/]vfv08 AB lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ?n/ /
;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/L AB ;Fu a/fa/ /
;dfgfGt/ x'g] csf]{ /]vfv08 CD lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca b'j} ;dfgfGt/ /]vfv08sf Ps}lt/sf
b'O{ 5]px¿ hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .

251
• s:tf] rt'e'{h aGof], ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
;femf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f cfotfsf/ ;fbf
kfgfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(# / !($ sf]
lj|mofsnfk $ df h:t} sfuhnfO{
k6\ofpFb} hfg nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L k6\ofpFb}
hfFbf ag]sf] lrq s] xf] atfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ o;/L
aGg] rt'e{'hnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h elgG5
egL lgisif{ atfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dafx' rt'e{'h ePsf
sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ o; cl3 g} ljeflht
;d"xdf ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ?n/ / rfFbsf] ;xfotfn] pSt rt'e{'hsf
;a} e'hf / sf]0fx¿ gfKg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'heGbf o; k|sf/sf]
rt'e{'hdf s] km/s 5 5nkmn u/L k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xaf6 k|fKt ePsf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h / ;dafx' rt'e{'hdf
ePsf] km/s :ki6
kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
• olb ;dafx' rt'e{'hsf ;a} sf]0fx¿ Ps
;dsf]0f eP eg] To:tf] ;dafx'
rt'e{'hnfO{ s] elgG5 egL ;a} ;d"xnfO{
k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / Ps} l5g cfk;df ljrf/
dGyg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf]
pQ/nfO{ klg ;d]6]/ ;a} sf]0fx¿ Ps
;dsf]0f ePsf] ;dafx' rt'e{'hnfO{ ju{
elgG5 egL :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

252
d"Nofª\sg
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf ljz]iftfx¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hdf s] s]
ljz]iftfx¿ yk u¥of] eg] ;dafx' rt'e'{h / ju{ x'G5 < kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

253
 kfFrf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;dnDa rt'e{'hsf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;dnDa rt'e{'h ePsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(% sf]
lj|mofsnfk & df h:t} @, @ hgfsf] ;d"x
agfpg'xf];\ . k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps
Pscf]6f l;wf /]vfv08 lvRg nufpg'xf];\
.
• ;]6:Sjfo/sf] k|of]u u/L pSt
/]vfv08;Fu ;dfgfGt/ /]vfv08 lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca b'j} ;dfgfGt/ /]vfv08sf Ps}lt/sf
b'O{ 5]px¿ hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{
s:tf] rt'e'{h aGof] < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
;femf lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• o:tf] lj|mofsnfk k'gM Ps k6s ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(% sf] lj|mofsnfk
* df h:t} @, @ hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\
.
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f ;dnDa
rt'e{'h ePsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• ;]6:Sjfo/sf] ;xfotfn] laGb'' A / B af6
CD df nDax¿ AX / BY lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ . ca ?n/sf] k|of]u u/]/ AX
/ BY gfKg nufpg'xf];\ . s] AX / BY
a/fa/ 5 <

254
• lbOPsf rt'e{'hsf ;Dd'v b'O{ e'hfx¿ AB
/ CD larsf] nDa b'/L a/fa/
5g\ . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ ;lxt ljBfyL{nfO{
lgisif{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
;dnDa rt'e'{h / ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hdf s] km/s 5 < b'j}sf ljz]iftfx¿ bfFHg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk\mgf] sIffsf]7f, 3/, ljBfno tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . pSt :yfgdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h, cfot, ju{, ;dnDa rt'e'{h tyf ;dafx' rt'e'{h
cfs[lt ePsf j:t'x¿sf] gfd n]vL lrq sf]/]/ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

255
 5}7f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
ljleGg lsl;dsf rt'e{'hsf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
6\ofgu|fd, lrq / lrqsf] gfd n]lvPsf lrqkQL, ljz]iftf /kl/efiff n]lvPsf kQLx¿, uf]hL
tflnsf, Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ %, % hgfsf] ;d"x
agfpg'xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(%
sf] 6\ofgu|fdsf] k|of]uaf6 rt'e{'hsf]
lgdf{0fdf h:t} k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Ps
cf]6f 6\ofgu|fd ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• pSt 6\ofgu|fdsf ;a} & cf]6} 6'j|mfx¿sf]
k|of]u u/L Ps Pscf]6f cfot, ju{,
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h, ;dnDa rt'e{'h /
;dafx' rt'e{'h agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfkm"n] agfPsf] lrq cfcfˆgf] sfkLdf
6«]; ug{ nufO{ kfn}kfnf] x/]s ;d"xnfO{
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n]
agfPsf] HofldtLo cfs[lt cjnf]sg u/L
cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(^ sf]
pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(^ sf]
cEof; !%=@ sf] kZg g= ! sf] l7s
a]l7s 5'6\ofpg] k|Zg xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.
lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(^ sf] cEof;

256
 !%=@ sf] k|Zg g= @ sf] rt'e{'hx¿sf]
e'hf / sf]0fx¿ gfKg nufO{ tflnsfdf
/fVg nufpg'xf];\ . tflnsfnfO{ ljZn]if0f
u/L rt'e{'hsf] juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.

s AB= BC= CD= AD= glthf M

 ABC=  BCD=  ADC=  BAC=
v HG= GE= EF= HF= glthf M
 HGE=  GEF=  HFE=  GHF=
u KL= LM= MN= KN= glthf M
 KLM=  LMN=  MNK=  LKN=
3 CD= DE= EF= CF= glthf M
 CDE=  DEF=  CFE=  DCF=
ª HA= AR= RI= HI= glthf M
 HAR=  ARI=  RIH=  AHI=
r PQ= QR= RS= PS= glthf M
 PQR=  QRS=  RSP=  QPS=

lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ x/]s ;d"xdf a/fa/ ;ª\Vof x'g] u/L ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8 ;a}n] b]Vgu/L uf]hL tflnsf e'G8\ofpg'xf];\ . lrqkQLnfO{ 3f]K6f] kf/]/
nx/} /fVg] / kl/efiff/ ljz]iftf n]lvPsf] sf8{nfO{ b]lvg] u/L /fVg] . kfn}kfnf] x/]s ;d"xaf6
Ps Ps hgfnfO{ cufl8 uO{ 3f]K6f] agfP/ /flvPsf] Pp6f sf8{nfO{ lemSg nufpg] / To;;Fu
hf]8f ldNg] kl/efiff/ ljz]iftf n]lvPsf] sf8{ lems]/ uf]hL tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg] . hf]8f
ldn]df pSt ;d"xnfO{ Ps cª\s k|bfg ug'{xf];\ . ;a}sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s
k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
• cluNnf]] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZostf
cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dfly lj|mofsnfk $ df ljBfyL{n] hf]8f ldnfPsf] x]/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

257
258
 ;ftf}F+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf] ;DaGw klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cfot, ju{, ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h, ;dafx' rt'e{'h cfsf/df sfl6Psf sf8{af]8{sf 6' j|mfx¿, Hofldlt
afs;, s}FrL .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ cfot, ju{, ;dfgfGt/
rt'e{'h / ;dafx' rt'e{'h cfsf/sf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• lbOPsf HofldtLo cfsf/x¿ s'g s'g s] s] x'g\ klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP
?n/ / rfFbsf] k|of]u u/]/ e'hf tyf sf]0fx¿ gfKg nufpg ;lsG5 .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ rt'e{'hsf ljkl/t ! hf]8f zLif{laGb'' hf]8]/ lqe'h agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ca ToxL
ljs0f{af6 s}FrLn] sf6]/ rt'e{'hnfO{ @ cf]6f lqe'hdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;/L sf6]/ agfOPsf lqe'hx¿sf lardf s]xL ;DaGw 5 < x/]s ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{
k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . lqe'hx¿larsf] ;DaGw yfxf kfpg Ps cfk;df vK6\ofP/ x]g{
;lsG5 .
• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ b'j} lqe'hx¿ pq} /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
• cfotnfO{ sf6]/ agfOPsf] lqe'h / cfotsf] lardf s] ;DaGw 5 < To;} u/L ju{, ;dfgfGt/
rt'e{'h tyf ;dafx' rt'e{'h / To;nfO{ sf6]/ ag]sf] lqe'hsf lardf s] ;DaGw 5 < x/]s
;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0fkZrft\ ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

cfot, ju{, ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h / ;dafx' rt'e{'hsf Ps hf]8L ;Dd'v zLif{l jGb'nfO{ hf]8]/
ag]sf b'O{cf]6f lqe'hx¿ pq} x'G5g\ cyf{t\ logLx¿ a/fa/ If]qkmnsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] o;/L
ag]sf] Pp6f lqe'hsf] If]qkmn To;sf] l;ª\uf]sf] l7s cfwf x'G5 . h:t}M cfotsf Ps hf]8L
;Dd'v zLif{laGb' hf]8]/ ag]sf] lqe'sf] If]qkmn cfotsf] l7s cfwf x'G5 . To;} u/L ju{ ,
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h jf ;dafx' rt'e{'hsf Ps hf]8L ;Dd'v zLif{ljGb' hf]8]/ ag]sf] lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn To;sf] l7s cfwf x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk @

259
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfk\mgf] sfkLdf Ps Pscf]6f rt'e'{h lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ca pSt rt'e'{hsf
;Dd'v zLif{laGb''x¿ hf]8\g nufO{ b'O{cf]6f lqe'hx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . s] tL lqe'hx¿
a/fa/ 5g\ < s] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn rt'e'{hsf] cfwf 5 <
• oL k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg nufO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{
;d]6\b} lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf b]xfosf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ / sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/
ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
• rt'e'{h / lqe'hsf] lardf s] ;DaGw 5 <
• s] ;a} rt'e'{hsf] l7s cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 <
• s:tf] cj:yfdf rt'e'{hsf] l7s cfwf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn x'G5 <

260
 kf7M !^
j[Q
cg'dflgt 3G6L M @
kl/ro
o; kf7df j[Q / o;sf ljleGg efux¿ klxrfg;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . xfdLn]
k|of]u ug]{ l;Ssf, gfª\nf], r'/f, 38L, yfn, Kn]6, lunf;sf] d'v, 6fFs, uf8Lsf] :6]l/ª xf]; \ jf
xfdLn] vfg] /f]6L, lkhf, s]s, cdn]6 xf];\ oL ;a} j[Qsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . To;}n] j[tfsf/ ;dtnLo
cfs[lt xfd|f] k|ToIf b}lgs sfo{snfk;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifoj:t' xf] . o; kf7sf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{
o:t} Jofjxfl/s sfo{snfksf dfWodaf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/G5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
j[Q / o;sf efux¿sf] klxrfg ug{
lzIf0f of]hgf ÷ kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt cg'dflgt 306f
k[i7
!= j[Q / o;sf ljleGg efux¿sf] klxrfg !(*, !((, @)) @

261
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
j[Q / o;sf ljleGg efux¿sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
r'/f, l;Ssf, l8Aafsf] lasf]{, j[tfsf/ srf}/f, lunf;, Hofldlt afs;, j[Q af]8{, /a/AofG8 .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=!(* sf]
k'g/jnf]sgdf lbOP em}F u/L !, ! cf]6f
;fdu|L -r'/f, l;Ssf, l8Aafsf] lasf]{,
j[Qfsf/ srf}/f, lunf;_ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d"xdf lbOPsf]
;fdu|LnfO{ sfkLsf] kfgfdf /fVg nufO{
To;sf] jl/kl/ l;;fsndn] sf]g{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• s:tf] lrq aGof] < cfk;df 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] x/]s ;d"xnfO{
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Hofldlt afs;af6 ltvfl/Psf]
l;;fsnd ;lxtsf] sDkf; lng
nufpg'xf];\ / sfkLdf sDkf;sf] r'Rrf]
c8\ofpg nufP/ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g=!(* sf] lj|mofsnfk ! df lbOP em}F u/L
l;;fsndn] sf]b}{ hfg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;fyLx¿;Fu cfk;df bfFHg nufpg'xf];\ .
s] ;a}n] agfPsf] cfs[lt Ps} lsl;dsf] 5
<
• oxfF ag]sf] cfs[ltnfO{ s] elgG5 < dfly
s} ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ kfn}kfnf]
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

262
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfˆgf] lgisif{
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fleq j[tfsf/ cfs[ltx¿ s] s] 5g\ < % ldg]6 ;do lbP/ l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / gbf]xf]l/g] u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Hofldlt afs;af6 ltvfl/Psf]
l;;fsnd;lxtsf] sDkf; lng
nufpg'xf];\ / sfkLdf Pp6f j[Q agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .

O.
.=
=.

• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk ! df
agfOPsf] ;d"xdf a:g nufpg'xf];\ . s]
3]/fdf /x]sf] laGb'x¿af6 sDkf;sf] l;of]
c8\ofOPsf] laGb' O ;Ddsf] b'/L a/fa/ 5
< O laGb'nfO{ s] elgG5 < k|Zg ug'{xf];\ /
;d"xleq 5nkmn u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'lt kZrft\ lgisif{
atfpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ?n/ / l;;fsndsf]
;xfotfn] j[Qsf] s]G›laGb' / 3]/fsf] s'g}
Pp6f laGb' hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ . h;sf]
gfd OA lbg nufpg'xf];\ . OA nfO{ s]
elgG5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

263
O.
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ lgisif{
atfpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] sfkLdf sDkf; / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f j[Q
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To; j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb'' / cw{Jof; ;d]t lvRg nufO{ gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\
. ;a} ljBfyL{sf] sIffsfo{ k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

264
j[Q / o;sf ljleGg efux¿sf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
lrq kQLx¿ -j[Qsf] s]G›laGb', cw{Jof;, kl/lw, hLjf, Jof;, If]qs, cw{j[Q, rfFksf] lrq_,
zAbkQL -s]G›laGb', cw{Jof;, kl/lw, hLjf, Jof;, If]qs, cw{j[Q, rfFk n]lvPsf]_, uf]hL tflnsf,
Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Hofldlt afs;af6 ltvfl/Psf]
l;;fsnd;lxtsf] sDkf; lng
nufpg'xf];\ / sfkLdf Pp6f j[Q agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfP h:t} kl/lwsf
@ cf]6f laGb' hf]8\g nufO{ To;sf] gfd
CD lbg
nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfy{L{ {x¿nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf
/fVg'xf];\ . clg CD nfO{ s] elgG5 <
cfk;df 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

O. D

• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{

atfpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ k'gM sfkLdf Pp6f j[Q
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfP h:t}
s]G›laGb' O eP/ hfg] u/L hLjf lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ . pSt hLjfsf] gfd CD lbg
nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L CD nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ vf]Hg

265
 nufpg'xf];\ .

O
.
C

• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{

atfpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sfkLdf km]/L Pp6f j[Q
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfP h:t}
b'O{cf]6f cw{Jof; lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
To;sf] gfd OA / OB lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
lrqdf j[Qsf] AOB v08nfO{ s] elgG5 <
;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

O.

• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{

atfpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sfkLdf Pp6f j[Q agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . To;df Pp6f Jof; AB
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ b'O{cf]6f
If]qsx¿ ag] . lrqdf b]vfP h:t}
b'O{cf]6f If]qsnfO{ hgfpg Jof;sf]
b'j}tkm{sf] v08df C / D lbg nufpg'xf];\
. oxfF If]qs ACB nfO{ s] elgG5 <
To;}u/L If]qs ADB nfO{ s] elgG5 < s]

266
 b'j} If]qsx¿ a/a/ 5g\ < ;d"xdf
5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

O.

• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{

atfpg'xf];\ .
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfksf] lrqdf AB nfO{ s]
elgG5 eGg] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / ;d"xdf
5nkmn ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.
• ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{
atfpg'xf];\ .
• j[tsf] kl/lwsf] s]xL efunfO{ j[Qsf] rfFk
-Arc_ elgG5 . lrqdf AB j[Qsf] rfFk xf]
. To;} u/L BC, AB / ACB ;a} rfFkx¿
x'g\ egL atfpg'xf];\ .

O.

lj|mofsnfk @

267
• ljBfyL{nfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . j[Qsf ljleGg efux¿sf] gfd / lrq
ePsf] sf8{ Doflrª v]n v]nfpg v]nsf] lgod atfpg'xf];\ .

j[Qsf ljleGg efux¿sf] lrq ePsf sf8{x¿nfO{ 6]andf 3f]K6f] kf/]/ /fVg] / tL efusf gfd
n]lvPsf sf8{x¿nfO{ gfd b]lvg] u/L /fVg] . x/]s ;d"xaf6 kfn}kfnf] !, ! hgfnfO{ cufl8
af]nfpg] / 3f]K6f] u/]/ /fv]sf] Pp6f sf8{ lemSg nufpg] / pSt sf8{df ePsf] j[Qsf] efu;Fu
ldNg] u/L 6]andf gfd b]lvg] u/L /fv]sf] sf8{ lemSg nufO{ b'j} sf8{nfO{ em'G8\ofPsf] uf]hL
tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg] . olb sf8{x¿ ldn]df pSt ;d"xnfO{ ! cª\s lbg] . ;d"xsf ;a}
ljBfyL{sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug]{

• kfn}kfnf] x/]s ;d"xaf6 !, ! hgf cufl8 af]nfO{ dfly lgoddf n]lvP adf]lhd 3f]K6\ofP/
/fv]sf] Pp6f sf8{ lemSg nufpg'xf];\ / pSt sf8{df ePsf] j[Qsf] efu;Fu hf]8f ldNg] u/L
6]andf gfd b]lvg] u/L /fv]sf] sf8{ lemSg nufO{ em'G8\ofP/ /fv]sf] uf]hL tflnsfdf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
• sf8{x¿sf lardf hf]8f ldn]df pSt ;d"xnfO{ ! cª\s k|bfg ug'{xf];\ . ca tL sf8{x¿nfO{
:yfg kl/jt{g u/]/ klxn]s} tl/sfn] /flvlbg'xf];\ .
• csf]{ ;d"xaf6 ! hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ / cufl8s} tl/sfn] sf8{x¿ hf]8f
ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xaf6 !, ! hgfsf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 o; clu kfnf] gkfPsf]
ljBfyL{nfO{ cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf ;a} hgfsf] !, ! k6s kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;do eP bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . cGoyf
;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ dfly lj|mofsnfk @ df ul/Psf] lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .

u[xsfo{

268
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; !^=! sf ;a} k|Zgx¿ u[xsfo{sf ¿kdf ug{ nufO{ k/LIf0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

269
 kf7M !&
7f]; j:t'x¿
cg'dflgt sfo{306fM !)
kl/ro
o; kf7df if8\d'vf / 3gsf ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{, ;f]nL, uf]nf / a]ngfsf]
lrgf/L u/fpg tyf 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf] emG8} ;a} lj|mofsnfkdf log} if8\d'vf, 3g, ;f]nL, uf]nf /
a]ngfsf] k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . xfd|f 3/sf ;a}h;f] sf]7fx¿ if8\d'vfsf/ jf 3gfsf/ x'G5g\ . xfdLn]
k|of]u ug]{ b/fh, knª, /]l8of], afs;, sfkL, lstfa, df]afOn cflb ;a} if8\d'vfsf/ g} x'G5g\ .
xfdLn] kfgL /fVg k|of]u ug]{ Knfl:6s 6\ofª\sL, afy?dx¿df k|of]u ul/g] kfOk, lunf;, k|];/
s's/, jf6/ lkmN6/ cflb ;a} a]ngfsf/ x'G5g\ . To;}u/L lah'nLsf aNax¿, afnaflnsfx¿n]
v]Ng] es'G8f], xfd|f] cfFvf uf]nfsf/ 5g\ . xfdLn] hf8f]df nufpg] 6f]kL, xfdL a:g] d'9fx¿ ;a}
;f]nL cfsf/sf 5g\ . To;}n] o:t} jf:tljs j:t'x¿;Fu k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ o; kf7sf]
;xhLs/0f ul/G5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• if8\d'vf / 3gsf ;tx, lsgf/f, s'gfsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{,
• ;f]nL, uf]nf / j]ngfsf] lrgf/L u/fpg,
• 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ .
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 306f
!= if8d'vf / 3gsf] lrgf/L -k'g/fjnf]sg_ @)! !
@= if8\d'vf / 3gsf] ;tx, lsgf/f / @)!, @)@ !
s'gfsf] ;ª\Vof klxrfg
#= if8\d'vf / 3gsf ;tx, lsgf/f, s'gfsf] @)@, @)# !
;DaGw
$= 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gfx¿ @)# #
lgdf{0f
%= if8\d'vf / 3gsf] ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gf @)$ !
^= ;f]nL, uf]nf / a]ngfsf] lrgf/L @)% !
&= ;f]nL / a]ngfsf] gd'gf lgdf{0f !
*= ;f]nL, uf]nf / j]ngf @)^, @)& !
klxnf] lbg

270
l;sfO pknlAw
if8d'vf / 3gsf] lrgf/L ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sfuhsf if8\d'vfsf/ / 3gfsf/ a6\6fx¿, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sDtLdf Pp6f 3gfsf/ / Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ a6\6f ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xsf ljBfyL{n] ?n/sf] ;xfotfn] cfˆgf] ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] a6\6fsf ;dtn ;txsf]
cfsf/ cfotfsf/ jf juf{sf/ s] 5 < gfKg nufO{ lglZrt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• a6\6fsf s'g s'g ;txx¿ ;dfgfGt/ 5g\ < klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf s'g s'g a6\6fx¿ 3gfsf/ / s'g s'g if8\d'vfsf/ 5g\ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @)! sf]
k'g/jnf]sgdf lbOPsf] h:t} u/L ljleGg
HofldtLo ;tx ePsf 7f]; j:t'x¿sf]
;"rLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• To;kl5 ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/L b'O{
hgfsf] ;femf ;"rL tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\
.
• k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ Ps Ps u/L sIffsf]7fdf
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf
kf7\ok':tssf] tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L
tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf g} /fVg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sIffsf]7f leq / ljBfnosf] k|fª\u0fdf /x]sf if8\d'vfsf/ / 3gfsf/
j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;"rL agfpg !) ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg

271
dflysf] lj|mofsnfk # df ljBfyL{n] k|:t't u/]sf] pbfx/0f ;'g]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

272
 bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
if8\d'vf / 3gsf] ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfsf] ;ª\Vof klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
if8\d'vfsf/, 3gfsf/, a]ngfsf/ j:t'x¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)! sf] lj|mofsnfk
! df h:t} u/L ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf
cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sDtLdf Pp6f 3gfsf/ /
Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ j:t' ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] 7f]; j:t'sf
b]xfosf efux¿ klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
o rf/cf]6f l;wf lsgf/fx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]
;dtnLo aGb cfs[lt .
o b'O{cf]6f ;txx¿ cfk;df hf]l8P/
ag]sf efux¿ .
o tLgcf]6f l;wf lsgf/fx¿ cfk;df
ldn]sf laGb'x¿ .
• 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ /
lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sDtLdf Pp6f 3gfsf/ / Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ca pSt 7f]; cfs[ltdf slt sltcf]6f ;dtnLo ;txx¿, lsgf/fx¿ / s'gfx¿ 5g\ <
;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xsf] lgisif{nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
7f]; j:t' ;dtnLo ;tx lsgf/f s'gf
if8\d'vf
3g

273
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ o; clu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f a]ngfsf/, ;f]nL cfsf/ / uf]nfsf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• tL 7f]; j:t'x¿sf ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;xefuLx¿sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6\b} cfˆgf] lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ .
• ca tL 7f]; j:t'x¿df ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ slt sltcf]6f 5g\ < 5nkmn ug{
nufO{ ;d"xsf] lgisif{ tnsf] tflnsfdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
7f]; j:t' ;dtnLo ;tx lsgf/f s'gf
j]ngf
;f]nL
uf]nf

• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfk @ df ljBfyL{n] tflnsfdf e/]sf] ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfsf]
;ª\Vof x]/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

274
 t];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
if8\d'vf / 3gsf ;tx, lsgf/f, s'gfsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
if8\d'vfsf/, 3gfsf/, a]ngfsf/, ;f]nL cfsf/ / uf]nfsf/ j:t'x¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofcg';f/ ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f if8d'vfsf/, 3gfsf/
/ a]ngfsf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] ;dtnLo
;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ uGtL ug]{ sfo{sf]
k'g/jnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
7f]; ;dtnL lsgf/ s'g F+E+V F+E F+V
j:t' o ;tx f f =? -V= -E=
(F) (E) (V) ? ?
if8\d'v
f
3g
a]ngf

• ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ uGtL u/]/

tflnsfdf /flv;s]kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ if8\d'vfsf]
;dtnLo ;tx -F_, lsgf/f -E_ / s'gf -V_ sf]
;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ / F+E+VÖ < sf] dxndf
/fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;}u/L 3g / j]ngfsf] klg cnu cnu hf]8\g
nufpg'xf];\ / ;DalGwt dxndf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
s] ;a} hf]8kmn a/fa/ cfof] < ;xefuL;Fu
;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ;a} hf]8kmn ;dfg gcfPsfn] ca km]l/ ;dtnLo
;tx -F_ / lsgf/f -E_ sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufO{

275
 hf]8kmnaf6 s'gf -V_ sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg
nufpg'xf];\ / F+E–VÖ < dxndf /fVg nufpg'xf];\
. s] ;a} 7f]; j:t'df glthf ;dfg cfof] <
;xefuL;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ;a} glthf ;dfg gcfPsfn] ca km]l/ ;dtnLo
;tx -F_ / lsgf/f -E_ sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufO{
hf]8kmnaf6 s'gf -V_ sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg
nufpg'xf];\ / F+E–VÖ < dxndf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ . s] ;a} 7f]; j:t'df glthf ;dfg
cfof] < ;xefuL;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ;a} glthf ;dfg gcfPsfn] ca km]l/ ;dtnLo
;tx -F_ / s'gf -V_ sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufO{
hf]8kmnaf6 lsgf/f -E_ sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg
nufpg'xf];\ / F+V–E Ö < dxndf /fVg nufpg'xf];\
. s] ;a} 7f]; j:t'df glthf ;dfg cfof] <
;xefuL;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ;a} 7f]; j:t'df ;dfg glthf cyf{t\ @ cfPsfn]
;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ lgisif{
atfOlbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk g= @ -P]lR5s_
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ / x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f ;f]nL / uf]nfsf/ j:t'x¿ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ uGtL ug]{ sfo{sf]
k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
7f]; j:t' ;dtnLo ;tx (F) lsgf/f (E) s'gf (V) F+V-E= ?
;f]nL
uf]nf

• ca lj|mofsnfk ! df lgsflnPsf] lgisif{nfO{ k'i6L ug{ ;dtnLo ;tx -F_ / s'gf -V_ sf]
;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufO{ hf]8kmnaf6 lsgf/f -E_ sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg nufpg'xf];\ / F+V–E Ö <
dxndf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . s] glthf @ cfof] < ;xefuL;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

276
• To;}n] if8d'vf / 3gsf] dfq xf]Og ls x/]s 7f]; j:t'sf] ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfsf
lardf ;DaGw 5 eGg] lgisif{ ljBfyL{nfO{ :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)$ sf] cEof; !&=! sf] k|Zg g== # / $ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf
;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;f] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

277
 rf}yf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
if8d'vf / 3gsf] vf]j|mf gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{ .
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
;fgf Psgfzsf cfn'x¿, afF;sf l;Gsfx¿ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof cg';f/ ;–;fgf ;d"xdf
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / x/]s ;d"xnfO{
cf7cf]6f ;fgf Psgf;sf cfn' / $, %
cf]6f nfdf nfdf l;Gsfx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
• ca x/]s ;d"xnfO{ cfn'df l;Gsf uf8]/
3g agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu
l;Gsf slt slt gfksf cfjZos x'G5
egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ . ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xsf]
k|:t'lt kZrft\ ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ ;d]6]/
l;Gsfsf] gfknfO{ lglZrt ul/lbg'xf];\ .
• o; cl3 3gsf] ljz]iftfsf ;DaGwdf
hfgsf/L e};s]sfn] agfpg] tl/sf
gelglbg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xdf k'u]/ cjnf]sg
u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\
.
• ;a} ;d"xn] 3gsf] gd'gf agfO{ ;s]kl5
k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{
cfjZstf cg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\
.

lj|mofsnfk @
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ k'gM cf7 cf7cf]6f Psgf;sf cfn' / $, % cf]6f nfdf] nfdf] l;Gsf lbg'xf];\ .
l;Gsf / cfn'sf] dfWodaf6 if8\d'vf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . if8\d'vf agfpgsf nflu s] ;a}
l;Gsf Psgf;sf cfjZos x'G5 < ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfkm\gf ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

278
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ rf/cf]6f s]xL nfdf] t/ Psgfzsf l;Gsf / cf7cf]6f s]xL 5f]6f
t/ Psgfzsf l;Gsf cfjZos kg]{ lgisif{ lbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] g} l;Gsfsf] nDafO slt slt
/fVg] eGg] lglZrt\ u¿g .
• ljBfyL{n] agfpb} u/]sf] if8\d'vf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ o; clus} ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿n] agfPsf] vf]j|mf gd'gfdf
slt sltcf]6f ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ 5g\ u0fgf ug{ nufO{ tflnsfdf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
7f]; j:t'sf gd'gf ;dtnLo ;tx lsgf/f s'gf
if8\d'vf
3g

• if8\d'vf / 3gsf] ;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfx¿ pgLx¿n] o; clu jf:tljs j:t'sf
;dtnLo ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gf;Fu a/fa/ eof] of ePg < ;d"x ;d"xleq 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\
. pgLx¿sf] k|:t'lt ;'g]/ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gf
cjnf]sg u/]/ pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

279
 kfFrf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
if8\d'vf / 3gsf] vf]j|mf gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
d;L ;lsPsf 86\k]gsf ;'O/fx¿, h'; kfOkx¿, lgufnf]sf cfFVnf x6fPsf 9'ª\ux¿, ux'Fsf]
5\jfnL, wfuf], s}FrL, x\ofs ; An]8 .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ d;L
;lsPsf 86\k]gsf !@ cf]6f ;'O/fx¿ /
wfuf] lbg'xf];\ . bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ lgufnf]sf
!@ cf]6f 6'j|mfx¿ / wfuf], t];|f] ;d"xnfO{
!@ cf]6f h'; kfOk / wfuf] tyf rf}yf]
;d"xnfO{ ux'Fsf] 5\jfnL !@ cf]6f / wfuf]
ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ca kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)# sf] !&=!=#
df h:t} ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] ;fdu|L k|of]u
u/]/ 3gsf] vf]j|mf] gd'gf agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] cluNnf]] lbgdf
cfn' / l;Gsfsf] dfWodaf6 3gsf] gd'gf
agfO;s]sfn] pgLx¿n] ;xh} gd'gf
agfpg ;S5g\ . x/]s ;d"xdf k'u]/
pgLx¿sf] sfo{ k|ultsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\
/ cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f;d]t lbg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] tof/ kfl/;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf]
k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\
.
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{ dfly lj|mofsnfk ! df h:t} ;fdu|Lx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / Ps Pscf]6f
if8\d'vfsf] vf]j|mf] gd'gf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xdf k'u]/ pgLx¿sf] sfo{ k|ultsf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .

280
• ;a} ;d"xn] gd'gf agfOs;]kl5 kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/
k[i7kf]if0f cfbfg k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gf cjnf]sg u/]/
pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
if8\d'vf / 3gsf] vf]j|mf gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, 3gfsf/ / if8\d'vfsf/ a6\6fx¿, ;]nf] 6]k jf ud, s}FrL, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f 3gfsf/ a6\6f,
sf8{af]8{ / s}FrL ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] 3gfsf/ a6\6fx¿ lj:tf/} hf]8]sf] 7fpFaf6 vf]Ng nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt hfnLnfO{ sf8{af]8{ dfly /fv]/ k6\ofPsf] 7fpF / hfnLsf] jl/kl/ l;;fsndn] lrgf]
nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• hfnLnfO{ x6fP/ k6\ofPsf] 7fpFdf tnsf] lrqdf em}+ ?n/ / l;;fsndn] lrgf] nfufpg
eGg'xf];\ .

281
• lrgf] nufPs} 7fpFaf6 s}FrLn] sf6]/ hfnL dfq lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s lrgf]af6 Ps} lbzftk{m k6\ofP/ a6\6fsf] cfsf/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{ 5]psf] ;fgf]
v08df ud nufP/ 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] sfo{ ;ls;s]kl5 kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZostfcg';f/
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• gd'gf hfnL lagf :s]n / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] sf8{af]8{df Ps Ps OGrdf lrgf] nufP/
klg hfnL agfO{ 3g lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f if8\d'vfsf/
a6\6f / sf8{af]8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] if8\d'vfsf/ a6\6fx¿ lj:tf/} hf]8]sf] 7fpFaf6 vf]Ng nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt hfnLnfO{ sf8{af]8{ dfly /fv]/ k6\ofPsf] 7fpF / hfnLsf] jl/kl/ l;;fsndn] lrgf]
nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
• hfnLnfO{ x6fP/ k6\ofPsf] 7fpFdf tnsf] lrqdf em}+ ?n/ / l;;fsndn] lrgf] nufpg
eGg'xf];\ .
• lrgf] nufPs} 7fpFaf6 s}FrLn] sf6]/ hfnL lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

282
• x/]s lrgf]af6 Ps} lbzftk{m k6\ofP/ a6\6fsf] cfsf/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{ 5]psf] ;fgf]
v08df ud nufP/ 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
ug'{xf];\ .
• gd'gf hfnLlagf :s]n / l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] sf8{af]8{df nDafO b'O{ OGr, rf}8fO Ps
OGr / prfO Ps OGr x'g] u/L lrgf] nufP/ klg hfnL agfO{ if8\d'vf lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf 3g / if8\d'vfsf vf]j|mf gd'gf cjnf]sg u/]/
pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

283
 ;ftf}F+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
if8\d'vf / 3gsf] ;tx, lsgf/f / s'gfsf] ;ª\Vof atfpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)$ sf]
cEof; !&=! sf] k|Zg g= ! ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/]/
;femf wf/0ff agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf jfSodWo] s'g jfSo ;xL / s'g
jfSo unt x'g\ atfOlbg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{
?h" ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)$ sf]
cEof; !&=! sf] k|Zg g== @ sIffsfo{sf
¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}
ljBfyL{sf] sIffsfo{ k/LIf0f u/L
cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)$ sf]
cEof; !&=! sf] k|Zg g= # / $
sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ljBfyL{sf] sIffsfo{
k/LIf0f u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ;'g]/ / sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ pgLx¿sf]
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
cf7f}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw

284
;f]nL, uf]nf / a]ngfsf] klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
a]ngfsf/ j:t'x¿ -kfOk, n6\7L, afF;sf] 9'ª\u|f]_, ;f]nL cfsf/sf j:t'x¿ -jf:tljs ;f]nL,
hf8f]df nufpg] 6f]kL_ / uf]nfsf/ j:t'x¿ - es'G8f], 6]an 6]lg; an, u'Rrf_ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ s]xL
a]ngfsf/, s]xL ;f]nL cfsf/ / s]xL
uf]nfsf/ j:t'x¿ lbg'xf];\ .
• tL j:t'x¿nfO{ To;sf] HofldtLo
cfsf/sf cfwf/df ;d"xLs[t ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xdf ePsf 7f]; j:t'x¿sf]
cjnf]sg u/L kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)%
sf] a]ngf, uf]nf / ;f]nL kf7df lbOP emF}
;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf]
pQ/ vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .
o lbOPsf] 7f]; cfs[ltdf sltcf]6f /
s:tf ;dtnLo ;txx¿ 5g\, u0fgf
u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
o lbOPsf] 7f]; cfs[ltdf sltcf]6f l;wf
lsgf/fx¿ 5g\, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
o lbOPsf] 7f]; cfs[ltdf sltcf]6f
zLif{laGb' jf s'gfx¿ 5g\, u0fgf
ug'{xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf]] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ a]ngf,
uf]nf / ;f]nLsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @

285
• ljBfyL{] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf, ljBfno
kl/;/df jf pgLx¿n] o; clu b]v]sf a]ngfsf/, uf]nfsf/ / ;f]nL cfsf/sf j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg !) ldg]6sf] ;do k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{ cfcfk\mgf] ;d"x / sIffdf u/]sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ;'g]/ pgLx¿sf]
d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• ljBfyL{nfO{ sfuh, lk7f] jf df6f]af6 Ps Pscf]6f a]ngf, uf]nf / ;f]nL lgdf{0f u/L
ef]lnkN6sf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

gjf}F}+ lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;f]nL, uf]nf / a]ngfsf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L

286
sf8{af]8{, s}FrL, ud jf ;]nf] 6]k, Hofldlt afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cluNnf]] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8 k|bz{g ug{ nufO{
;a}nfO{ j|mdzM cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• dfly lj|mofsnfk ! df k|:t'tLs/0fsf] j|mddf s'g} ljBfyL{n] sfuhaf6 a]ngf lgdf{0f u/]sf]
e]l6Pdf pSt ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L sf8{af]8{ sfuhaf6 a]ngf agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ / ge]l6Pdf agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ / ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sf8{af]8{
k]k/, s}FrL, ud jf ;]nf] 6]k ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sfuh /f]n u/]/ Ps Pscf]6f a]ngf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To;nfO{ 6]k jf ud
nufP/ 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .

• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
• o;kl5 b'j}tk{m j[Qfsf/ 9Ssg;lxtsf] a]ngfsf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\
lj|mofsnfk #
• dfly lj|mofsnfk ! sf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf] j|mddf s'g} ljBfyL{n] sfuhaf6 ;f]nL lgdf{0f u/]sf]
e]l6Pdf pSt ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L sf8{af]8{ sfuhaf6 ;f]nL agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ / ge]l6Pdf tkfO{F{n] agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk @ df lgld{t ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ / ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sf8{af]8{ k]k/,
s}FrL, ud jf ;]nf] 6]k ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] sfuhdf To;sf] ;fOhcg';f/sf] j[Q aGg] u/L cw{Jof; lnP/ j[Q
lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt j[Qdf b'O{cf]6f cw{Jof; lvRg nufO{ tnsf] lrqdf h:t} u/L Pp6f
If]qsnfO{ s}FrLn] sf6]/ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . b'j} If]qssf] sfl6Psf] s'g} Pp6f efudf ud
nufP/ 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .

287
• s] b'j} ;f]nL plQs} km/flsnf] eof] < ;fF3'/f] jf km/flsnf] agfpg s] ug'{kg]{ /x]5 egL k|Zg
ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{af6 pQ/ gcfPdf :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] cfcfk\mgf] ;d"x / sIffdf u/]sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/]/
pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

b;f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;f]nL, uf]nf / a]ngf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof

288
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)^ sf]
pbfx/0f ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos eP :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)^ sf]
cEof; !&=@ sf] k|Zg g== ! sIffsfo{sf
¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 ;a}
k|Zgsf] pQ/ atfOlbg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{
?h' ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)& sf]
cEof; !&=@ sf] k|Zg g== @ / #
sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5
ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofcg';f/sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f
u/L ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\
.

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{ cfcfk\mgf] ;d"xdf / sIffdf u/]sf] k|:t'tLs0fsf cfwf/df
pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

289
 kf7M !*
lgb]{zfª\s Hofldlt
cg'dflgt sfo{306fM &
kl/ro
o; kf7df lbOPsf laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\s klxrfg ug]{ tyf lgb]{zfª\sx¿nfO{ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf
Kn6 ug]{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o; ljifoj:t'cGtu{tsf kf7x¿ lzIf0f ubf{
v]n / cGo Jofjxfl/s lj|mofsnfksf dfWodaf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/G5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• juf{ª\lst sfuhdf lbOPsf laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\s klxrfg ug{
• lgb]{zfª\sx¿nfO{ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf Kn6 ug{
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 306f
!= lgb]{zfª\ssf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; / k|bz{g @)* !
-k'g/jnf]sg_
@= cIf / rt'yf{Fzx¿ klxrfg @)( !
#= juf{ª\lst sfuhdf lbOPsf laGb'x¿sf] @)(, @!), @!!, @!@ / #
lgb]{zfª\s klxrfg @!#
$= lbOPsf lgb]{zfª\sx¿ juf{ª\lst @!@, @!$ @
sfuhdf Knl6ª

290
 klxnf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
lgb]{zfª\ssf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/L k|bz{g ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cIf/ kQL -A b]lv I ;Dd n]lvPsf_, ;ª\Vof kQL -1 b]lv 9 ;Dd n]lvPsf_, u|fkmaf]8{
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf x'g] u/L ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x
ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)* sf]
k'g/jnf]sgdf elgP em}F A b]lv I ;Dd
n]lvPsf cIf/ kQLx¿ / 1 b]lv 9 ;Dd
n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof kQLx¿sf] cnu cnu
u8\8LnfO{ 3f]K6f] u/]/ sIffsf]7fsf]
cufl8sf] 6]a'ndf /fVg'xf];\ .
• pknAw eP;Dd ljBfyL{n] e]6\g ;Sg] u/L
sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8sf] leQfdf u|fkmaf]8{
em'G8\ofpg'xf];\ . olb u|fkmaf]8{ pknAw
geP af]8{df sf]/]/ u|fkmaf]8{ agfpg
;lsG5 . u|fkmaf]8{sf] X cIfdf j|mdzM A,
B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I n]Vg] / Y cIfdf
j|mdzM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 n]Vg'xf]; .
• v]nsf] lgod atfOlbg'xf];\ .

291
 klxnf] ;d"xaf6 Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{
cufl8 af]nfO{ cIf/kQL / ;ª\Vof kQLsf]
u8\8Laf6 Ps Pscf]6f kQLx¿ lemSg
nufpg] . o;/L lemlsPsf] Pp6f kQLdf
dfgf} C / csf]{ kQLdf 6 n]lvPsf] /x]5
eg] u|fkmaf]8{sf] C, 6 hgfpg] sf]7fdf /ª
eg{] . olb p;n] u/]sf] sfo{ ldn]df pSt
;d"xn] % cª\s k|fKt ug]{ / gldn]df s'g}
cª\s k|fKt gx'g] . kfn};Fu ;a} ;d"xaf6
Ps Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8
af]nfO;s]kl5 k'gM klxnf] ;d"xsf] o;
clu kfnf] gkfPsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ kfnf] lbg]
. ;a} ljBfyL{sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 k'gM
Psk6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ v]nfpg] .

• ca v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ . cGTodf h'g

;d"xsf] ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt x'G5
pSt ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

292
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
cIf / rt'yf{+Fzx¿ klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
r'gf jf v/Lsf] ;]tf] w'nf], u|fkmaf]8{
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8sf] leQfdf u|fkmaf]8{
e'mG8\ofpg'xf];\ . kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g=@)( sf] cIfx¿ / rt'yf{Fzx¿ zLif{sdf
h:t} u/L u|fkmaf]8{sf] cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljleGg k|Zgx¿af6 ljBfyL{sf] lbdfu
dGyg ug'{xf];\, h:t}M
• lbOPsf] lrqdf pb\ud laGb'' s'g xf] <
• lbOPsf] lrqdf X cIf s'g xf] <
• Y cIf s'g xf] <
• OX nfO{ lsg wgfTds cIf elgPsf] xf]
<
• OY' nfO{ lsg C0ffTds cIf elgPsf]
xf]nf <
• s]xLa]/ dfyLsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn
u/fO;s]kl5 cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{
cIf sf] cjwf/f0ff :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
• XOX' / YOY' nfO{ j|mdzM X cIf / Y
cIf elgG5, OX nfO{ wgfTds X cIf /
OX' nfO{ C0ffTds X cIf tyf OY nfO{
wgfTds Y cIf / OY' nfO{ C0ffTds Y
cIf elgG5 egL :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
To;}u/L XOY, X'OY, X'OY', XOY' nfO{
j|mdzM klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}yf] rt'yf{Fz
elgG5 egL :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ a/fa/ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

293
• ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ v]Ng] rp/df n}hfg'xf];\ / r'gf jf v/Lsf] ;]tf] w'nf]sf] ;xfotfn] cIfx¿
agfpg'xf];\ .
• x/]s ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgfnfO{ cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{F{n] rt'yf{Fzsf] gfd XOY, X'OY, X'OY', XOY' dWo] s'g} Pp6f pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ . cufl8
plePsf ljBfyL{ pRrf/0f ul/Psf] rt'yf{Fzdf k'u] eg] pSt ;d"xnfO{ % cª\s lbg'xf];\ .
uNtL ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ cª\s k|bfg gug'{xf];\ .
• v]ln;s]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xd} kms{g nufpg'xf];\ / x/]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgf kfnf]
gkfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfO{ dflys} k|lj|mof ckgfP/ v]nfpg'xf];\ . ;a} ljBfyL{sf] kfnf]
k'Ug] u/L v]nfpg'xf];\ . ca, rt'yf{FznfO{ XOY, X'OY, X'OY', XOY' gelg klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f]
/ rf}yf] rt'yf{Fz egL pRrf/0f u/]/ k'gM Psk6s ;a} ljBfyL{sf] kfnf] k'Ug] u/L v]nfpg'xf];\ .
• v]nsf] cGTo;Dddf h'g ;d"xsf] ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s sfod x'G5 pSt ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL
3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

294
 t];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
juf{ª\lst sfuhdf lbOPsf] laGb''sf] lgb]{zfª\s klxrfg ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkmaf]8{ .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@)( sf]
lgb]{zfª\sx¿ eGg] zLif{sdf lbOPsf]
kf7\oj:t' cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljleGg k|Zgx¿ df 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf]; .
• laGb'' A, B, C, D, E s'g s'g
rt'{yfD;df 5 <
• laGb'' A pb\ud laGb'af6 slt PsfO bfofF
/ slt PsfO dfly 5 vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o;}u/L laGb''x¿ B, C, D / E sf] klg
kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] hjfkmnfO{ j|m\dz af]8{df
l6Kb} hfg'xf]; .
• ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] hjfkm ;xL jf unt s]
5 hfRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbb} lgb]{zfª\ssf]
cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf]; .
• ljBfyL{n] e]6\g ;Sg] u/L sIffsf]7fsf]
cufl8sf] leQfdf u|fkmaf]8{ em'G8\ofpg'xf];\
/ To;df ljleGg laGb'x¿ lrgf]
nufOlbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf]
cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ . Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{
Pp6fsf] b/n] lgb]{zfª\s n]Vg nufpg'xf];\
. cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!) /
@!! df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f ! / pbfx/0f @
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{

295
 lar lardf k|Zg ub}{ u|fkmdf lglb{i6
ul/Psf laGb'x¿sf] lgb]{zfª\s klxrfg
ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .
• u|fkmaf]8{df @, # cf]6f laGb'x¿sf]
lgb]{zfª\s cfcfk\mgf] sfkLdf sIffsfo{sf
¿kdf n]Vg nufO{ k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

296
 rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
lgb]{zfª\sx¿ u|fkmdf Kn6 ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkmaf]8{, ;a} rt'yf{Fzdf kg]{ u/L ljleGg lgb]{zfª\sx¿ n]lvPsf lgb]{zfª\s kQLx¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rp/df n}hfg'xf];\ / r'gf
jf v/Lsf] ;]tf] w'nf] jf 8f]/Laf6
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!) sf]
lj|mofsnfk ! df h:t} u/L lu|8
agfpg'xf];\ .
• lgb]{zfª\s kQLx¿nfO{ 3f]K6f] kf/]/
/fVg'xf];\
• x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cufl8
af]nfpg] / lgb]{zfª\s kQLsf] u8\8Laf6
Pp6f kQL lemSg nufpg'xf];\ . kQLdf
n]lvPsf] lgb]{zfª\s atfpg nufpg'xf];\
/ pSt lgb]{zfª\sn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] laGb'df
sf8{;lxt pleg nufpg'xf];\ .
• kfn}kfnf] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ of] lj|mofsnfk
u/fpg'xf];\ . ;xL lgb]{zfª\s atfpg /
l7s laGb'df pleg g;Sg] ljBfyL{nfO{
cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL}x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!@
sf] pbfx/0f # cWoog ug{ nufO{ ;a}
ljBfyL{n] pSt pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t}
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf
;'lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .
• s]xL lgb]{zfª\sx¿ af]8{df n]Vg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\
/ u|fkmaf]8{df Kn6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg

297
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

298
 kfFrf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
lgb]{zfª\sx¿ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf Kn6 ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkmaf]8{, kx]nf] / /ftf] sf8{af]8{af6 agfOPsf ! 3g OGrsf 8fO;x¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vof x'g] u/L ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . kx]Fnf] / /ftf] 8fO;df -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
n]Vg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;'Gg] u/L v]nsf] lgod atfOlbg'xf];\ .
• kfn}kfnf]] lgodfg';f/ v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
• ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .

v]nsf] lgod
kx]Fnf] 8fO;df n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof X lgb]{zfª\s / /ftf] 8fO;df n]lvPsf] Y lgb]{zfª\s x'g] .
b'j}nfO{ ldnfpFbf s'g} laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s aG5 . klxnf] ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ cufl8 af]nfO{
b'j} 8fO; Ps;fy 6]andf k\mofSg nufpg] / lgb]{zfª\s atfO{ u|fkmaf]8{df pSt laGb' sxfF
k5{ lrgf] nufpg lbg] . lgb]{zfª\s ;xL atfO{ l7s;Fu Kn6 ug{ ;s] ;d"xn] % cª\s k|fKt
ug]{ / uNtL u/] cª\s k|fKt gx'g] . To;kl5 bf];|f] ;d"xaf6 Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8
af]nfP/ clu s} k|lj|mof cufl8 a9fpg] . ;a} ;d"xsf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;a} ljBfyL{n] kfnf]
kfpg] u/L cufl8 cfpg nufpg] . ;a} ljBfyL{sf] Ps k6s kfnf] ;lsPkl5 bf]xf]¥ofpg] . ;a}
ljBfyL{n] tLg tLg k6s kfnf] kfPkl5 v]nsf] cGTo ug]{ . cGTodf h'g ;d"xsf] a9L cª\s
sfod x'G5, pSt ;d"x ljhoL x'G5 .

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

299
 5}6f}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
lgb]{zfª\sx¿ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf Kn6 ug{ / juf{ª\lst sfuhdf lbOPsf] laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kQf
nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkmaf]8{, /s]6 / /s]6leq ad agfOPsf juf{ª\lst sfuhx¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! -/s]6 lgz:q ug]{ v]n_
• ljBfyL{nfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vof x'g] u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xdf Ps Ps hgf
;d"xsf] k|d'v klg 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 . b'j} ;d"xnfO{ $ /s]6 / x/]s /s]6leq $ cf]6f ad
ePsf] juf{ª\lst sfuh lbg'xf];\ . a;fO Joj:yf ldnfpbf Ps ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] /s]6 csf]{
;d"xn] gb]Vg] u/L ldnfpg' kb{5 .

®
®
®
®
® ® ® ®

®
®
®
® ® ® ® ®

• k};f 6; u/]/ klxnf] kfnf] lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . h'g ;d"xsf] klxnf] kfnf] kb{5 pSt ;d"xsf]
;d"xsf] k|d'vn] ;a};Fu ;Nnfx u/]/ ad ePsf] s'g} Pp6f laGb' cg'dfg nufP/ To;sf]

300
 lgb]{zfª\s eGg nufpg'xf];\ . cfk'mn] eg]sf] lgb]{zfª\s l6kf]6 klg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . Ps k6s
eg]sf] lgb]{zfª\s bf]xf]¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . olb ldNof] eg] pSt laGb'df /flvPsf] ad lgis[o x'G5 /
ldnfpGh]n k'gM eGg kfOG5 . gldn]df ljkIfLsf] eGg] kfnf] cfpF5 . ;'? ;'?df ljBfyL{n]
uNtL ub{5g\ ls eg]/ rgfvf] eO{ x]g]{ ug'{xf];\ .
• h'g ;d"xn] rf/cf]6} /s]6sf rf/cf]6} ad lgis[o agfpg ;S5, pSt ;d"x ljhoL 3f]lift
ug'{xf];\ .
• Psk6s v]nL ;s]kl5 k'gM gofF /s]6 ;lxtsf] juf{ª\lst sfuhsf] kfgf lbP/ k'gM v]Ng
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ ad / /s]6;lxtsf juf{ª\lst
sfuhsf kfgf lbP/ v]n v]Ng nufpg'xf];\ . o;f] ugf{n] ;a}n] /fd|f];Fu cEof; ug]{ df}sf
kfp5g\ . ;a} ;d"xdf k'u]/ pgLx¿ v]n]sf] x]g'{xf];\ / cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] v]n]sf] x]/]/ To;}sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

;ftf}F+ lkl/o8

301
l;sfO pknlAw
lgb]{zfª\sx¿ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf Kn6 ug{ / juf{ª\lst sfuhdf lbOPsf] laGb'sf] lgb]{zfª\s kQf
nufpg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
u|fkm sfkL, u|fkmaf]8{
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!@ sf] cEof; !*
sf] k|Zg ! sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ljBfyL{nfO{
cfcfk\mgf] sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/]/ ;femf
lgisif{ tof/ ug{ nufO{ kfn}kfnf] k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'lt kZrft\ s]xL k[i7kf]if0f
eP lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!# sf] cEof; !*
sf] k|Zg g== @ sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5
u|fkmaf]8{df k|Zg g= @ sf cfs[ltx¿
cª\lst u/L To;sf] lgb]{zfª\sx¿ n]vL
lbg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] pQ/
l7s eP gePsf] ?h' ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos eP pQ/ gldnfpg] ljBfyL{nfO{
;xof]u ;d]t ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!# / @!$ sf]
cEof; !* sf] k|Zg g== # / $
sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf cfcfk\mgf] sfkLdf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyLx¿sf] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\
/ cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f klg
lbg'xf];\ .

302
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf] lj|mofsnfk # df ljBfyL{sf] sIffsfo{sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!$ sf] cEof; !* sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{ nufO{ csf]{
lbg sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

kf7M !(
;dldlt / 6];]n];g
cg'dflgt 3G6L M %
kl/ro
o; kf7df ;dldtLo lrqx¿ lrGg], cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf vf]hL ug'{sf ;fy} 9fFrf
tof/ kfg]{ ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf ;dldlt ljleGg 7fpdf b]Vg
;lsG5, h:t}M 3/x¿, km'nx¿, kftx¿, ljleGg 9frfx¿ cflb . o; ljifoj:t' cGtu{tsf
kf7x¿ lzIf0f ubf{ ;s];Dd Jofjxfl/s lj|mofsnfksf dfWodaf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/g] 5 .
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;dldtLo lrqx¿ lrGg
• cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf vf]hL ug{
• cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf tof/ kfg{
lzIf0f of]hgf÷kf7\of+z ljefhg
j|m=;= kf7\oj:t' kf7\ok':tssf] ;DalGwt k[i7 cg'dflgt 306f
!= ;dldtLo lrqx¿sf] lrgf/L @!%, @!^, @!&, @!* @

303
@= cfot / ju{af6 6];]n]; 9fFrfsf] vf]hL @!( !
#= cfot / ju{af6 6];n
] ]; 9fFrfsf] lgdf{0f @@), @@! @

klxnf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;dldtLo lrqx¿ lrGg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
s]xL ;dldlt ePsf / s]xL gePsf lrqkQLx¿, ;dldlt cIfaf6 Psflt/sf] efu dfq ePsf
lrqkQLx¿, se/ gePsf] cfotfsf/ P]gf, ;fOg k]g, sfuhsf kfgfx¿, Hofldlt afs; .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f sfuhsf kfgf / ;fOg k]g ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• sfuhsf] kfgfnfO{ cfwf x'g] u/L k6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca kfgf vf]n]/ k6\ofPsf] efub]lv Psflt/sf] efudf sfNklgs lrq agfpg nufpg'xf]; \ .
d;L ;'Sg gEofpb} 8]:sdf /fvL sfuhnfO{ k'gM cl3 k6\ofPsf] 7fpFaf6 k6\ofP/ xTs]nfn]
lj:tf/} lyRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca sfuhnfO{ vf]n]/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . s:tf] lrq aGof] < ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• s] clxn] ag]sf] lrqnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 <

304
• k6\ofPsf] 7fpFdf 86 nfOg agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• o:tf] lrqnfO{ s] eGg ;lsG5 < cfcfk\mgf] a]Grsf ;flyx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofcg';f/sf]
;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!% sf] lj|mofsnfk
! df h:t} ;a} ;d"xnfO{ s]xL ;dldlt
ePsf / s]xL gePsf lrqx¿ / Ps
Pscf]6f P]gf ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
• tL dWo]sf s'g s'gnfO{ l7s cfwf x'g] u/L
k6\ofpg ;lsG5 < ljrf/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfaZos eP P]gfnfO{ k6\ofpg] 7fpFdf
/fv]/ jf:tljs lrq / P]gfdf b]lvg]
lrqnfO{ ldnfpFbf s] Pp6f k"0f{ lrq aGof]
< ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
• lrqsf] s'g efudf P]gf /fVbf lrq k"0f{
b]lvG5 cyf{t\ h'g efuaf6 pSt lrqnfO{
b'O{ p:t} a/fa/ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5,
ToxfF 86 nfOg lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g s'g lrqnfO{ PseGbf a9L tl/sfn] b'O{
p:t} a/fa/ efudf af8\g ;lsG5, 86
nfOg lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
• 86 nfOgnfO{ s] elgPnf < 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|:t'tLs/0fsf j|mddf cfjZos
cGtlj|m{ofsf] ;d]t jftfj/0f ldnfpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ ;dldlt
lrq / ;dldlt /]vfsf ;DaGwdf lgisif{
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!^ sf] pbfx/0f !
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pSt lrqnfO{ s;/L k"0f{tf lbOPsf] 5 <

305
 ljrf/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP
u|fkmaf]8{df To:t} lrq agfP/ k"/f u/]/
;d]t b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{nfO{ cfwf lrq ePsf
lrqkQLx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ / 86 nfOgnfO{
;dldlt /]vf dfgL lrq k'/f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfcfk\mgf] a]Grsf ljBfyL{ lardf cfk;df
;f6f;f6 / 5nkmn;d]t ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L
cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• ljBfyL{nfO{ % ldg]6sf] ;do lbP/ sIffsf]7f leq, ljBfno xftfleq / o; clu cfk"mn]
b]v]sf cg'ej u/]sf ;dldlt x'g] cfs[ltx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ca ljBfyL{ ss:n] sltcf]6fsf] ;"rL agfP, lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .
• ;a}eGbf a9L agfpg]nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:t'ltdf cfPsf] j:t''sf]
cfs[lt cfk"mn] klg l6kf]6 u/]sf] eP lrgf] nufpg eGg'xf];\ tkfO{F{n] af]8{df l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ .
• ca s'g} ljBfyL{;Fu l6kf]6 u/]sf] t/ k|:t'ltdf gcfPs]f j:t''sf] cfs[lt 5 eg] j|md};Fu
atfpg nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

306
 bf];|f] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
;dldtLo lrqx¿ lrGg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
HofldtL afs;
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!^,
@!& / @!* sf] cEof; !(=! sf] k|Zg g==
! sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufO{
;Fu}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;femf wf/0ff
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{F{n] ;a} hf]8Lx¿sf] sIffsfo{ k/LIf0f
ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t
lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!^,
@!& / @!* sf] cEof; !(=! sf] # -s_ /
# -ª_ sf] k|Zg sIffsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5
u|fkmaf]8{df To:t} lrq agfO{ To; lrqnfO{
k"/f u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{
pgLx¿sf] pQ/ ldn] gldn]sf] lglZrt
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df
;d"x lgdf{0f u/L kf7\ok':tssf] k]h
g=@!^, @!& / @!* sf] cEof; !(=! sf]
k|Zg g== $ df elgP em}F cª\u|]hL
j0f{dfnfsf 7'nf cIf/x¿dWo] /]vLo
;dldlt ePsf cIf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/
kfg{

307
 nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xn] tof/ ul/;s]kl5 af]8{df /]vLo
;dldlt x'g] tL cª\u|]hL cIf/x¿sf] lrq
j|md};Fu agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ / ;d"xsf]
;"rL;Fu bfFHg nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!^, @!& / @!* sf] cEof; !(=! sf] k|Zg g== @, k|Zg g== # sf] -v_,
-u_, -3_, -r_, k|Zg g== %, & / * u[xsfo{sf ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg

308
l;sfO pknlAw
cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf vf]hL ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g agfOPsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿, u|fkmaf]8{
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!( sf]
cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g
zLif{scGtu{tsf] lrq Pjd\ kf7\of+z
cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• u|fkmaf]8{df juf{sf/ sf]7fx¿ /ª\ufP/
6];]n];gsf] cy{ :ki6 ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ .
• pgLx¿nfO{ cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g agfOPsf sf8{af]8{sf 6' j|mfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lbOPsf] lrq s:tf s:tf HofldtLo cfs[ltx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 < o; lrqdf s:tf 9fFrfx¿
b]Vg ;lsG5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/]/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@@) sf]
cEof; !(=@ sf] k|Zg g== ! ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 ;Fu}sf]
;fyL;Fu ;f6f;f6 u/]/ x]g{ nufO{ ;femf
ljrf/ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{F{ ;a} ;d"x;dIf k'u]/ pgLx¿sf]
sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos eP
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• dflysf lj|mofsnfk g= # df ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{

309
• ;s];Dd Ps}lt/ 3/ ePsf ljBfyL{ Pp6} ;d"xdf kg]{ u/L ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
;a} ;d"xnfO{ ljBfno ;lsP/ 3/ kms{g] j|mddf pgLx¿sf] ljBfno, glhs}sf] wfld{s :yn /
3/df uO{ ToxfFsf] e'O{, 5fgf, leQf cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt :yfgsf 9fFrfx¿sf]
cjnf]sg u/L cfk\mgf] sfkLdf lrq sf]/L sIffdf k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

310
 rf}yf] lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
cfot / au{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
juf{sf/ ¿kdf yf]Knf agfOPsf sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@!( sf]
lj|mofsnfk ! cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
ToxfF lbOPsf] lrq x]/]/ ;f]lwPsf
k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;dfwfgdf lbOPsf]afx]ssf] klg 9fFrf
agfpg ;lsG5 < To:t} lrq cfkm\gf]
sfkLdf klg agfpg nufO{ cGo t/lsfn]
klg /ª nufpg ;lsG5 ls < sf]l;; ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@@) sf]
lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
ToxfF ]lbOPsf] yf]KnfnfO{ ;dfwfgdf
lbOPsfeGbf km/s lsl;dn] hf]8]/
6];]n];g agfpg ;lsG5 < ljrf/ ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] km/s tl/sfn] agfpg ;s]sf]
eP kfn}kfnf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\
. cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f klg k|bfg
ug'x{ f];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #

311
• ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xnfO{ juf{sf/ ¿kdf
agfOPsf yf]Knfx¿ ePsf] sf8{af]8{sf 6'j|mfx¿ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . cWoog ug{ nufO{ cfk;df
5nkmn u/]/ s:tf] k|sf/sf] 6];]n];g agfpg ;lsG5, agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . To;df /ª;d]t
eg{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df u/]sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/]/ pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .

312
 kfFrf}F lbg
l;sfO pknlAw
cfot / ju{af6 6];]n];g 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g=@@! sf]
cEof; !(=@ sf] k|Zg g= @ / # sf]
;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < ljrf/ ug{
nufpg'xf];\
• pgLx¿sf] a;fOsf cfwf/df x/]s a]Grsf]
;d"x agfO{ cfk"mn] ;f]Fr]sf] ljrf/ ;d"xdf
5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;d"xsf] Pp6f
;femf wf/0ff to u/L kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;a}sf] k|:t'ltkZrft\ yk km/s lsl;dn]
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] eP af]8{df u/]/
b]vfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk ! df agfOPsf] ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . ;d"xn] 5nkmn u/L sfkLdf
yf]Knfx¿ agfpg nufO{ To;nfO{ hf]8]/ cfsif{s 6];]n];g agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . To;df /ª
e/L cem cfsif{s agfP/ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|:t'tLs/0fkZrft\ cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{nfO{ t];|f] lbgdf lbOPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfk;df k[i7kf]if0f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ nufO{ cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{n] dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿df u/]sf] sfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug'{xf];\ .

313
 kf7 @)
tYofª\szf:q
-s_ kl/ro
“tYofª\szf:q” cGtu{t lbOPsf] jf ;ª\sng ul/Psf] tYofª\snfO{ ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L
af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{ / :tDe lrq lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' /flvPsf] 5 .
ljBfyL{nfO{ g} tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ nufO{ To;}sf cfwf/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{,
ljBfyL{n] g} tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L ;fwf/0f :tDe lrq agfpg] / k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg] h:tf
lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
-v_ l;sfO pknlAw

• tYofª\snfO{ ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{

• u|fkmdf ;fwf/0f :tDelrq lgdf{0f ug{

-u_ lzIf0f of]hgf

j|m= ljifoj:t' cg'dflgt kf7\ok':ts
;= 3G6L k]h gDa/
!= tflnsfaf6 ;'rgf lng] / lbg] ! @@$
@= ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L @ @@$ -
af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f @@&
#= ljBfyL{ :jod\n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng / af/Daf/tf tflnsf ! @@*
lgdf{0f
$= :tDe lrqaf6 ;'rgf lng] / lbg] ! @@*
%= ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df juf{ª\lst sfuh / u|fkm @ @@(-@#)
k]k/df :tDe lrq lgdf{0f
^= ljBfyL{ :jod\n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng, :tDe lrq lgdf{0f, # @#)-@##
:tDe lrqdf cfwfl/t eO{ 5nkmn / kl/of]hgf sfo{

314
 klxnf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• tflnsfaf6 ;'rgf lng / lbg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M ljleGg ;"rgfsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf tflnsfsf gd'gfx¿ -h:t}M ;dfg
lsg]sf] lan, ah]6 tflnsf / ljleGg tflnsfx¿_

lj|mofsnfk !
• lsgf/f k;ndf ;dfg lsg]sf] gd'gf lanx¿ ;d"xdf lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lansf] gd'gf

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;fdfg s'g ldltdf lsg]sf] /x]5 <
-v_ slt lsnf]u|fd sfpnL lslgPsf] /x]5 <
-u_ sfpnL / rsn]6sf] hDdf d"Nodf s'g sltn] a9L /x]5 <
-3_ Ps lsnf]u|fd rgfsf] d"No slt /x]5 <
-ª_ hDdf slt ?lkofFsf] ;fdfg lsg]sf] /x]5 <
-r_ dfyLsf] lansf cfwf/df j|]mtf / laj|]mtfsf] gfd s] s] /x]5 <
-5_ ;a} eGbf w]/} / yf]/} /sd s'g s'g ;fdfg lsGbf nfu]sf] /x]5 <
-h_ ltg lsnf]u|fd cfn' / kfFr lsnf]u|fd uf]ne]F8f lsg]sf] eP s'gnfO{ a9L /sd ltg'{
kg]{ x'GYof] <
d"Nofª\sg
• x6 l;6 v]n v]nfO ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'x { f];\ . -v]n v]Ng] tl/sfM ;d"xsf] Ps
hgfnfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] cufl8 nu]/ s';L{{df a:g nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿n]

315
 x6 l;6df a:g] ;fyLnfO{ ;f]Wgsf nflu k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . Ps ldg]6;Dd
k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|Zgf]Q/ ubf{ Pp6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbO ;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ k|Zg
;f]Wg kfOg] lgod agfpg'xf];\ . b'O{ ldg]6df h;n] w]/} k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ lbg ;S5 pxL
ljhoL x'G5 ._

lj|mofsnfk @
• ah]6sf gd'gfx¿ ;d"xdf lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\
ah]6sf] gd'gf

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

-s_ cfo'iff lrof k;nsf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <
-v_ ;a}eGbf a9L cfDbfgL / sd cfDbfgL s] s]af6 x'Fbf]/x]5 <
-u_ s]s a]r]/ dlxgfdf slt kmfObf x'g] /x]5 <
-3_ Ps lsnf]u|fd rgfsf] d"No slt /x]5 <
-ª_ cfo'iff lrof k;nsf] vr{sf zLif{s s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ ;a} eGbf a9L vr{ s] df ulb{/lx5g\ <s'g zLif{sdf ;a}eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] /x]5 <
-5_ s'g s'g zLif{df a/fa/ vr{ x'g] u/]sf] /x]5 <
-h_ cfo'iffn] dlxgfdf slt art ulb{/lx5g\, cfo'iffsf] dlxgfsf] art slt /x]5 <
d"Nofª\sg
• ;a} ljBfy{L{n] 5nkmndf efu lnPsf] / ;xL 9ª\un] pQ/ lbg ;s] g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\
. ;do k'u]df klxnf] lj|mofsnfkdf cj;/ gkfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cj;/ lbO x6l;6 v]n
v]nfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #

316
 • cfk\mgf] ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L To;}sf
cfwf/df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
sIff ! @ # $ % ^ & *
5fqf !) @! #@ @# !% !^ @& !^
5fq !! !@ @! !$ @% @^ !( !@

5nkmnsf ljifox¿
-s_ sIffut ljBfyL{ ljj/0f
-v_ sIff ut 5fqf 5fqx¿sf] cnu cnu ljj/0f
-u_ s'g} b'O{ sIffsf hDdf ljBfyL{ jf km/s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
-3_ ;a}eGbf a9L / sd ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df t'ngf
-ª_ s'g sIffdf a/fa/ 5fqf jf 5fq 5g\ <
-r_ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 5fqf / 5fq cnu cnu klg
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@$ sf] k'g/jnf]sgdf lbOPsf] tflnsf / o:t} c¿ tflnsf
lgdf{0f u/L ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . -km/s ;d"x km/s tflnsf lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 ;fy}
5nkmnsf k|Zg kof{Kt dfqfdf tof/ ug'{kb{5 ._
d"Nofª\sg
• cj;/ gkfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cj;/ lbO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
3/df ;fdfg lsg]sf lanx¿sf] ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . To;sf cfwf/df Ps cg'R5]b k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgdf ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifox¿
-s_ lsg]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] ljj/0f
-v_ k|lt PsfO d"No
-u_ k|lt PsfO d"Nosf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf ;:tf] / dxFuf] ;fdfg
-3_ hDdf d"No
-ª_ s'g} ;dfg sd jf a9L lsGbf x'g] d"Nodf cGt/

317
318
 bf];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L sf]/f tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf js{ l;6,
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@$ df lbOPsf] sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fsf
cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• pbfx/0fdf ePsf k|Zgx¿ afx]ssf k|Zgx¿;d]t ykL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf /fv]/ ljleGg If]qdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fsf] sf]/f tYofª\s lbg'xf];\ .
• sf]/f tYofª\sdf 5nkmn u/L ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0fkZrft\ ;f]xL tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xx¿n] tof/ u/]sf k|Zgx¿ Ps csf]{ ;d"xdf ;f6]/ pQ/x¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xx¿n] tof/ u/]sf pQ/x¿nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
• ;a} ljBfy{L{n] 5nkmndf efu lnPsf] / ;xL 9ª\un] pQ/ lbg ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@^ sf] pbfx/0f ! nfO{ ;d"xdf cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• pbfx/0fdf ePsf eGbf yk k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• Pp6f ;d"xn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿sf] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ pQ/ lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ldnfg lrx\g / af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf0f{ ug{ cEof; u/fpg'xf]; .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ Pscfk;df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;xL pQ/ lbg ;s] g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{

319
 t];|f] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ldnfg lrx\g k|of]u u/L af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf tof/ ul/Psf js{l;6 / kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@& sf
cEof;sf k|Zgx¿

lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@& sf ;d:ofx¿ ;d"xut ¿kdf Ps Pscf]6f lbg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L cfk\mgf] ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xut ¿kdf tof/ u/]sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfsf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg]
lj|mofsnfk @
• Pp6f ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ kg]{ u/L afF8\g'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf cfk\mgf] ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfsf cfwf/df kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/
@@^ sf] h:t} ;'rgf lng / lbgsf nflu k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k'gM csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ pSt k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg nufO sIffsf]7fdf kfn} kfnf] k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;a} ljBfy{L{n] 5nkmndf efu lnPsf] / ;xL 9ª\un] pQ/ lbg ;s] g;s]sf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• ef]ln kN6 ljBfyL{n] cfk}mn] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] ;ª\sngsf nfuL
ljifoIf]q olsg ug{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ If]q -Population_ / ljifoIf]q -Topic_ hfgsf/L lnPkZrft\
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
gd'gfsf nflu
-s_ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ If]qsf nflu cfk\mg} ljBfnosf cGo sIffx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .
-v_ ljifoIf]qdf ;a} eGbf dg kg]{ t/sf/L, ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ /ª, ;a}eGbf dg kg]{
kmnk"mn, laxfg vfPsf] t/sf/L, ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ ljifo, q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ul0ft
ljifodf k|fKtfª\sx¿ lng ;lsG5 .

320
 -u_ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ pQ/bftfnfO{ o;sf] p2]Zo lgtfGt l;sfOdf k|of]u x'g] xf]
egL ljZj:y kfg'{ kg]{
-3_ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu Pp6f vfnL sfuhdf ;j]{If0fsf] zLif{s / sIff pNn]v u/L
lbg' kg]{ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿df 1fg eP gePsf]] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfk\mgf] ufFp 3/ jf ljBfnodf s'g} Ps ljifo -dg kg]{ /fhgLlts bnrf8kj{, dg kg]{ v]ns'b,
dg kg]{ ljifo, dg kg]{ v]nf8L, dg kg]{ vfgf, dg kg]{ kmnk"mn cflb_ sf] ;j]{If0f u/L To;nfO{
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{xf];\ .

321
 rf}yf] lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ljBfyL{ :jod\n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng / af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu sIff / ljifo zLif{s n]v]sf] js{l;6
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbgsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df Ps Pscf]6f js{l;6 tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ -ljBfyL{
;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df pko'St ;ª\Vofdf ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ klg ;Sg'x'G5 ._ .
• ;DalGwt sIffdf uP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt js{l;6 eg{ cg'/f]w u/L tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;a} hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfpg nufO{
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f k|bfg ub}{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ;a} ljBfy{L{n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng / af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f ;xL 9ª\un] ug{ ;s]
g;s]sf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
• af/Daf/tf tflnsfsf cfwf/df pQ/ lbg] u/L k|Zgx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{ lar af/Daf/tf tflnsf / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ cfk;df ;f6]/ pQ/ lbg
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• cluNnf]] lbg lbPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfP/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfcfk\mgf] ufFpdf ePsf JolStx¿;Fu ;f]w]/ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] cluNnf]] lbgsf] tYofª\ssf]
cfwf/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfP/ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

322
 kfFrf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• :tDe lrqaf6 ;'rgf lng / lbg
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L ljleGg tYofª\ssf cfwf/df agfOPsf :tDe lrqx¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• Pp6f :tDe lrqsf] gd'gf ;d"xdf lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
Pp6f nª\u'/ a'hf{ uf]6LnfO{ u'8fpFbf x's'd, lr8L, OF6f, kfg, emG8L / a'hf{ b]vf k/]sf
cfwf/df agfOPsf] :tDe lrqsf] cjnf]sg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

nª\u'/ a'hf{df ePsf lrqx¿

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;a}eGbf w]/} k6s s'g s'g lrq cfPsf] /x]5 <
-v_ ;a}eGbf sd k6s s'g lrq cfPsf] /x]5 <
-u_ x's'd slt k6s cfPsf] /x]5 <
-3_ hDdf slt k6s nª\u'/ a'hf{sf] uf]6L p/flnPsf] /x]5 <
-ª_ emG8L slt k6s cfPsf] /x]5 <
-r_ s'g s'g lrq a/fa/ k6s cfPsf /x]5g\ <
-5_ 7 & k6s cfpg] lrq s'g xf] <
-h_ lr9L / x's'd u/L hDdf slt k6s cfPsf /x]5g\ <

323
d"Nofª\sg
• :tDe lrqsf cfwf/df x6 l;6 v]n v]nfO ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{n] dg k/fpg] kmnk"mnsf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df agfOPsf] :tDe lrqsf]
gd'gfx¿ ;d"xdf lbO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;a}eGbf a9L s'g kmnk"mn dg kbf]{/x]5 <
-v_ ;a}eGbf sd s'g kmnk"mn dg kbf]{/x]5 <
-u_ s]/feGbf cfFk a9L dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ slt a9L /x]5g\ <
-3_ e'OFs6/ dgk/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof slt /x]5 <
-ª_ sIffdf hDdf slt ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ <
-r_ cfFk dgk/fpg] / ;'Gtnf dg k/fpg]larsf] ;ª\Vofdf slt km/s 5 <
d"Nofª\sg
• klxnf] lj|mofsnfkdf cj;/ gkfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cj;/ lbO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #

324
 • cfk\mgf] ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] :tDe lrq
b]vfO{ To;}sf cfwf/df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

5nkmnsf ljifox¿
-s_ sIffut ljBfyL{ ljj/0f
-v_ sIffut ljBfyL{sf] cnu cnu ljj/0f
-u_ s'g} b'O{ sIffsf hDdf ljBfyL{ jf km/s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
-3_ ;a}eGbf a9L / sd ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df t'ngf
-ª_ a/fa/ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof ePsf sIffx¿
-r_ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
d"Nofª\sg
• ljBfyL{nfO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@* sf] ljBfyL{n] dg k/fPsf] /ªsf cfwf/df tof/ u/]sf]
:tDe lrqsf cfwf/ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf k|Zgx¿ kof{Kt gePdf ljBfyL{nfO{ g} yk k|Zg agfpg nufO{ ;fyL
;fyLlar k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg
• cj;/ gkfPsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cj;/ lbO{ x6l;6 v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{
lzIfsaf6 Ps Pscf]6f :tDe lrq lng'xf];\ . To;sf cfwf/df !) cf]6f k|Zg agfO{ To;sf] pQ/
n]vL sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

325
 5}7f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df juf{ª\lst sfuhdf :tDe lrq lgdf{0f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L juf{ª\lst sfuh, tYofª\sx¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• cluNnf]] lbg lbPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug]{ cj;/
lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fyLx¿sf] k|:t'ltdf k|Zg ;f]Wg / k[i7kf]if0f lbg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• juf{ª\lst sfuhdf agfOPsf] :tDe lrqsf cfwf/df 5nkmn u/fO{ ;'rgf lng] lbg] sfo{
u/fpg'xf];\ .
• juf{ª\lst sfuhdf agfOPsf] :tDe lrqsf] cjnf]sg u/L :tDe lrq agfpg Wofg lbg'
kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
:tDe lrq agfpg Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL
-s_ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf X- cIf / Y- cIf agfpg' kg]{
-v_ X - cIfdf j:t'÷;fdfgsf] gfd / Y - cIfdf pSt j:t'sf] af/Daf/tf n]Vg' kg]{
-u_ af/Daf/tf /fVbf a/fa/ cGt/df /fVg' kg]{
-3_ ;a} :tDesf] df]6fO a/fa/ x'g' kg]{
-ª_ Pp6f :tDe b]lv csf]{ :tDe;Ddsf] b'/L klg a/fa/ g} x'g' kg]{

lj|mofsnfk #
• rf}yf] lkl/o8sf nflu ljBfyL{n] ;ª\sng u/]sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df juf{ª\lst sfuhdf
:tDe lrq agfpgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• cfkm"n] agfPsf] :tDe lrqnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .

d"Nofª\sg M ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;xL 9ª\un] juf{ª\lst sfuhdf :tDe lrq agfpg ;s] g;s]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{

326
 ;ftf}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df u|fkm k]k/df :tDe lrq lgdf{0f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L :tDe lrqsf gd'gfx¿, u|fkm k]k/ / tYofª\sx¿
lj|mofsnfk !
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@( df ePsf] pbfx/0f ! sf] tflnsf / :tDe lrq cjnf]sg
ug{ nufO{ tYofª\s k|:t'lt ubf{ :tDe lrqsf] kmfObfaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
:tDe lrqdf tYofª\s k|:t'lt ubf{ x'g] kmfObf
-s_ tYofª\snfO{ lrqfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ k7gstf{nfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{
-v_ tYofª\snfO ;xh} a'e\mg / k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]
-u_ tYofª\snfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;xh x'g]
-3_ tYofª\s k9\g} ghfGg]sf nflu klg :tDe lrqaf6 ;'rgf lng / lbg ;lhnf] x'g]
• b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf pSt :tDe lrqaf6 ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{ sDtLdf %.% cf]6f
k|Zg agfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
• kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @@( df ePsf] pbfx/0f ! df u|fkm k]k/df agfOPsf]] :tDe
lrqsf] cjnf]sg u/L :tDe lrq agfpg Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
:tDe lrq agfpg Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL
-s_ juf{ª\lst sfuhdf X- cIf / Y- cIf agfpg' kg]{
-v_ X - cIfdf j:t'÷;fdfgsf] gfd / Y - cIfdf pSt j:t'sf] af/Daf/tf n]Vg' kg]{
-u_ af/Daf/tf /fVbf a/fa/ cGt/df /fVg' kg]{
-3_ ;a} :tDesf] df]6fO a/fa/ x'g' kg]{
-ª_ Pp6f :tDe b]lv csf]{ :tDe ;Ddsf] b'/L klg a/fa/ g} x'g' kg]{

lj|mofsnfk #
• kf7\ok':tssf] cEof; @)=@ sf] k|Zg gDa/ ! sf] :tDe lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• cfkm"n] agfPsf] :tDe lrqnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; \ .
• k|:t't stf{n] c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt :tDe lrqsf cfwf/df k|Zg ;f]Wg] / c¿ ljBfyL{n]
pQ/ lbg] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M ;a} ljBfyL{n] ;xL 9ª\un] u|fkm k]k/df :tDe lrq agfpg ;s] g;s]sf] cjnf]sg
u/L ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] ljBfnodf ePsf sIffut ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\sng u/L u|fkm k]k/df :tDe lrq
agfpg'xf];\ / sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

327
 cf7f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
• ljBfyL{ :jod\n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng / :tDe lrq lgdf{0f
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu js{l;6 / u|fkm k]k/
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{n] cfk}mFn] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] ;ª\sngsf nfuL ljifoIf]q olsg
ug{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ If]q -Population_ / ljifoIf]q -Topic_ hfgsf/L lnPkZrft\
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . -rf}yf]
lkl/o8sf] k'g/jnf]sg_
gd'gfsf nflu
-s_ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ If]qsf nflu cfk\mg} ljBfnosf cGo sIffx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .
-v_ ljifoIf]qdf ;a} eGbf dg kg]{ t/sf/L, ;a} eGbf dg kg]{ /ª, ;a} eGbf dg kg]{
kmnk"mn, laxfg vfPsf] t/sf/L, ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ ljifo, ;a}eGbf dg kg]{ v]n, ;a}eGbf
dg kg]{ ;x/, q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ul0ft ljifodf k|fKtfª\sx¿ lng ;lsG5 .
-u_ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ubf{ pQ/bftfnfO{ o;sf] p2]Zo lgtfGt l;sfOdf k|of]u x'g] xf]
egL ljgd|tfsf ;fy cg'/f]w ug]{
-3_ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] nflu Pp6f vfnL sfuhdf ;j]{If0fsf] zLif{s / sIff pNn]v u/L
lbg' kg]{ .
d"Nofª\sg M ljBfyL{ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu zLif{s 5gf]6 gd'gf ;ª\sng tl/sfdf :ki6 eP
gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ljBfyL{n] cfk}mFn] tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] zLif{s to u/L ;s]kl5 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
• tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L ;s]kl5 pSt tYofª\af6 af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M ljBfyL{ tYofª\ssf cfwf/df agfPsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf l7s eP gePsf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{n] agfPsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfsf] cfwf/df :tDe lrq agfpg nufpg'xf]; \ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm"n] agfPsf] :tDe lrqsf af/]df ljBfyL{;Fu 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

328
d"Nofª\sg M ;fyLn] agfPsf] :tDe lrqdflysf] 5nkmndf l7s 9ª\un] eP gePsf] olsg
ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{

329
 gjf}F} lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
:tDe lrq lgdf{0f / :tDe lrqdf cfwfl/t eO{ 5nkmn ug{]
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L u|fkm k]k/ / /ª\uLg sfuh jf ;fOgk]g
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df sDtLdf tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @#) sf] cEof;sf] @ gDa/, bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ k]h
gDa/ @#! sf] $ gDa/ / t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ ldl>t cEof;sf] ! gDa/ lbg'xf];\ .
• k|Zgdf lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df u|fkm k]k/df :tDe lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
• :tDe lrqdf :tDedf /ª\uLg sfuh 6fF:g jf ;fOgk]gn] /ª e/L cfsif{s agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M ljBfyL{ tof/ u/]sf] :tDe lrq l7s eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• k'gM ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df sDtLdf tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h gDa/ @#) sf] cEof;sf] # gDa/, bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ k]h
gDa/ @#@ sf] @ gDa/ / t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ k]h gDa/ @## sf] # gDa/ lbg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf] :tDe lrqsf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgsf nflu sDtLdf $ cf]6f k|Zgx¿ lbOPsf] 5 .
k|Zgx¿ yk]/ k|Zgsf] ;ª\Vof !) k'of{pg'xf];\ .
• ;d"x ;d"xlar k|Zgx¿ ;f6]/ k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} k|Zg lgdf{0f
;d"xn] klg pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
• ;d"xdf k|fKt k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]lv;s]kl5 ;d"xut¿kdf k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / k|Zg
lgdf{0f ;d"xn] ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg nufpg'xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M ljBfyL{n] :tDe lrqsf cfwf/df lbOPsf] pQ/ l7s eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{;Fu csf]{ lbg lbg] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu 5nkmn ug'{'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf ljifox¿
-s_ ;d"x lgdf{0f ug]{ -glhs glhs a:g] ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x, ;dfj]zL ;d"x, = = =_
-v_ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{s 5gf]6 -;a}eGbf dg kg]{ vfgf, kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, /St ;d"x, ;x/,
hgfj/, ljifo, dg kg]{ g]kfnafx]sf] b]z, cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] sIffut ljBfyL{ ljj/0f, = = =_

330
-u_ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu js{l;6 lgdf{0f
-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] lgdf{0f / k|:t'ltsf nflu ;fdu|L -:tDe lrqsf nfuL u|fkm k]k/, /ª\uLg
k]k/ jf ;fOg k]g, 7'nf] sf8{ k]k/,

tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu js{l;6sf] gd"gf af/Daf/tf tflnsf / :tDe lrq lgdf{0f / k|:t'lt gd'gf

of] ;j]{ ul0ft l;sfOsf nflu dfq xf] . dg kg]{ g]kfnsf] ;x/ ljj/0f

zLif{s M tkfO{FnfO{ dg kg]{ g]kfnsf] ;x/ s'g xf] < ;x/sf] sf7df8fF} kf]v/f ===
s[kof Pp6f dfq ;x/sf] gfd elglbg' xf]nf jf n]vL gfd
lbg'xf]nf . ;ª\Vof === === ===
:tDe lrqdf k|:t't ubf{
dg kg]{ g]kfnsf] ;x/ ljj/0f

• :tDe lrq u|fkmdf agfP/ 6fF:g]

• :tDenfO{ cfsif{s agfpg
:tDedf /ª\uLg sfuh jf /ª\uLg
;fOgk]gn] /ª eg]{

:tDe lrqsf cfwf/df s'g} kfFrcf]6f ;"rgfx¿ n]Vg]

;d"xsf] gfd
;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd
-s_
-v_
-u_

kl/of]hgf sfo{
;d"xut ¿kdf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} Ps zLif{s /f]Hg'xf];\ / lzIfsnfO{ cf cfk\mgf] zLif{s
l6kfpg'xf];\ . /f]h]sf] zLif{sdf tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L To;}sf cfwf/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf /
:tDe lrq lgdf{0f u/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M dfly pNn]v ul/PsfeGbf afx]ssf zLif{s klg lbg ;lsG5 .

331
 b';f}F lkl/o8
l;sfO pknlAw
tYofª\s ;ª\sng, :tDe lrq lgdf{0f;DaGwL kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'lt / 5nkmn
z}Ifl0fs ;fdfu|L ;d"xut tof/ ul/Psf] :tDe lrqsf] gd'gf
lj|mofsnfk !
• ljBfyL{n] ;d"xut ¿kdf ;ª\sng u/]sf tYofª\ssf cfwf/df agPsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf
/ :tDe lrqnfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L clGtd ¿k lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
• :tDedf /ª\uLg sfuh jf ;fOgk]gsf] k|of]u u/L cfsif{s agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
• ;d"xut¿kdf kfn} kfnf] k|:t'lt lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
gf]6M ;Dej eP;Dd sIff $ / % df k|:t'lt lbg nufpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 lsg eg] pSt sIffdf
:tDe lrqaf6 ;'rgf lng] / lbg] l;sfO pknlAw /flvPsf] 5 .
• ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
d"Nofª\sg M ljBfyL{ tof/ u/]sf] :tDe lrq l7s eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} ;a} ljBfyL{n]
k|Zg ;f]w] g;f]w]sf] cjnf]sg u/L k|Zg g;f]w]sfnfO{ ;f]Wg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk #
• ljBfyL{n] ;d"xut¿kdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf / :tDe lrqnfO{ ljBfnodf
;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• cGo sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ klg cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{n] ;DkGg u/]sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ jf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .

332