lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo

;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
Pd=P=g]kfnLsf] kf7\oqmd
@)&)
kl/dflh{t
@)&#

d"n g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+
g]kfn

1
 ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
Pd=P=g]kfnLsf] kf7\oqmd

!= kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo
-s_ kf7\oqmdsf] txut p2]Zo
g]kfnL ljifodf Pd=P= txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] txut p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/sf] pRr :t/Lo hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug{'
x'g]5 M
 pRr lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg z}lIfs ;+:yfdf g]kfnL ljifosf lzIfssf ¿kdf k|fWofkg ug{ ;Sg],
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;fy} g]kfnL efiff / nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg kIfsf] ljj]rgf, ;dLIff / zf]wsfo{
ug{ ;Sg],
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / jfª\do;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg ;+:yfdf g]kfnL ljz]if1sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg],
 g]kfnL efiffsf ;flxlTos kqklqsf / k':tssf] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg],
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf :t/Lo ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg],
 g]kfnL ljifodf bz{gfrfo{ tyf ljBfjfl/lWfpkflwsf lgldQ cfwf/e"t z}lIfs k"j{of]Uotf k|fKt ug{
;Sg] .
-v_ kf7\oqmdsf] ljifout p2]Zo
pko{'Qm txut p2]Zo k|fKt ug{] ;Gbe{df o; kf7\oqmddf lgwf{l/t ljleGg kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6
ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg kIf jf ljwfsf ;DaGwdf pRr:t/Lo 1fg k|fKt ug{
/ To;sf] k|of]u ug{,
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ;}4flGts tyf P]ltxfl;s kIfsf] lj:t[t 1fg k|fKt u/L
To;sf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 zf]wljlwsf] 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTo;DaGwL zf]wsfo{ ug{,
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|ltljlDat /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fdflhs hLjgsf ax'd'vL 5lj / dfgj
cGt:s/0fsf ;"Idtd efjsf] cf:jfbgåf/f :j:y, ;Gt'lnt / pRrtd hLjg ;+:sf/tkm{ cled'v
x'g,
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf ljz]if1sf ¿kdf ;dfhdf pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ / g]kfnL
efiff, ;flxTodf ;[hgfTds, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ ug{,
 g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] kqklqsf / k':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;Dkfbg ug{,
 gf6s, /ª\ud~r / /ª\usd{af/] cfwf/e"t 1fg / l;k k|fKt ug{ .
@= g]kfnL Pd=P= txsf lglDt k|j]z of]Uotf tyf egf{
-s_ lq=lj= jf dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 sDtLdf #)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] d"n g]kfnL ljifo lnO{ :gfts tx
pQL0f{ u/]sf JolQm tf]lsPsf] cfwf/ / k|j]z;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f u/L Pd=P= txdf egf{ x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
-v_ :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/L lq=lj= åf/f ljb]zLx¿sf nflu lgwf{l/t g]kfnL ljifosf] tLg jif{]:gfts pQL0f{
u/]sf ljb]zL 5fq÷5fqfx¿ klg k|j]z ;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f u/L o; txdf egf{ x'g ;Sg]5g\ .

2
#= Pd=P= txsf] g]kfnL ljifosf] kf7\oqmdsf] ¿k/]vf
klxnf] ;q
%%! P]ltxfl;s tyf ;dfh efifflj1fg -qm]=cf= #_
%%@ ;+:s[t sfJozf:q -qm]=cf= #_
%%# kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -qm]=cf= #_
%%$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGw / nf]s;flxTo -qm]=cf= $_
%%% cfw'lgs g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf -qm]=cf= #_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
bf];|f] ;q
%%^ ;fdfGo efifflj1fg -qm]=cf= #_
%%& kfZrfTo ;flxTosf jfb / ;dfnf]rgf k4lt -qm]=cf= #_
%%* k"j{cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTo -qm]=cf= #_
%%( cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s / rnlrq l;4fGt -qm]=cf= $_
%^) cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo -qm]=cf= #_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
t];|f] ;q
%^! cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf -qm]=cf= #_
%^@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo -qm]=cf= #_
%^# ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;n]vg -qm]=cf= #_
%^$ eflifs cWoog k/Dk/f -qm]=cf=–#_!
jf
%^% gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d / pgsf gf6\os[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^^ dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^& gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
jf
%^* slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[lt -qm]=cf=–#_
%^( zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw -qm]=cf=$_
hDdf -qm]=cf= !^_
1= kf7\of+z %^$ lng] ljBfyL{x¿n] kf7\of+z %&@ dfq lng kfpg]5g\ . kf7\of+z %^%, %^^, %^&, / %^* lng] ljBfyL{x¿n]
kf7\of+z %&#, %&$, %&% / %&^ dWo] s'g} Ps kf7\of+z lng ;Sg]5g\ .

3
 rf}yf] ;q
%&) cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; -qm]=cf= #_
%&! k"jL{o bz{g / kf7;Dkfbg -qm]=cf= $_
%&@ eflifs cWoogsf k|d'v k4lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&# cfVofgsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&$ cfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf' / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&% cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft / pgsf cfVofg s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
jf
%&^pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb| uf}td / pgsf pkGof; s[lt -qm]=cf= #_
%&& zf]wkq n]vg -qm]=cf= @±$Ö^_
jf
%&* ;[hgkq n]vg -qm]=cf= @±$Ö^_
hDdf qm]=cf= !^
hDdf qm]=cf= Ö !^ ±!^±!^±!^Ö^$
$=lzIf0fljlw
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoog cWofkgsf qmddf k|of]u x'g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
clwsf+z kf7\oj:t'x¿ cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIf0fljlwdf /flvPsf] 5 eg]
s'g} lglZrt PsfOcGtu{tsf kf7\oj:t' cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0fljlwnfO{ ljlzi6
lzIf0fljlwcGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0fljlw
k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostfg';f/ JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn tyf u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ Pjd\
k|:t'tLs/0fljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg'¿k kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos k':ts, ;Gbe{ k':ts,
tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf] klg pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ k|fof]lus sfo{sf nflu lzIf0f lqmofsnfk÷ljlw
sIff lqmofsnfk lgb{]zg, ;+of]hg, cEof; sIff, ;Dks{ sIff, ;'wf/fTds sIff ;~rfngdf lzIfssf]
e"ldsf /xg]5 . tf/fª\lst -*_ kf7\oj:t' ljifo lzIfssf] sIffut JofVofgaf6 geO{ ljifo lzIfsn]
lgb]{zg u/]cg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿af6 ul/g] ;d"xsfo{ / sIffk|:t'lt, kl/of]hgf sfo{ / uf]i7Lkq, cWoogkq
n]vg -JolQmut / ;d"xut_, 5nkmn / k|:t'lt, låtLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t cWoogkq n]vg cflb
k|fof]lus sfo{af6 k"/f ul/g]5 . o;sf lglDt cGo pkof]uL lzIf0fljlw ljifo lzIfsn] klg lgwf{/0f ug{

4
 ;Sg]5g\ . PsfOut kf7\oj:t'sf]k|fof]lus cEof;sf nflu lgwf{l/t ljlzi6 lzIf0fljlwdf cfjZostfg';f/
ljifo lzIfsn] kl/dfh{g u/L k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ .

kf7\oj:t', k|fof]lus lqmofsnfk / lzIf0fljlw lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M

PsfO kf7\oj:t' k|fof]lus lqmofsnfk / lzIf0fljlw
Ps * cWoogkq n]vg

b'O{ * ;d"xsfo{ / sIff k|:t'lt

ltg * kl/of]hgf sfo{ / uf]i7Lkq

rf/ * cWoogkq n]vg -JolQmut / ;d"xut_

kfFr * 5nkmn / k|:t'lt

5 * låtLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t cWoogkq n]vg

;ft * ;d"xsfo{ / sIffk|:t'lt

yk lzIf0fljlw ljifo lzIfsn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 . PsfOut kf7\oj:t'sf nflu lbOPsf] ljlzi6 lzIf0f
ljlwdf cfjZostfg';f/ ljifo lzIfsn] kl/dfh{g u/L k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ .

%= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof
pko{'Qm kf7\of+zsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof b'O{ k|s[ltsf] x'g]5 M
-!_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
-@_ ;qfGt k/LIfff
%=! cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu $)Ü cª\sef/ 5'6\6\ofOPsf] 5 . pQm d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ lglb{i6
kf7\oj:t'cGtu{t /xL ljifo lzIfsn] lgDg cfwf/x¿ cjnDag ug{'kg{]5 M
-s_ pkl:ylt – % cª\s
-v_ lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;xeflutf – % cª\s
-u_ *klxnf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg – !) cª\s
-3_ *bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg – @) cª\s
klxnf] / bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf lgDg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 M
-s_ klxnf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu u[xsfo{÷k':tsfno sfo{÷k':ts jf n]v k'g/jnf]sg, sIffut
;'wf/ k/LIff .
-v_ bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{, cj:yf÷36gfsf] cWoog, uf]i7L, If]qsfo{,
JolQmut jf ;d"xut k|ltj]bg n]vg, låtLo ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t cWoogkq n]vg,
k"jf{Woog, k'g/jnf]sg / clen]vLs/0f tyf cfGtl/s k/LIff cflb .
pko{'Qm klxnf] tyf bf];|f] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf lglDt ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/L ;Da4 lzIfsn] s'g} Ps jf
PseGbf a9L k4ltsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
l6Kk0fL M cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] k|fKtfª\s ;qfGt k/LIffdf k|fKt cª\ssf] @) k|ltzteGbf a9L ePdf @)
k|ltztsf] cGt/leq} ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .

5
%=@ ;qfGt k/LIff
-s_ ;qfGt k/LIff lq=lj= dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfoaf6 lnOg]5 .
-v_ ;qfGt k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ;a} cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg k/LIff pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg{]5 .
-u_ ;qfGt k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu *)Ü pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
-3_ # qm]=cf= / ;f] eGbf dflysf kf7\of+zsf] ;qfGt k/LIffsf] ;do ltg 306fsf] x'g]5 .
-ª_ ;qfGt k/LIffsf nflu lj:t[t pQ/fTds, ;+lIfKt pQ/fTds, k|fof]lus÷af]wfTds÷ ;k|;ª\u
JofVofTds tyf j:t'ut k|s[ltsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg]5g\ .
-r_ lj:t[t pQ/fTds tyf ;+lIfKt pQ/fTds k|Zgx¿df j}slNks k|Zgx¿ /xg]5g\ eg]
k|fof]lus÷af]wfTds÷;k|;ª\u JofVofTds k|Zgdf j}slNks k|Zgx¿ /xg]5}gg\ . Pp6f k|Zgsf] pQ/sf
nflu b'O{j6f, b'O{j6f k|Zgsf nflu ltgj6f / ltgj6f k|Zgsf nflu kfFrj6fsf] cg'kftdf j}slNks
k|Zgx¿sf] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-5_ ;k|;ª\u JofVofsf nflu lbOg] k|Zgx¿df ;|f]t;Gbe{ v'nfOg]5 .
-h_ tf/fª\lst kf7\oj:t'af6 lgaGwfTds k|Zg ;f]lwg]5}g .
^= >]0fL lgwf{/0f
k|To]s ;qsf] cGTodf ;qfGt k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ k/LIff lnOg]5 . k|To]s ;qsf lglDt lgwf{l/t k|To]s
kf7\of+zdf Go"gtd %)Ü cª\s k|fKt u/L pQL0f{ x'g'kg{] 5 / %)Ü / ;f] eGbf dfly cÍ k|fKt ug{]
k/LIffyL{sf]>]0fL lgwf{/0f cIf/ k|0ffnLcg';f/ x'g]5 . >]0fL lgwf{/0f ljBfkl/ifb\n] dfgljsL ;ª\sfosf nflu
lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
&= ljljw
-s_ of] kf7\oqmd z}lIfs ;q lj=;+= @)&)÷)&! -;g\ @)!$_ b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
-v_ o; kf7\oqmdsf] k9fO ;q k|0ffnLcg';f/ rf/ ;qdf k"/f x'g]5 .
-u_ o; kf7\oqmdcGtu{tsf rf/ ;qdf qmdzM klxnf] ;qdf !^ qm]=cf=, bf];|f] ;qdf !^ qm]=cf=, t];|f]
;qdf !^ qm]=cf=/ rf}yf] ;qdf !^qm]=cf= u/L hDdf ^$ qm]=cf= sf kf7\of+zx¿ /xg]5g\ .
-3_ o; kf7\oqmdcGtu{tsf klxnf] tyf bf];|f] ;qsf ;a} kf7\of+zx¿ clgjfo{ x'g]5g\ . t];|f] / rf}yf]
;qdf clgjfo{ / P]lR5s u/L b'j} k|s[ltsf kf7\of+z /xg]5g\ . P]lR5s kf7\of+zx¿sf] k9fO ljefun]
lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 . o:tf P]lR5s kf7\of+zx¿ ljefuåf/f cfˆgf] ;fwg ;|f]tcg';f/ lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5g\ .
-ª_ rf}yf] ;qdf zf]wkq jf ;[hgkqdWo] s'g} Ps kq lng' clgjfo{ x'g]5 .

6
 kf7\of+z zLif{s M P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fdfh efifflj1fg
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%!kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P=qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ g]kfnL :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 efiff / efifflj1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg]
 P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lqmof, eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGt, efiffsf] kfl/jfl/s tyf
k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]
 g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, pb\ej / ljsf; tyf g]kfnLsf k|frLgtd clen]v /
jfª\dosf] kl/ro lbg]
 ;dfh efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] gLlt, of]hgf, dfgsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ;DaGwL
1fg lbg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 Effiff / efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿;Fu kl/lrt x'g, PsfO Ps M efiff / efifflj1fg
!=! efiffsf] kl/ro tyf ljz]iftfx¿
 ;fª\s]lts / sDKo'6/Ls[t efiffsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
lbg, !=@;fª\s]lts efiff / sDKo'6/Ls[t efiffsf] kl/ro
!=# efiffsf] j}1flgs cWoog M cfw'lgs efifflj1fg
 j}1flgs cWoogsf ¿kdf efifflj1fgsf] clek|fo af]w
!=$ ;fdfGo efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
ug{,
!=% k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
 ;fdfGo efifflj1fgsf k|d'v zfvfx¿sf af/]df  dgf]efifflj1fg
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 *q'l6ljZn]if0f
 k|fof]lus efifflj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,  Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f

7
 PsfO b'O{ M P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg
 P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] pb\ej / ljsf; k|lqmofsf] @=! P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] pb\ej, ljsf; k|lqmof
j0f{g ug{,
 eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGtsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro @=@ eflifs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v l;4fGt
lbg, j[Iff/]v tyf t/ª\u l;4fGt
eflifs k'glg{df{0f
 efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s tyf k|sf/ut juL{s/0fsf
*efiff sfnqmd lj1fg
cfwf/x¿ klxNofpg,
@=# efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s tyf k|sf/ut juL{s/0fsf
 Wjlgkl/jt{gsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
cfwf/x¿
 ;fb[ZohGo, cfudgfTds / sf]l6ut Jofs/0ffTds
@=$ Wjlg kl/jt{gsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
kl/jt{g klxNofpg,
P]ltxfl;s Wjlg kl/jt{g M lu|d, u|f;dg /eg{/sf Wjlg
 txut / :t/ut cy{kl/jt{gsf] j}lzi6\o 7Dofpg, lgod tyf tfnJo lgod
* Joj:yfut Wjlg kl/jt{g M ;dLejg, ljifdLejg,
ljkof{;, nf]k / cfud
@=% Jofs/0ffTds kl/jt{g
;fb[Zo / cfudgfTds kl/jt{g
sf]l6ut kl/jt{g
@=^ cy{ kl/jt{g
* txut M cy{ lj:tf/, cy{ ;ª\sf]r / cy{rfn
:t/ut M cyf]{Tsif{ / cyf{ksif{
PsfO tLg M g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf; k|lqmof
 g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf;qmdsf] rrf{ ug{, #=! g]kfnL efiffsf] pb\ej / ljsf;
 k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vx¿sf ;do, ;Gbe{ If]q, #=@k|frLg g]kfnL clen]vsf] kf7fnf]rg -k|frLg g]kfnL
ljifo / efiff k|of]usf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, clen]vx¿sf ;do, ;Gbe{ If]q, ljifo / efiff k|of]u_
 k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf] eflifs j}lzi6\o kQf #=#k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf] eflifs j}lzi6\o
nufpg, -efiffdf kfOg] jfª\dox¿sf]] If]qLo / g]kfnL k|efj_
 g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw klxrfg #=$ g]kfnsf efiffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw
ug{,

PsfO rf/ M ;fdflhs efifflj1fg / g]kfnL efiff

 ;dfh efifflj1fgsf] kl/efiff / :j¿ksf] kl/ro $=! ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf] kl/efiff / :j¿k
lbg,
$=@ ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf k|d'v wf/0ff -eflifs
 ;dfh efifflj1fgsf k|d'v wf/0ffaf/] 1fg k|fKt ;d'bfo, eflifs ljljwtf, sf]8 rog, sf]8
ug{, kl/jt{g, efiff cg'/If0f / efiff lj:yfkg, eflifs
;lDdng / eflifs d[To'_
 g]kfnsf] eflifs gLlt / of]hgf af/] atfpg,
$=# g]kfnsf] eflifs gLlt / of]hgf
 g]kfnL efiffsf] dfgsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f
8
 ;DaGwL lrgf/L k|:t't ug{, $=$ g]kfnL efiffsf] dfgsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f
 g]kfnL efiffsf If]qLo eflifsfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro $=% g]kfnL efiffsf If]qLo eflifsf
lbg,
 g]kfnL efiffsf k|of]hgk/s e]b klxNofO{ kl/ro $=^ g]kfnL efiffsf k|of]hgk/s e]b
lbg .
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cf/= Pr= /laG;, ;fdfGo eflifsL, -cg'=b]jLbQ zdf{_ rG8Lu9 M xl/of0ff lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
PGyf]gL kmS;, lnª\lUjl:6s l8sG:6«S;g, Go'cf]s{ M cS;kmf]8{ o'lge{l;6L k|];
P;= s]= adf{ / c¿, df]8g{ PKNffO8 lnª\lUjl:6S;,Go" lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
r"8fdl0f aGw' -pkfWofo /]UdL_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
hos'df/ hnh, P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg M l;4fGt cf}/ Jojxf/, nvgpM lxGbL ;ldlt, ;"rgf ljefu
hLj]Gb| b]j, lu/L, efifflj1fg, efiff / eflifsf -@)^#_, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
6ª\s Gof}kfg], efifflj1fgsf] ¿k/]vf, ;'g;/L M Pg=aL= 8L k|sfzg
8]le8 lqm:6n, c l8S;g/L ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; ofG8 kmf]g]l6S;, d]nag{ M ANofsj]n klAnl;ª
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{+,efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n
kf08'/ª\u bfdf]b/ u'0f], t'ngfTds efifflj1fg, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;
/jLGb|gfy >Ljf:tj, cg'k|o'St efifflj1fg M l;4fGt Pj+ k|of]u, lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
/fdrGb| nD;fn, sf]zlj1fg / g]kfnL sf]z, sf7df8f}F
jfi0f]{o, Pg OG6«f]8S6/L 6]S; a's ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; PG8 kmf]g]l6S;, a/]nL M :6'8]G6 :6f]/
jf;'b]j l3ld/], P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg, sf7df8f} M cl:dtf klAns];g
————, ;dfh efifflj1fg, sf7df8f} M jfª\do k|sfzg
ljGk|m]8 kL= n]xdg, lx:6f]l/sn lnª\lUjl:6S;, nG8g M /6nh
j|t/fh cfrfo{, P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg / g]kfnL efiff, sf7df8f}F M /sTgk':ts e08f/
;'s'd zdf{, -@)^(_, g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf] P]ltxfl;s ;j]{If0f, sf7df8f}F M ;gnfO6 klAns];g
x]dfª\u/fh clwsf/L, ;fdflhs tyf k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/

9
kf7\of+z zLif{s M ;+:s[t sfJozf:q
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%@ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z ;+:s[t
sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f / k|d'v sfJotŒj, cnª\sf/ / /Llt tyf jqmf]lQm l;4fGt, /; l;4fGt / Wjlg
l;4fGtsf] 1fg Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

 ;+:s[t sfJozf:qsf] k/Dk/f / To;sf k|d'v l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg]

 ;+:s[t sfJozf:qsf cfwf/df ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 ;+:s[t sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/fsf] kl/ro k|fKt PsfO Ps M ;+:s[t sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f / k|d'v sfJotŒj
ug{, !=! ;+:s[t sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f
 sfJosf] kl/efiff / kl/ro k|fKt ug{, !=@ k|d'v sfJo kl/efiff / kl/ro
 sfJo kl/efiffx¿sf] t'ngfTds ;dLIff ug{, !=# efdxb]lv huGgfy;Ddsf sfJo kl/efiffx¿sf]
 zAbzlQmsf] kl/ro / k|sf/ atfpg, t'ngfTds ;dLIff
 sfJou'0fsf] k|of]hg a'‰g / sfJou'0fsf] !=$ zAbzlQm
juL{s/0f ug{, zAbsf]l6 M jfrs, nIfs, Jo~hs
cy{sf]l6 M jfRofy{, nIffy{, Joª\Uofy{
!=% sfJou'0f
 sfJou'0fsf] :j¿k M zAbfy{k/s u'0f, /;k/s u'0f,
dfu{k/s u'0f
 sfJou'0fsf] juL{s/0f M lqu'0fjfbsf] :yfkgf / tLg

10
u'0fsf] lg¿k0f

11
 k|d'v sfJobf]ifsf] kl/ro k|fKt u/L ltgsf] !=^ sfJobf]if
:j¿k atfpg,  sfJobf]ifsf] :j¿k
 cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld /  k|d'v sfJo bf]if
k|jt{g af/]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, PsfO b'O{ M cnª\sf/, /Llt / jqmf]lQm l;4fGt
@=! cnª\sf/ l;4fGt
 cnª\sf/sf] kl/efiff / kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
 cnÍf/ l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g
 cnª\sf/sf e]bx¿af/]hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 cnª\sf/sf] kl/efiff kl/ro /-cnª\sf/sf e]b M
 ?øos;Ddt cyf{nª\sf/sf]juL{s/0fsf ;fy} zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/ / peofnª\sf/ -;Gbe{ M
d'gfdbg / Ct'ljrf/ v08sfJo_
k|d'v cnª\sf/x¿af/] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro k|fKt
ug{,  ?øos;Ddt cyf{nª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f
*k|d'v cnª\sf/sf] ;f]bfx/0f ljj]rgf M cg'k|f;, ods,
 cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,
pkdf, ¿ks, pTk|]Iff, cyf{Gt/Gof;, Zn]if / ;+;[li6 -;Gbe{
 /Llt l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{gsf] rrf{ ug{, M cnª\sf/ kl/ro÷ ;flxTo k|bLk_
 *cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
 /Lltsf] kl/efiff / kl/ro lbO{ juL{s/0f ug{,
@=@ /Llt l;4fGt
 /Lltsf cfwf/ klxrfg ug{,
 /Lltsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g
 /Llt;Fu cnª\sf/ / u'0fsf] t'ngf ug{,  jfdg;Ddt /Lltsf] kl/efiff, kl/ro / :j¿k
 /Llt l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,  /Lltsf e]b

 jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{gaf/]  /Lltsf cfwf/ M k|b]zk/s, u'0fk/s, slj :jefjk/s
kl/ro k|fKt ug{, */Llt / u'0f tyf /Llt / cnª\sf/sf] ;DaGw
 jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] kl/efiff /  jfdg pQ/jtL{ o'udf /Lltsf] :j¿k
k|sf/af/]hfgsf/L k|fKtug{,  */Llt / dfu{, /Llt / ;+36gf, /Llt / z}nL
 jqmf]lQm / cnª\sf/sf] t'ngf ug{,  */Llt l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
@=# jqmf]lQm l;4fGt
 jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,
 jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ld / :yfkgf
 jqmf]lQmsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff
 jqmf]lQmsf e]b M j0f{, kb, jfSo, k|s/0f / k|aGw
jqmtfsf] lg¿k0f
 jqmf]lQm / cnª\sf/
*jqmf]lQm l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
 /;sf] kl/efiff / /;;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro k|fKt PsfO tLg M /; l;4fGt / Wjlgl;4fGt
ug{, #=! /; l;4fGt
 /; lgiklQsf k|d'v dfGotf  /;sf] kl/efiff / /;;fdu|L -;Gbe{ M lksb"t,

12
 /;fwf/0fLs/0faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, /fi6«lgdf{tf, uf}/L_
 /;f:jfbsf] :j¿kaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,  /; lgiklQsf k|d'v dfGotf
 /;sf e]baf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,  ;fwf/0fLs/0f
 /;sf] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/af/] hfgsf/L lnO{ * /;f:jfbsf] :j¿k
/;l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{,  /;sf e]b
 /;sf] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/
 Wjlgl;4fGtsf] ;|f]t :yfkgf / kl/efiffaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, * */; l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff
#=@ Wjlg l;4fGt
 Wjlgsf] k|f;lª\ustf / k|of]hgaf/] kl/ro
k|fKt ug{,  Wjlg l;4fGt M ;|f]t :yfkgf / kl/efiff
 *Wjlgsf] k|f;lª\ustf / k|of]hg
 j:t'Wjlg, cnª\sf/ Wjlg / /;Wjlg;lxt
Wjlgsf k|d'v e]baf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,  j:t'Wjlg, cnª\sf/ Wjlg / /;Wjlgsf] lg¿k0f
 Wjlgsf k|d'v e]b
 sfJosf >]0fLaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
*sfJosf >]0fL M pQd, dWod / cwd sfJo
 Wjlg l;4fGtsf] cGo sfJo l;4fGtl;tsf]
-;Gbe{ M lkFh/fsf] ;'uf, sfnLu08sL, d]/f] rf]s_
;DaGw klxrfg ug{,
 Wjlg l;4fGtsf] cGo sfJo l;4fGtl;tsf] ;DaGw
 Wjlg l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff ug{ .
* Wjlg l;4fGtsf] ;dLIff

$= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
hodGt ld>, sfJo dLdf+;f, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBf ejg
gu]Gb|, /Llt sfJo sL e"ldsf, jf/f0f;L M g]zgn klAnlzª xfp;
;f]dgfy zdf{, ;flxTo k|bLk, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
e/t/fh kGt cnª\sf/ kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
dDd6, sfJo k|sfz, -6Lsfsf/ cfrfo{ ljZj]Zj/_, jf/f0f;L M 1fg d08n lnld6]8
/fhj+z ;xfo …xL/fÚ, ef/tLo cfnf]rgfzf:q, k6gf M ljxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
lji0f'k|;fb kf}8]n, ;+:s[t sfJozf:q,sf7df8f}F M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
uf]ljGbk|;fb e§/fO{, k"jL{o sfJol;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|

13
 kf7\of+z zLif{s M kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%# kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z kfZrfTo
;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgfsf ljleGg o'u / wf/fsf k|d'v l;4fGtsf] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL
;dfnf]rgfsf] k|jt{g, ljsf; k|lqmof / k|rlnt ljleGg k4ltx¿;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t
5.

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v o'u, wf/f / k|d'v k|j[lQx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 kfZrfTo ;flxTo lrGtgsf k|d'v dfGotfx¿sf] kl/ro k|bfg ug]{
 ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df ;flxTo tŒjsf] ljz]if klxrfg ug{ / g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg wf/fsf
;flxTosf/ / ltgsf s[ltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] l;k / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof / o;sf k|d'v wf/f Pj+ k|j[lQsf] 1fg / ltgsf pknlAwx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v ;dfnf]rs Pj+ ltgsf] s[ltTj / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ;Ifd
agfpg]
 pko'{Qm 1fgsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf, k|d'v ;|i6f Pj+ ltgsf s[ltx¿sf]
;dfnf]rgf ug]{ Ifdtf k|fKt ug]{
 g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf ljljw wf/f / k|j[lQsf zlQm / ;Ldfsf cfwf/df l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] pTk|]/0ff
k|fKt u/L ;dfnf]rsLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps MkfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"ldsf] cWoog
 kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg, !=! k|fb]lzs / P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{
 kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf ljsf;sf d'Vo r/0fx¿
 kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf ljsf;sf r/0fx¿sf] j0f{g  kfZrfTo sfJozf:q -;flxTo zf:q_ tyf ;dfnf]rgf
ug{, k4ltsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf d'Vo d'Vo o'u Pjd\ wf/fx¿
 snf / ;f}Gbo{zf:q ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] ;dLIff !=@ ;f}Gbo{zf:q / snf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t dfGotf, snfsf]
ug{, ljifout / ljifoLut ;Gbe{, snfsf] juL{s/0f, sfG6, qmf]r] /
x]u]nsf snfut dfGotf
 ;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k tyf ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v

14
 k|sf/, ljlw / k|sfo{x¿ lrGg, !=# ;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k tyf k|d'v k|sf/, ljlw / k|sfo{x¿
 ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;Dffnf]rgf k4ltsf d"n *!=$ ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgf k4ltsf d"n s]Gb|sx¿ M
s]Gb|sx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, ljZj k|s[lt, ;|i6f, efjs / s[lt
 k|efjjfbL / l;4fGtf]Gd'v ;dfnf]rgfsf PsfO b'O{ M k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4lt
k4ltut ljz]iftf klxNofpg, @=! k|efjjfbL / l;4fGtf]Gd'v -Psn÷ax'n_ ;dfnf]rgf
-*;Gbe{M /fds[i0f zdf{, ob'gfy vgfn / tf/fgfy zdf{sf
 ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] klxrfg / k|o]fu ug{,
;dfnf]rgf _
 P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf k4ltsf] @=@ ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{ M O{Zj/ a/fn, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{,
pkof]lutf / k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg, jf;'b]j lqkf7L / bof/fd >]i7sf ljwfs]Gb|L ;dfnf]rgf_
@=# P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf
 g]kfnL zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] l:ylt / k|j[lQ
-*;Gbe{ M afa'/fd cfrfo{, bof/fd >]i7, z/b\rGb| zdf{sf
klxNofpg tyf k|o]fu ug{,
P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds ;dfnf]rgf_
 cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ @=$ zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{ M g]kfnL ljifosf :gftsf]Q/,
klxNofpg / pkof]u ug{, bz{gfrfo{ tyf ljBfjfl/lw txsf zf]wsfo{x¿_
*@=% cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgf -*;Gbe{M g]kfnL bz{gfrfo{ tyf
ljBfjfl/lw txsf zf]wsf ;fy} df}lns ;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf
k|of]u eO/x]sf ;dfhzf:qLo, gf/LjfbL, cle3ftk/s tyf
kof{j/0fLo ;dfnf]rgf_
 kfZrfTo ;flxTol;4fGtsf k|d'v PsfO ltg M kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt M k|d'v sfJozf:qLx¿ /
sfJozf:qLx¿ / ltgsf dfGotfsf] ;dLIff ltgsf sfJo dfGotf
ug{,
#=! Pl/:6f]6n M cg's/0f l;4fGt / lj/]rg l;4fGt -*;Gbe{M
 cl/:6f]6nsf cg's/0f l;4fGt / lj/]rg s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf] …;dsf] b'vfGt gf6\o r]tgfÚ_
l;4fGtsf] clek|fo j0f{g ug{, #=@ snl/h M sNkgf l;4fGtsf dfGotf
 snl/hsf] sNkgf l;4fGtsf dfGotfsf] -*;Gbe{ M b]jsf]6fsf :jR5GbtfjfbL sljtf sfJo_
k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg,
#=# 6d; :6g{ Olno6 M k/Dk/f / JolQm k|ltef tyf
 Olno6sf] sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/f, JolQmk|ltef / lgj}{olQmstf / ;dlGjt ;+j]bgfsf] l;4fGt -
lgj}{olQmstf tyf ;dlGjt ;~r]tgfsf] *;Gbe{ M jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf]
k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofO{ ;dLIff ug{, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg tyf km'6s/ ;dfnf]rgf n]vx¿_
 l/r8{;sf] d"No / ;Dk|]if0f l;4fGtsf] kl/ro #=$ cfO{ P= l/r8{\; M d"No l;4fGt / ;Dk|]if0f l;4fGt
lbO{ k|of]usf] l:ylt klxNofpg,

PsfO rf/ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"ld / k/Dk/f

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"ld $=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"ld
klxNofpg,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rfsf] k|jt{gsf] rrf{ $=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|jt{g -;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL /
ug{, /fds[i0f zdf{sf ;dfnf]rgf_
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; $=# cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿

15
 k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{,

 ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfsf k/Dk/f / k|d'v PsfO kfFr M cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/f, k|of]u / k|d'v
k|j[lQsf] kl/ro lbg, k|j[lQ
 k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
k|j[lQ atfpg, %=! ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
 hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v %=@ k|ultjfbL ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
k|j[lQsf] ;dLIff ug{, %=# hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ

 ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v *%=$ ljwfk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
 dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
k|j[lQx¿sf] lg¿k0f ug{, *%=% dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
 z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgfsf] k/Dk/f / k|d'v
pknlAwsf] cfsng ug{,
*%=^ z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f / k|d'v k|j[lQ
 pQ/ cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|of]u / k|j[lQsf]
;dLIff ug{,
 cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|of]u / k|j[lQaf/] %=& pQ/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf M k|of]u / k|d'v k|j[lQ
hfgsf/L lbg .

%=* cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgf M k|of]u / k|d'v k|j[lQ

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGtsf nflu
cle ;'j]bL, kfZrfTo sfJo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
OGb|ljnf; clwsf/L, klZrdL ;flxTo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
Pd=P=cf/= xlaa, c lx:6«L ckm ln6/]/L lqml6l;hd\ ofG8 lyc/L M k|md Kn]6f] 6' b k|]h]G6, c:6«]lnof M
ANofsj]n klAnl;ª
Pd=Pr= ca|fD; / Hof]k|mL ufN6 xfkm{d, c Unf];/L ckm ln6]/]/L 6Dh{, c:6]«lnof M yf]D;g jf8{;\jf]y{
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
r}tGo, ;dLIff / ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
6]/L OuN6g, ln6]/]/L lyc/L M ofg OG6«f]8S;g, nG8g M a]l;n Anfsj]n
8]le8 nh -;Dkf_, df]8g{ lqml6l;Hd ofG8 lyc/L, -efu ! / @_, nG8g M nª\uDofg
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
df]xg/fh zdf{, cfw'lgs tyf pQ/cfw'lgs kf7sd}qL ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Sj]:6 klAns];g
/fdg ;]N8g / c¿, c l/8h{ ufO8 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]/L lyc/L, Go" lbNnL M kf;{g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f -efu ! / @_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
16
 ljNa/ :s6, kmfOj Pk|f]r]h ckm ln6//L lqml6l;hd, Go"of]s{ M sf]nfo/ a'S;, Go"of]s{
xfhf8{ cf8D;, lqml6sn lyc/L l;G; Kn]6f], lkmnf8]lNkmof M xf/sf]6{ a|f;
$=@ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf nflu
Clif/fh a/fn, dfS;{jfb / pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfb, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, pQ/cfw'lgs ;+jfb, sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G;
————, pQ/cfw'lgs lh1f;f, sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G;
s[i0fk|sfz >]i7, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rs / ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M tGg]/L k|sfzg
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg -;+Dkf=_ ;femf ;dfnf]rgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s]zj/fh kf]v/]n, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf / k|ltlglw ;dfnf]rs, sf7df8f}F M k|1f k|sfzg
uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, pQ/ cfw'lgs ljdz{, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd g]kfn, z}nL lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
r}tGo, ;dLIff / ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, k|ultjfb M k/Dk/f / dfGotf, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL d'gf uf}td
tf/fsfGt kf08]o, cy{sf] cfgGb, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s ;[hgzLn k|sfzg
————, dfS;{jfb, ;flxTosf] ;dfhzf:q / ;f+:s[lts cWoog, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fnfn >]i7, zlQm, ;|i6f / ;afN6g{, sf7df8f}F M ls:kmf];{ klAns];g
g/]Gb| rfkfufO{, -;Dkf=_ k"jf{~rn ;dfnf]rgf ;ª\u|x, lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg
g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|d'v ;dfnf]rs, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
lgg' rfkfufO{+, dfS;{jfbL lrGtgdf ;f}Gbo{, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
g]q P6d, cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
k'?iff]Qd ;'j]bL, ;ª\s|d0f sfnLg ;flxTo / ;dfnf]rgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{, z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8fF} M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
km0fLGb| g]kfn, /fds[i0f zdf{sf] cwLlt / clejLIff, sf7df8f}F M k"jf{4{ k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø ;fdu|L k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL / nId0fk|;fb uf}td, /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf -efu–!,@_ sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/
————, -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M h'un klAns];g
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, g]kfnL ;flxTodf pQ/ cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f, -efu !, @_ gofF ;+:s/0f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
lzj k|wfg, -;Dkf_ a[xt\ ;dfnf]rgf, l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg

17
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGw / nf]s;flxTo
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%$ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M $
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M^$

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ÍfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z lgaGw
l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;k|lqmof tyf k|d'v g]kfnL lgaGwsf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
s[ltx¿sf] cWoogsf ;fy} nf]s;flxTo l;4fGt / g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfut cWoog Pjd\ tT;;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 lgaGwsf] ljwfut ;}4flGts kl/ro lbg]
 lgofqf, cfTdsyf, ;+:d/0f, xf:oJoª\Uo, lgjftf{, kq;flxTo Pjd\ b}lgsLsf;}4flGts :j¿k /
;+/rgfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf k|d'v ;|i6fsf] kl/ro, k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug]{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cf:jfbgsf ;fy} ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd
t'Nofpg]
 nf]s;flxTosf] :j¿k, ljz]iftf / k|of]hgsf ;fy} nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf] juL{s/0f, ljwfut
:j¿k / tŒjsf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|fKt u/L ltgsf] ljj]rgf ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]
 nf]s;flxTo / n]Vo ;flxTosf larsf] ;DaGwsf] lg¿k0f ug]{ tyf nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog / zf]wsf
k|d'v k|lqmof / k4ltx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf–pkljwfsf :j¿k / k|sf/x¿sf] klxrfgsf ;fy} ljZn]if0f ug]{
 nf]s;flxTosf ;Da4 ljwf / If]qsf k|d'v JolQmTj / ltgsf of]ubfgsf] cfsng u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{
;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 pko'{Qm ljleGg ;Gbe{df g]kfnL nf]s;flxTok|lt cle?lr hufpg'sf ;fy} o; If]qdf k|fl1s
lqmofzLntfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M lgaGwsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
 lgaGwsf]:j¿k lgwf{/0f ug{, !=! lgaGwsf] :j¿k

18
 lgaGwsf] kl/ro/ kl/efiff lbg, !=@ lgaGwsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff
 lgaGwsf ljwfut tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, !=#lgaGwsf tŒjx¿
 lgaGwsf k|sf/x¿ b]vfpg, *!=$ lgaGwsf k|sf/
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] k[i7e"ld / lasf; PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;qmd /
k|lqmofsf] rrf{ ug{, pknlAw
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;sf r/0fut @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|d'v k|j[lQx¿ / ltgsfpknlAwx¿sf] @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0f tyf df]8
d"Nofª\sg ug{, / ltgsf k|d'v k|j[lQ Pjd\ pknlAwx¿sf]
d"NofÍg
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf k|d'v ;|i6f /
ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cWoog
 lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf lgaGw ofqf,
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=! lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f M lgaGw ofqf /
d'Vo k|j[lQ
 lgaGwsf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf lgwf{l/t
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ltgsf] ljj]rgf /  …snf / hLjgÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…;flxTodf lzjTjÚ lgaGwsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
 lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg]sf lgaGw ofqf, JofVof
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=@ lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg] M lgaGw ofqf / d'Vo
 lgaGwsf/ zª\s/ nfld5fg]sf lgwf{l/t lgaGw k|j[lQ
s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6  …PA:6«ofS6 lrGtg–KofhÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…v} a'leFmb}gÚsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{nsf lgaGw
ofqf k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{, #=# xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{n M lgaGw ofqf
/ d'Vo k|j[lQ,
 xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/ e}/j cof{nsf lgwf{l/t
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6  …c;gsf] 8anLÚ lgaGwsf] ljj]rgf
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…dxfk'?ifsf] ;ª\utÚ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
 lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgsf lgaGw ofqf, JofVof
k|d'v k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
#=$ lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg M lgaGw ofqf /
 lgaGwsf/ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgsf lgwf{l/t d'Vo k|j[lQ
lgaGw s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
*…uf}td a'4sf] lr¶L czf]ssf] gfddfÚ lgaGwsf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{sf lgaGw ofqf k|d'v
#= % lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{ M lgaGw ofqf / d'Vo
k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
k|j[lQ
 lgofqfsf/ tf/fgfy zdf{sf lgwf{l/t lgaGw
s[ltsf] cf:jfbg u/L ljj]rgf / ljlzi6 *…kftfndf lanfpg] /f]uÚ lgaGwsf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{, kª\lQmsf] JofVof

PsfO rf/ M nf]s;flxTo l;4fGt

 nf]sjftf{sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf] cWoog If]qsf] $=! nf]sjftf{sf] kl/ro / o;sf] cWoog If]q

19
 klxrfg ug{, $=@ nf]s;flxTosf] kl/ro, kl/efiff, k|of]hg / dxŒj,
 nf]s;flxTosf] kl/ro, kl/efiff, ljwf, k|of]hg / *$=# nf]s;flxTo / n]Vo ;flxTosf larsf] ;DaGw /
dxŒj atfpg, ;fDo j}ifDo
 nf]s;flxTo / l;lh{t ;flxTosf] t'ngf ug{, $=$ nf]s;flxTosf cWoog k4ltsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
 nf]s;flxTosf k4ltaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
 nf]s;flxTosf] ljwf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfnL PsfO kfFr M g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfut cWoog
nf]s;flxTosf ljwf pkljwfx¿sf] juL{s/0f %=! nf]s;flxTosf] ljwfl;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfnL
ug{, nf]s;flxTosf ljwf–pkljwfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
%=@ g]kfnL nf]ssljtfsf kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
 g]kfnL nf]ssljtfsf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
 nf]skB M l;nf]s -s"6kB / kx]nL ;d]t_,
atfpg,
*sljQ, *bf]xf
 g]kfnL nf]skBsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg, %=# g]kfnL nf]suLtsf k|sf/ / ltgsf] kl/ro
 g]kfnL ;+:sf/ uLt, kj{uLt, >duLt, afx|df;]  ;+:sf/ uLt M dfun, *;u'gÙ *kmfu, */Tof}nL,
uLt, wfld{s uLth:tf nf]suLtsf k|sf/af/] *s/ft
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,  kj{ uLt M uf}/f, ;}/]nf], dfnl;/L, lth, ;FlugL,

 g]kfnL nf]sufyfsf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/

*b]p;L, *e}nf], *xf]/L, *j;Gt
atfpg,  >duLt M *h]7], */fdbnL, c;f/], /l;of,
*bfOF+uLt
 svf{, ufyf, rfFr/L, r}t, wdf/L / ef/tsf]
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
*afx|df;] M em\ofp/], 8]]p8f, *r'8\sf, */f]Onf,
*VofnL, sf}/f, ;]nf], xfSkf/], lzz'uLt÷afnuLt,
*afx|df;f
 g]kfnL nf]ssfJosf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/  wfld{s uLt M *ef]nfpnf], k|eftL, cf/tL / nf]s
atfpg, ehg
%=$ g]kfnL nf]sufyfsf kl/efiff / tŒjx¿
%=% nf]sufyfsf k|sf/ / ltgsf] kl/ro
 ;jfO{ / nx/Lsf] kl/ro lbg,
 svf{ M elSt yfkf
 ufyf M ;?d} /fgL, xl/ dNn /fhf, lasf
 g]kfnL nf]sgf6ssf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
kg]¿, 8fFkm] / d'/nL
atfpg,  rfFr/L M l/k' dNn
 r}t M r}t]nf]
 wdf/L M *;tLsn;f
 ef/tM *afnf/fhf sfzL/fd
 ;f]/7L, 3f6' / afngsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
%=^ g]kfnL nf]ssfJosf] kl/efiff / tŒjx¿

 g]kfnL nf]ssyfsf] kl/efiff / tŒj atfpg, %=& nf]ssfJosf k|sf/ / ltgsf] kl/ro

20
 ldys, cg'>'lt, k/Lsyf, gLltsyf /  ;jfO{ M *ef]6sf] n8fOF
 nx/L M nf]s/fdfo0f -;Íng M k"0f{k|sfz
clt/l~ht syfsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
g]kfn ofqL_

 g]kfnL nf]sf]lQm / 6'Ssfsf] kl/efiff, tŒj %=* g]kfnL nf]sgf6ssf] kl/efiff, tŒj / k|sf/
 ;f]/7L -;ª\sngM xl/x//fh hf]zL_
/k|sf/ atfpg,
 3f6' -;ª\sng wd{/fh yfkf_

 ufpFvfg] syf, pvfg / 6'Ssfsf] ;f]bfx/0f */fdfo0fsf] afn'g

kl/ro lbg, *ef/t -;ª\sngM ho/fh kGt_

%=( g]kfnL nf]ssyfsf] kl/efiff, / tŒjx¿
%=!) nf]ssyfsf k|sf/ ltgsf] kl/ro
 ldys M ;'lDgdf / kf?xfª
 cg'>'lt M lj¿kfIf
 k/Lsyf M ;'gs];/L d}ofF
 gLltsyf M *afa' kmfNg] 8f]sf]
 clt/l~ht syf M *wd{kfn /fhs'df/
%=!! g]kfnL nf]sf]lQm / 6'Ssfsf] kl/efifftŒj / k|sf/
 ufpFvfg] syf M c8\sf], *em\ofFuf, 3fp6f,
*lem§f,
 pvfg
*6'Ssf
 g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ;ª\sng÷ ;Dkfbg PsfO 5 M g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog k/Dk/f
k/Dk/f / pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sg
^=! g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ;Íng÷;Dkfbg M k/Dk/f /
ug{, pknlAw
 g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog÷ cg';Gwfg ^=@ g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] cWoog÷ cg';Gwfg M
sfo{df k|j[Q x'g / o;sf k/Dk/f / pknlAwx¿ k/Dk/f / pknlAw
af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf nflu

O{Zj/ a/fn, -;Dkf_, ;okqL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, g]kfnL lgaGw ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
uf]kLs[i0f zdf{, g]kfnL lgaGw kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/
e/ts'df/ e§/fO{, xf:oJoª\Uo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL /df e§/fO{
/fh]Gb|k|;fb kf}8]n, s]xL ;~r/0f M s]xL ljr/0f, sf7df8f}F M lxdlzv/ @)^*
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, -;Dkf=_ :gftsf]Q/ g]kfnL lgaGw, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
21
 /fdgfy cf]emf, zª\/ nfld5fg]sf] lgaGwsfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M kfn'jf k|sfzg
———— Joª\Uo l;4fGt, k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M jfª\do k|sfzg u[x
/fdnfn clwsf/L, g]kfnL lgaGwofqf, bflh{lnª M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;~rlosf

$=@ nf]s;flxTosf nflu

s'Gbgnfn pk|]tL, nf]s;flxTo s] k|ltdfg, clnu9 M ef/t k|sfzg dlGb/
s';'dfs/ Gof}kfg], uf]kLrgsf] gfl6sf, kf]v/f M :jod\
————, /fdfo0fsf] gfl6sf, kf]v/f M :jod\
s[i0fb]j pkfWofo, nf]s;flxTo sL e"ldsf, Onfxfjfb M ;flxTo ejg
s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, g]kfnL pvfg / ufpF vfg] syf, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, g]kfnL nf]suLtsf] cfnf]s, sf7df8f}F M jL0ff k|sfzg
————, g]kfnL nf]s;flxTodf hghLjg, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', nf]s;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
ho/fh kGt, wdf/Lsf] kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M u'8\8' kGt
lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]a, xfd|f nf]sufyf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
t'n;L lbj;, g]kfnL nf]ssyfsf] cWoog, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
t'n;L lbj; -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL nf]s;+:s[lt ;+uf]i7L, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
lqnf]rg kf08]o, nf]s;flxTosf cWoog, Onfxfjfb M nf]sef/tL k|sfzg
b]jsfGt kGy,8f]6]nL nf]s;flxTo, sf7df8f} M lq=lj=g]kfn tyf PlzofnL cWoog s]Gb|
wd{/fh yfkf / x+;k'/] ;'j]bL, g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn ofqL, e]/L nf]s;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M g]=/f=k|=k|=
k|bLk l/dfn, s0ff{nL nf]s;+:s[lt -v08 %M;flxTo,;+uLt,snf_,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|lti7fg
df]tLnfn k/fh'nL, g]kfnL nf]sufyf, kf]v/f M >LdtL tf/fb]jL k/fh'nL
df]tLnfn k/fh'nL, g]kfndf k|rlnt g[To / g[Togfl6sfx¿, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, nf]sjftf{lj1fg / nf]s;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
ljho rfln;], 8f]6]nL nf]s;+:s[lt / ;flxTo, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
x+;k'/] ;'j]bL, g]kfnL nf]shLjg / nf]sljZjf;, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

22
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%% kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;q M klxnf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t @ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z sljtfsf]
;}4flGts :j¿k / g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbO{ lgwf{l/t sljtfsf] cf:jfbg / af]w,
ltgsf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus cEof;df s]lGb|t x'g] 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 sljtf l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/f / :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
km'6s/ sljtfsf] cf:jfbg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|of]ujfbL Pjd\ pQ/k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t
km'6s/ sljtfsf] cf:jfbg, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;dIf agfpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M sljtf l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0f -@)#^ k"j{_ sf] ljsf;–k|lqmof
 k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df sljtfsf]
;}4flGts kl/ro lbg, !=! sljtf l;4fGt
 ;+:s[t / kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df sljtfsf] ;}4flGts
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf] :j¿k
ljsf; k|lqmofaf/] ljj]rgf ug{,  sljtfsf] ljwfut l:ylt M sljtfsf] :j¿k,
kl/efiff, sljtfsf tŒj, no ljwfgsf ljleGg
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof k|sf/, ljwfut juL{s/0f, sljtfsf n3' /
a'e\mg, n3'td pkljwf
!=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k"j{jtL{ r/0fsf] ljsf;
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|yd r/0f M
k|lqmof
kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf]bf];|f] r/0f M  cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf]
ljj]rgf
23
 :jR5GbtfjfbL k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{  cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL,
k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] t];|f] r/0f M  cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf]
k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] ljj]rgf ug{ ljj]rgf

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] pQ/jtL{ r/0f PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] pQ/jtL{ r/0f -
-@)#^ kl5_ sf sljtfdf /fhgLlts, @)#^ kl5_ sf k|j[lQ / pknlAw
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;flxlTos tyf ;~rf/ @=! pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf g]kfnL sljtfdf /fhgLlts,
;Gbe{sf] k|efjsf] ;dLIff ug{, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;flxlTos, ;~rf/ ;Gbe{sf]
 pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf lj|mofzLn k"j{jtL{ k|efj
sfJowf/fsf k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|ltefsf] klxrfg @=@ pQ/jtL{ r/0fdf lj|mofzLn k"j{jtL{ sfJowf/fsf
ug{, k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|ltefsf] klxrfg
 pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf gj gj ¿k, k|j[lQ / k|d'v @=# pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf gj gj ¿k, k|j[lQ / k|d'v
k|ltefsf] kl/ro lbg, k|ltefsf] klxrfg
 pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf sljtfsf k|d'v no 9fFrf @=$ pQ/jtL{ r/0fsf sljtfsf k|d'v no 9fFrf
-j0f{dflqs, uB, uLlt / uhn ;d]t_ sf]
-j0f{dflqs, uB, uLlt / uhn ;d]t_ sf] k|of]usf]
klxrfg ug{,
kl/ro
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf kl/isf/jfbL
wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
 slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;
qmd, sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, #=! slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf sfJo k|j[lQ /
of]ubfg
 …lkFh/fsf] ;'ufÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6  n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmdsf
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, k|d'v r/0f, d'Vo sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
ljj]rgf
 slj afns[i0f ;dsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd,
 n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …lkFh/fsf] ;'ufÚ sljtfsf]
k|d'v r/0f, sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f
ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=@ slj afns[i0f ;dsf sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfg
 …:ju{ / b]jtfÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6  afns[i0f ;dsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, k|d'v
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, r/0f, d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
 ;dsf] :ju{ / b]jtf sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

 slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; PsfO rf/ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL
qmd, sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
$=! slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf sfJok|j[lQ /
 b]jsf]6fsf …x'/Lsf] uLtÚ / …zfxhxfFsf] OR5fÚ of]ubfg
sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]  b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, To;sf
JofVof ug{, r/0f, d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
 b]jsf]6fsf …x'/Lsf] uLtÚ, …zfxhxfFsf] OR5fÚ

24
 slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, sljtfsf] ljj]rgf tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf ug{, JofVof
$=@ dfwj l3ld/]sf sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfg
 …b'nxL lxdfn sf~rghª\3fÚ sljtf / …k/Gt'
 l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, To;sf r/0f,
of}6} d"lt{df lj/f6\Ú uLtsf] ljj]rgf tyf d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] ljj]rgf
ltgsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
slj l3ld/]sf …b'nxL lxdfn sf~rghª\3fÚ sljtf /
…k/Gt' of}6} d"lt{df lj/f6\Ú uLtsf] ljj]rgf tyf
ltgsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, PsfO kfFr M cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf k|of]ujfbL
sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, wf/fsf k|d'v slj / ltgsf lgwf{l/t sljtf
%=! slj df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
 sf]O/fnfsf] …km;L{sf] h/fÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf /
 slj df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd,
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, To;sf k|d'vr/0f, d'Vo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
 slj j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, ljj]rgf

sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,  sf]O/fnfsf] …km;L{sf] h/fÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf /

ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 …kj{tÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf / To;sf ljlzi6
%=@ slj a}/fuL sfOFnfsf sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfg
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
 j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, To;sf
 slj O{Zj/jNnesf] sljTjsf] ljsf; qmd, k|d'v r/0f, d'Vo sfJok|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, ljj]rgf
 j}/fuL sfOnfsf] …kj{tÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf /
 …afFsL cr{gfÚ sljtfsf] ljj]rgf / To;sf
To;sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{ .
%=# slj O{Zj/jNnesf sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
 O{Zj/jNnesf] sljTjsf] ljsf;qmd, To;sf
k|d'v r/0f, d'Vo sfJo k|j[lQ / of]ubfgsf]
ljj]rgf
 O{Zj/jNnesf] …afFsL cr{gfÚ sljtfsf]
ljj]rgf / To;sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

$= kf7\ok':ts
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, b}j1/fh Gof}kfg], s]zj ;'j]bL, -;Dkf=_, g]kfnL sljtf -efu $_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

%= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cle ;'j]bL / c¿ -;Dkf=_, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, ;+b[li6, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, sljtf l;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
25
————, sljtfsf] ;+/rgfTds ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
hubLzrGb| e08f/L, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf M /]vfÍg / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M d'GgL e08f/L
hubLz zdz]/ /f0ff, bz b[li6sf]0f, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL e'jg /f0ff
tf/fsfGt kf08]o, k|ultjfb / sljtf, sf7df8f}F M lznf of]uL
tf/fgfy zdf{, ;d / ;dsf s[lt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————,;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
g]q P6d, g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/f / cGo ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
efg'eQm kf]v/]n, slj dfwj l3ld/] / pgsf] sfJolrGtg, sf7df8f} M ;femf k|sfzg
dfhf]{/L af]N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm kf]P6«L, Go" lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;;{
/d]z >]i7, g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
————,;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljDak/s ljZn]if0f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

26
kf7\of+z zLif{s M ;fdfGo efifflj1fg
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%^ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ Pd=P= txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z Wjlglj1fg
/ j0f{lj1fg, ¿klj1fg, jfSolj1fg / cy{lj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} tt\;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{
cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 Wjlglj1fg / o;sf zfvfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
 j0f{lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf] hfgsf/L lbO{ To;sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
 ¿klj1fgaf/] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} ¿kljZn]if0f;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{
 jfSolj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf] 1fgsf ;fy} jfSoljZn]if0f;DaGwL l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{
 cy{lj1fgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf ;fy} cy{ljZn]if0fsf ljleGg 9fFrf;Fu kl/lrt t'Nofpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

27
 Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro tyf cf}Rrfl/s, PsfO Ps M Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf !=! Wjlglj1fg / o;sf zfvfx¿
zfvfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, !=@ Wjlglj1fgsf zfvfx¿sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
 cf}Rrfl/s
 Wjlg cjoj / ltgsf sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g ug{,  ;f~rfl/s /
 >fjl0fs
 v08Lo / v08]t/sf] kl/ro;lxt eflifs
!=# Wjlg cjoj / ltgsf sfo{x¿
Wjlgx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{,  k|]/s cjoj / Zjf; dfu{
 bL3{tf, cg'gfl;stf, ;'/ / anf3ftsf] kl/ro  :j/tGqL, ljj/ / cj/f]w
;lxt v08]t/ Wjlgsf] kl/ro lbg,  :yfg / s/0f
!=$ eflifs Wjlgsf] juL{s/0f
 dfg:j/ / Jo~hgsf] kl/ro lbg,  v08Lo -:j/ / Jo~hg, cfIfl/s /
cgfIfl/s_
 cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf] kl/ro  v08]t/ -bL3{tf, cg'gfl;stf, ;'/ /
k|fKt ug{, anf3ft_
!=% dfg:j/ / Jo~hgsf] kl/ro
 g]kfnL Wjlgsf] cfn]vg ug{, !=^ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf]
kl/ro
 j0f{lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg,

 Jolt/]sL ljt/0f, kl/k"/s ljt/0f, d'Qm !=& g]kfnL Wjlgsf] cfn]vg cEof;
ljt/0f, WjGofTds ;dfgtf / 9fFrfut !=* j0f{ljZn]if0f l;4fGtsf] kl/ro
;dfgtf Pjd\ ldtJolotf /  Jolt/]sL ljt/0f
lglj{ifdLs/0f;lxt j0f{ljZn]if0f l;4fGtsf]  kl/k"/s ljt/0f
kl/ro lbg,
 d'St ljt/0f
 Jolt/]sL ljt/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf v08Lo WjGofTds ;dfgtf
/ v08]t/ j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f ug{,
9fFrfut ;dfgtf
 cIf/ l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg,
ldtJolotf / lglj{ifdLs/0f
 g]kfnL j0f{;+of]u tyf cIf/sf k|sf/ !=( g]kfnLsf v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{sf]
5'6\6\ofpg, Jolt/]sL ljt/0f
!=!) cIf/ l;4fGtsf] kl/ro
!=!! g]kfnL j0f{;+of]u tyf cIf/sf k|sf/
PsfO b'O{ M ¿klj1fg
 ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, @=! ;+/rgf, cy{ tyf kl/j]zsf cfwf/df
¿ksf] lgwf{/0f
 ;+/rgf, cy{ tyf kl/j]zsf cfwf/df ¿ksf]
@=@ ¿k / ;+¿ksf] kl/ro
lgwf{/0f ug{,
@=# ¿ksf k|sf/

28
 ¿k / ;+¿ksf] kl/ro lbg,  d'St M k|sfof{Tds / ¿kfos

 ;f]bfx/0f ¿ksf k|sf/ atfpg,  a4 M ;u{ / wft'

 sf]zLo M cfwf/ / Jo'Tkfbs
 ¿ktflŒjs ;Gbe{df wft', k|Too, k|fltkflbs,
 Jofs/0ffTds
zAb / kbsf] kl/ro lbg,
@=$ ¿ktflŒjs ;Gbe{df wft', k|Too
 ¿kljZn]if0f l;4fGt cGtu{t PsfO / k|lqmof, k|fltklbs zAb / kbsf] kl/ro
PsfO / ;dfof]hg, PsfO / ¿kfjnLaf/]
@=% ¿kljZn]if0f l;4fGt
hfgsf/L lbg,
 PsfO / k|lqmof
 g]kfnL ¿ktŒjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,  PsfO / ;dfof]hg
 ¿k/rgfdf jfSofy{ ;Gbe{af/] ;+:s[t  PsfO / ¿kfjnL -Kof/f8fOd_
Jofs/0fsf dfGotfsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, @=^ g]kfnL ¿ktŒjsf] ljZn]if0f;DaGwL
cEof;
 g]kfnLdf Jofs/0ffTds wf/f jf sf]l6sf
;ª\s]ts ¿kx¿sf] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, @=& ¿k/rgfdf jfSofy{ ;Gbe{af/] ;+:s[t
Jofs/0fsf dfGotf
 ;lGw / ;lGwJoj:yfaf/] ;fdfGo kl/ro k|fKt @=* g]kfnLdf Jofs/0ffTds wf/f jf sf]l6sf
ug{, ;ª\s]ts ¿kx¿sf] kl/ro
 cfGtl/s / afXo, lgoldt / clgoldt Pjd\ @=( ;lGwlj1fg -df]kmf{]kmf]gf]nf]hL_ sf] kl/ro
 WjGofTds kl/j]z / ;lGw
:jrflnt / c:jrflnt ;lGwsf] kl/ro ;lxt
 ¿kfTds kl/j]z / ;lGw
;+:s[t ;lGwsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg,
 ;lGw lgodg / To;sf] 9fFrf
 g]kfnL ;lGw Joj:yf, ;lGwlgodgsf] :j¿k / @=!) ;+:s[t ;lGw;DaGwL cjwf/0ff
 cfGtl/s / afXo
9fFrfaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
 lgoldt / clgoldt
 :jrflnt / c:jrflnt
@=!! g]kfnL ;lGwJoj:yf, ;lGwlgodgsf]
:j¿k / 9fFrf
 jfSolj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, PsfO tLg M jfSolj1fg
#=! jfSo lj1fgsf] kl/ro
 kbqmd / kbfjnLsf] ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro lbg,
#=@ kbqmd / kbfjnL ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro
 Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{af/] hfgsf/L lbg,
#=# Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{ M p2]ZoTj /
 kbfjnLsf zfvf / ;+/rsx¿sf] kl/ro lbg, ljw]oTj, k|ToIf sd{ / ck|ToIf sd,{ zLif{
-x]8_ / ljz]ifs -:k]l;kmfo/_
 lgs636s ljZn]if0f qmdsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro
#=$ kbfjnLsf zfvf / o;sf ;+/rsx¿

29
 lbg, #=% lgs636s ljZn]if0f / 36sqmd

 ;/n jfSosf k|sfo{ :yn / e/s;DaGwL  cg'qmd

dfGotf k|:t't ug{,  eª\uqmd

#=^ ;/n jfSosf k|sfo{:yn / e/s;DaGwL
 clgjfo{ tyf P]lR5s, cy{kl/jt{s tyf
dfGotf
ckl/jt{s, ljWoy{s, ;Defjgfy{s tyf
#=& ¿kfGt/0f lgodx¿sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro -
jfRofGt/0ffTds ¿kfGt/0f lgod 7Dofpg,
clgjfo{ tyf P]lR5s, cy{ kl/jt{s tyf
 cjz]if / ;~rngsf] kl/ro lbg, ckl/jt{s, ljWoy{s, ;Defjgfy{s tyf
jfRofGt/0ffTds_
 ¿kfGt/0fsf d"n k|ltaGwgsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro #=* cjz]if / ;~rngsf] kl/ro
lbg, #=( ¿kfGt/0fsf d"n k|ltaGwg -sG:6]«G6_
 jfSo ;+of]hs k|lqmof, ;+o'Qm jfSosf k|sf/ / #=!) jfSo ;+of]hg k|lqmof, ;+o'Qm jfSosf
g]kfnLdf ;+o'Qm jfSosf] lgdf{0f ug{, k|sf/ / g]kfnLsf ;+o'Qm jfSosf]
lgdf{0f;DaGwL cEof;
 PsLs[t jfSold>0f k|lqmof, jfSosf k|sf/
#=!! PsLs[t jfSo ld>0f k|lqmof / k|sf/ tyf
tyf g]kfnLdf PsLs[t ld> jfSo lgdf{0f ug{, g]kfnLsf PsLs[t ld> jfSo
lgdf{0f;DaGwL cEof;
 ld> jfSosf gfd pkjfSo ljz]if0f pkjfSo,
lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo tyf cf>os af/] #=!@ pkjfSosf] k|of]u;DaGwL cEof;
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / ltgsf] k|of]u ug{,  ld> jfSosf gfd pkjfSo M stf{,
k|ToIf sd{, ck|ToIf sd{, k"/s
 g]kfnLdf cf>ossf sfo{sf] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
 ljz]if0f pkjfSo M ;fdfGo k"/s
 lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo M :yfg, k|lqmof,
/Llt, ;do cflb a'emfpg]
#=!# cf>os / g]kfnLdf ltgsf] sfo{
PsfO rf/ M cy{lj1fg
 cy{lj1fgsf] If]q / k|s[ltaf/] kl/ro lbg, $=! cy{lj1fgsf] If]q / k|s[lt
$=@ cy{sf k|d'v k|sf/
 cy{lj1fgsf] k|sf/;lxt ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg,
 cjwf/0ffTds cy{

 zAbfy{ ;DaGwsf k|d'v 9fFrfsf af/]df  lgbz{g / cfzo

 sf]zLo cy{ / Jofs/l0fs cy{
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 ;fxrof{Tds cy{ / k|;ª\ufy{
 sf/sLo cy{sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ . $=# zAbfy{;DaGwsf k|d'v 9fFrf
 ;dfgfy{stf
 ljk/Ltfy{stf

30
  ;dfj]zfy{stf
 ;dWjGofTdstf
$=$ sf/sLo cy{

$= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cf/= Pr= /laG;, ;fdfGo eflifsL, -cg'=b]jLbQ zdf{_ rG8Lu9 M xl/of0ff lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
Pr=P= lUn;g, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' l8:qm]lK6e ln+lUjl:6S; xf]N8, Go"of]s{ M l/g]xf6{
Pkm= cf/= kfd/, l;d]lG6S;, nG8g M SoflDa|h
P;= s]= adf{ / c¿, df]8g{ PKNffO8 lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go" lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n, Wjlglj1fg / g]kfnL efiffsf] Wjlgkl/ro, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|hf k|lti7fg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n,-;Dkf=_ aNnedl0f bfxfnsf,eflifs lrGtg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/
An'dlkmN8, efiff, -cg'= ljZjgfyk|;fb_ jf/f0f;L M df]tLnfn, agf/;Lbf;
ef]nfgfy ltjf/L, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg, lbNnL M lnlk k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f pkfWofo /]UdL, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}F+ M ;femf k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F+ M ;femf k|sfzg
hL= Pg= lnr, l;G6\ofS;, k]ª\u'Og a'S;
hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L, efifflj1fg, efiff / eflifsf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
hf]g lnof]G;,;}4flGts efifflj1fg, -cg'= ;Tosfd jdf{_, gO{ lbNnL M d'G;L/fd dgf]x/nfn
6ª\s Gof}kfg], Wjlglj1fg, sf7df8f}F M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
6ª\s Gof}kfg] / uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{,efifflj1fgsf] ¿k/]vf, ;'g;/L M Pg=aL= 8L= k|sfzg
8]le8 lqm:6n, c l8S;g/L ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; ofG8 kmf]g]l6S;, d]nag{ M ANofsj]n klAnl;ª
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg, sf7df8f}F+ M gjLg k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{F, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k;n
b]jLk|;fb uf}td / cGo, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M lkgfsn klAns];G;
/jLGb|gfy >Ljf:tj, cg'k|o'St efifflj1fg M l;4fGt Pj+ k|of]u, lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
/fdrGb| nD;fn, sf]zlj1fg / g]kfnL sf]z, sf7df8f}
Nof/L Pd= ldofd, kmf]gf]nhL M Yof]/L PG8 Pglnl;;, x6 l/g]xf6{ PG8 ljN;g
jfi0f]{o, Pg OG6«f]8S6/L 6]:6 a's ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; PG8 kmf]g]l6S;, a/]nL M :6'8]G6 :6f]/
xs]6, P sf];{ Og df]8g{ lnª\Uo'l:6S;, -ef/tLo ;+:s/0f_

31
kf7\of+z zLif{s M kfZrfTo ;flxTosf jfb / ;dfnf]rgf k4lt
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%& kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf k|rlnt ljleGg jfb tyf ;dfnf]rgf k4ltx¿sf] ;}4flGts 1fg lbO{ tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|rlntjfbx¿sf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
 kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4ltx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
 pko'{Qm ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df ;flxlTos tŒjsf] ljlzi6tf klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg o'u / wf/fsf s[ltsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds d"Nofª\sg ug]{ l;k / bIftf xfl;n
u/fpg]

32
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|d'vjfb
 kl/isf/jfbsf k|d'v k|d'v r/0f, dfGotf, !=! kl/isf/jfb -Snfl;l;Hd_ M k|d'v r/0f, cfwf/e"t
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] kl/ro lbg, dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
 gjkl/isf/jfbsf k|d'v dfGotf, zlQm /
;Ldfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, !=@ gjkl/isf/jfb M pTyfg / lj:tf/, k|d'v dfGotf,
 :jR5Gbtfjfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} zlSt / ;Ldf
o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf klxNofpg, !=# :jR5Gbtfjfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
 oyfy{jfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf !=$ oyfy{jfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, d'Vo k|sf/ tyf
k|d'v k|sf/, zlQm / ;Ldfsf] klxrfg ug{,
zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ M …d'n's aflx/Ú, …a;fOFÚ
 k|s[tjfbsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf
-pkGof;_ tyf …gofF ;8ssf] uLtÚ,
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] ljj]rgf ug{,
…gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0fÚ -syf;ª\u|x_
 cltoyfy{jfbsf k|d'v dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf
zlQm / ;Ldfsf] lg¿k0f ug{, !=% k|s[tjfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf -
 ljDajfbsf k|d'v dfGotfsf ;fy} o;sf ;Gbe{ M …kNnf] 3/sf] ‰ofnÚ_
zlSt / ;Ldf 7Dofpg,
!=^ cltoyfy{jfb M cfwf/e"t dfGotf, zlQm / ;Ldf
 lj;ª\ultjfbsf] k/Dk/fdf cl:tTjjfbL
lrGtgsf] ;"qkft, ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfb, z"Gotf !=& ljDajfb M k|d'v dfGotf, zlSt / ;Ldf
tyf eljtf / cl:tTjjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldfsf] -;Gbe{ M O{Zj/ jNneM …cfuf]sf km"nx¿ x'g\,
klxrfg ug{, cfuf]sf km"nx¿ xf]Ogg\Ú O{Zj/ a/fn -;Dkf=_M
 pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k[i7e"ld;lxt o;sf …df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljtfÚ_
k|d'v :yfkgf / ljljw k|of]u tyf ;[hgf /
;dfnf]rgfdf o;sf] k|efjsf] klxrfg u/L !=* cl:tTjjfb M lj;ª\ultjfbsf] k/Dk/f, cl:tTjjfbL
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldf lrGtgsf] ;"qkft, ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfb, z"Gotf
klxNofpg, tyf eljtf / cl:tTjjfbsf zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{
 pQ/pklgj]zjfbsf] k[i7e"ld / k|d'v M …lz/Lifsf] km"nÚ, …tLg3'DtLÚ pkGof;
tyf…Tof] Pp6f s'/fÚ gf6s ._
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf
klxrfg ug{, !=( pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfb M k[i7e"ld, k|d'v :yfkgf, ;[hgf
/ ;dfnf]rgfdf o;sf] k|efj,pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf
 gf/Ljfbsf dfGotf, gjgf/LjfbL, n}lª\us zlQm / ;Ldf
cjwf/0ff / lje]bgsf] kl/ro Pjd\ o;sf
!=!) pQ/pklgj]zjfb M k[i7e"ld, k|d'v dfGotf Pjd\
zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg, zlQm / ;Ldf
!=!! gf/Ljfb M k|d'v wf/f, ltgsf dfGotf n}lª\us
cjwf/0ff / lje]bg,gf/Ljfbsf zlSt / ;Ldf
PsfO b'O{ M kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v k4lt
 Kn]6f]sf] gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgf dfGotf,
@=! gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgf M Kn]6f]sf gLltjfbL dfGotf
gLltjfb / snfjfbsf larsf] åGå Pjd\ gLltjfb / snfjfbsf larsf] åGåÙ gLltk/s
gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ Mob'gfy
klxNofpg, vgfnsf]…;"lQml;Gw'Ú ;DaGwL ;dfnf]rgf_

33
 hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf k|d'v dfGotfsf @=@ hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k|d'v dfGotfx¿ / o;sf
zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg, zlQm / ;Ldf
 ;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;"qkftsf ;fy} @=# ;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgf M ;"qkft, ;dfhk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf] dfS;{jfbL / u}/ dfS;{jfbL wf/f
;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] dfS;{jfbL /
;dfhk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf zlQm / ;Ldf
u}/dfS;{jfbL wf/fut k|j[lQ 7DofO{ ltgsf
@=% dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgf M k|mfo8, P8n/ /
zlQm / ;Ldf klxrfg ug{, o'ª\usf ;flxTo;DaGwL k|d'v dgf]j}1flgs :yfkgf,
 dgf]lj1fgk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf ljZn]if0ffTds nsfFsf] gjdgf]ljZn]if0f, dgf]lj1fgk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf k4lt, zlQm / ;Ldf -;Gbe{ M
k4lt, zlQm / ;Ldfsf] kl/ro lbg,
d'/fl/k|;fb /]UdLsf] dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf_
 ;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf ljljw kIfsf]
@=^ ;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgf M ?;L ¿kjfb / r]s
kl/ro lbO{ zlQm / ;Ldf atfpg, ;+/rgfjfbsf k|d'v :yfkgf, gofF ;dfnf]rgf,
 z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgfsf dfGotfsf ;fy} s[ltk/s;dfnf]rgf, k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb,
;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf zlSt / ;Ldf
o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf klxNofpg,
 kf7sLo cg'lqmofk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] kl/ro @=&z}nLj}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf M zlSt / ;Ldf-;Gbe{
Mdf]xg/fh zdf{ / 3gZofd g]kfnsf‘z}nLlj1fg’_
lbO{ o;sf zlQm / ;Ldf 7Dofpg .
@=* kf7sLo cg'lqmofk/s ;dfnf]rgf M kf7s cg'lqmof
/ kf7JofVof ;DaGwL gjl;4fGtx¿, u|x0f l;4fGt
/ o;sf zlSt / ;Ldf

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cle ;'j]bL, kfZrfTo sfJo l;4fGt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb, lj/f6gu/ M n]vs :jod\
Pd\=Pr= ca|fD;, P Unf];/L ckm ln6]/]/L 6D;{, lkmnf8]lNkmof M sg]{n o'lgel;{6L
s[i0f uf}td, cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n,k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
3gZofd g]kfn, z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
1fg' clwsf/L, g]kfnL gf/L ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f, k|j[lQ / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
6]/L OuN6g, ln6]/]/L lycf]/L, nG8g M a]l;n Anfsa]n
8]le8 nh -;Dkf=_, df]8g{ lqml6l;Hd PG8 lycf]/L,-efu ! / @_, nG8g M nª\uDofg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, k|ultjfb M k/Dk/f / dfGotf, sf7df8f}F M>LdtL d'gf uf}td
lgg' rfkfufO{+, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb e|e / jf:tljstf, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg
lgd{nf h}g,;flxTo s] ;dfh zf:qLo lrGtg, lbNnL M lxGbL dfWod sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno
lk6/ Aof/L, lalulgª lyo/L, Go" lbNnL M ljsf; a'S;

34
 k|df]b s]= gfo/, kf]:6sf]nf]lgon ln6/]r/ ofg OG6«f]8S;g, Go" lbNnL M kf;{g P8's];g
df]xg/fh zdf{,z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8fF} M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
/dg ;]N8]g / k]6]/ lj8f]A;g, P l/8;{ ufO6 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]/L lycf]/L -gjLggtd ;+:s/0f_,
s]G6'sL M b o'lgel;{6L k|]; ckm s]G6'sL
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, g]kfnL ;flxTodf pQ/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f, -efu ! / @_-gjLgtd ;+:s/0f_
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljNk|m]8 Pn= u'Pl/g / c¿, c XofG8a's ckm lqml6sn Pk|f]r]h 6' ln6/]r/, Go"of]s{ M cS;kmf]8{
o'lgl;{6L k|];
xfG; a]|6]G;, ln6/]/L lyo/L M a]l;S;, nG8g M /6n]h

kf7\of+z zLif{s M k"j{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTo

kf7\of+z sf]8 M%%* kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
k|frLg g]kfnL clen]v / jfª\dosf] kl/ro, k"j{cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf /rgfaf/] cWoog
Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 g]kfnL efiffsf k[i7e"ld sfnsf k|frLg k|d'v clen]v / jfª\dosf] ;j]{If0fsf ;fy} ltgsf cfwf/df
g]kfnL efiffsf eflifs :j¿k / ;fdYo{sf] qmlds ljsf;;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug{]
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf k[i7e"ld Pj+ ;do;Gbe{, ;flxlTos ljsf;qmd tyf d'Vo wf/f
pkwf/f / ltgsf k|d'v k|j[lQ / k|flKtx¿sf] 1fg / ljj]rgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{

35
  k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf k|d'v ;flxlTos ljwfsf ultqmd / d'Vo k|ltef tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf]
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
 k"j{cfw'lgs sfnsf ljleGg ljwfsf k|d'v ;flxTosf/sf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] cy{af]w Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
u/L cf:jfbg ;d]t ug{ nufpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M k|frLg g]kfnL clen]v / jfª\do
 g]kfnL uB n]vgsf] p7fg, ;do;Gbe{, If]q, !=! uBn]vgsf] k[i7e"ld, k|frLg g]kfnL uBn]vgsf ;do
ljifo / eflifs k|of]uaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, ;Gbe{, If]q / ljifo
 g]kfnL jfª\dosf] p7fg, k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\dosf
;do;Gbe{, If]q, ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, !=@ k|frLg g]kfnL jfª\do u|Gysf] kl/ro, ;do;Gbe{,
ljifo ;Gbe{ M -v08vfB, Hj/f]TklQlrlsT;f,
 v08vfB, Hj/f]TklQlrlsT;f, uulg/fhsf] ofqf /
uulg/fhsf] ofqf / k|folZrQk|bLk cflbsf] kl/ro_
k|folZrQk|bLk s[ltsf] af}l4s cleJolQm ;fdYo{
atfpg,
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|fylds sfnsf] PsfO b'O{ M k|fylds g]kfnL ;flxTo
k[i7e"ldnufot ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v wf/f, @=! g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|fylds sfn M o'uLg k[i7e"ld,
k|ltef / ltgsf k|j[lQx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, ljsf;k|lqmof / k|d'v wf/f, ltgsf k|d'v k|ltef /
 k|fylds sfnsf uB;flxTosf k|sf/ / ltgsf k|j[lQx¿
:j¿k klxNofO{ k|d'v k|ltef / ltgsf s[ltx¿sf]
kl/ro lbg, @=@ k|fyldssfnLg uB ;flxTo
 k|d'v uBn]vsx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf  -s_ ljwfut k|sf/ / ltgsf :j¿k, s[lt tyf
s[ltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{, k|d'v n]vs
 k|fylds sfnLg g]kfnL kB;flxTo M k|d'v n]vs -lgDglnlvt uBsf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/t uB s[ltsf
sYoj:t', ;+/rgf / efiffz}nLsf cfwf/e"t
/ ltgsf s[ltx¿sf] kl/ro lbg,
;flxlTos pknlAw / ltgsf] ;dLIff M k[YjLgf/fo0f
 k|fyldssfnLg jL/wf/fsf slj ;'jfgGbbf; / zfx— lbJof]kb]z, efg'bQ— lxtf]kb]z ldqnfe,
zlQmjNne cof{n— xf:osbDa, ejfgLbQ kf08]—
pbofgGb cof{nsf lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] ljj]rgf ug{, d'b|f/fIf;, ;'Gb/fgGb afF8f— cWofTd/fdfo0f,
hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf
 k|fyldssfnLg s[i0felQm wf/fsf slj j;Gt
lbJof]kb]z / hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqfsf lgwf{l/t
zsf{sf] …s[i0frl/qsf] ljj]rgf ug{Ú, c+zaf6ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof_
@=# k|fyldssfnLg g]kfnL kB M k|d'v n]vs / s[lt
 k|fyldssfnLg /fdelQm wf/fsf slj efg'eQm tyf ljwfut k|sf/ / :j¿k tyf wf/f pkwf/fut
cfrfo{sf sfJok|j[lQsf ;fy} …/fdfo0fÚ k|j[lQ / k|flKt
 jL/ wf/fcGtu{t ;'jfgGbbf; M k[YjLgf/fo0f,
dxfsfJosf] ljj]rgf ug{, pbofgGbM k'/fgf] aftsf] chL{, ob'gfy
kf]Vf¥ofnM :t'ltkBsf lgwf{l/t c+z,
 kB;flxTosf k|sf/, :j¿k klxNofO{ wf/f,
 s[i0felQm wf/fcGtu{t j;Gt zdf{sf]
pkwf/fut k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, s[i0frl/qsf lgwf{l/t c+z
 /fdelQm wf/f M efg'eQm cfrfo{sf

36
 k|fyldssfnLg lgu'{0f elQmwf/fcGtu{t slj sfJok|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f / ljleGg sf]0f
-ljifoj:t', df}lnstf, no, efiffk|of]u_ af6
1fglbnbf;sf] pbonx/Lsf] ljj]rgf ug{, /fdfo0fsf] ljj]rgf,
/fdfo0f -;'Gb/sf08_ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 lgu'{0felQm wf/fcGtu{t
1fglbnbf;sf ]pbonx/Lsf] ljj]rgf
PsfO tLg M dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTo
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds sfnsf] k[i7e"ld / #=! o'uLg k[i7e"ld, ljsf;k|lqmof, wf/fpkwf/f / ltgsf
ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;fy} k|d'v k|ltef, ltgsf s[lt
/ k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, k|d'v k|ltef tyf s[lt / k|j[lQ,
 dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf wf/f, s]Gb|Lo #=@ dfWoldssfnLg g]kfnL sljtf MdfWoldssfnLg
k|ltef / d'Vo k|j[lQ klxNofpg, g]kfnL sljtfsf k|d'v / uf}0fwf/f, s]Gb|Lo k|ltef,
 slj df]tL/fd e6\6sf] s[ltTj / sfJok|j[lQsf d'Vo k|j[lQ / k|flKt,
;fy} pgsf lgwf{l/t sfJo / uhnsf ljlzi6  slj df]tL/fd e§M s[ltTj, / d"n sfJo k|j[lQ,
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, df]tL/fd e§sf]lksb"t -v08sfJo_ sf] ljj]rgf
 slj nIdLbQ kGtsf] s[ltTj / sfJok|j[lQsf /
;fy} pgsf] lgwf{l/t uhnsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]  …lbgsf] krf;Ú -uhn_ s[ltsf] ljj]rgfsf
JofVof ug{, ;fy} ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 slj zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf s[ltTj /  slj nIdLbQ kGt, s[ltTj / d"n sfJo
sfJok|j[lQsf ;fy} pgsf lgwf{l/t uhnsf k|j[lQ,
ljlzi6 klª\Qmsf] JofVof ug{, nIdLbQ kGtsf] …ls pm hfgf];\ ls d} hfg"Ú
 …;"lQml;Gw'Ú sljtf;ª\u|xsf] ;ª\sng, k|sfzg uhnsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
;Gbe{ / o'uLg k|efjsf ;fy} ;"lQml;Gw'sf k|d'v  slj zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf s[ltTj / d"n
sfJok|j[lQ,
slj / z[ª\ufl/s sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\Uofnsf lgDglnlvt s[ltsf] ljlzi6
 dfWoldssfnsf] g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v wf/fut kª\lQmsf] JofVof—rGb|f]bo bz{g / xl/
k|j[lQ / k|d'v k|ltefsf d'Vo k|j[lQ 7Dofpg, ;tfpF5g\ -uhn_
 gf6ssf/ df]tL/fd e6\6 / kxndfg l;+x :jf/sf]  ;"lQml;Gw' sljtf;ª\u|x M k|sfzg ;Gbe{ Pj+
o'uLg k|efj, ;xefuL k|d'v sljx¿ / z[ª\ufl/s
s[ltTj, gf6\ok|j[lQ Pjd\ logsf lgwf{l/t
sljTj
gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
#=# dfWolds g]kfnL gf6s / /ª\ud~r
 dfWolds sfnsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgsf k|d'v
 dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL gf6s / /Ëd~rsf
k|ltef, s[lt / d"n k|j[lQsf] ;j]{If0f ug{, k|d'v wf/f, k|ltef / d'Vo k|j[lQ
 lu/LzjNne hf]zLsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQ tyf  gf6ssf/ df]tL/fd e§sf gf6\ok|j[lQ,
jL/rl/qsf ljz]iftfx¿ klxNofpg,  gf6\otŒj / /Ëd~rLo sf]0faf6 lk|oblz{sf
 dfWolds sfnsf syf, pkGof;, lgaGw r]i6f / gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
 gf6ssf/ kxndfgl;+x :jFf/sf gf6\ok|j[lQ,
d"n k|j[lQ 7Dofpg,
 gf6\otŒj / /Ëd~rLo sf]0faf6 …c6naxfb'/Ú
 hLjgLsf/ df]tL/fd e§sf ljz]iftf / of]ubfgsf gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
;fy} slj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/qsf] #=$ dfWolds g]kfnL uB;flxTo

37
 ljj]rgf ug{,  dfWolds g]kfnL uBfVofgsf k|d'v k|ltef,
 dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf r]i6f / s[lt / d"n k|j[lQ
 lu/LzaNne hf]zLsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQ tyf
d"n k|j[lQ 7Dofpg .
jL/rl/qsf ljz]iftf
 dfWolds sfnsf syf r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ
 dfWolds sfnsf cf}kGofl;s r]i6f / d"n
k|j[lQ
 dfWolds sfnsf lgaGw r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ
 hLjgLsf/ df]tL/fd e§sf ljz]iftf / of]ubfg
tyf slj efg'eQmfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/qsf]
ljj]rgf
 dfWoldssfnLg ;dfnf]rgf r]i6f / d"n k|j[lQ

$= kf7\o k':ts
sdn bLlIft -;Dkf_ hËaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
———— -;Dkf=_,a'OFun, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
———— -;Dkf=_, ;"lQml;Gw' -km]l/_, -;Dkf_, sf7df8f}F M hubDaf k|sfzg
lu/LzjNne hf]zL, jL/rl/q, nlntk'/ M hubDaf k|sfzg
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_ cfz'slj zDe'sf sfJos[lt, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg -;Da4 c+z
dfq_
bof/fd >]i7 -;Dkf=_, jL/sfnLg sljtf, sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/ -;Da4 c+z dfq_
kxndfg l;+x :jf+/, c6naxfb'/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afns[i0f kf]v/]n -;Dkf=_,kfFr ;o jif{, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -;Da4 c+z dfq_
efg'eQm cfrfo{, /fdfo0f, -lgwf{l/t c+z dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]tL/fd e§, lk|oblz{sfgfl6sf, sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø;fdu|L k|sfzg
sljefg'eQm cfrfo{sf] hLjgrl/q, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/df zdf{ -;Dkf=_ df]tL/fd u|GyfjnL, sf7df8f}F M g]kfnL lzIffkl/ifb\ -;Da4 c+z dfq_
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ -;Dkf=_ efg'eQm s[ltcWoogx¿,bflh{lnª Mg]kfnL ;flxTo;Dd]ng
O{Zj/ a/fn, -;Dkf=_, ;okqL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, uhn M l;4fGt / k/Dk/f, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, k|fyldssfnLg slj / sfJok|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{, ;'jfgGbbf;b]lv /fhLjnf]rg;Dd, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
uf]kfn e08f/L, k|fu\efg'eQmLo g]kfnL sfJo, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_ dfWolds sfnLg slj / sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg hgsnfn
zdf{, hf];dgL ;Gt k/Dk/f / ;flxTo, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
7fs'/ k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/qmdf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, g]kfnL ;flxTosf s]xL k[i7, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf z[Ëf/, jf/f0f;L M gfy klAnl;ª\u xfp;
afa'/fd cfrfo{, -;Dkf=_ k'/fgf slj / sljtf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
38
 eb|jL/ clwsf/L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;df efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] of]ubfg, sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\
n]v/fh vltj8f, k|fyldssfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|d'v k|ltef, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S;
z/b\rGb| zdf{, k|frLg uBfVofg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, dfWolds g]kfnL uBfVofg, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg, sf7df8f}F
————,g]kfnL jfª\doM s]xL vf]hL s]xL JofVof, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
;'s'd zdf{, ;dfnf]rs df]tL/fd e§, sf7df8f}+ M ch{'g l;6f}nf

kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s / rnlrq

kf7\of+z sf]8 M %%( kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M $
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M ^$

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ a;]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] cWoogsf lglDt cfjZos gf6\o l;4fGt, /ª\ud~r lzNk / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v gf6ssf/ / ltgsf gf6\os[ltsf ;fy}
rnlrqsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff / g]kfnL rnlrqsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;dLIffTds ;j]{If0f;DaGwL k|fof]lus
sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 gf6ssf] ;}4flGts kIf tyf /ª\ud~r lzNksf] kl/ro lbg]
39
  g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; qmdsf k[i7e"lddf o;sf ljleGg k|of]u, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf k|d'v gf6\o k|ltef, ltgsf gf6Øs[lt / k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\olzNk / To;sf] /ª\ud~r kIfsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
 rnlrqsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro lbg]
 g]kfnL rnlrqsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog tyf ;j]{If0f ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]
 g]kfnL;flxTo / nf]s;flxTosf] rnlrqLs/0fsf] ;dLIff Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4
ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M gf6ssf] ;}4flGts kl/ro
 gf6ssf] ljwfut :j¿k !=! gf6ssf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
klxNofpg,
!=@ gf6ssf ljwfut tŒj
 syfgs
 gf6ssf ljwfut tŒjsf] rrf{ ug{,  kfqljwfg
 kl/j]zljwfg
 gf6\oflegosf k|d'v kIfsf] kl/ro  p2]Zo
 b[Zo ljwfg
lbg,
 efiffz}nL
!=# gf6\oflegosf k|d'v kIf
 gf6ssf e]b tyf pke]b  jflrs clego
klxNofpg,  cfª\lus clego
 cfxfo{ clego
 ;flŒjs clego
!=$ gf6ssf] juL{s/0f
-ljifo, cfofd, kl/0flt /k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df_
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] k[i7e"ld PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmof
/ k|jt{g k|lqmof klxNofpg, @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g k|lqmof
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf]
ljsf;qmdsf k|d'v r/0fx¿ @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v r/0f
klxNofpg, @=# cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf r/0fut wf/f / k|j[lQ
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf r/0fut
wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
PsfO tLg M gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d / pgsf gf6\os[lt
 afns[i0f ;dsf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v #=! afns[i0f ;dsf] gf6\oofqf, gf6\o k|j[lt, gf6\o lzNk
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] rrf{ ug{,
#=@ ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;dsf gf6\os[ltsf] juL{s/0f / of]ubfgsf]
40
 ;dsf gf6\os[ltx¿sf] juL{s/0f / ljj]rgf
of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,
 ljleGg sf]0faf6 …k|NxfbÚ /…k|]dlk08Ú gf6ssf] ljj]rgf
 ljleGg sf]0faf6 lglb{i6
/ ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
gf6\os[ltsf]ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
 uLltgf6ssf ljleGg sf]0faf6 …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf]
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
ljj]rgf /
 ljleGg sf]0faf6 lgwf{l/t
uLltgf6ssf] ljj]rgfsf ;fy}  ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
 uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf gf6\oofqf, PsfO rf/ M gf6ssf/ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn
k|d'v k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] uf]7fn], ljho dNn / ltgsf gf6\os[lt
lg¿k0f ug{, $=! uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn / pgsf] gf6\os[lt
 l/dfnsf lgwf{l/t gf6\os[ltsf]
ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljj]rgfsf ;fy}  uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf gf6\o k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNk
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  ljleGg gf6\osf]0faf6 …of] k|]d ÛÚ gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
 uf]ljGb uf]7fn]sf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] ljj]rgf ug{, $=@ uf]ljGb uf]7fn] / pgsf] gf6\os[lt
 uf]7fn]sf lgwf{l/t gf6ssf] ljleGg
sf]0faf6 ljj]rgf / ljlzi6  uf]ljGb uf]7fn]sf gf6\o k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNk
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  ljleGg sf]0faf6 …ef]sf] 3/Ú n3'gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
 ljho dNnsf gf6\oofqf, k|d'v ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
k|j[lQ / gf6\olzNksf] rrf{ ug{, $=# ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt
 lgwf{l/t n3'gf6ssf] ljleGg
 ljho dNnsf] gf6\oofqf, gf6\ok|j[lQ gf6\olzNk
sf]0faf6 ljj]rgf / ljlzi6
 ljleGg sf]0faf6 …lhp+Fbf] nf;Ú gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljleGg sf]0faf6 …kTy/sf] syfÚn3'gf6ssf] ljj]rgf /
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 rnlrqsf] pb\ej / ljsf;sf] rrf{ PsfO kfFr M rnlrq l;4fGt
ug{, %=! snfsf] gofF ljwfsf ¿kdf rnlrqsf] pb\ej / ljsf;
 rnlrqdf syf;f/, k6syf /
;+jfbsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] klxrfg %=@ rnlrqdf syf;f/, k6syf / ;+jfb
ug{,
%=# rnlrqdf cleg]tf, j]ze"iff / ¿k;Hhf, b[ZoaGw
 rnlrqdf cleg]tf, j]ze"iff /
¿k;Hhf, b[ZoaGw, Wjlg / -nf]s];g / b[Zo ;Hhf -;]l6ª_, Wjlg / k|sfz
k|sfzaf/] kl/ro lbg,
 rnlrqdf åGå, uLt / g[Tosf] %=$ rnlrqdf b[Zof+z -;6_, b[Zo -l;g_ / qmda4tf -l;Sj]G;_
e"ldsf lgSof]{n ug{,
 %=% rnlrqsf] 5fofª\sg / ;Dkfbg
 rnlrq lgdf{0fdf lgb]{zs /
n]vssf] e"ldsfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt %=^ rnlrqdf åGå, uLt / g[To
ug{,
%=& rnlrq lgdf{0fsf cGo kIf M lgdf{tf, lgb]{zs / bz{s
 rnlrqsf k|sf/x¿ klxNofpg,
%=* rnlrqsf k|sf/ M syfgs rnlrq, j[Qlrq, sf6'{g lrq /

41
 lj1fkg lrq

PsfO ^ M g]kfnL rnlrqsf] ;j]{If0f

 g]kfnL syfgs rnlrqsf] ;j]{If0f ^=! g]kfnL syfgs rnlrqsf] ;j]{If0f
ug{,
 g]kfnL j[Qlrq, sf6'{glrq / ^=@ g]kfnL j[Qlrq, sf6'{g lrq / lj1fkg lrqsf] ;j]{If0f
lj1fkg lrqsf] ;j]{If0f ug{,
^=# g]kfnL wf/fjflxs 6]lnrnlrqsf] ;j]{If0f
 g]kfnL wf/fjflxs 6]lnrnlrqsf]
;j]{If0f ug{, ^=$ g]kfnLsf ;flxlTos s[ltsf] rnlrqfª\sgsf] ;j]{If0f
 g]kfnLsf ;flxlTos s[ltsf]
rnlrqfª\sgsf] ;j]{If0ffTds
cWoog ug{ .

$= kf7\ok':ts
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, of] k|]d Û, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
uf]ljGb uf]7fn], ef]sf] 3/, -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afns[i0f ;d rf/ Psfª\sL, -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_ nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, k|Nxfb, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————,k|]dlk08, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljho dNn, kTy/sf] syf -lgwf{l/t kf7 dfq_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
ljho dNn, lhpFbf] nf;, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
42
%=! gf6ssf nflu
cz]if dNn, ;8s gf6s M l;4fGt, l;h{gf / k|:t'lt, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
czf]s yfkf, gf6\o ;dLIff / cGo ;dfnf]rgf, sLlt{k'/ M Go"xL/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h
r"8fdl0f aGw', -;Dkf=_ ;femf Psfª\sL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
O{Zj/ a/fn, afns[i0f ;dM JolQmTj / s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M afns[i0f ;d kmfpG8];g
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;dsf] b'MvfGt gf6\or]tgf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, g]kfnL gf6s tyf /Ëd~r, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k|sfzg
s'df/ sf]O/fnf s]xL cfw'lgs gf6s / gf6ssf/, sf7df8f}F M cf]l/oG6n klAns];g
s[i0f zfx ofqL -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg
3gZofd sF8]n, kfZrfTo oyfy{jfbL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL ;'eb|f sF8]n
tf/fgfy zdf{;d / ;dsf s[lt, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL, ;dsf] ;'vfGt gf6\osfl/tf,sf7df8f}|+ M Pstf k|sfzg
————, gf6\ol;4fGt, sf7df8f+} M ;Tofn k|sfzg
j;Gts'df/ zdf{ g]kfn -cg'=_ ;+:s[tsf k|d'v Psfª\sL, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
j|t/fh cfrfo{, cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/f]zg yfkf …gL/jÚ -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL /]l8of] gf6s, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
%=@ rnlrqsf nflu
cg'kd cf]emf, ef/tLo l;g] l;4fGt, gofF lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f
PG8«o" l8S;, lalulgª lkmNd :6l8h, Go" lbNnL M leef a'S;
gLnsdn -;Dkf=_, l;g]dfsf kIfx¿, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
k|sfz ;fodL, rnlrq snf / k|ljlw, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL a'S; PG8 :6];g/L ;]G6/
dgf]x/ k|;fb hf]zL, k6syf n]vg M Ps kl/ro, goL lbNnL M /fhsdn k|sfzg
dfwj 9'ª\u]n, rnlrq l;4fGt, sf7df8f}F M a'4 Ps]8]dL klAn;;{
od rf}nfufO+{, rnlrq ;f/yL, sf7df8f}+ M k|sfzs :jod\
ofbj v/]n, cflbslj efg'eQm M k6syf, tgx'F M efg'hGd:yn ljsf; ;ldlt
/a6{ :6fd, lkmNd lyo/L M ofg OG6«f]8S;g, cS;kmf]8{ M Anfsj]n
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, rnlrq l;4fGt / g]kfnL rnlrq, sf7df8f}F M kf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg
nIdLgfy zdf{, rnlrqsnf, sf7df8f}+ M n]vs :jod\

kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo

43
kf7\of+z sf]8 M %^) kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf M #
;]d]:6/ M bf];|f] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
v08sfJo l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf ;fy} cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf/sf
k|d'v v08sfJosf] ljj]rgf Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 v08sfJo / nfdf] sljtfsf] kl/ro, v08sfJosf tŒj / k|sf/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]
 g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf;k|lqmof, ljleGg wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf k|d'v k|ltef, ltgsf v08sfJos[lt / k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL k|d'v v08sfJosf/ / ltgsf lgwf{l/tv08sfJosf] cf:jbg, ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nofª\sg
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ;}4flGts
:j¿k
 v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ljwfut :j¿k
klxNofpg, !=! v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] ljwfut :j¿k M
sljtf ljwfsf] demf}nf ¿k
 ;+:s[t v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k lg¿k0f ug{, !=@ ;+:s[t sfJozf:qLo lrGtgsf ;Gbe{df
v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
 klZrdL sljtf juL{s/0f / v08sfJo ;d¿kL
!=# klZrdL sljtf juL{s/0f / v08sfJo
sfJok|sf/sf] kl/ro lbg,
;d¿kL sfJok|sf/x¿
 g]kfnL sljtf l;4fGtsf ;Gbe{df v08sfJosf] !=$ g]kfnL sljtf l;4fGtsf ;Gbe{df
;}4flGts :j¿ksf] klxrfg ug{, v08sfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k -;Gbe{ M
g]kfnL sljtf efu–$_
 v08sfJo ÷nfdf] sljtfsf tŒjx¿sf] kl/ro
!=% v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf tŒjx¿
lbg,
 v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] 9fFrfut juL{s/0f ug{, !=^ v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf] 9fFrfut juL{s/0f
-;Gbe{ M g]kfnL sljtf efu–$_

44
 PsfO b'O{ M cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf]
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf] sljtfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g k|lqmofaf/] rrf{ ug{, @=! cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJosf] k[i7e"ld / k|jQ{g
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷ nfdf] sljtfsf] ljsf;
k|lqmof

k|lqmofsf r/0f, wf/f, k|j[lQsf] kl/ro lbg, @=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf] sljtfsf]
ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v r/0f / ltgsf wf/f
tyf k|j[lQ
PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo÷nfdf]
sljtfsf k|d'v ;|i6f / ltgsf lgwf{l/t s[lt
 n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
7Dofpg, #=! v08sfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofn /
…Ct'ljrf/Úv08sfJo
 ljwfug tŒjsf cfwf/df…Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf]
 n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] v08sfJo ofqf /
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{, k|j[lQ,
 …Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof  …Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ug{, ljZn]if0f
…Ct'ljrf/Ú sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJo ofqf, k|j[lQ
-j;Gt, jiff{ / z/b\ ljrf/_
atfpg,
#=@ v08sfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / …d'gfdbgÚ
 ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…d'gfdbgÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{,  nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJo ofqf /
 d'gfdbg v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, k|j[lQ
 …d'gfdbgÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
 l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQsf] rrf{
…d'gfdbgÚsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=# v08sfJosf/ l;l4r/0f >]i7 / pj{zL
 ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…pj{zLÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{,
l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
 pj{zL v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,
…pj{zLÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
 dfwj l3ld/]sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQsf] rrf{
…pj{zL… v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ug{,
#=$ v08sfJosf/ dfwj l3ld/] / /fh]Zj/L
 ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df …/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJosf] v08sfJo
ljZn]if0f ug{,  dfwj l3ld/]sf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
 …/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof  …/fh]Zj/LÚv08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
ug{, …/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJodf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] nfdf] sljtf ofqf / k|j[lQsf]
#=% nfdf] sljtfsf/ df]xg sf]O/fnf / …uª\ufk|jf;Ú
rrf{ ug{,
nfdf] sljtf
 ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf]
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] nfdf] sljtf ofqf /

45
 ljZn]if0f ug{, k|j[lQ
 …uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6 cg'R5]bsf] af]w  …uª\ufk|jf;Únfdf] sljtfsf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
/ cEof; ug{,
uª\ufk|jf;sf ljlzi6 cg'R5]bsf] af]w /
 jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] v08sfJo ofqf, k|j[lQsf] rrf{
cEof;
ug{,
#=^ v08sfJosf/ jf;'b]j lqkf7L /
 ljwfug tŒjsfcfwf/df…/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ …/fhs'df/Ljf;jbQfÚ v08sfJo
v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{,  jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] v08sfJo ofqf / k|j[lQ
 …/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]  …/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚv08sfJosf]
JofVof ug{ . ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…/fhs'df/L jf;jbQfÚ v08sfJosf klxnf],
rf}yf] / ;ftf}F ;u{sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

$= kf7\ok':ts
dfwj l3ld/], /fh]Zj/L, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, uª\ufk|jf;-gbL lsgf/fsf dfemLdf ;Ílnt_, sf7df8f}+
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, d'gfdbg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, Ct'ljrf/, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, /fhs'df/L jf;jbQf-tLg yF'ufdf ;Ílnt_, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
l;l4r/0f >]i7, pj{zL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
%= ;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, slj sf]O/fnf / pgsf] uª\ufk|jf;, sf7df8f}F M ;/:jtL k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, sljtfsf] ;+/rgfTds ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
efg'eQm kf]v/]n, dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo, lj/f6gu/ M Zofd k':ts e08f/
dxfb]j cj:yL, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
————, cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo / dxfsfJosf] ljdz{, sf7df8f}F M OG6]n]SRo'cNh a's Kofn];
/fddl0f l/;fn, g]kfnL sfJo / slj, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vk|;fb lg/f}nf, /fi6«sljl3ld/]sf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M ;g/fOh klAns];g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kfljs]
————, l;+xfjnf]sg, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
z}n]Gb'k|sfz g]kfn, /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/], sf7df8f}F M u08sL ;fdflhs u'7L

46
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^! kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z syfsf]
l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf/ / ltgsf syfsf] s[ltut
cWoog Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M
 syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg]
 g]kfnL syfsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; k|lqmof / o;sf k|d'v wf/f tyf k|j[lQsf] hfgsf/Llbg]
 k|d'v cfw'lgs syfsf/x¿sf] k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
 lgwf{l/t syfs[ltx¿sf] cf:jfbg, JofVof ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]
 ljsf; ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 syfsf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiffaf/] PsfO Ps M syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k / cfw'lgs g]kfnL
kl/ro lbg, syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
!=! syfsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
 syfsf] ljwfut tŒj;DaGwL 1fg
k|fKt ug{,  syfsf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
 syfsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ tyf  syfsf ljwfut tŒj
d"ne"t k|sf/x¿ k|:t't ug{,  syfsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/x¿ tyf d"ne"t k|sf/
 ;flxTosf cGo ljwf;Fu syf ljwfsf] -;flxTosf cGo ljwf -pkGof;, lgaGw, cfTdsyf,
;DaGw atfpg, hLjgL, n3'gf6s / v08sfJo_ ;Fu syfsf] ;DaGw
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] k|jt{g /
!=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|lqmof;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] o'uLg  cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] k|jt{g k|lqmof
k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ljsf;  cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld / ljsf;
k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿sf] ljefhg ug{, k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿sf] ljefhg
 r/0fut k|d'v wf/f / k|j[lQx¿sf]  cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf r/0fut k|d'v wf/f /
lg¿k0f ug{, k|j[lQx¿

47
 syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnLsf syfwf/f PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnL, ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, sf]O/fnf, ejfgL leIf' / uf]ljGb axfb'/ dNn uf]7fn]sf
syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
 d}gfnLsf lglb{i6 syfsf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f/ ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof @=! syfsf/ u'?k|;fb d}gfnL / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfs[ltsf]
ug{, ljZn]if0f / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
 d}gfnLsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 syfsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb s]fO/fnfsf  d}gfnLsf …gf;f]Ú / …k/fnsf] cfuf]Úsyfsf]
syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…gf;f]Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

@=@ syfsf/ ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf / pgsf lgwf{l/t

syfs[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
 sf]O/fnfsf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf]
 sf]O/fnfsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  sf]O/fnfsf …bf]ifL r:dfÚ, …dw];lt/Ú…kljqfÚ
…Zj]te}/jLÚ syfsf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…Zj]te}/JfLÚ syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

@=# syfsf/ ejfgL leIf' / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfx¿sf]

 syfsf/ ejfgL leIf'sf syfwf/f / ljZn]if0f
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 leIf'sf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 leIf'sf …6fOlki6Ú …d]/f] ;fg' ;fyLÚ / …dfph+u
afa' ;fx]asf] sf]6Ú, …O{Zj/, v'bf, u8sf sfgÚ
syfsf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
 leIf'sf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf] ljwftflŒjs
…6fOlki6Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof ug{, @=$ syfsf/ uf]ljGb axfb'/ dNn uf]7fn] / pgsf lgwf{l/t
syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
 syfsf/ uf]ljGb uf]7fn]sf syfwf/f /
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,  uf]7fn]sf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 uf]7fn]sf] …efF8f]Ú …k|]d / d[To'Ú …lgb|f cfPgÚ
/…d h'h'dfgÚ syfsf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
 uf]7fn]sf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf] …efF8f]Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,

PsfO tLg M syfsf/ /d]z ljsn, OGb| axfb'/ /fO{, kfl/hft

 syfsf/ /d]z ljsnsf syfwf/f / / dg' a|fhfsLsf syfsf] ljZn]if0f /ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
#=!syfsf/ /d]z ljsn / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfs[ltsf]
ljZn]if0f
 ljsnsf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf]
ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6  ljsnsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  ljsnsf] …km'6kfy ldlg:6;{Ú, …nfx'/L
e}+;LÚ…Pp6f a'9f] EjfOlngÚ M…cfzfj/Lsf] w'gdfÚ
48
 / …zj ;flns / ;x;| a'4Ú syfsf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
 syfsf/ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{sf syfwf/f /
…km'6ky ldlgi6;{Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
JofVof
#=@ syfsf/ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfs[ltsf]
 /fO{sf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
 /fO{sf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
JofVof ug{,
 /fO{sf …ANofs cfp6, sfh' abfd / 5f]/fÚ,
 syfsf/ kfl/hftsf syfwf/f / …s7k'tnLsf] dgÚ, …vL/Ú / …hodfof
k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{, cfkm" dfq lnvfkfgL cfOk'uLÚ syfsf] ljwftflŒjs
 kfl/hftsf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
…sf7k'tnLsf] dgÚ syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, #=# syfsf/ kfl/hft / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfs[ltsf]
ljZn]if0f
 syfsf/ dg' a|fhfsLsf syfwf/f /
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,  kfl/hftsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 kfl/hftsf …d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f]Ú …;fNuLsf]
 a|fhfsLsf lglb{i6 syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
anfTs[t cfF;Ú', …gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0fÚ syfsf],
ug{ / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{, ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0fÚ syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof
#=$ syfsf/ dg' a|fhfsL / pgsf lgwf{l/t syfsf]
ljZn]if0f
 j|fhfsLsf syfwf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 a|fhfsLsf …PsfGtÚ / …e'G6Lsf] eljioÚ
tyf…kf/bzL{ dfG5]Úsyfsf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
…kf/bbzL{ dfG5]Ú syfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

$= kf7\ok':ts
bof/fd >]i7 -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL syf efu $, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn, ‰ofnaf6-e"ldsf dfq_,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
=================, cfVofgsf] pb\ej,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
Pd= Pd= Unf]g Snfs{, P Dofg'Pn ckm\ b ;6{ :6f]/L
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, dgf]ljZn]if0f / ;flxTo,sf7df8f}F McS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn k|f= ln=
=================, syf l;4fGt,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, syfsf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q,sf7df8f}F M pld{nf kf}8]n
3gZofd g]kfn, cfVofgsf s'/f,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
49
bof/fd >]i7,clegj syfzf:q,sf7df8f}F Mkfn'jf k|sfzg
=================, g]kfnL syf / syfsf/,sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
g]q P6d, g]kfnL 8fo:kf]/f / cGo ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
k;L{, No'as, b qmfˆ6 ckm lkmS;g, nG8g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, g]kfnL syfjnf]sg,bflh{lnª M bLkf k|sfzg
dh{/L a'N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm\ k|f]h,lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;/
d'/f/Lk|;fb /]UdL, dgf]j}1flgs ;dfnf]rgf, -syfv08_sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg/fh zdf{, syfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
nId0f uf}td / 1fg' clwsf/L, g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f -;+a4 c+z dfq_,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
xl/k|;fb k/fh'nL, syfsf] l;4fGt / ljj]rg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
x]dgfy kf}8]n / hut\k|;fb pkfWofo -;Dkf=_, /d]z ljsn M laDa Ps k|ltlaDa cg]s,sf7df8f}F M /d]z
ljsn ;flxTo k|lti7fg

50
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^@ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts tyf k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z dxfsfJosf] l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnL
dxfsfJosf/ / ltgsf dxfsfJosf] s[ltut cWoog Pjd\ tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 k"jL{o kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df dxfsfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg]
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmof, ljleGg wf/f Pj+ ltgsf k|j[lQx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg]
 ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df cfw'lgs g]kfnL / dxfsfJosf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug]{ ;dfnf]rgfTds
;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps M dxfsfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k / cfw'lgs g]kfnL

dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lj|mof
 dxfsfJosf] ljwfut :j¿ksf] klxrfg u/L
kl/efiff lbg, !=! dxfsfJosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
 dxfsfJosf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
 dxfsfJosf tŒjut 1fg k|fKt u/L ltgsf]  dxfsfJosf tŒj / k|sf/x¿
k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ug{, -ljs;gzLn / nlnt dxfsfJo,
cNkdxfsfJo÷ Sjf;L Plks, lj8Das
dxfsfJo÷df]s Plks / k|of]ujfbL bL3{t/
 ;flxTosf cGo ljwf;Fu dxfsfJosf] ;DaGw sljtf÷ nª\u/ kf]Od ;d]t_
atfpg, ;flxTosf cGo ljwf -v08sfJo, gf6s /
pkGof;_ ;Fu dxfsfJosf] ;DaGw
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] k[i7e"ld / k|jt{g !=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lj|mof
k|lqmof ;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|d'v r/0f / ltgsf wf/f tyf k|j[lQsf]
k|d'v r/0f / ltgsf wf/fut k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
lg¿k0f ug{,

51
 PsfO b'O{ M dxfsfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f,
;f]dgfy l;UBfn / n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf dxfsfJo
 dxfsfJosf/ nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo
ofqf, wf/f, k|j[lQ / lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f/
ofqf, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof
@=! dxfsfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f /
 …zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf lglb{i6 ;u{sf ljlzi6 …zfs'Gtn’ dxfsfJo
kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo ofqf, wf/f
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 …zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
 dxfsfJosf/ ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf dxfsfJo ljZn]if0f
ofqf, wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, …zfs'GtnÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof -;u{ !–( dfq_
@=@dxfsfJosf/ ;f]dgfy l;UBfn / cfbz{ /f3j
 …cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] dxfsfJo
JofVof ug{,  ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf dxfsfJo ofqf, wf/f,
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
 gJosfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf dxfsfJo wf/f ljZn]if0f
/ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, …cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
JofVof -!–* / !$ ;u{ dfq_

@=# gJosfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofn / …t?0f

 …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f tk;LÚ gJosfJo
ug{,  gJosfJosf/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf wf/f /
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
…t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJodf dxfsfJofTdstf
 …t?0f tk;LÚ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof ug{,  …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
…t?0f tk;LÚ sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

 dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;dsf dxfsfJo wf/f / PsfO tLg M dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;d / hubLz
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, zdz]/ /f0ffsf dxfsfJo wf/f, k|j[lQ / lgwf{l/t
s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f / ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] af]w
 …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
ug{, #=! dxfsfJosf/ afns[i0f ;d / …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú
dxfsfJo
 …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] af]w  afns[i0f ;dsf dxfsfJo wf/f / k|j[lQsf]
ug{, ljZn]if0f
 dxfsfJosf/ hubLz zdz]/ /f0ffsf] dxfsfJo  …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f
wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
…lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]

52
 af]w

 …g/l;+x cjtf/Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs

#=@dxfsfJosf/ hubLz zdz]/ /f0ff / …g/l;+x
ljZn]if0f ug{, cjtf/Ú dxfsfJo
 hubLz zdz]/ /f0ffsf] dxfsfJo wf/f /
k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 …g/l;+x cjtf/Ú dxfsfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]
 …g/l;+x cjtf/Ú dxfsfJosf] ljwftflŒjs
af]w ug{ . ljZn]if0f
…g/l;+x cjtf/Ú sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] af]w

$= kf7\o k':ts
hubLz zdz]/ /f0ff, g/l;+x cjtf/, lbNnL M>LdtL e'jg /f0ff
afns[i0f ;d, lr;f] r"Xnf]], sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, g]kfnL zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, t?0ftk;L, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
;f]dgfy zdf{, cfbz{ /f3j,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
pQd s'Fj/, ;|i6f / ;flxTo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s'df/ axfb'/ hf]zL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f / pgsf dxfsfJo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
================b]jsf]6fsf sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ljj]rgf,sf7df8f}F M l;4fy{ jg:ynL, k|fl1s kl/ifb\
s]zj l3ld/], t?0ftk;Lsf] k'gd"{NofÍg,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
s[i0f uf}td, kfZrfTo dxfsfJo, sf7df8f}F Me'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
================,b]jsf]6fsf k|aGw sfJo, sf7df8f}F
s[i0f/fh clwsf/L, dxfsfJo l;4fGt / b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo,kf]v/f M u08sL ;flxTo ;+ud
r"8fgfy e§/fo, t?0f tk;L dLdf+;f, sf7df8f}F MhubDaf k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fk|;fb hf]zL, cfbz{ /f3jsf] zf:qLo ljj]rgf,sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
g/xl/ cfrfo{, ;f]dgfy zdf{ l;UBfn / pgsf] dxfsfJo;fwgf, sf7df8f}F M;f]dgfy ztjflif{sL ;ldlt
g/]Gb| rfkfufO{+ / blw/fh ;'j]bL -;Dkf=_ sfJo ;dfnf]rgf, lj/f6gu/ M k"jf{~rn ;flxTo k|lti7fg
g]qk|;fb Gof}kfg], b]jsf]6fsf sfJos[ltdf dfgjtfjfb, afuahf/ M cflzif a's xfp;
dxfb]j cj:yL, cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo / v08sfJosf] ljdz{, sf7df8f}F MOG6]n]SRo'cNh a's Kofn];
53
 /fddl0f l/;fn, g]kfnL sfJo / slj,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L ;d]t, g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
================ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf]sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg,sf7df8f}F M lq =lj= kf= lj= s]=
================ l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
;f]dgfy l;UBfn, ;flxTo k|bLk,sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
xl//fh e§/fO{, g/l;+x cjtf/ M Ps ;dLIff,sf7df8f}F M c;Ld ;f}/e

kf7\of+z zLif{s M ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vg

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^# kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M#
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGt, k|d'v dfGotf, k4lt / k/Dk/fsf] 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;
n]vg / tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgsf ;|f]t / cfwf/x¿sf] 1fg lbg]
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;;Da4 sfnljefhg / k|d'v sfnv08 lgwf{/0fsf ;DefJo cfwf/x¿
;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]
 Oltxf; bz{gsf k[i7e"lddf ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGtsf k|d'v dfGotf -kf}/:To tyf kfZrfTo_ /
k4ltsf] kl/ro lbg]
 ;flxTo]ltxf;sf] k/Dk/f;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 ;flxTo]ltxf;sf] cy{ / :j¿k ;DaGwL PsfO Ps M Oltxf; bz{g
k"jL{o dfGotf;Fu kl/lrt x'g, !=! Oltxf;sf] cy{ / :j¿k ;DaGwL k"jL{o dfGotf -
 ;flxTo]ltxf;sf] kfZrfTo lrGtg tyf dxfef/t / k'/f0fsf Oltxf; ;DaGwL wf/0ff_
;Dk|bfo / k4ltsf] j0f{g ug{, !=@ Oltxf; ;DaGwL kfZrfTo lrGtg tyf ljleGg

54
 Oltxf;sf cv08 / v08¿k Pjd\ ;Dk|bfo / k4lt -lx/f]bf]t;, sfG6, ljsf], xa{6{
Oltxf;sf kIfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, :k]G;/, 8fla{g, x]u]n, dfS;{, qmf]r], lgT;], 6f]ogaL,
kmfpsN6, kls{g_Ù gj Oltxf;k/s ljåQf / gj
Oltxf;jfb_
!=# Oltxf;sf cv08 / v08¿k, Oltxf;sf kIfx¿ -
;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, j}rfl/s, bfz{lgs, cfly{s,
wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts, snfTds, ;flxlTos, j}1flgs,
k|fljlws_

 ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgsf k|d'v kfZrfTo PsfO b'O{ M ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgsf dfGotf tyf k4lt
dfGotf, k4lt / k|fof]lus ¿ksf] kl/ro
@=! ;flxTo]ltxf; l;4fGtsf k|d'v kfZrfTo dfGotf,
lbg,
k4lt / k|fof]lus ¿kM kfZrfTo Oltxf;k/s /
 Oltxf;jfb / To;sf] k|efjsf ;Gbe{df Oltxf;lg/k]If ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;dfnf]rgfljlw
x]u]nsf] o'ur]tgf ;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt tyf ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgdf ltgsf] k|efj
ug{,

@=@ Oltxf;jfb / To;sf] k|efjsf ;Gbe{df x]u]nsf]

o'ur]tgf
 :n]u]nsf ;Dk"0f{tf / cfª\lustfsf
l;4fGtsf] kl/ro lbg,

@=# :n]u]nsf ;Dk"0f{tf / cflËstfsf l;4fGt

 k|fs[lts lj1fg / ;fdflhs zf:q;Fu
;flxTo]ltxf;sf] ;DaGw atfpg,
@=$ k|fs[lts lj1fg / ;fdflhs zf:q;Fu
 hLjlj1fgjfbL dfGotf / hLjgLk/stf ;flxTo]ltxf;sf] ;DaGw, ;+:yfkgf / o'/f]k]nL
;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug{, k|of]ux¿
@=% ;fOdG8 / ;]G6Jo'esf hLjlj1fgjfbL dfGotf /
 6]gsf hflt, If0f / o'u:kGbgsf
hLjgLk/stf
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbg,
 dfYo" cgf{]N8, O8dG8 / Sofhfldofsf
;flxTo]ltxf;sf cjwf/0ff atfpg, @=^ 6]gsf hflt, If0f / o'u:kGbgsf dfGotf
 alx/ª\u / cGt/ª\u cWoog k4ltsf]
kl/ro lbO{ ltgsf zlQm / ;Ldf
klxNofpg, @=& DofYo" cgf]{N8, O8dG8 / Sofhfldofsf
;flxTo]ltxf;sf cjwf/0ff, alx/Ë / cGt/Ë
cWoog k4lt / ltgsf zlQm tyf ;Ldf

PsfO tLg M ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vgsf dfS;{jfbL,

 ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vg;DaGwL dfS;{jfbL ;+/rgfjfbL / pQ/;+/rgfjfbL dfGotf
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbg, #=! ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vg;DaGwL dfS;{jfbL dfGotf
#=@ cfw'lgstfjfb, gj;dfnf]rgf / ?;L ¿kjfbsf

55
 lglb{i6 ;flxlTos dfGotf ;DaGwL 1fg Oltxf; lg/k]If ;flxTodfGotf
k|fKt ug{, #=# r]s ;+/rgfjfbsf s[ltk/s, ;|i6fk/s /
 r]s ;+/rgfjfbsf s[ltk/s, ;|+i6fk/s / ;flxTo]ltxf;k/s ;dli6 ;dfnf]rgfsf dfGotf
;flxTo]ltxf;k/s ;dli6 ;dfnf]rgfsf
dfGotfsf] kl/ro lbg, #=$ k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb / pQ/;+/rgfjfb
-lj;+/rgfjfb_ tyf pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL
;flxTo]ltxf; ;DaGwL dfGotf
 k|mfG;]nL ;+/rgfjfb / cfw'lgstfjfbsf #=% gjOltxf;jfb / Oltxf; n]vgwf/fsf pknlAw
;flxTo]ltxf; ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] rrf{
ug{,
 gjOltxf;jfb / Oltxf; n]vg wf/fsf
pknlAwsf] rrf{ ug{,

 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; ;DaGwL g]kfn, PsfO rf/ M g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgsf ;|f]t /
g]kfnL hflt, g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+:s[lt, cfwf/
efiff / nf]s;flxTosf] ;Gbe{ / ljZj $=! g]kfnL ;flxTo Oltxf; ;DaGwL ljljw ;fGble{s
;flxToaf6 k|fKt k|]/0ff / ;Gbe{ kIfx¿ -g]kfn, g]kfnL hflt / ;dfh tyf
;+:s[lt, g]kfnL efiff / nf]s;flxTosf] ;Gbe{_
klxNofpg,
 P]ltxfl;s, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o,
;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts,
 g]kfnL ;flxTo]ltxf;;Fu ;Da4 cleofg, ;d"x dgf]j}1flgs, j}rfl/s, bfz{lgs, j}1flgs÷
k|fljlws kIfx¿ / ljZj;flxToaf6 k|fKt
cfGbf]ng, jfb, cfwf/e"t ;+:yf Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o k]|/0ff / k|efjsf ;Gbe{x¿
;flxlTos ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfk, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, k|sfzg
$=@ g]kfnL ;flxTo]ltxf;;Fu ;Da4 cleofg, cfGbf]ng
/ jfbx¿ -k|fl1s, z}lIfs / hg:t/sf cfwf/e"t
;+:yf / ltgsf ;flxTo;DaGwL d"ne"t
;+:yf Pjd\ klqsfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lqmofsnfkx¿, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;~rf/–k|0ffnL /
k|fKt ug{, ljljw kf7\o, >Job[Zo ;~rf/dfWod, k|d'v
;flxlTos k|sfzg;+:yf / klqsfx¿_

56
 PsfO kfFr M g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M sfnljefhg /
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf Oltxf;;DaGwL k|d'v k|d'v sfnv08 lgwf{/0fsf ;DefJo cfwf/
u|Gy, ltgsf :j¿k, ljz]iftf Pjd\ %=! g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M cb\ofjlws k|d'v u|Gy
pknlAw tyf ;Ldf klxNofpg, / ltgsf :j¿k, ljz]iftf Pj+ pknlAw tyf ;Ldf

 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfnljefhgsf ljifodf %=@ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg M k|d'v dt tyf
p7]sf dt, cfwf/, b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ d'Vo ltgsf cfwf/ / b[li6sf]0f Pj+ d'Vo :yfkgf /
:yfkgf / ltgsf zlQm / ;Ldf k|:t't ltgsf zlQm Pj+ ;Ldf
ug{,
%=# g]kfnL ;flxTosf sfnljefhgsf ;DefJo cfwf/ M
k|d'v sfnv08 -o'u÷pko'u_sf] lgwf{/0f,
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf sfnljefhgsf cfw'lgstfjfb / To;sf] g]kfnL ;Gbe{
;DefJo cfwf/x¿ klxNofO{ ltgsf] %=$ g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|To]s o'usf alx/Ë–cGt/Ë
pkof]u ug{, k[i7e"ld / ;dofjlw, k|d'v wf/f / pkwf/fsf
k|ltef, s[lt / k|j[lQ
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg o'usf alx/Ë–
cGt/Ë k[i7e"ld, ;dofjlw, k|d'v wf/f /
pkwf/fsf k|ltef, s[lt / k|j[lQsf]
lgSof]{n ug{ .

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s'df/ k|wfg, P lx:6«L ckm g]kfnL ln6/]r/, lbNnL M ;flxTo csfbdL,
s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, kGw|tf/f / g]kfnL ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
36/fh e§/fO{, k|lte} k|ltef / g]kfnL ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; l8l:6«Ao'6;{ k|f=ln=
3gZofd g]kfn, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/rofTds Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
7fs'/ k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/qmdf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
tf/fgfy zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F M gjLg k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, k|f/lDes sfnsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo M Oltxf; / k/Dk/f, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
=====================,;flxTo]ltxf;sf] l;4fGt Mk/Dk/f / k|of]u, sf7df8f}F M kfn'jf k|sfzg
bLgfgfy z/0f, g]kfnL ;flxTosf Oltxf;, k6gf M ljxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
gjLg ljnf]rg zdf{, ;flxTosf Oltxf; bz{g,ljxf/ M /fi6«efiff kl/ifb\
k|mfGs n]lG6«lrof PG8 yf]d; Dofsnf8lng -;Dkf=_ lqml6sn 6D;{ km/ ln6/]/L :68L
afns[i0f kf]v/]n, kfFr ;o jif{, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
afnrGb| zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]=/f=k|=k|=
57
 afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg M P]ltxfl;s ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn
k|sfzg k|f= ln=
dfOs]n u|f]8]g PG8 dfl6{g ls|;jy{ -;Dkf=_, b hf]xG; xlKsG; ufO8 6' ln6/]/L Yof]/L PG8 lqml6l;Hd,aflN6df]/ M b
hf]xG; xlKsG; o'lgl;{6L k|];
/dg ;]lN8ª / lk6/ lj8f]A;g, P l/8;{ ufO8 6' sG6]Dkf]//L ln6/]r/ Yof]/L, M b o'lgel;{6L k|]; ckm s]G6'sL
o1/fh ;Tofn, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] e"ldsf, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kfljs]
==================,…cfw'lgstfÚ,k|1f, cª\s $, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|=
z/b\rGb| zdf{ e§/fO{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; M dfWoldssfn, sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
zflGt/fh zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf] ¿k/]vf, l;lnu'8L M g]kfnL ;flxTo k|rf/ ;ldlt
lzj k|wfg, g]kfnL ;flxTo M s]xL uf]/]6f] s]xL uN5]8f], l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg
;'s'd zdf{, g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf cfGbf]ng, sf7df8f}F M Ps]8]dL a's ;]G6/

kf7\of+z zLif{s M eflifs cWoog k/Dk/f

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^$ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z eflifs
lrGtgsf k|frLg k/Dk/fsf ;fy} cfw'lgs j0f{gfTds efifflj1fgsf k|d'v ;Dk|bfosf] cWoogdf s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg lnlvt 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\M

 eflifs lrGtgsf] k"jL{o k/Dk/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{

58
  o'/f]k]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
 cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lj|mof / efiff;DaGwL k|d'v dfGotfaf6 kl/lrt x'g
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
o++
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
PsfO Ps M eflifs lrGtgsf] k"jL{o k/Dk/f
!=!j}lbs eflifs lrGtg
 j]b, a|fXd0f / pklgifb\df ePsf] efiff ;DaGwL
lrGtgsf] 1fg cfh{g ug{,  j]b, a|fXd0f / pklgifb\df efiff ;DaGwL rrf{
 lg306' / lg?Qm u|Gysf] efiffj}1flgs ljj]rgf ug{,  lg306' / of:ssf] lg?Qm u|Gysf] efiffj}1flgs
ljj]rgf
 lzIff u|Gyx¿df k|ltkflbt j0ff]{Rrf/0f k|lqmof  lzIff u|Gyx¿df k|ltkflbt j0ff]{Rrf/0f k|lqmof
klxrfg ug{,  k"j{kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/f
 k"j{kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
!=@ kfl0fgLo eflifs lrGtg
 kfl0flg / pgsf Jofs/0f u|Gyaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt  Jofs/0fsf/ kfl0flg / pgsf Jofs/0f u|Gy
ug{,  kfl0flgsf] Jofs/0fdf ;"qz}nL, k|Tofxf/ Joj:yf
 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] ;"qz}nL, k|Tofxf/ Joj:yf /
/ ;+1fs/0f
 kfl0flgsf] Jofs/0fdf clwsf/ / cGt/fnDag
;+1fs/0f klxrfg ug{, ;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿
 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdf clwsf/ /  kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdf j0f{ Joj:yf, ;lGw k|lqmof,
cGt/fnDag;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt kb/rgf / sf/s k|lqmof
 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/fdf sfTofog /
ug{,
kt~hlnsf] of]ubfg
 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf j0f{Joj:yf, ;lGwk|lqmof,  kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf 6Lsf, j[lQ / sf}d'bL
kb/rgf / sf/sk|lqmofaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, k/Dk/f
 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/fdf sfTofog / !=# pQ/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f lrGtg
kt~hlnsf] of]ubfg 7Dofpg, df}lns Jofs/0f u|Gy k/Dk/f

 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf 6Lsf, j[lQ / sf}d'bL  et[{xl/sf] Jofs/0fdf kb tyf jfSo ;DaGwL
k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, dfGotf
 pQ/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/faf/] hfgsf/L lng,  k|fs[t / cke|+z Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; k|lqmof
 et[{xl/sf kb tyf jfSo;DaGwL dfGotfaf/]  x]drGb|sf] zAbfg'zf;gdf j0f{ kl/jt{g;DaGwL
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, Joj:yf
 k|fs[t / cke|+z Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; k|lqmofaf/] !=$k"jL{o cy{ lrGtg
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 x]drGb|sf] zAbfg'zf;gdf j0f{ kl/jt{g;DaGwL  zAbfy{;DaGwL :kmf]6jfbL / ckf]xjfbL dfGotf
Joj:yf klxrfg ug{,  jfSofy{;DaGwL clelxtfGjojfbL tyf
 zAbfy{;DaGwL :kmf]6jfbL / ckf]xjfbL dfGotfaf/] clGjtflewfgjfbL dfGotf
kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
 jfSofy{;DaGwL clelxtfGjojfbL tyf
clGjtflewfgjfbL dfGotfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,

59
  lu|;]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v PsfO b'O{ M o'/f]k]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s
pknlAwsf] klxrfg ug{, efifflj1fg
 /f]d]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v @=! lu|;]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v
pknlAwx¿af/]]kl/ro k|fKt ug{, pknlAw
 kf]6{ /f]on Jofs/0f / To;kl5sf cGo Jofs/0f @=@ /f]d]nL eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f / o;sf k|d'v
k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{, pknlAw
 P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf efiff;DaGwL dfGotfaf/]
@=# kf]6{ /f]on Jofs/0f / To;kl5sf cGo Jofs/0f
kl/ro k|fKt ug{,
k/Dk/fdf Nofl6g Jofs/0fsf] k|efj
 P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] k|jt{g, ljsf; k|lqmofaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, @=$ P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf efiff;DaGwL dfGotf
 P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf k|d'v dfGotf / pknlAw  P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] k|jt{g, ljsf;
7Dofpg, k|lqmof / k|d'v cWo]tf
 gJoj}ofs/0fx¿sf] eflifs lrGtgdf ljsf;jfb /  P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf k|d'v dfGotf /
Oltxf;jfbsf] k|efj klxNofpg, pknlAw
 gJo j}ofs/0fx¿sf] eflifs lrGtgdf
ljsf;jfb / Oltxf;jfbsf] k|efj
 /f]d]nL tyf cd]l/sfnL ;+/rgfjfbsf] ljsf; / PsfO tLg M cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; k|lj|mof
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf klxNofpg, #=! o'/f]k]nL tyf cd]l/sfnL ;+/rgfjfbsf] ljsf; /
 ¿kfy{k/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf
dfGotf 7Dofpg, #=@ ¿kfy{k/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
 Joj:yfk/s / k|sfo{k/s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; / dfGotf
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfaf/] kl/ro lbg, #=# Joj:yfks / k|sfo{k/s efifflj1fgsf] ljsf; /
 ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf
dfGotfsf] klxrfg ug{,
#=% ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
 sf/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
dfGotfaf/] kl/ro lbg . dfGotf
#=% sf/s Jofs/0fsf] ljsf; / o;sf cfwf/e"t
dfGotf
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
Pd\=P= s]= xfln8], Sof6]uf]l/h ckm lb lyo/L ckm\ u|fd/ j8{ !(^!
s]=Pn\= kfOs, Nofª\Uj]h Og l/n];g 6' o'lgkmfO8 lyo/L ckm b :6«Sr/ ckm\ x\odg ljxfljo/, d'6f], lb x]u
r"8fdl0f aGw', efifflj1fgsf ;Dk|bfo,sf7df8f}F M cIf/ ;bg
rfN;{ h] lkmNdf]/, …s]; km/ s];Ú, jf; / xfD;{sf]o'lge;{N; ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; lyo/Ldf ;ª\slnt
h]ln+u x\ofl/;, d]y8\;\ Og :6«Sr/n lnª\lUjl:6S;, o'lgel;{6L ckm l;sfuf] k|];
6+s Gof}kfg] / bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg], k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/f,sf7df8f}F M sGsfO k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb uf}td, lkmNdf]/sf] sf/s Jofs/0f / g]kfnL efiffsf sf/sx¿, sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
———, dfgs l;4fGt, lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt / g]kfnL jfSo Joj:yf,sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
————, g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f,sf7df8f}F M lr/~hLjL l3ld/]
————, g]kfnLdf kbfjnL Joj:yf, -ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw_ dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q,

60
 ;+sfo, lq=lj= sLlt{k'/ .
gu]Gb| -;Dkf=_ efiffzf:q s] ;"qwf/, lbNnL M g]zgn klAnl;ª xfp;
gf]d rD:sL, cf:k]S6«; ckm b lyo/L ckm\ l;G6\ofS;, Pd\=cfO{= 6L=
————————, l;G6\ofl6S; :6«Sr;{, d'6f], lb x]u
e/te"if0f rf}w/L, ;+/rgfTds efifflj1fg,Go" lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
ef]nfgfy ltjf/L, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg,lbNnL M lnlk k|sfzg
df]xgk|;fb ltldlN;gf, eflifs sfnsf] ljZn]if0f,sf7df8f}F M/Ltf ltdlN;gf,
ljBflgjf; ld>;d]t -;Dkf=_ ef/tLo efiffzf:qLo lrGtg, hok'/M /fh:yfg lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL
x]dfË/fh clwsf/L, g]kfnL sf/s Jofs/0f,sf7df8f}F M g]=/f= k|= k|=

kf7\of+z zLif{s M gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;d / pgsf gf6\os[lt

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^% kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M$*
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf hLjgL, JolQmTj, gf6\oofqf / gf6\owf/f,gf6\ok|j[lQ / pknlAwx¿sf]
;du| ;3g cWoog / tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

61
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
 afns[i0f ;dsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / ;du| s[ltTjsf larsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
 afns[i0f ;dsf gf6\os[ltsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn] cfw'lgs
g]kfnL gf6ssf If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf] gf6\oofqf / ltgsf r/0f–pkr/0f, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{
 afns[i0f ;dsf b'MvfGt / ;'vfGt tyf n3'gf6ssf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{
 g]kfnL gf6sdf afns[i0f ;dsf of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf hLjgL / PsfO Ps M afns[i0f ;dsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf]
JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf gf6\os[ltsf] juL{s/0f
cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff ug{,
 ;dsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTjsf !=! ;dsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
larsf] cGtM ;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f ug{,
!=@ ;dsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTj -gf6s / n3' gf6s
 ;dsf gf6\os[ltsf] sfnqmlds
;d]t+_ sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s
ljj/0fffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{,
;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
 ;dsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{M
k|efj;|f]t tyf pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t !=# ;dsf gf6\os[lt -gf6s / n3' gf6s ;d]t_ sf]
klxNofpg, sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf
!=$ ;dsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t tyf
k|efj;|f]t

PsfO b'O{ M afns[i0f ;dsf k|d'v b'vfGt gf6s

 ;dsf b'MvfGt gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f @=! ;dsf b'vfGt gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f
ug{,
@=@gf6\o tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;dsf
lgDglnlvt k|d'v b'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f

 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg eLd;]gsf] cGTo

sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 b'MvfGt  :jf:gLdfG5]
gf6\os[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
@=# gf6\o tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;dsf
lgDglnlvt k|d'v kl/wLo b'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf]
ljZn]if0f

 …cd/l;+xÚ / …:jf:gLdfG5]Ú gf6ssf p d/]sL 5}g

ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u  cd/l;+x
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
@=$ :jf:gLdfG5] / cd/l;+x gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]

62
 ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
 gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf ;'vfGt PsfO tLg M afns[i0f ;dsf k|d'v ;'vfGt gf6s /
gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f ug{, n3'gf6s
 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg
sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 ;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] #=! ;dsf ;'vfGt gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f
ljZn]if0f ug{, #=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
lgDglnlvt ;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg  w'j|
sf]0faf6 …gfnfkgLÚ df n3' gf6ssf]
d's'Gb OlGb/f
ljZn]if0f ug{,
 …d's'Gb OlGb/fÚ / …gfnfkfgLdfÚ #=# gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f
;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
#=$ …d's'Gb OlGb/fÚ / …gfnfkfgLdfÚ n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
 gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf ;du| PsfO rf/ M afns[i0f ;dsf] ;du| gf6\osfl/tfsf]
gf6\oofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fsf] rrf{ ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
ug{,
 ;dsf d'Vo gf6\o k|j[lQ atfpg, $=! ;dsf ;du| gf6\o ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
 g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf]
$=@ ;dsf d'Vo gf6\o k|j[lQx¿ M b'vfGt / ;'vfGt gf6\o
k|jt{g / ljsf;sf ;fy} ljljw
snfsf ;Gbe{df
k|s[ltsf gf6\or]tgfsf] pb\af]wgdf
;dsf] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, $=# g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf ljsf;sf ;fy} oyfy{jfbL, k|s[tjfbL tyf k|of]ujfbL
;dsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{, gf6\or]tgfsf] pb\af]wgdf ;dsf] of]ubfg
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL
gf6\ok/Dk/fdf ;dsf] k|efj / $=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf ;dsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f
pTk|]/0ff klxNofpg .
$=%;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf
;dsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ff

$= kf7\ok':ts
afns[i0f ;d, w|'j,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, d's'Gb OlGb/f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, p d/]sL 5}g, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, cd/l;+x, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————,eLd;]]gsf] cGTo, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
————, …gfnfkfgLÚ;dsf Psfª\sL -;Dkf= 8f= s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo / b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL_, sf7df8f}F Mg]/fk|k|
————, :jf:gLdfG5],sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
63
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn / z/b\rGb| zdf{ -;Dkf=_ afns[i0f ;d MJolQmTj / s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M afns[i0f ;d kmfpG8];g
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, -;Dkf=_ ;femf ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, ;dsf] b'MvfGt gf6\or]tgf, sf7df8f}F Mg]=/f=k|=k|=
===========================, gf6s / /Ëd~r, ?d' k|sfzg, sf7df8f}F
===========================, kfZrfTo b'vfGt gf6ssf] ;[hg k/fDk/f, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
===========================, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL, ;dsf] ;'vfGt gf6\osfl/tf, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
===========================, gf6\ol;4fGt,sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
tf/fgfy zdf{, ;d / ;dsf s[lt,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
g/]Gb| k|;fO{ / OlGb/f k|;fO{ -;Dkf=_, Pp6f cd/ k|f1, afns[i0f ;d, sf7df8f}F M ;d kmfpG8];g
afns[i0f ;d, d]/f] sljtfsf] cf/fwgf -pkf;gf !, @ / #_,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f, sf7df8f}F Mefg' k|sfzg
j|t/fh cfrfo{, cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6s, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
x[borGb|l;+x k|wfg, s]xL g]kfnL gf6s,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg

64
kf7\of+z zLif{s M dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^^ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]= cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / pgsf sljtfs[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf]
cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljtfwf/fsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sljtfofqfsf ljleGg r/0f, pkr/0f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKtug{
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v sljtfs[lt -km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo / dxfsfJo_ sf] s[ltk/s
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 nIdLk|;fb b]jjsf]6fsf, hLjgL / PsfO Ps M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL, JolQmTj /
JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s[t
;dLIff ug{, ¿k/]vf
 b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTjsf !=! b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f ug{,
 b]jsf]6fsf sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds !=@ b]jsf]6fsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTj -v08sfJo /
ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{, dxfsfJo ;d]t_ sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf]
 b]jsf]6fsf sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{ pTk|]/0ff hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
tyf k|efj ;|f]t klxNofpg, !=# b]jsf]6fsf sljtfs[lt -km'6s/ sljtf, xf:oJoª\Uo
sljtf, afnsljtf, v08sfJo / dxfsfJo_ sf]
sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf
!=$ b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t tyf
k|efj ;|f]t
 b]jsf]6fsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f PsfO b'O{ M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v km'6s/ sljtf

65
 ug{, @=! b]jsf]6fsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
 b]jsf]6fsf lglb{i6 sljtf ;ª\u|xsf] @=@ ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 b]jsf]6fsf lgDglnlvt
juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f ug{, sljtf;ª\u|xsf] juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
 …levf/LÚ / nIdL sljtf ;ª\u|xsf k|d'v
 levf/L
sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf ;k|;ª\u  nIdLsljtf;ª\u|x
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{, dgf]/~hg

levf/L sljtf;ª\u|xleqsf levf/L, ;GWof, ofqL, jg,

k|Zgf]Q/, ul/a, 3fF;L sljtf / …nIdL sljtf
;ª\u|xÚsf em~emfk|lt, kfgL, cltlyx¿, xfdL
g]kfnL, Hj/zdgf k|s[lt, kfun / r's'n sljtfsf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof

PsfO tLg M b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v v08sfJo

#=! b]jsf]6fsf v08sfJo s[ltsf] juL{s/0f
 b]jsf]6fsf v08sfJo s[ltsf] juL{s/0f #=@ v08sfJo tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
ug{, b]jsf]6fsf lgDglnlvt k|d'v v08sfJox¿sf]
 v08sfJo tŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg ljZn]if0f
sf]0faf6 b]jsf]6fsf lglb{i6 k|d'v
v08sfJox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{, s'l~hgL
;[hfdftf
 dfofljgL ;;L{
 …s'l~hgLÚ / …dfofljgL ;;L{Ú
v08sfJosf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u #=# …s'l~hgLÚ / …dfofljgL ;;L{Ú v08sfJosf ljlzi6
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{, kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof

PsfO rf/ M b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v dxfsfJo

$=! b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo s[ltsf] juL{s/0f
 b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo s[ltsf] juL{s/0f $=@ dxfsfJo tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
ug{, b]jsf]6fsf lgDglnlvt k|d'v dxfsfJox¿sf]
 dxfsfJosf tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljZn]if0f
ljleGg sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 dxfsfJox¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{, k[YjL/fh rf}xfg
 …k[YjL/fh rf}xfgÚ / …k|ldy;Ú dxfsfJosf  k|ldy;
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds
JofVof ug{, $=# …k[YjL/fh rf}xfgÚ / …k|ldy;Ú dxfsfJosf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
 b]jsf]6fsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f PsfO kfFr M b]jsf]6fsf] ;du| sljTjsf] ljZn]if0ffTds
pkr/0fx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, d"Nofª\sg
 b]jsf]6fsf d'Vo sljtf ofqfsf wf/fut
s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQx¿ klxNofpg, %=! b]jsf]6fsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f, pkr/0f /
 g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo /
66
 dxfsfJosf] ljsf; / k|jt{gdf k|j[lQx¿
b]jsf]6fsf] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,
 b]jsf]6fsf] dxfsljTj / cfw'lgs g]kfnL %=@ b]jsf]6fsf d'Vo sljtf wf/fut s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQx¿ M
sljtf k/Dk/fdf pgsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f :jR5Gbtfjfb / k|ultjfbsf ;Gbe{df
ug{, %=# g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo / dxfsfJosf]
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL :jR5GbtfjfbL / k|ultjfbL wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
sljtfdf b]jsf]6fsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff ljsf;df b]jsf]6fsf] of]ubfg
klxNofpg .
%=$ b]jsf]6fsf] dxfsljTj / cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf
k/Dk/fdf b]jsf]6fsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f

%=%;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL sljtf

k/Dk/fdf b]jsf]6fsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff

$= kf7\ok':ts
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, s'l~hgL,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,k[YjL/fh rf}xfg, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,k|ldy;,sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
========== ===========,levf/L,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========,dgf]/~hg, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3
========== ===========, dfofljgL ;;L{, jf/f0f;L M g]kfnL k':ts 3/
========== ===========,nIdL sljtf ;ª\ux, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
========== ===========…;[hfdftfÚ d}gf,sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn, b]jsf]6f / pgsf sfJo, sf7df8f}F MnIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f k|lti7fg
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f / pgsf dxfsfJo,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, b]jsf]6fsf k|d'v sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}F Ml;4fy{ jg:ynL k|fl1s
kl/ifb\,
s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, Ps JolQmTj cg]s b[li6, -b]jsf]6f ljifos cGtjf{tf{_sf7df8f}F M g]=/f= k|= k|
s[i0f uf}td, b]jsf]6fsf k|aGwsfJo, sf7df8f}F
s[i0f/fh clwsf/L, dxfsfJo l;4fGt / b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJo,kf]v/f M u08sL ;flxTo ;ª\ud
36/fh e§/fO{ -;Dkf=_, dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf cfgLafgL,sf7df8f}F M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f k|lti7fg
rGb|]Zj/ b'j], P;\lsn;, z]nL / b]jsf]6f, dl0fk'/ MHof]lt k|sfzg
r"8fdl0f aGw', b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
hgsnfn zdf{, dxfslj b]jsf]6f M Ps JolQmTj b'O{ /rgf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg,
g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+, b]jsf]6fsf] hLjgz}nL, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL dxf]T;j, sf7df8f}F
lgTo/fh kf08], dxfslj b]jsf]6f,sf7df8f}F Mdbg k'/:sf/ u'7L
dxfb]j cj:yL, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] v08sfJosfl/tf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
=============, v08sfJosf/ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f / …;[hfdftfÚ v08sfJo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
67
===============, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f M hLjgL / s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}F M Pstf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg,
=====================, …dxfslj b]jsf]6fåf/f cfˆg} sljtfofqfdf ;ª\slNkt sljtfqmflGt / pgsf
pQ/f4{sljtfofqfsf yfngL Pj+ lbzfaf]wÚ,uf]w"nL -cÍ $_ jiff{z/b\
jf;'b]j lqkf7L / c¿ -;Dkf=_ g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
z}n]Gb'k|sfz g]kfn -;Dkf=_ d'gfdbg ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F Mdxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL dxf]T;j
…efg'Ú dxfslj b]jsf]6f, ljz]iffÍ
…/rgfÚ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, cÍ
…;':s]/fÚ b]jsf]6f, ljz]iffÍ
b]jsf]6f ztjflif{sLsf ;Gbe{df k|sflzt …au/Ú, …zAbofqfÚ, …bfloTjÚ, …e[s'6LÚ cflb klqsfsf
b]jsf]6f ljz]iffÍx¿

68
kf7\of+z zLif{s M gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^& kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M #@

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
gf6ssf/ ljho dNn / pgsf gf6\os[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5
.
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 ljho dNnsf hLjgL, JolQmTj / ;du| s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;dy{ agfpg]
 ljho dNnsf gf6\os[ltsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t klxNofO{ pgn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6ssf
If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
 gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf gf6\o ofqfsf ljleGg r/0f pkr/0f, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{
;dy{ agfpg]
 g]kfnL gf6sdf dNnsf] ;du| of]ubfg / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
 ljho dNnsf k|d'v gf6s / n3'gf6ssf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps M ljho dNnsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj /

 gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf pgsf gf6\os[ltsf]
ljleGg kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff ug{, juL{s/0f
!=! dNnsf] hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
 dNnsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTjsf larsf]
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds !=@ dNnsf hLjgL / gf6\o s[ltTj -gf6s / n3'
ljZn]if0f ug{, gf6s ;d]t_sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf]
hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
!=# dNnsf gf6\os[lt -gf6s / n3'gf6s ;d]t_ sf]
 dNnsf gf6\os[ltsf] sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds
sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf
¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{,
!=$ dNnsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t
 dNnsf gf6\osfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{ M pTk|]/0ff tyf k|efj ;|f]t
tyf k|efj ;|f]t klxNofpg,

69
 dNnsf b'MvfGt gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, PsfO b'O{ M ljho dNnsf ;fdflhs tyf k|of]uzLn
dgf]j}1flgs gf6s
@=! ljho dNnsf ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs /
 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 k|of]uzLn gf6sx¿sf] juL{s/0f
b'MvfGt gf6\os[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
@=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
dNnsf lgDglnlvt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
 …ef]ln s] x'G5 <Ú / …kxf8 lrRofO/x]5Ú  ef]ln s] x'G5 <
gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds
 kxf8 lrRofO/x]5
JofVof ug{,
dfw'/L
@=# …ef]ln s] x'G5 <Ú / …kxf8 lrRofO/x]5Ú
gf6ssf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u
;dLIffTds JofVof

 gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf ;'vfGt gf6s / PsfO tLg M ljho dNnsf n3'gf6s -Psfª\sL_
n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f ug{,
#=! dNnsf n3'gf6ssf] juL{s/0f

 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 #=@ gf6\otŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
;'vfGt gf6\os[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, dNnsf lgDglnlvt n3' gf6s;ª\u|xsf]
juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
af}nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf-af}nfxfsfhLsf] ;kgf
 gf6\otŒj Pjd\ ;Gble{t sf]0faf6 …af}nfxf
gf6s afx]s_
sfhLsf] ;kgfÚ sf n3' gf6ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
kTy/sf] syf -ef]ln s] x'G5 < gf6s afx]s_
 bf]efg
 …kTy/sf] syfÚ / …leQ] 38LÚ n3'gf6ssf leQ] 38L
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
-#_…kTy/sf] syfÚ / …leQ] 38LÚ n3'gf6ssf ljlzi6
ug{,
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof
PsfO rf/ M ljho dNnsf] ;du| gf6\osfl/tfsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
 gf6ssf/ ljho dNnsf ;du| gf6\oofqfsf $=! dNnsf ;du| gf6\o ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
r/0f pkr/0fsf] rrf{ ug{, $=@ dNnsf d'Vo gf6\ok|j[lQx¿ ;fdflhs,
 dNnsf d'Vo gf6\os[lt atfpg, dgf]j}1flgs / k|of]uzLn gf6\o snfsf
 g]kfnL gf6ssf] kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf] k|jt{g / ;Gbe{df
ljsf;sf ;fy} ljljw k|s[ltsf gf6\or]tgfsf] $=# g]kfnL gf6sdf ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs tyf
pb\af]wgdf dNnsf] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{, k|of]uzLn gf6\o k|j[lQsf] k|jt{g / ljsf;df
dNnsf]] of]ubfg
$=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\ok/Dk/fdf dNnsf] :yfg
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf dNnsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f
lgwf{/0f ug{,
$=% ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL gf6\o
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL
k/Dk/fdf dNnsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ff
gf6\ok/Dk/fdf ;dsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff
klxNofpg .

70
$= kf7\o k':ts
ljho dNn, af}nfxf sfhLsf] ;kgf,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, kTy/sf] syf, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
————, bf]efg, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
————, leQ] 38L, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, kxf8 lrRRofO/x]5, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
————, dfw'/L,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, gf6s / /Ëd~r, sf7df8f}F M ?d' k|sfzg
———————————, gf6ssf] cWoog, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
——————————, g]kfnL gf6s / gf6ssf/, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo sF8]n, kfZrfTo oyfy{jfbL gf6s, sf7df8f}F M >LdtL ;'eb|f pkfWofo sF8]n
r}tGo k|wfg -;Dkf=_, ljho dNn :d[lt u|Gy, sf7df8f}F M ljho dNn :d[lt ;dfh
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ljr/0f-;Da4 c+z dfq_,sf7df8f}F M efg' k|sfzg
ljho dNn, gf6s M Ps rrf{,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg

71
kf7\of+z zLif{s M slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^* kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z slj df]xg sf]O/fnf / pgsf sljtfs[ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDgfg';f/sf] 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f hLjgLk/s
;dfnf]rgfsf cfwf/df ug{
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] sljtfwf/fsf k|d'v k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ff ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ / pgn]
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf]] sljtfofqfsf ljleGg r/0f / pkr/0fsf] ljj]rgf ug{
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] of]ubfg / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ug{
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf k|d'v sljtfs[lt -km'6s/ sljtf / nfdf] sljtf_ sf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL, JolQmTj /

 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf, hLjgL / JolQmTjsf s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s/0f
ljleGg kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff ug{, !=! sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff

 sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTjsf larsf] !=@ sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / sljtf s[ltTj -nfdf] /
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds bL3{t/ ;d]t_ sf larsf] cGtM;DaGwsf]
 ljZn]if0f ug{, hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
!=# sf]O/fnfsf sljtfs[lt -km'6s/, nfdf] /
bL3{t/ sljtf_ sf] sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds
 sf]O/fnfsf sljtfs[ltsf] sfnqmlds ¿k/]vf
ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{,
!=$ sf]O/fnfsf] sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff ;|f]t
tyf k|efj ;|f]t
 sf]O/fnfsf sljTjsf o'u;Gbe{ pTk|]/0ff tyf
k|efj ;|f]t klxNofpg,
72
 sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f PsfO b'O{ M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtf
ug{,
@=! sf]O/fnfsf km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
 sf]O/fnfsf lglb{i6 sljtf ;ª\u|xsf] juL{s[t @=@ ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf
k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f ug{, lgDglnlvt sljtf ;ª\u|xx¿sf] juL{s[t
k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f

 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljtfx¿

 lxdr'nL /lQmd 5
 …lxdr'nL /lQmd 5Ú / …cfh s;}nfO{ labf ug{'  cfh s;}nfO{ labf ug'{ 5
@=# sf]O/fnfsf …3fOt] o'uÚ, …;f/+uLÚ, …lxdr'nL
5Ú sljtf ;ª\u|xsf sljtfsf ljlzi6 /lQmd 5Ú, …cfh s;}nfO{ labf ug'{ 5Ú,
…r]sf] kj{t–!Ú sljtfsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds
JofVof
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
@=$ sf]O/fnfsf …;8sdf x':;]Ú, …d]/f] Joª\UolrqÚ,
…k|'kmld:6]sÚ, …oltsf kfOnf 6]Sb}Ú sljtfsf
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds
JofVof

PsfO tLg M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf k|d'v nfdf sljtf

 sf]O/fnfsf nfdf sljtfsf] juL{s/0f ug{, #=! sf]O/fnfsf nfdf sljtf s[ltsf] juL{s/0f
#=@ k|of]ujfbL nfdf sljtfsf nIf0fsf ;fy}
 nfdf] sljtfsf nIf0f Pjd\ ;Gble{t ljleGg ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf
sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf lglb{i6 k|d'v nfdf lgDglnlvt nfdf sljtf s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f
sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 n]s
gbL lsgf/fsf dfemL
l;d;f/sf /fhb"t

 …gbL lsgf/sf dfemLÚ / …l;d;f/sf /fhb"tÚ #=# …gbL lsgf/fsf dfemLÚ nfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6
nfdf] sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
PsfO rf/ M df]xg sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtf
 sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s/0f $=! sf]O/fnfsf bL3{t/ sljtfs[ltsf] juL{s/0f
ug{, $=@ k|of]ujfbL bL3{t/ sljtf tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t
ljleGg sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf lgDglnlvt
bL3{t/ sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
 bL3{t/ sljtf tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg gLnf] dx
sf]0faf6 lglb{i6 bL3{t/ sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f  uhky
ug{,
$=#…gLnf] dxÚ / …uhkyÚ bL3{t/ sljtfsf
 …gLnf] dxÚ / …uhkyÚ bL3{t/ sljtfsf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof
ug{,
73
  sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f PsfO kfFr M sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljTjsf]
pkr/0fx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
 sf]O/fnfsf d'Vo sljtf ofqfsf wf/fut %=! sf]O/fnfsf ;du| sljtf ofqfsf r/0f
s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQx¿ klxNofpg, pkr/0fx¿
 g]kfnL km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo / %=@ sf]O/fnfsf d'Vo sljtf wf/fut k|j[lQx¿ M
dxfsfJosf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf] of]ubfgsf] k"j{ k|of]ujfb, k|of]ujfb / pQ/ k|of]ujfbsf
lg¿k0f ug{, ;Gbe{df
 sf]O/fnfsf] dxfsljTj / cfw'lgs g]kfnL %=# g]kfnL k|of]ujfbL k'm6s/, nfdf tyf bL3{t/
sljtf k/Dk/fdf pgsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{, sljtfsf k|jt{g / ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]
of]ubfg
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL sljtfdf
%=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf]
sf]O/fnfsf] k|efj / pTk|]/0ff klxNofpg .
:yfg lgwf{/0f
%=% ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL sljtf
k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] k|efj
$= kf7\o k':ts
O{Zj/ a/fn -;Dkf=_ df]xg sf]O/fnfsf sljtfx¿,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, gbL lsgf/fsf dfemL,sf7df8f}F
df]xg sf]O/fnf, lxdr'nL /lStd 5, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, cfh s;}nfO{ labf ug'{ 5,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
df]xg sf]O/fnf, n]s -nfdf] sljtf_, sf7df8f}F
df]xg sf]O/fnf, gLnf] dx, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
df]xg sf]O/fnf, uhky, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfz
df]xg sf]O/fnf, l;d;f/sf /fhb"t,sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
df]xg sf]O/fnf, oltsf kfOnf vf]Hb},sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k|
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, g]kfnL sfJo ;dfnf]rgf,sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{+, df]xg sf]O/fnf M JolQmTj Pj+ s[ltTj, sf7df8f}F M cS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn klAns];g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg -;Dkf=_ cfw'lgs g]kfnL nfdf sljtf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
dw'ks{, k"0ff{Í $%% -@)^$ j}zfv, df]xg sf]O/fnf ljz]if_
dxfb]j cj:yL, cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo / v08sfJosf] ljdz{,sf7df8f}F M OG6]n]SRo'cn a's Kofn];
nId0fk|;fb uf}td, pQ/jtL{ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf s]xL k|lt¿k Msf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, l;+xfjnf]sg,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L / cGo, g]kfnL sljtf efu $,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
lzj k|wfg -;Dkf=_ a[xt\ ;dfnf]rgf,l;lSsd M ufGtf]s k|sfzg
g]kfnL ;flxlTos klqsfsf df]xg sf]O/fnf ljifos ljz]iffª\sx¿

74
 df]xg sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL, JolQmTj, s[ltTj / sljTjsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/Psf zf]wkqx¿
kf7\of+z zLif{s M zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %^( kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M $
;]d]:6/ M t];|f] kf7306f M ^$

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z zf]wljlwsf] ;}4flGts 1fg tyf k|fof]lus cEof;sf ;fy} ;[hgfTds n]vgsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
Pj+ ;[hgfTds n]vg cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 zf]wljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
 zf]wk|:tfj n]vgsf ;fy} zf]wn]v ;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{ u/fpg]
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffaf/] 1fg lbg]
 lgwf{l/t ljwfsf l;h{gfTds n]vgsf ljlw / k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg]
 lgwf{l/t ljwfdf u/]sf] l;h{gfaf/] cfTdd"Nofª\sg, ;dLIff / kl/dfh{gsf] ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg]
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

 zf]wsf] cy{, kl/efiff, dxŒj / k|of]hgaf/] PsfO Ps M zf]wsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt

kl/ro lbg, !=! zf]wsf] cy{, kl/efiff, dxŒj / k|of]hg
!=@ zf]w k|lqmofsf d'Vo r/0f M
 zf]w k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0faf/] hfgsf/L  zLif{s rog / zf]wk|:tfj n]vg
lbg,  ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, cWoog / ljZn]if0f
 k|ltj]bg n]vg
 zf]wIf]q / zf]wzLif{ssf] rogsf cfwf/x¿af/] !=# zf]wIf]q / zf]w zLif{ssf] rog
kl/ro lbg, zf]wIf]qsf] rog M efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s;flxTo
zf]wzLif{ssf] rog tyf zf]wzLif{ssf u'0f
 zf]wzLif{ssf u'0f tyf k|d'v k|sf/;DaGwL !=$ zf]wsf k|d'v k|sf/ M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
;}4flGts tyf k|fof]lus hfgsf/L u/fpg,
 zf]wljlwsf ljleGg k|sf/x¿sf] klxrfg ug{, PsfO b'O{ M zf]wljlw, zf]wk|:tfj / ;fdu|L
;ª\sngljlw

75
 @=! zf]wljlwsf k|sf/ M lgudgfTds / cfudgfTds,
j}1flgs, P]ltxfl;s / j0f{gfTds, Pslgi7 /
 zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf / cfjZos cª\ux¿af/] t'ngfTds, :jljifos / cGtlj{ifos
hfgsf/L lbg,
 zf]w;d:of, zf]wsf] p2]Zo / ¿k/]vfsf @=@ zf]wk|:tfjsf] kl/ro
larsf] cGtM;DaGw klxNofpg,
@=# zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf / cfjZos cª\u M
 zf]wk|:tfj n]vg;DaGwL cEof; u/fpg,
 zf]w;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / Joj:yfkg ug]{  cu|efu M d'vk[i7, zf]wzLif{s, zf]wk|of]hg
 dWoefu M ;d:of syg, p2]Zo, k"j{sfo{sf]
9fFrfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg,
;dLIff, zf]wsf] cf}lrTo, dxŒj / pkof]lutf,
 zf]wsf k|fylds / låtLos ;fdu|L ;|f]taf/] k|fSsNkgf, zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg, ;fdu|L
hfgsf/L lbg, ;ª\sngljlw, zf]wljlw / ;}4flGts 9fFrf,
zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf,
 ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf ljleGg k4ltaf/] kl/ro
kZrefu M ;Gbe{;fdu|L ;"rL
lbg,
;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] ?h', k|zf]wg, ;Dkfbg, @=$ zf]wsf] ;d:ofsyg, p2]Zo / ¿k/]vfsf larsf]
cGtM;DaGw
juL{s/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ 9fFrf l;sfpg,
@=% zf]wk|:tfj n]vg cEof;
 k|zf]lwt ;fdu|Lsf] kfl/eflifsLs/0f, cyf{kg,
@=^ zf]w;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / Joj:yfkg
j0f{g, JofVof, ljZn]if0f, t'ngf, k|ltt'ngf,
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg, lgisif{0f, zf]w  zf]w;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro
k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf n]vg / kl/dfh{g af/]  ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t M k|fylds / låtLos
 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng k4ltM k':tsfnoLo, If]qLo,
hfgsf/L lbg,
k|of]uzfnLo / gd'gf 5gf]6 k4lt
 ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] ?h', ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf]
cWoog, k|zf]wg, ;Dkfbg, juL{s/0f,
Joj:yfkg, tflnsLs/0f, ;"rLs/0f,cf/]v
/ /]vflrqsf] k|of]u
 lgwf{l/t ;}4flGts 9fFrfsf cfwf/df k|zf]lwt
;fdu|Lsf] kfl/eflifsLs/0f, cyf{kg, j0f{g,
JofVof, ljZn]if0f, t'ngf, k|ltt'ngf,
k|fSsNkgfsf] ;Tofkg -v08g, d08g,
;+zf]wg_ lgisif{0f, zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf
n]vg / kl/dfh{g

 zf]wkqsf] ;ª\u7gaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, PsfO tLg M zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] :j¿k, 9f‘rf / k|:t'lt
 zf]wsf] k|f/lDes efudf /xg] d'vk[i7, #=! zf]wkqsf] ;ª\u7g M k|f/lDes efu, d"n kf7 /
:jLs[lt kq, s[t1tf1fkg, ljifo ;"rL, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
tflnsf / lrq;"rL, lrXg k|of]u, ;+If]kLs[t k|f/lDes efu M d'vk[i7, :jLs[lt kq,
zAb;"rL cflbsf] 9fFrfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, s[t1tf1fkg, ljifo;"rL, tflnsf / lrq;"rL,
lrXgk|of]u, ;+If]kLs[t zAb;"rL cflb
 zf]wsf] d"nkf7sf ¿kdf /xg] kl/ro, cWofo
 d"nkf7 kl/ro, cWofo jf kl/R5]b, zLif{s /
jf kl/R5]b, zLif{s / pkzLif{s, p4/0f, pkzLif{s, p4/0f, kfb l6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u, gS;f,
76
 kfbl6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u, gS;f, lrq / tflnsfsf] lrq / tflnsfsf] k|of]u
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M cg'qmdl0fsf, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
;"rL, kl/lzi6
 cg'qmdl0fsf, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL, / kl/lzi6
efudf /xg] ;"rgfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, #=@ zf]wk|aGwsf] efiffz}nL

 zf]wk|aGwsf] efiffz}nL, zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] #=# zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] 6ª\s0f, z'4Ls/0f, sDKo'6/

6ª\s0f, z'4Ls/0f, sDKo'6/ ljGof;, ljGof;, uftfaGbL, k[i7of]hgf, zf]w;f/, k|:t'lt /
k|lt/Iff
uftfaGbL, k[i7of]hgf, zf]w;f/ k|:t'lt /
k|lt/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg,
PsfO rf/ M l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro
 l;h{gfTds n]vg / 1fgfTds n]vgsf]
$=! l;h{gfTds n]vg / 1fgfTds n]vg larsf
leGgtf atfpg, leGgtf
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] kl/efiff / :j¿k $=@ l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] kl/efiff / :j¿k
lgwf{/0f ug{, $=#l;h{gfTds n]vgsf ljwfsf] juL{s/0f / ltgsf]
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf ljwfx¿ juL{s/0f ug{,
cGt;{DaGw Pjd\ cGtlj{wfsf] ;Defjgf
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] k|of]hg / dxŒjsf ;fy} $=$ l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] k|of]hg, dxŒj tyf
l;h{gfTds n]vg;Fu ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;DaGw l;h{gfTds n]vg / ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;DaGw
j0f{g ug{,
PsfO kfFr M l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] k|lqmof / r/0f
%=! l;h{gfTds n]vgaf/] l;sfO
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ljifo / z}nL rogsf]
l;k ljsf; ug{,  ;'lglZrt rog M ljwf, ljifoj:t', ljrf/,
efj, ;+/rgf, z}nL, ;"rgf ;ª\sng / 9fFrf
lgdf{0f, cWoog, cjnf]sg, cGtjf{tf{, e|d0fsf
;fdu|Lsf] l6kf]6 / To;cg's"n eflifs
 l;h{gfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, o'lQmx¿sf] lgwf{/0f
%=@ n]vg k|lqmofsf ;ft r/0f M -s_ zLif{sLs/0f, -v_
tof/L, -u_ of]hgf, -3_ :km'/0f, -ª_ k|f/De, -r_
k|jfx, -5_ ljrf/, cg'e"lt / OlGb|oaf]wnfO{ eflifs
o'lQm;Fu ;lDdng
%=# n]vg ;dflKtkl5sf] k|sfo{ M -s_ k'gn]{vg, -v_
sf65fF6, -u_ ;Ldf/]vfsf] kfngf, -3_ ;du|
;Dkfbg, -ª_ ?h';"rLsf] pkof]u, / -r_ clGtd
;fkmL
 km'6s/ sljtfsf] k|fof]lus l;h{gfTds n]vg PsfO 5 M ljwfut l;h{gfTds n]vg
k|lqmofsf] klxrfg ug]{ l;k l;sfpg, ^=! sljtf l;h{gf M cjnf]sg / klxrfg
-s_ zLif{srog, -v_ k|uLtfTds, cfVofgfTds jf
77
 lgaGwsf] k|fof]lus l;h{gfTds n]vg gf6sLo ;+/rgfsf] lgwf{/0f -u_ no, 5Gb /
k|lqmofsf] klxrfg ug]{ l;k l;sfpg, uBfTdstfsf] lgwf{/0f, -3_ efj:km'/0f, :d[lt /
sNkgfsf] efjgfTds k|of]u, -ª_ ;dfgfGt/tf /
ljrng, laDa / k|tLs Pjd\ cnª\sf/sf] ;+of]hg,
 cfVofgsf] k|fof]lus l;h{gfTds n]vg
-r_ ljrf/wf/f -;Gbe{ M e"lk z]/rgsf] …3'Dg]
k|lqmofsf] klxrfg ug]{ l;k l;sfpg,
d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5]Ú, 3gZofd sF8]nsf] …ljZjfldq
/ d]gsfÚ v08sfJo_
 gf6ssf] k|fof]lus l;h{gfTds n]vg ^=@ lgaGw l;h{gf M cjnf]sg / klxrfg
k|lqmofsf] klxrfg ug]{ l;k l;sfpg . -s_ zLif{srog, -v_ tfls{s, cfVofgfTds,
gf6sLo jf cg'e"ltd"ns 9fFrf lgwf{/0f, -u_
cfTdtYosf ¿kdf OlGb|out cg'e"lt, cg'ej /
:d[ltsf] ;+of]hg, -3_ :j/sf] kf7sfled'v k|efj,
-ª_ cg'R5]bx¿sf] ;x;+of]hgsf] /0fgLlt, -r_
ljsL0f{tfsf] ;+/rgf -;Gbe{ M b'uf{k|;fb e08f/Lsf]
…/f]6L / km"nÚ / tf/fgfy zdf{sf] …kftfn
k|jf;ÚlgaGw;ª\u|x_
^=# cfVofg l;h{gf M cjnf]sg / klxrfg -s_ 36gf,
kfq / kl/j]zsf] lgwf{/0f, -v_ syf/]vf /
syfgsLo 9fFrfsf] /rgf, -u_ v08 jf kl/R5]bsf]
Joj:yfkg, -3_ b[li6s]Gb|Lo kfq / sygk4ltsf]
k|of]u, -ª_ ljrf/wf/fsf] ;+of]hg, -r_ /0fgLlt
lgdf{0f -;Gbe{ M dfof 7s'/Lsf] …cfdf hfg'xf];\Ú
syf;ª\u|x, /fh]Gb| ljdnsf] …/fh]Gb| ljdnsf
syfx¿Ú syf;ª\u|x, nLnaxfb'/ If]qLsf] …a;fOFÚ
pkGof;_
^=$ gf6s l;h{gf M cjnf]sg / klxrfg -s_ kfq,
kl/j]z / 36gfsf] ¿k/]vf, -v_ åGåaf6 gf6sLo
kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f, -u_ ;+jfbsf] tfls{s ;+of]hg
/ ljsf;, -3_ d'vkfqaf6 ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj,
-ª_ k|bz{gfTds snfkIf -d~rLo kl/j]z, j]ze"iff,
k|sfz, Wjlg, sfo{, cfudg / k|:yfg, clego
;ª\s]t cflb_ sf] ;xof]hgf -;Gbe{ M eLdlglw
ltjf/Lsf], …3/sf] dfofÚ -Psfª\sL_ ;?eQmsf]
…Oy/df sf]l/Psf] k|]dkqÚ-gf6s_ .

78
$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! zf]wljlwsf nflu
PdPnP XofG8 a's km/ /fO6;{ ckm l/;r{ k]k;{, gofF lbNnL M Plkmln:6]8 O:6 j]:6 k|]; lkle6L Pnl68L
P;=Pg= u0f]zg\, cg';Gwfg k|ljlw M l;4fGt cf}/ k|lqmof, ef/tL k|sfzg, Onfxfjfb
Sof6 ?g t'/laog, P Dofg'Pn km /fO6/ ckm 6d{ k]k;{, y]l;; P08 l8;6{];g, o'lgel;{6L ckm l;sfuf],
kmf]lgS;a'S;
r"8fdl0f aGw', cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/
df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, zf]wljlw, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGt Mzf]w tyf ;[hgljlw, sf7df8f}+ M kf7\o ;fdu|L k|sfzg
ljgodf]xg zdf{, zf]wk|ljlw,lbNnL M g]zgn klAnl;ª xfp;
ljlnod lun]; SofDka]n, kmd{ PG8 :6fOn Og y]l;; /fOl6ª\u, dfp:6g sDkgL ¥ofÏ6g
;L=cf/= sf]7f/L, l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nhL M d]y8\; PG8 6]lSgS;,Go" lbNnL M ljnL O:6g{ k|fOj]6 lnld6]8
;L /fhGgf, kmG8fd]G6\;\ ckm l/;r{,x}b/fjfb M P=P= cfP=;L=

$=@ ;[hgljlwsf nflu

pQd s'Fj/, ;|i6f / ;flxTo, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0fxl/ a/fn, uLt s;/L n]Vg] < sf7df8f}FM g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
3gZofd sF8]n, ljZjfldq / d]gsf, sf7df8f}+ M >LdtL ;'eb|f pkfWofo sF8]n
r"8fdl0f aGw', -;Dkf=_ l;h{gfTds n]vg, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg
hg]6 a'/f]j], /fOl6ª lkmS;g, Go"of]s{M nª\uDofg
l8ofg d]yf, xfp 6" /fO6 kf]O6«L, Go"of]s{M :kfs{ klAnl;ª
8]G6L 8An" d'/, qmfkm\l6ª bL k;{gn P;]M c ufO8 km/ /fOl6ª ofG8 klAnl;ª lqmPl6e gglkmS;g,
cf]xfof]M /fO6;{ 8fOh]:6 a's
8]le8 df]nL{, bL SoflDa|h OG6«f]8S;g 6' lqmPl6e /fOl6ª, Go" lbNnL M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];
cGhgf b]j, cg'/fwf djf{x / :jlt kfn, lqmPl6e /fOl6ª Mc lalugh{ Dofg'Pn, nG8gM kf;{g, nª\Dofg
g]q P6d, ;LdfGt cfsfzM ;|i6fl;tsf] cGtof{qf, sf7df8f}FM tGg]/L k|sfzg
e08f/L, 8L=kL=, /f]6L / km"n, sf7df8fF}M cS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn klAns];g
eLdlglw ltjf/L, 3/sf] dfof -Psfª\sL_,sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
e"kL z]/rg, 3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5],sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
dfof 7s'/L, cfdf hfg'xf];\ Û, sf7df8f}FM /Tg k':ts e08f/
nLnaxfb'/ If]qL, a;fOF,sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGtM zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw, sf7df8f}FM kf7\o;fdu|L k;n
79
 ljdn lgef, cfuf]g]/ plePsf] dflg;, sf7df8fF}M pT;fx k|sfzg

kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&) kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M$*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
pkGof; l;4fGt, cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;k|lqmof / k|d'v g]kfnL pkGof;sf/ tyf ltgsf
s[ltx¿sf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M

 pkGof;sf ;}4flGts :j¿ksf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug{

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf; k|lqmof / o;sf k|d'v wf/f tyf k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
 k|d'v cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf/sf pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\s ug{
 k|d'v cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cf:jfbgsf ;fy} JofVof, ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
 k|d'v cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

 pkGof;sf] ljwfut :j¿k klxrfg / PsfO Ps M pkGof; l;4fGt / cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf]
kl/efiff ug{, ljsf; k|lqmof
 pkGof;sf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ / k|sf/ut
!=! pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
juL{s/0f ug{,
 pkGof;sf] ljwfut :j¿k / kl/efiff
 ;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿;Fu pkGof;sf]
 pkGof; juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ / d"ne"t k|sf/
ljwfut ;fDo j}ifDo lg¿k0f ug{,
;flxTosf cGo ljwf -syf, gf6s / dxfsfJo_, ;Fu
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld
pkGof;sf] ;fDo j}ifDo
/ ljsf; k|lj|mofsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf; !=@ cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf; k|lqmof
k|lj|mofsf] r/0f ljefhg ug{,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k|jt{g k|lj|mof
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf ljleGg r/0fsf
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] o'uLg k[i7e"ld tyf

80
 k|d'v wf/f / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{, ljsf; k|lj|mofsf] r/0f ljefhg
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf r/0fut k|d'v wf/f
/ k|j[lQ

 pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x l;+xsf PsfO b'O{ M pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x / n}gl;+x jfª\bn ]
cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f / of]ubfgsf] tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f
@=! pkGof;sf/ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x / …e|d/Ú pkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 l;+xsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f /
 …e|d/Ú pkGof;sf] ljwftflTTjs ljZn]if0f /
of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg ug{{,
 …e|d/Ú pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
 pkGof;sf/ n}gl;+x jfª\b]nsf] cf}kGofl;s d"Nofª\sg
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] @=@ pkGof;sf/ n}gl;+x jfªb]n / …nª\u8fsf]
d"Nofª\sg ug{, ;fyLÚpkGof;
 …nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs  jfª\b]nsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 …nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs
 lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg
;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{, @=# ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 …e|d/ÚpkGof;sf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof
 pkGof;sf/ ljho dNnsf] cf}kGofl;s PsfO tLg M pkGof;sf/ ljho dNn, dbgdl0f bLlIft /
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] w|'jrGb| uf}td tyf ltgsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f
#=! pkGof;sf/ ljho dNn / …cg'/fwfÚpkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 dNnsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 …cg'/fwfÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 …cg'/fwfÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
 pkGof;sf/ dbgdl0f bLlIftsf] cf}kGofl;s d"Nofª\sg
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] #=@ pkGof;sf/ dbgdl0f bLlIft / …dfwjLÚ pkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,  bLlIftsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 …dfwjLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f / tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
 …dfwjLÚ pkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f /
d"Nofª\sg ug{,
d"Nofª\sg
 pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb uf}tdsf] cf}kGofl;s
#=# pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb uf}td /
ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f tyf of]ubfgsf] …clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;
d"Nofª\sg ug{,  uf}tdsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
 …clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs tyf of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{ .  …clUgbQ±clUgbQÚpkGof;sf] ljwftflŒjs
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg
#=$ ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 …dfwjLÚpkGof;sf ljlzi6
kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof

81
$= kf7\ok':ts
w|'jrGb| uf}td, clUgbQclUgbQ, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
dbgdl0f bLlIft, dfwjL, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
¿kgf/fo0f l;+x, e|d/, bflh{lnª
n}gl;+x afªb]n, nË8fsf] ;fyL, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
ljho dNn, cg'/fwf, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
cRo't/d0f clwsf/L -;Dkf=_ pGgog, -dbgdl0f bLlIft ljz]iffª\s_, sf7df8f}+
O= Pd= kmf]:6/, cf:k]S6 ckm lb gf]j]n, nG8g M P8\j8{ cgf]{N8 PG8 sDkgL
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
O= Pd\= kmf]:6/, pkGof; s] kIf, -cg'= kh'n efu{j_, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL
O{Zj/ a/fn, cfVofgsf] pb\ej,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, k|ultjfb / g]kfnL pkGof;, lj/f6gu/
————,pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q ,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
————, ;flxTo / ;dfh,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg
s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d, g]kfnL pkGof;,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, g]kfnL pkGof;sf] Oltxf;,sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
3gZofd g]kfn, cfVofgsf s'/f, sf7df8f}F MPstf k|sfzg
3gZofd pkfWofo sF8]n, s]xL cGj]if0f s]xL ljZn]if0f,sf7df8f}F
hh{ n'sfr, pkGof;sf l;4fGt -cg'=cfgGbk|sfz_ lbNnL M d}sldng OlG8of lnld6]8
hf]gfyg Yjfjn, b 6]lSgs ckm\ df]8g{ lkmS;g,nG8g M P8j8{ cgf]{N8 sDkgL
b'uf{axfb'/ 3tL{, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds g]kfnL pkGof;,nlntk'/ M;femf k|sfzg
k;L{, No'as, b qmfˆ6 ckm lkmS;g, nG8g
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, e|d/ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg,sf7df8f}+ MPstf k|sfzg
dh{/L a'N6g, b Pgf6f]dL ckm\ k|f]h, lbNnL M sNof0fL klAn;/
d'O/, P8lag, b :6«Sr/ ckm\ b gf]j]n, nG8g
d'/f/Lk|;fb /]UdL, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf -pkGof; v08_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg

82
 /df lzjfsf]6L, pkGof; l;4fGt /ljho dNnsf] pkGof;sfl/tf sf7df8f}F MPs]8]lds klAns];g
8f= /jLGb|s'df/ h}g, pkGof; l;4fGt cf}/ ;+/rgf, lbNnL M g];gn klAnl;ª xfp;
/fNkm kmS;, pkGof; cf}/ nf]shLjg, -cg'= g/f]Qd gfu/_,lbNnL M lkkN; klAnl;ª xfp;
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, pQ/jtL{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cWoog,sf7df8f}F M kf7Ø ;fdu|L k|sfzg
kf7\of+z zLif{s M k"jL{o bz{g / kf7;Dkfbg
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&! kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd=P= qm]=cf= M $
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M ^$

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif{] :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z kf}/:To bz{g;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg / g]kfnL ;flxTodf kf}/:To bz{gsf] k|of]usf ;fy} ;Dkfbg
snfsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df tT;DaGwL g]kfnL efiffdf /lrPsf kf7;Dkfbgsf] k|fof]lus sfo{df
s]lGb|t 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7Øf+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf k|d'v :yfkgfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg]
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf k"jL{o bz{gsf] k|efj klxrfg ug{]
 k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfsf s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{]
 ;Dkfbg snfsf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{
 ;Dkfbg k4lt / k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg]
 ;}4flGts 1fgsf cfwf/df g]kfnLdf lnlvt kf7sf] z'4 / k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbg ug]{ l;k / bIftf
k|bfg ug]{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\oljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps M k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf] k[i7e"ld, k/Dk/f / :j¿k

!=! k"jL{o bz{gsf] k[i7e"ld M j}lbs jfª\do,
 k"jL{o if8\bz{g -;f+Vo, of]u,
Gofo, j}z]lifs, k"j{dLdf+;f / !=@k"jL{o bz{gsf] k/Dk/f M j}lbs sfn, dxfef/t sfn, ;"qsfn,
j]bfGt_ sf] k[i7e"ld / JofVofsfn / k'gJof{Vof sfn
k/Dk/faf/] kl/ro lbg,
!=#k"jL{o bz{gsf] :j¿k / ;Ldf M cfof{jt{ -ef/tjif{_df k|jlt{t /
ljsl;t if8\bz{gx¿ ;f+Vo / of]u, Gofo / j}z]lifs tyf dLdf+;f
83
 k"jL{o bz{gsf] :j¿k / ;Ldf -k"j{dLdf+;f_ / j]bfGt -pQ/dLdf+;f_
atfpg,

PsfO b'O{ M;fª\Vo / of]ubz{gsf] k|jt{g, lj:tf/ / k|d'v dfGotf

 ;fª\Vo bz{gsf] k|jt{g / @=! ;fª\Vo bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/
lj:tf/af/] kl/ro lbg, @=@ ;fª\Vo bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf -s_ k|s[lt / k'?if lrGtg -v_
 ;fª\Vo bz{gsf k|d'v lqu'0f lrGtg -u_ ;u{ -;[li6_ k|lqmofsf] lg¿k0f -3_ s}jNo
dfGotfsf] 1fg k|fKt ug{, lrGtg
@=# of]u bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/

 of]ubz{gsf] k|jt{g / @=$of]ubz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf -c_ lrQj[lQlg/f]w / o;sf pkfo -

lj:tf/af/] kl/ro lbg, ci6fª\u dfu{_ -cf_ ;dflw l:ylt-cf_ O{Zj/ lrGtg
 of]ubz{gsf k|d'v dfGotfsf]
1fg k|fKt ug{,
PsfO tLg M Gofo / j}z]lifs bz{gsf] k|jt{g, lj:tf/ / k|d'v dfGotf

 Gofobz{gsf] k|jt{g /
lj:tf/af/] kl/ro lbg,
#=! Gofobz{gsf] k|jt{g, lj:tf/ / o;sf b'O{ wf/f M k|frLg Gofo /
gJo Gofo

#=@ Gofo bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf M -s_ k|df0f rt'i6o -k|ToIf,

 Gofobz{gsf k|d'v dfGotfsf] cg'dfg, pkdfg / zAb_ sf] lg¿k0f -v_ k|d]o ljj]rgf -u_
1fg k|fKt ug{, sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw / c;Tsfo{jfb -j}z]lifs bz{gsf k[i7e"lddf
;d]t_

#=# j}z]lifs bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/

 j}z]lifs bz{gsf] k|jt{g /
#=$ j}z]lifs bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf M -s_ kbfy{ lrGtg -v_ k/df0f'
lj:tf/af/] kl/ro lbg,
lrGtg -u_ ;[li6 k|no lrGtg

 j}z]lifs bz{gsf k|d'v

dfGotfsf] 1fg k|fKtug{,

PsfO rf/ M dLdf+;f / j]bfGt bz{gsf] k|jt{g, lj:tf/ / k|d'v

dfGotf
 dLdf+;f -k"j{dLdf+;f_ bz{gsf] $=! dLdf+;f -k"j{dLdf+;f_ bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/
k|jt{g / lj:tf/af/] kl/ro
lbg, $=@ dLdf+;f bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf M -s_ k|df0f dLdf+;f -v_
tŒjdLdf+;f -u_ zlQm -ck"j{_ dLdf+;f -3_ cfTddLdf+;f -ª_ sd{
tyf df]IfdLdf+;f -r_ O{Zj/dLdf+;f

84
 $=# j]bfGt bz{gsf] k|jt{g / lj:tf/
 dLdf+;f bz{gsf k|d'v
dfGotfsf] 1fg k|fKtug{, $=$ j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v ;Dk|bfo M -s_ cå}tjfbL -v_ å}tjfbL -u_
ljlzi6få}tjfbL -3_ å}tfå}tjfbL

$=% j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v dfGotf M -s_ hLj tyf a|XdlrGtg -v_
 j]bfGt -pQ/dLdf+;f_ bz{gsf] hut\ tyf dfof lrGtg -u_ O{Zj/ lrGtg -3_ df]If -hLjGd'lQm
k|jt{g / lj:tf/af/] kl/ro tyf ljb]x d'lQm_ lrGtg
lbg,

 j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v

;Dk|bfosf] kl/ro lbg,

 j]bfGt bz{gsf k|d'v

dfGotfsf] 1fg k|fKt ug{,

PsfO kfFr M k"jL{o bz{gsf ljz]iftf / g]kfnL ;flxTodf ltgsf] k|efj

%=!k"jL{o bz{gsf ljz]iftf M cfTdfsf] lgTotfk|ltsf] lgi7f, hut\sf]
clgTotfsf] k|ltkfbg, k'gh{Gd / sd{jfbL lrGtg, b'v /
;f+;fl/s aGwgsf] d'Vo sf/0f M c1fg, hLjgsf] r/d nIo M
 k"jL{o bz{gsf cfwf/e"t df]Ifk|flKt, cfl:tstf, cWofTdjfbL ;+b[li6, :ju{ / g/s;DaGwL
ljz]iftfx¿af/] hfgsf/L cjwf/0ff
%=@ g]kfnL ;flxTosf lgDglnlvt s[ltsf ljleGg ;Gbe{x¿df
k|fKt ug{,
k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf pko'{Qm dfGotfx¿sf] vf]hL, pQm
dfGotfx¿n] s[ltdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] klxrfg / s[ltdf lglxt
bfz{lgs /j}rfl/s kIfsf] JofVof
-l6Kk0fL M ljifolzIfsn] pko'{Qm ljleGg bz{gsf dfGotf;Fu ;Da4
tn lbOPsf / ljifolzIfsaf6 yk ul/Psf ;d]t_
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg s[ltx¿af6 zLif{s 5gf]6 u/L Psn jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
s[ltdf k"jL{o if8\bz{gsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|fof]lus cEof; u/fpg]_
ljleGg dfGotfx¿sf] k|of]u -s_ kBs[ltx¿
-c_ efg'eQmsf …/fdfo0fÚ, …eQmdfnfÚ, …/fduLtfÚ / …k|Zgf]Q/LÚ
klxNofpg,tL dfGotfx¿n] -cf_ n]vgfysf] …lkFh/fsf] ;'ufÚ, …uf+}ynL af]Nof] lrl/la/L Rof/{Ú,
s[ltdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] …hLjg h"jfÚ cflb km'6s/ sljtf / …a'l4ljgf]bÚ,
klxrfg ug{ / s[ltdf lglxt …t?0ftk;LÚgJosfJo
-O_ ;f]dgfysf] …cfbz{ /f3jÚ dxfsfJo
bfz{lgstf jf j}rfl/stfsf]
-O{_ afns[i0f ;dsf …gd:sf/ gd:sf/ ;+;f/Ú, …d]/f] g'xfpg] sf]7fÚ,
JofVof ug{, …d klg Bf}tf dfG5'Ú sljtf tyf …lr;f] r"Xnf]Ú dxfsfJo
-p_ nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fsf …levf/LÚ sljtf;ª\u|xsf sljtf,
85
 …d'gfdbgÚ v08sfJo, …;'nf]rgfÚ dxfsfJo
-pm_ …l;l4r/0f>]i7sf k|ltlglw sljtf sljtf;ª\u|xÚsf sljtf
tyf …pj{zLÚ v08sfJo,
-C_ dfwj l3ld/]sf …r}t j}zfvÚ sljtf ;ª\u|xsf sljtf…uf}/LÚ,
…/fh]Zj/LÚ v08sfJo tyf …cZjTyfdf uLltgf6sÚ,
-P_ df]xg sf]O/fnf / O{Zj/jNNesf sljtf;ª\u|x tyf
nfdfsljtfx¿
-P]_ e/t/fh kGt, efg'eQm kf]v/]n / jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf
sljtfsfJox¿,
-cf]_ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn, If]qk|tfk clwsf/L, b'uf{nfn >]i7, lbg]z
clwsf/L / s[i0fxl/ a/fnsf uLtx¿
-v_ uB tyf gf6\os[ltx¿
-c_ u'?k|;fb d}gfnL tyf ejfgL leIf'sf syfx¿,
-cf_ afns[i0f ;dsf …d's'Gb OlGb/fÚ, …w|'jÚ, …k|XnfbÚ, …p d/]sL
5}gÚ cflb gf6\os[ltx¿
-O_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf …;'lDgdfÚ, …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ
pkGof;
-O{_ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf …kfFrf}6f rflxg] s'/fx¿Ú, …dfG5] hfb"Ú,
…s'Des0f{Ú lgaGw
-p_ /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6fsf …åGåsf] cj;fgÚ / …k"j{syfÚ pkGof;
-C_ ljho dNnsf syfx¿ / …lhpFbf] nf;Ú gf6s tyf af}nfxf
sfhLsf] ;kgfdf ;ª\slnt n3'gf6sx¿

 ;Dkfbgsf] cy{ / kl/efiff PsfO 5 M kf7;Dkfbgsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro

atfpg,
 ;Dkfbgsf] k|of]hg / dxŒj
klxrfg ug{,
^=!;Dkfbgsf] cy{ / kl/efiff, k|of]hg / dxŒj
 kf7 ;Dkfbg, l;h{gfTds
n]vg / k|'km ;+zf]wgsf]
^=@kf7;Dkfbg, l;h{gfTds n]vg / d'b|0f -k|'km_ ;+zf]wgdf leGgtf
leGgtfklxNofpg,
^=#kf7;Dkfbgsf If]q M k':ts, sf]z, klqsf -;dfrf/ / ;flxlTos_,
 kf7 ;Dkfbgsf If]qx¿ k|ltj]bg / k6syf -l:qmK6_
lg¿k0f ug{, ^=$kf7;Dkfbgsf k|sf/ M ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg / efiff ;Dkfbg
 kf7 ;Dkfbgsf k|sf/x¿
klxrfg ug{, ^=% kf7;Dkfbgsf txx¿ M ;fdfGo ;Dkfbg, u'0fj[l4 -Pl6«Ao'l6ª_
 kf7 ;Dkfbgsf txx¿sf] ;Dkfbg / ¿ke]bL -l/kmld{ª_ ;DKffbg
kl/ro lbg,
PsfO ;ft M kf7;Dkfbgsf cfwf/e"t k4lt
 kf7 ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/e"t &=! kf7;Dkfbgsf cfwf/e"t kIf
kIfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, &=@zAbrog M ljwf, ljifoj:t', ljrf/, efj, ;+/rgf, z}nLsf]
cg'¿ktf
 kf7sf] k|of]hg cg'¿k &=#jfSosf] ;+/rgf M Jofs/0ffTds / cfnª\sfl/s
zAbrog, jfSo;+/rgf, &=$cg'R5]b /rgf M zLif{jfSo, qmldstf / k"0f{tf
cg'R5]b ;+/rgf, ;ª\syg &=%;ª\syg M ;+;lQm -sf]x]hg_, ;xof]hgf, clek|fo, :jLsfo{tf,
tyf ;ª\s]t lrXg;DaGwL ;"rgfTdstf, kl/l:ylt / cGtkf{7fTdstf
1fg xfl;n ug{, &=^k|of]hgk/stf, n]VolrGx / cGtef{lifstf

86
 PsfO cf7 M kf7;Dkfbgsf] k|lqmof
 kf7sf] ;Dkfbg k|lqmofut l;k
ljsf; ug{, *=! s[lt rog, s[ltsf] uxg k7g
 ;Dkfbgsf tx tyf dfgb08 *=@ ;Dkfbgsf k|sf/, tx tyf dfgb08 lgdf{0f
lgwf{/0f ug{, *=# s[ltsf] k|f/lDes ;Dkfbg, k|f/lDes /]vfª\sg, zAb, jfSo, lrq
cflbsf] ;fdfGo ;+zf]wg, lgb]{zgfTds l6kf]6
*=$ j:t' / kf7ljGof;sf] ;x;DaGw ;Dkfbg
ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf, tflnsf, lrq / z}nLsf] cg's"ntfsf] ;Dkfbg
 kf7sf] ljifoj:t', efiff, lrGx,
 ts{, b[li6ljGb', 5Gb, no, ljrng, laDa k|tLs cflbsf]
lrq, SofK;gsf larsf]
;x;DaGw s]nfO{ ;Dkfbgdf cf}lrTosf cfwf/df s[ltsf] u'0fj[l4 ;Dkfbg, cg'R5]bsf]
k|fof]lus Ifdtf k|fKt ug{, qmldstf / k"0f{tfsf] ;Dkfbg
 *=% zLif{s / pkzLif{ssf] rog, kfbl6Kk0fL, pb\w/0f / ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lsf] ;Dkfbg , kl/lzi6, cg'qmdl0fsf lgdf{0f

 kf7sf] cª\u pkfª\uaf/]  *=^ d'b|0f z'l4 j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrGxx¿sf] dfgs k|of]u /
kl/ro lbg, q'l6lg/fs/0f, d'b|0f z'l4 ;+zf]wgsf lrGxx¿sf] pkof]u,
sDKo'6/af6 k|ToIf d'b|0f z'l4 ;+zf]wg -j8{ / k]hd]s/_ sf]
k|of]u
 d'b|0f z'l4;DaGwL l;k xfl;n *=&k|sfZo ;fdu|L -kLcf/;L M k|]; /]8L skL_ sf] tof/L, k[i7fsf/,
ug{, cIf/fsf/, zLif{s, :yfg, kmf]6f], lrq, SofK;g, uftf cflb
;hfj6sf] clGtd 5gf]6, efiffsf] 5'6k'6 q'l6sf] clGtd ;+zf]wg
/ s[lt k|sfzg
 k|sfZo ;fdu|L tof/Lsf *=*5kfO cj:yfsf] ;Dkfbg M /ª ljlgof]hg -sn/ ;]k/];g_ kl5
ljleGg r/0faf/] kl/lrt x'g, afFsL /x]sf eflifs q'l6, /ª / SofK;gsf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f /
;+zf]wg
 5kfO cj:yfsf] ;Dkfbg ug{ .

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
$=! k"jL{o bz{gsf nflu
uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofo, cfo{bz{g,sf7df8f}+ MljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,
5fGbf]Uof]klgifb\,uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|];
gf/fo0f rfln;], k"jL{o bfz{lgs dfGotfdf sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;, bfª M lj=kL= lrGtg s]Gb|
a[xbf/0osf]klgifb\, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|];
a]b'/fd e';fn, g]kfndf k|rlnt bfz{lgs lrGtgx¿, sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
df]bgfy k|l>t, bz{g / b[li6sf]0f, nlntk'/ M dfOn:6f]g k|sfzg
dfwjfrfo{, ;j{bz{g ;ª\u|x, aDaO{ Mv]d/fh >Ls[i0fbf; k|sfzg
/fwfs[i0fg\ ef/tLo bz{g, efu !–@,lbNnL M /fhkfn PG8 ;G;
/fwfs[i0fg\, OlG8og lkmn;kmL, efu !–@, nG8g McS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];
/fx'n ;f+s[Tofog, bz{g lbUbz{g,Onfxfjfb Mlstfa dxn
lji0f' k|eft -;Dkf=_, bz{gfjnL,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg
:jfdL /fdfgGb lu/L, hgs bz{g, -cg'= /fdxl/ ltdlN;gf_, eStk'/ M hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
87
$=@ kf7;Dkfbgsf nflu
8]le8lqm:6n / 8]/]s 8]eL, OGe]l:6u]l6ª Oª\lUn; :6fOn, nG8gM nª\uDofg
jf;'b]j lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGtMzf]w tyf ;[hgljlw, sf7df8f}FM kf7\o;fdu|L k;n
s'df/ k|wfg / dlNnsfh'{g -sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs_, g]kfnL n]vg z}nL, d};'/M ef/tLo efiff ;+:yfg
la|ofg P;= a|'S; / Hofs h]8= l;h;{, b cf6{ ckm Pl8l6ª, Go"of]s{M Plng ofG8 a]sg
afg]{6 l;Nefg / ljlnod O{= sfOg, c ;6{ ufO8 6' /fOl6ª cafp6 ln6/]r/, Go" lbNnLM 8f]ln{ª lsG8:nL{
OlG8of lnld6]8

kf7\of+z zLif{s M eflifs cWoogsf k|d'v k4lt

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&@kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
efifflj1fgsf k|d'v k4ltsf] cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\ofz+sf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\M

 Joj:yfk/s–k|sfo{k/s Jofs/0fsf eflifs ljZn]if0f k4lt;Fu kl/lrt x'g

 ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf eflifs ljZn]if0f k4ltsf] 1fg k|fKt ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps M Joj:yfk/s k|sfo{k/s Jofs/0fsf]

eflifs ljZn]if0f k4lt
 efiffsf tx / cGtt{x tyf z[ª\vnf / 5gf]6
;DaGwsf] klxrfg ug{, !=! Joj:yfk/s ljZn]if0f k4lt

 efiffsf tx / cGt/txsf] klxrfg

 eflifs PsfO / >]0fL, ;+/rgf / Joj:yf tyf  efiffdf z[ª\vnf / 5gf]6 ;DaGw
eflifs ;"Idtfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{,  eflifs PsfO / >]0fL
 eflifs ;+/rgf / Joj:yf

88
 efiff+z÷kf7 / kl/l:yltut ;Gbe{ klxNofpg,  eflifs ;"Idtf

!=@ k|sfo{k/s ljZn]if0f k4lt

 kf7sf k|of]hgk/s e]b -/lh:6/_ / ljwfaf/]
 efiff+z÷kf7 / kl/l:yltut ;Gbe{,
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 kf7sf k|of]hgk/s e]b -/lh:6/_ / ljwf
 kf7sf ;Gbe{ut cfofd M If]q, ;xefuL /
 kf7sf ;Gbe{ut cfofd tyf kf7ut ;+;lStsf] k4lt
klxrfg / k|of]u ug{,  kf7ut ;+;lSt M ;Gbe{g, k|lt:yfkg,
ljnf]k, ;+of]hg, k'gM syg tyf ;fxro{ -
k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
 kf7ut ;+o'lStsf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] k|of]u ug{,
 kf7ut ;+o'lSt M ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ -;+:yfut
/ j}rfl/s k[i7e"ld_, cGt/\kf7fTdstf -OG6/
6]S6\Ro'cfln6L_, kf7ut afXo ;+o'lSt -OG6«f
6]S6\Ro'cn sG6]S;_

PsfO b'O{ Mdfk tyf sf]l6 Jofs/0fsf] eflifs

ljZn]if0f k4lt
 dfk tyf sf]l6 Jofs/0faf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
 efiff+z / ;Gbe{, efiffsf :t/x¿ / k|of]hgk/s @=! dfk tyf sf]l6 Jofs/0f -PsfO, ;+/rgf, ju{ /
e]bsf k|sf/ klxNofpg, Joj:yf_ sf] kl/ro
 k|lqmof / ltgsf k|sf/x¿ tyf k|sfof{Tds wf/0ff @=@ efiff+z / ;Gbe{, efiffsf :t/x¿ /
/ cGtj}{olQms k|sfo{af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,
k|of]hgk/s e]bsf k|sf/
 cIfs/lyd tyf jt{s/l/dsf] lrgf/L;lxt ltgsf]
k|of]u ug{, @=# k|lqmof -ef}lts, dfgl;s tyf ;DaGwut_ /
ltgsf k|sf/x¿

@=$ k|sfof{Tds wf/0ff / cGtj}{olQms k|sfo{

@=% cIfs/lyd tyf jt{s/l/d -k|of]u /

cEof;;d]t_

 Snfl;sn l;4fGtsf] kbfjnL ;+/rgf lgod / PsfO tLg M ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] eflifs ljZn]if0f
¿kfGt/0f lgodsf] lrgf/L;lxt ltgsf] k|of]u k4lt
ug{,
 cfwf/ jfSoaf6 cGo jfSodf ¿kfGt/0f ug{, #=! Snfl;sn l;4fGt
 dfgs l;4fGtsf] jfSofTds 36saf/] hfgsf/L
 kbfjnL ;+/rgf lgod -k|of]u /
k|fKt ug{,
cEof;;d]t_
 kbfjnLsf k|sf/x¿sf] lrgf/L;lxt ltgsf] k|of]u
ug{,  ¿kfGt/0f lgod / o;sf k|sf/x¿ -k|of]u
 cfyL{ 36s / JofVofTds cy{lj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L / cEof;;d]t_
k|fKt ug{,  cfwf/ jfSoaf6 cGo jfSodf ¿kfGt/0f -
 ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof / :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|of]u ug{,
89
 pTkfbs cy{lj1fgaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
 lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGtsf] zAbjfbL cjwf/0ff
klxNofpg, #=@ dfgs l;4fGt
 æsÆ af/ l;4fGt / g]kfnL kbfjnLsf af/x¿sf]
 jfSofTds 36sM sf]l6s/0f / zAb;d"xg
lgwf{/0f ug{,
 kbfjnLsf k|sf/x¿ -k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
 cjz]if l;4fGt / ¿kfGt/0fsf] klxrfg;lxt
ltgsf] k|of]u ug{,  cfyL{ 36s / JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf]
kl/ro
 ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof -nf]k, cfud, cfb]z /
qmdkl/jt{g_ sf] :yfgfGt/0f -k|of]u /
cEof;;d]t_
 clwzf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGtcGtu{t clwzf;g
 pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
;DaGw, cfa4tf ;DaGw / cfTdjfrLs/0f k|lqmof
7Dofpg / cjwf/0ff -ly6f_ e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0fsf #=# lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt
;fy} ;LdfGt cj:yfaf/] kl/ro k|fKt ug{,  zAbjfbL cjwf/0ff
 sf/s Jofs/0fsf jfSoljZn]if0f 9fFrfsf ¿kdf  æsÆ af/ l;4fGt / g]kfnL kbfjnLsf
sf/s ;fFrf] -k|m]d_, k|sf/tf / k|lt1lKt / af/x¿
sf/sLo ¿kfGt/0f;DaGwL k|fof]lus 1fg k|fKt  cjz]if l;4fGt / ¿kfGt/0f -zLifL{s/0f,
ug{, hf]8, p2]Zo, pTyfkg tyf :yfgfGt/0f_ -
k|of]u / cEof;;d]t_
 rD:sL / lkmndf]/ tyf kfl0flg / lkmndf]/sf]
sf/sLo b[li6sf]0fsf] t'ngf ug{ . #=$ clwzf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGt

 clwzf;g ;DaGw
 cfa4tf -afOlG8ª_ / cfTdjfrLs/0f k|lqmof
 cjwf/0ff -ly6f_ e"ldsfsf] kl/ro
 ;LdfGt cj:yfsf] kl/ro

PsfO rf/ M sf/s Jofs/0fsf] eflifs ljZn]if0f k4lt

$=! sf/s Jofs/0fsf] jfSoljZn]if0f 9fFrf

 sf/s ;fFrf] -k|m]d_

 k|sf/tf / k|lt1lKt
 sf/sLo ¿kfGt/0f

$=@ sf/sLo b[li6sf]0fsf] t'ngf

 rD:sL / lkmndf]/sf sf/sLo b[li6sf]0fsf]

t'ngf

 kfl0flg / lkmndf]/sf] sf/sLo b[li6sf]0fsf]

90
 t'ngf

$=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
Pd\=P= s]= xfln8], Sof6]uf]l/h\ ckm lb lyo/L ckm\ u|fd/j8{

rfN;{ h] lkmNdf]/, s]; km/ s];, jf; / xfD;{sf], …o'lge;{N; ckm lnª\lUjl:6S; lyo/LÚ df ;ª\slnt

r"8fdl0f aGw', efifflj1fgsf ;Dk|bfo, sf7df8f}F M cIf/ ;bg

b]jLk|;fb uf}td, g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}F

————,lkmNdf]/sf] sf/s Jofs/0f / g]kfnL efiffsf sf/sx¿, sf7df8f}F

gf]d rD:sL, cf:k]S6«; ckm b lyo/L ckm\ l;G6\ofS;, Pd\=cfO{= 6L=

————,jfSoljGof;sf ;}4flGts kIf -cg'= /dfgfy ;xfo_, hok'/ M/fh:yfg lxGbLu|Gy csfbdL

————,l;G6\ofl6S; :6«Sr;{, d'6f] M lb x]u

ef]nfgfy ltjf/L, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg,lbNnL M lnlk k|sfzg

x]dfË/fh clwsf/L, g]kfnL sf/s Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg

91
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&# kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ;Gbe{df cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / JolQmTj

tyf cfVofgs[ltTj larsf ;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds 1fg k|fKt ug{

92
  ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf / pkGof;sf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ /
pgn] g]kfnL syf pkGof;If]qdf kf/]sf k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;DalGwt cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf
If]qsf ljwfut ofqf / wf/f tyf s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgfsf ;fy} of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;Dk"0f{ syfs[lt / pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf cfVofgs[ltsf] cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf af/]df
ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps MljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj /

s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf cfVofg s[ltsf] juL{s/0f
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL /
JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] !=! sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
ljj]rgf ug{, cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
 sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf larsf]
!=@ sf]O/fnfsf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf larsf]
cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f
 sf]O/fnfsf cfVofg s[ltx¿sf] sfnqmlds
ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg{, !=# sf]O/fnfsf cfVofg s[ltx¿ -syf / pkGof;_
 sf]O/fnfsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, sfnqmlds ljj/0ffTds ¿k/]vf
pTk|]/0ff;|f]t tyf k|efj;|f]t klxNofpg
!=$ sf]O/fnfsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff;|f]t
tyf k|efj;|f]t

PsfO b'O{ MljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf

 sf]O/fnfsf syfx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, @=! sf]O/fnfsf syfx¿sf] juL{s/0f

 syftŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
@=@ syftŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
sf]O/fnfsf lgwf{l/t syf;ª\u|xx¿sf] juL{s[t sf]O/fnfsf lgDglnlvt syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf]
k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f ug{, juL{s[t k|j[lQut ljZn]if0f
 …Zj]te}/jLÚ syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] ;k|;ª\u
 bf]ifL rZdf
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,  Zj]te}/jL
 …ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syfÚ
syf;ª\u|xsf …rGb|jbgÚ, …k||]dÚ, …åGåk|]d
| Ú, …b'nxL /
dxf/fhsf] ;jf/LÚ syf

@=# ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 …Zj]te}/jLÚ syf;ª\u|xsf

syfx¿sf] ljlzi6 kª\ltsf] JofVof

93
  sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, PsfO tLg MljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf cf}kGofl;s s[lt
 pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg
#=! sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿sf] juL{s/0f
sf]0faf6 sf]O/fnfsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;x¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{, #=@ pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
 sf]O/fnfsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;x¿sf] ;k|;ª\u sf]O/fnfsf lgDglnlvt pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f
;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
 tLg 3'DtL

 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;du| syf ofqf  ;'lDgdf

tyf pkGof; ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿sf]  g/]Gb| bfO
juL{s/0f ug{,  df]lb cfOg
 …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ
 …afa', cfdf / 5f]/fÚ

#=#…tLg 3'DtLÚ, …;'lDgdfÚ / …g/]Gb| bfOÚ pkGof;sf

ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof

 sf]O/fnfsf syfut tyf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut PsfO rf/ M ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;du|
k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{, cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
 g]kfnL syfsf] dgf]j}1flgs wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
$=! sf]O/fnfsf ;du| syfofqf tyf pkGof;ofqfsf r/0f
ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfgsf] lg¿k0f ug{,
pkr/0fx¿
 g]kfnL pkGof;sf] dgf]j}1flgs / cl:tTjjfbL
wf/fsf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfgsf] $=@ sf]O/fnfsf syfut tyf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut
lg¿k0f ug{, k|j[lQx¿
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfk/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf]
$=# g]kfnL syfsf] dgf]j}1flgs wf/fsf] k|jt{g /
:yfg lgwf{/0f ug{,
ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfg
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL syf
k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ . $=$ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] dgf]j}1flgs tyf cl:tTjjfbL
wf/fsf] ljsf;df sf]O/fnfsf]] of]ubfg

$=% cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofgk/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] :yfg

lgwf{/0f

$=^ ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL cfVofg

k/Dk/fdf sf]O/fnfsf] k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg .

$= kf7\o k':ts

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, tLg 3'DtL, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg,

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, bf]ifL rZdf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, g/]Gb| bfO, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

94
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, df]lbcfOg, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, ;'lDgdf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, lx6\n/ / ox"bL,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

xl/k|;fb zdf{ -;Dkf_, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

Clif/fh a/fn, pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg,

v]d sf]O/fnf, pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, sf7df8f}F M;f]wvf]h k|sfzg

hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf -;Dkf=_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfM ;dfnf]rgf / ljrf/df, sf7df8f}F MaL=kL= cg';Gwfg
tyf ;]jfs]Gb|

hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf -;Dkf_, aL= kL= sf]O/fnfsf 5l/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿, sf7df8f}F

1fg' kf08], ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb,sf7df8f}F M jL=kL sf]O/fnf kmfpG8];g

g/]Gb| rfkfufO{ / blw/fh ;'j]bL, sf]O/fnfsf ;flxTosf] ;du| cWoog, lj/f6gu/ M k|ltef k'/:sf/ k|lti7fg

efpkGyL -;Dkf=_ cfVofgsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf M k'gkf{7, sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg

e"klt 9sfn …sdnÚ, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df ljrf/ kIf, kf]v/f Mho g]kfn k||sfzg

d'/fl/k|;fb /]UdL, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf -syfv08_,sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

————,dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfnf]rgf -pkGof;v08_sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof;M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ,sf7df8f}F Mkf7\;fdu|L k|sfzg

zf/bf zdf{, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf gf/Lkfq,sf7df8f}F M ?d' k|sfzg

95
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf' / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&$ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ljwfut kl/k|]Iodf cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_
ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus
sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_ ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf
cfVofgs[ltTjsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds 1fg k|fKt ug{
 ejfgL leIf'sf cfVofgsf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / pgn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL
syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
96
  syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/ ejfgL leIf'sf ;Da4 ljwfIf]qsf ofqf, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0fsf
;fy} cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf pgsf] of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
 ejfgL leIf'sf ;du| syfs[lt / pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
 ejfgL leIf'sf cfVofgs[ltsf] kl/kSj cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf af/]df
ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps McfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL,

JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw /
 cfVofgsf/ ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolStTjsf cfVofgs[ltsf] juL{s[t ¿k/]vf
ljleGg kIfsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg{,
!=!ejfgL leIf'sf hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg
 leIf'sf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf] cGtM;DaGwsf] kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog ug{,
!=@leIf'sf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf larsf]
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds
ljZn]if0f
 leIf'sf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ¿k/]vf / ljwfut
k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, !=#leIf'sfcfVofg s[ltx¿ -syf / pkGof;_
sf ljwfut k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s[t ¿k/]vf

!=$leIf'sf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{,

 leIf'sf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, k|]/0ff ;|f]t /
pTk|]/0ff;|f]t tyf k|efj;|f]t
k|efj;|f]t klxNofpg,

 syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 ejfgL leIf'sf PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ leIf'sf syfs[ltx¿
lgwf{/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
@=! syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
d"NofÍg ug{,
leIf'sf …u'gs]z/LÚ,…d}of ;fx]aÚ,…cfjt{Ú /
…cjfGt/Ú syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut
 leIf'sf lgwf{l/t syf ;ª\u|xx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStsf]
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
@=@ leIf'sf …cfjt{Ú / …cjfGt/Ú syf ;ª\u|xsf
syfx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë
;dLIffTds JofVof

97
  pkGof;tŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 PsfO tLg M pkGof;sf/ ejfgL leIf'sf
ejfgL leIf'sf lgwf{l/t pkGof;s[ltx¿sf] s[ltut cf}kGofl;ss[lt
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{,
#=! pkGof;tŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s
 lgwf{l/t pkGof;s[ltx¿sf ljlzi6 kª\lStx¿sf]
sf]0faf6 ejfgL leIf'sf lgDglnlvt
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
pkGof;s[ltx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg

 cfut
 ;'eb|f aHo} <
 ;'GtnL
 kfOk g+= @

#=@ leIf'sf …cfutÚ pkGof;sf ljlzi6

kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof

 ejfgL leIf'sf syfofqf / To;sf r/0f / PsfO rf/ M syfsf/ ejfgL leIf'sf ofqf, wf/f,
pkr/0fx¿sf] klxrfgsf ;fy} syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
juL{s/0f ug{,
$=! ejfgL leIf'sf] syfofqf To;sf r/0f /
 ejfgL leIf'sf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿sf]
pkr/0fx¿ tyf syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut
ljZn]if0f ug{,
juL{s/0f
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf k/Dk/fdf ejfgL leIf'sf
:yfg÷of]ubfgsf] lgwf{/0f tyf k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] $=@ ejfgL leIf'sf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo
d"NofÍg ug{, k|j[lQx¿

$=# cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf k/Dk/fdf ejfgL

leIf'sf :yfg÷of]ubfg, k|efj / k|]/0ffsf]
d"NofÍg

PsfO kfFr M pkGof;sf/ ejfgL leIf'sf ofqf,

wf/f, k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
 ejfgL leIf'sf] pkGof;ofqf / pgsf pkGof;x¿sf]
k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ug{, %=! ejfgL leIf'sf] pkGof;ofqf / To;sf r/0f
tyf pkGof;x¿sf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f

%=@ ejfgL leIf'sf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf wf/f /

 ejfgL leIf'sf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo
d'Vo k|j[lQx¿
k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;df ejfgL leIf'sf] :yfg %=# cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf ejfgL
lgwf{/0f / of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{ . leIf'sf] :yfg / of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg .

$= kf7\ok':ts
98
 ejfgL leIf' cjfGt/, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', cfut, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', cfjt{, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', u'gs]z/L, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', kfOk g+= @, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', d}of ;fx]a, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', ;'GtnL, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
ejfgL leIf', ;'eb|f aHo}, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':tstyf klqsf
cRo't/d0f clwsf/L -;Dkf=_, pGgog,-ejfgL leIf' ljz]iffª\s_, sf7df8f}+
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg
Clif/fh a/fn, pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q,sf7df8f}+ M;femf k|sfzg
s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/sf7df8f}+ M;femf k|sfzg
bof/fd >]i7, g]kfnL syf / syfsf/,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
efpkGyL -;Dkf=_, ejfgL leIf' M s[ltTj / JolQmTj,sf7df8f}+ Mg]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}+ Mkf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg

99
kf7\of+z zLif{s M cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft / pgsf cfVofg s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&%kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus
tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of]
kf7\of+z cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg -syf / pkGof;_ sf ljwfut kl/k|]Iodf cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ /
pkGof;sf/_ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] ;3g ;du| cWoog tyf tT;DaGwL
k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofgsf/ -syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/_ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf

cfVofgs[ltTjsf larsf ;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds 1fg k|fKt ug{
 kfl/hftsf syf / pkGof;sf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / pgn] cfw'lgs
g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf ;Da4 ljwfIf]qsf ofqf, wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0fsf ;fy}
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf / pkGof;sf If]qdf pgsf] of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
 kfl/hftsf ;du| syfs[lt / pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
 kfl/hftsf cfVofgs[ltsf] kl/kSj cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf af/]df
ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

 cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolStTjsf ljleGg PsfO Ps McfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL, JolQmTj
kIfsf] cGt/\ljsf;sf] ;dLIff ug{, / s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf cfVofg s[ltsf]
juL{s[t ¿k/]vf
 cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL / cfVofgsfl/tfsf]
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds ljj]rgf !=!kfl/hftsf hLjgL / JolStTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
ug{, cGt/\ljsf;sf] ;dLIff,
 kfl/hftsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf] s[ltut ¿k/]vf / !=@cfVofgsf/ kfl/hftsf hLjgL /

100
 ljwfut k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, cfVofgsfl/tfsf] cGtM ;DaGwM hLjgLk/s
 kfl/hftsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff;|f]t / ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
k|efj;|f]t 7Dofpg, !=#kfl/hftsf cfVofgs[ltsf/ ljwfut
k|sf/x¿sf] juL{s[t ¿k/]vf

!=$ kfl/hftsf cfVofgsfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, ;|f]t

/ k|efj;|f]t / pTk|]/0ff

 syftŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 kfl/hftsf PsfO b'O{ M syfsf/ kfl/hftsf syfs[ltx¿
lgwf{l/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg
@=! syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
ug{,
kfl/hftsf] …cflbd b]zÚsyf;ª\u|xsf
syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg

 kfl/hftsf lgwf{l/t syf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf ljlzi6 @=@ syftŒj / ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{, kfl/hftsf] …;8s / k|ltefÚ…;fNuLsf]
anfTs[t cfF;'Ú / …awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbfÚsyf
;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf] s[ltut ljZn]if0f /
d"NofÍg

@=#…;8s / k||ltefÚsyf;ª\u|xsf syfx¿sf

ljlzi6 kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof

PsfO tLg M pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf

 pkGof;tŒjsf ;fk]Iftfdf ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6 pkGof;s[ltx¿
kfl/hftsf, lgwf{l/t pkGof;s[ltx¿sf] s[ltut #=! pkGof;tŒjsf ;fy} ljleGg ;fGble{s sf]0faf6
ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{, kfl/hftsf lgDglnlvt pkGof;s[ltx¿sf]
s[ltut ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg

 lz/Lifsf] km"n
 dxQfxLg, -v_ d
a};sf] dfG5] -3_ t
 kfl/hftsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf ljlzi6 kª\lStx¿sf]
 tf]/Laf/L af6f / ;kgfx¿
;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof ug{,
cGtd'{vL
 p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -r_ k
kvf{nleq / aflx/ -h_ k
 clgFbf] kxf8;Fu}
kl/eflift cfFvfx¿
 af]gL

#=@…lz/Lifsf] km"nÚ / …clgFbf] kxf8;Fu}Ú pkGof;sf

101
 ljlzi6 kª\lStsf] ;k|;Ë ;dLIffTds JofVof

PsfO rf/ M syfsf/ kfl/hftsf ofqf, wf/f, k|j[lQ

 kfl/hftsf syfofqf, r/0f pkr/0fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / of]ubfg
tyf syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ug{, $=! kfl/hftsf syfofqf / To;sf r/0f /
 kfl/hftsf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿sf] pkr/0fx¿ tyf syfx¿sf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f
ljZn]if0f ug{,
$=@ kfl/hftsf syfsfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfk/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf :yfg, k|j[lQx¿
of]ubfg, k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] d"NofÍg ug{,
$=# lj;ËltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL, oyfy{jfbL,
dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds / k|ultjfbL cfw'lgs g]kfnL
syfk/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf :yfg, of]ubfg,
k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] d"NofÍg .

PsfO kfFr M pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf ofqf, wf/f,

 kfl/hftsf pkGof;ofqf, r/0f pkr/0fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f k|j[lQ / of]ubfg
tyf pkGof;x¿sf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ug{,
%=! kfl/hftsf pkGof;ofqf To;sf r/0f /
 kfl/hftsf pkGof;sfl/tfsf wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿sf]
pkr/0fx¿ tyf pkGof;x¿sf] k|sf/ut
ljZn]if0f ug{,
juL{s/0f
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;k/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf :yfg,
of]ubfg, k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] d"NofÍg ug{ . %=@ kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf wf/f / d'Vo k|j[lQx¿

%=# lj;ËltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL, oyfy{jfbL,

dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds / k|ultjfbL cfw'lgs
g]kfnL pkGof;k/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf
of]ubfg, :yfg, k|efj / k|]/0ffsf] d"NofÍg .

102
$= kf7\ok':ts

kjg rfdlnª, …ls/0fÚ kfl/hftsf ;+slnt /rgfx¿ efu !–#,l;lSsd M lgdf{0f k|sfzg

kfl/hft, clgFbf] kxf8;Fu}

kfl/hft, cGtd'{vL

kfl/hft, cflbd b]z

kfl/hft, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f]

kfl/hft, tf]/Laf/L af6f / ;kgfx¿

kfl/hft, kvf{nleq / aflx/

kfl/hft, kl/eflift cfFvfx¿

kfl/hft, awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf

kfl/hft, af]gL

kfl/hft, a};sf] dfG5]

kfl/hft, dxQfxLg,

kfl/hft, ;8s / k|ltef

kfl/hft, ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;'

kfl/hft, lz/Lifsf] km"n

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg

Clif/fh a/fn, pkGof;sf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/,sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg

s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft, sf7df8f}F

lgg' rfkfufO{+ / vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf -;Dkf=_ kfl/hft :d[ltu|Gy, sf7df8f}F Mkfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|

df]xg b'jfn -;Dkf=_, hgdt -kfl/hft ljz]iffÍ_,ag]kf M hgdt k|sfzg

/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F Mkf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg

————————,;[hgljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft, sf7df8f}F Mkf7\o;fdu|L k|sfzg

103
kf7\of+z zLif{s M pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb| uf}td / pgsf pkGof; s[lt
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&^ kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus

tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M #
;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M $*

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kf7\of+z
pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf] hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ;du| ;3g cWoog tyf
tT;DaGwL k|fof]lus sfo{sf] cEof;df s]lGb|t 5 .

@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo

o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoogaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 1fg / Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M

 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf] hLjgL / JolQmTj tyf pkGof;sfl/tfsflarsf]

;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds 1fg k|fKt ug{
 w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf pkGof;sf k|d'v ;|f]t / pTk|]/0ffx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / pgn] g]kfnL
pkGof;If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;k/Dk/fdf pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf] cfudg, ljwfut ofqf, wf/f tyf
s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgfsf ;fy} of]ubfgsf] d"NofÍg ug{
 pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf pkGof;s[ltsf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ug{
104
  pkGof;sf/ w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf pkGof;s[ltsf] cf:jfbg / dd{af]wsf ;fy} pgsf cfVofgs[ltsf
af/]df ljz]if1tf k|fKt ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / kf7\o ljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo

PsfO Ps Mw|'jrGb| uf}tdsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj /

s[ltTjsf] cGtM;DaGw tyfpkGof;s[ltsf] juL{s[t
 pkGof;sf/ w|'jrGb|| uf}tdsf] hLjgL / ¿k/]vf
JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
ug{, !=! uf}tdsf] hLjgL / JolQmTjsf ljleGg kIfsf]
 uf}tdsf] hLjgL / pkGof;sfl/tfsf larsf] cGtlj{sf;sf] ;dLIff
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds
!=@uf}tdsf] hLjgL / pkGof;sfl/tfsf larsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{,
cGtM;DaGwsf] hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfTds
 uf}tdsfpkGof; s[ltx¿sf]¿k/]vf / k|sf/ut
ljZn]if0f
juL{s/0f ug{,
 uf}tdsfpkGof;sfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, !=#uf}tdsfpkGof; s[ltx¿sf] ¿k/]vf / k|sf/ut
pTk|]/0ff;|f]t tyf k|efj;|f]t klxNofpg, juL{s/0f

!=$uf}tdsfpkGof;sfl/tfsf o'u;Gbe{, pTk|]/0ff;|f]t

tyf k|efj;|f]t

PsfO b'O{ Mw|'jrGb| uf}tdsfcf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿sf]

 w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf pkGof;x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{, ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f tyf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof

@=! pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6

 pkGof; tŒjsf ;fy} ;Gble{t ljleGg sf]0faf6
uf}tdsf lgDglnlvt pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f
uf}tdsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
 8fkL
 s§]n ;/sf] rf]6k6s
 uf}tdsf lgwf{l/t pkGof;sf ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf]  clnlvt
;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{,
 pk;+xf/ cyf{t\ rf}yf] cGTo
 eLd;]g –$ sf] vf]hL
 af9L
 ;ftf}+ Ct'

@=@clnlvt / …eLd;]g–$ sf] vf]hLÚpkGof;sf ljlzi6

kª\lQmsf] ;k|;ª\u ;dLIffTds JofVof

105
  uf}tdsf] pkGof;ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿sf] PsfO tLg Mw|'jrGb| uf}tdsf];du| pkGof;sfl/tfsf]
lgwf{/0f ug{, d"Nofª\sg
 uf}tdsf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut k|j[lQx¿sf]
#=!uf}tdsf] ;du| cf}kGofl;s ofqfsf r/0f pkr/0fx¿
ljZn]if0f ug{,
 g]kfnL pkGof;sf ljleGg wf/fsf] ljsf;df #=@uf}tdsf cf}kGofl;s wf/fut k|j[lQx¿
uf}tdsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{,
#=#g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cl:tTjjfbL lj;ª\ultjfbL,
 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf]
k|of]ujfbL tyf k|of]ujfbf]Q/ wf/fsf] ljsf;df
:yfg lgwf{/0f ug{,
uf}tdsf] of]ubfg
 ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL pkGof;
k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ffsf] #=$ cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf] :yfg
d"Nofª\sg ug{ . lgwf{/0f

#=% ;dsflns tyf pQ/sflns g]kfnL pkGof;

k/Dk/fdf uf}tdsf] k|efj tyf pTk|]/0ffsf] d"Nofª\sg

$= kf7\ok':ts

w|'jrGb| uf}td, clnlvt

w|'jrGb| uf}td, pk;+xf/ cyf{t\ rf}yf] cGTo

w|'jrGb| uf}td, s§]n ;/sf] rf]6k6s

w|'jrGb| uf}td, 8fkL

w|'jrGb| uf}td, af9L

w|'jrGb| uf}td, eLd;]g –$ sf] vf]hL

w|'jrGb| uf}td, ;ftf}+ Ct'

%=;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿, bflh{lnª Mg]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\
s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg
uf]ljGb/fh e6\6/fO{, cfVofgsf] pQ/ cfw'lgs kof{jnf]sg, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/
k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, g]kfnL pkGof;M k/Dk/f / k[i7e"ld, bfhL{lnª M bLkf k|sfzg
o'js pk|]tL -;Dkf=_, ;+jfbdf w|'jrGb| uf}td,sf7df8f}F MtGg]/L k|sfzg
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ,nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg
106
 ————, ;[hgljwfsf kl/lwleq w'|jrGb| uf}td, sf7df8f}F M;femf k|sfzg

kf7\of+z zLif{s M zf]wkq n]vg

kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&& kf7\of+z k|s[lt M k|fof]lus

tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M @^

;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M

!=kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL
efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifodf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg sfo{af6 of]
kf7\of+z k"/f ug]{5g\ .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
 zf]wljlw / k|lj|mofsf] k|of]u ug{
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / nf]s ;flxTo;Fu ;Da4 zf]wsfo{sf] cEof; ug{
 pko{'Qm ljwf If]qsf s'g} gofF ljifodf tYosf] vf]hL, k'/fg} ;fdu|Lsf] k'g/\zf]wg jf k'/fg} tYosf]
gofF ;+of]hg, JofVof, ljZn]if0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{
 k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] zf]wk/s ;+of]hg, JofVof, ljZn]if0f / ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L ts{;ª\ut, qmda4,
;Gt'lnt, k|fdfl0fs tyf :ki6 ¿kn] z'4 g]kfnL efiffdf zf]w k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{

107
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / zf]wkqn]vg sfo{
ljlzi6 p2]Zo zf]wkqn]vg sfo{
PsfO Ps Mzf]wIf]qsf] 5gf]6 tyf k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f /
cWoog
 g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTodWo] s'g} Ps
If]qsf] 5gf]6 ug{, !=! zf]wIf]qsf] 5gf]6

 pko{'Qm If]qaf6 s'g} Ps pko'Qm ljifo 5fGg,  g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo jf nf]s;flxTodWo] s'g}
Ps If]qsf]5gf]6
 5gf]6 ul/Psf] If]qleqaf6 s'g} Ps pko'Qm
ljifosf] rog
 ;Da4 ljifoaf/] tTsfn k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] k|f/lDes
ljj/0f tof/ ug{, !=@ k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f / cWoog

 ljj/0fcg';f/sf] ;fdu|L a6'n]/ ltgsf] cWoog  ;DalGwt If]qsf] ;Da4 kIfsf tTsfn k|fKt
ug{, ;fdu|Lsf] k|f/lDes ljj/0fsf] tof/L
 ljj/0fcg';f/ ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog

PsfO b'O{ Mzf]wzLif{ssf] lgwf{/0f tyf zf]wk|:tfj /

zf]wn]v n]vg
 zf]wzLif{ssf] lgwf{/0f ug{,
@=! zf]wzLif{ssf] lgw{f/0f
 5flgPsf] zf]wzLif{sdf s]lGb|t /xL zf]wkl/ro,  pko'Qm ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog / ;|f]t JolQm tyf
;d:ofsyg, p2]Zolgwf{/0f, k|fSsNkgf lgdf{0f, ljz]if1;Fusf] k/fdz{sf cfwf/df zf]wsfo{sf
nflu ;DalGwt ljefuaf6 :jLs[t ;"rLdWo]af6
k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff, zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo, ;fdu|L
s'g} Ps zLif{s -zf]w;d:of_ 5fGg]
;Íng, cWoog ljlw, zf]wsf j|mddf cFuflng]
;}4flGts cfwf/ / zf]wsfo{sf] ¿k/]vf;lxt @=@ zf]wk|:tfj n]vg

zf]wk|:tfj n]Vg,  ;DalGwt zLif{sdf zf]wsfo{ ug{sf nflu

To;sf] k|f/lDes ¿k/]vf / df]6fdf]6L ljj/0f
tof/ ug]{
 lgDglnlvt s'/f kg]{ u/L zf]wk|:tfj tof/
 zf]wsf cfjZos cª\usf] k|of]u u/L ug]{ M
cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v n]Vg, -s_ zf]wsfo{sf] kl/ro, ;d:of syg tyf p2]Zo
lgwf{/0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ k|fSsNkgf lgdf{0f
-v_ zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt k"j{sfo{sf] ljj/0f / ;dLIff
-u_ ;Da4 zLif{sdf zf]wsfo{ ug{fsf] cf}lrTo
-3_ zf]w;Fu ;Da4 ;fdu|L ;Íng, cWoogsf ljlw /
zf]wsf j|mddf cFuflng] ;}4flGts cfwf/
-ª_ zf]wsfo{sf] k|f/lDes ¿k/]vf
-r_ ;+a4 k':ts–klqsfsf] ljj/0f -j|mdzM n]vs,
108
 k':ts ÷ /rgf, k|sfzg / To;sf :yfg / jif{ -
klqsf eP cÍ klg_
@=# zf]wn]v n]vg
 ;fdfGotM ljifo kl/ro, ;d:ofsyg /
p2]]Zo, k"jf{Woogsf] ;j]{If0f, cf}lrTo, ;fdu|L
;ª\sng / ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0fljlwsf] :ki6
ls6fgLsf ;fy} pkof]u ul/Psf ;Gbe{
s[ltx¿sf] ljj/0f;lxt cWoogsf] lgisif{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] sl/a @))) zAb;Ddsf]
cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v tof/ kfg]{

PsfO tLg M;fdu|L ;Íng, ;Dkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg

 k':tsfno sfo{cg';f/ ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6 u/L
#=! ;fdu|L ;Íng M k':tsfno sfo{
cWoog / ;'Jojl:yt l6kf]6 ug{,
 k':tsfno sfo{cg';f/ ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6,
cWoog / ;'Jojl:yt l6kf]6
 lghL ;ª\u|xsf ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog / l6kf]6 ug{,
 h?/L ;fdu|L -lghL ;+u|x;d]t_ sf] pkof]u
u/L cWoog / ;'Jojl:yt l6kf]6
#=@ If]qLo ;fdu|L ;Íng
 zf]w;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt /xL cjnf]sg, ;j]{If0f,
Pjd\ k|ZgfjnL / cGtjf{tf{ h:tf If]qLo ;fdu|L  ljifosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cg';Gwfg ;d:of;Fu
;DalGwt /x]/ cjnf]sg tyf ;j]{If0f Pj+
;Íng ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{,
k|ZgfjnL / cGtj{ftf{sf] pkof]u
 If]qLo ;fdu|L ;Íng ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L
 ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ tYofª\sg ug{, l6kf]6 lgdf{0f
#=# ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6 / tYofÍg
#=$ ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog
 l6kf]6 ul/Psf] ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg,cWoog, dgg
Pjd\ ;f];DaGwdf zf]wlgb]{zs;Fu k/fdz{ ug{,  l6kf]6sf ¿kdf cfPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg
tyf cWoog, dgg / zf]wlgb]{zs;Fu k/fdz{
 cfjZos b]lvPdf yk ;fdu|Lsf] ;Íng /
 cfjZos b]lvPdf yk ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / To;sf] cWoog dgg
To;sf] cWoog tyf dgg ug{,

109
 PsfO rf/ M;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f, lgisif{0f÷
 cWoog—dgg ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df ;fdfGoLs/0f / zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] ¿k/]vf
;'Jojl:yt lsl;dn] a'Fbf l6Kg, ltgsf] ;+of]hg /
$=! ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f / a'Fbf l6kf]6
dgg ug{,
 cWoog tyf dgg ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df
 pknAw tYo / ltgsf cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f
sf8{df ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf a'Fbf l6kf]6, ltgsf]
ug{, ;+of]hg tyf dgg,
 tYosf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg /  k|fKt tYosf] juL{s/0f
 k|fKt tYo / ltgsf cGtM;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f,
To;sf] kl/isf/ ug{,
 zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] lj:t[t ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg{ / $=@ lgisif{0f, ;fdfGoLs/0f / zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] ¿k/]vf
lgwf{/0f
To;sf] kl/dfh{g ug{,
 ;fdfGo lgisif{ / To;sf] kl/isf/
 zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] lj:t[t ¿k/]vf tof/L /
To;sf] kl/dfh{g

PsfO kfFr Mzf]wkqsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf, kl/dfh{g

tyf k|:t'lt
 lgwf{l/t ¿k/]vfcg';f/ zf]wsfo{sf] k|f/lDes
d:of}bf n]Vg, %=! k|f/lDes d:of}bf
 zf]wlgb]{zssf] k/fdz{df zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf
kl/dfh{g ug{,  lgw{fl/t ¿k/]vfcg';f/ zf]wsfo{sf] k|f/lDes
d:of}bf n]vg
 zf]wlgb]{zssf lgb]{zgdf /xL zf]wkqsf] clGtd  zf]wlgb]{zs;Fu k/fdz{ u/L zf]wkqsf]
kl/dfh{g ug{, d:of}bfsf] kl/dfh{g
 zf]wkqsf] ljifoj:t' ,k|:t'tLs/0f / efiffsf] %=@ zf]wkqsf] clGtd n]vg tyf k|:t'lt
;+zf]wg ug{,
 zf]wlgb]{zssf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ cfjZos k/]  zf]wlgb]{zssf lgb]{zgdf /xL zf]wkqsf] clGtd
zf]wkqsf] k'gn]{vg / ;fkmL ug{, kl/dfh{g
 zf]wkqsf cfjZos ;a} cËx¿ -p4/0f, tflnsf,  zf]wkqsf] ljifoj:t', k|:t'tLs/0f / efiffsf]
kfbl6Kk0fL, kl/lzi6, cfd'v, ;Gbe{ ljj/0f cflb_ ;+zf]wg
sf] ;+of]hg / kl/dfh{g ug{,  zf]wkqsf cfjZos cËx¿ - p4/0f, tflnsf,
 zf]wkqsf] 6Í0f, ;+zf]wg tyf ljefudf ca4 kfbl6Kk0fL, kl/lzi6, cfd'v, ;Gbe{ ljj/0f
k|:t'lt Pjd\ df}lvs k/LIffsf s|ddf k|fKt cflb_ sf] ;+of]hg / To;sf] kl/dfh{g
;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L clGtd ¿k lbg,  zf]wkqsf] 6Í0f / k|'km ;+zf]wg tyf ljefudf
 zf]wkqsf] uftfaGbL / zf]w;f/;lxt zf]wkq ca4 -uftfaGbL gul/Psf]_ zf]wkqsf] k|:t'lt
ljefudf k|:t't ug{ . / df}lvs k/LIffkl5 cfjZos ePdf zf]w9fFrf
/ efiffz'l4;DaGwL cfjZos ;'wf/
 zf]wkqsf] uftfaGbL / zf]w;f/;lxt ljefudf
zf]wkqsf] k|:t'lt
b|i6JoM
-!_ o; kf7Øf+zcGtu{tsf] zf]wsfo{ ;DalGwt ljefuåf/f cg'df]lbt zf]w;"rLcGtu{t /xL ug{'kg]{5 / ;a}
ljefun] zf]w;"rL tof/ ubf{ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] ;+of]hsLo ;xdlt;d]t lng'kg]{5 . ljefux¿n] k|To]s
z}lIfs jif{df btf{ ePsf / k"/f ePsf zf]wzLif{s;DaGwL ljj/0f;d]t s]Gb|Lo ljefudf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
110
 s]Gb|Lo ljefun] k|To]s z}lIfs jif{df btf{ eO{ rfn" /x]sf, cjlw k"/f eO{ vf/]h ePsf / k"/f ePsf
zf]wzLif{sx¿sf] ;Íng, ;+of]hg / ;"rL lgdf{0f u/L clen]v;d]t /fVg'kg]{5 . t];|f] ;qdf egf{ ePsf
ljBfyL{x¿ ljefuaf6 lgwf{l/t zf]wz'Ns lt/L zf]wkq n]vg sfo{df ;xefuL x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
-@_ zf]w:jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf k|To]s zf]wfyL{sf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefun] Ps lzIfsnfO{ lgb]{zssf ¿kdf
tf]Sg]5 / lghsf lgb]{zgdf /xL zf]wfyL{n] +o; kf7\of+zcGtu{t zf]wk|ls|ofsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df lgwf{/0f
ePcg';f/ zf]wsfo{ ug{'kg]{ 5 . k|To]s zf]wfyL{sf] ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;qsf] zf]wlgb]{zg u/]afkt lzIfssf]
sfo{ef/sf] u0fgf k|ltxKtf ! sIff;/x x'g]5 .
-#_ zf]wkq ;Da4 ljifosf] df}lns vf]hL, ;+of]hg, JofVof, ljZn]if0f, ljj]rgf / d"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{5
.
-$_ zf]wkq g]kfnL efiffdf z'4 ¿kdf 6lÍt u/L ljefun] tf]s]cg';f/sf k|lt ljefuåf/f ;do ;dodf
lgw{fl/t z'Ns;lxt d"NofÍgsf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefudf a'´fpg' kg]{5 . ljefun] ca4-uftfaGbL
gul/Psf]_ zf]wkqsf ljifo ljZn]if0f, zf]w9fFrf / efiffz'l4sf] d"NofÍg Pjd\ df}lvs k/LIff u/L u/fO{
:jLs[lt lbPkl5 cfjZos ;'wf/;lxt uftfaGbL ul/Psf] zf]wkq ljefudf k|:t't ug{'kg]{5 .
-%_ g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf ;Da4 ljefuåf/f cg'df]lbt zf]wk|ljlwsf] kl/kfng zf]wkqdf x'g'kg]{5 .
-^_d"NofÍg k|lj|mof M zf]wkqsf] d"NofÍg sfo{ ;DalGwt ljefun] g} ug]{5 . zf]wkqsf] !)) cÍsf] ljt/0f
cfGtl/s $) / afXo ^) cª\ssf cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
-&_ cfGtl/s d"NofÍg M cfGtl/s d"NofÍgsf nflu bz hgf;Dd ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x agfO{ cfkm\gf] ljifo;Fu
;Da4 kf7\oljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoaf/] sIffut ljdz{, 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of cflbsf ;fy} ;DalGwt
sIfflzIfsaf6 cfjZos k/fdz{ / lbzflgb]{z k|fKt u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] zf]wk|:tfj, zf]wn]v /
k"jf{Woogsf] ;dLIff k|:t't ug]{5g\ . ljBfyL{n] ljefudf zf]wzLif{s btf{ ul/;s]kl5 zf]wkq
a'emfpGh]n;Ddsf zf]wfyL{sf k|fl1s lqmofsnfk / zf]wkq n]vgsf cfwf/df zf]wlgb]{zsn] ljBfyL{sf]
cfGtl/s d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ / o;sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ cÍ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ zf]wk|:tfjn]vg / k|:t'lt !)
-v_ zf]wn]v n]vg / k|:t'lt !)
-u_ k"jf{Woogsf] ;dLIff n]vg / k|:t'lt !)
-3_ zf]wlgb]{zssf] cfGtl/s d"NofÍg !)

-*_ afXo d"NofÍg M zf]wfyL{n] ljefudf zf]wkq k|:t't u/]kl5 afXo d"NofÍgsf nflu;DalGwt zf]wlgb]{zsn]
sDtLdf tLg hgf afXo k/LIfssf] gfdfjnL ljefu;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{5g\ / tLdWo] ljefuLo k|d'vn]
tf]s]adf]lhd Ps hgf afXo k/LIfsaf6 zf]wkqsf] uf]Ko d"NofÍg / df}lvs k/LIff lnOg]5 . o;sf]
cª\sljefhg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f zf]wkqsf] d"NofÍg $)
-3_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f df}lvsk/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)
-ª_ ljefuLo k|d'våf/f df}lvs k/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)

-(_ d"NofÍg k"/f ePkl5 zf]wkqsf] Ps k|lt g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt -g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=sLlt{k'/_ df
klg k7fpg' kg]{5 .
$;xfos÷;Gbe{ k':ts M kf7\of+z %^( sf lglDt k|:tfljt ;a} ;xfos / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿,

111
kf7\of+z zLif{s M;[hgfkq n]vg
kf7\of+z ;ª\s]t M %&* kf7\of+z k|s[lt M k|fof]lus

tx M Pd= P= qm]=cf= M @$^

;]d]:6/ M rf}yf] kf7306f M

!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
k|:t't kf7\of+z lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfocGtu{t ;q k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/ -Pd= P=_ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . uLt, uhn, sljtf,
syf, lgaGwsf ;fy} gf6s, pkGof;, v08sfJo dxfsfJo h:tf ;flxlTos ljwfdf ljwfut cª\u /
;+/rgfut j}lzi6\ox¿sf] pkof]u;lxt tof/ kfl/Psf] ;[hgfTds n]vgsf dfWodaf6 of] kf7\of+z k"/f x'g]5
.
@=;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7of+zaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g]5g\ M
 l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] ljlw / k|lqmofsf] k|of]ufTds hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
 g]kfnL efiffdf ;DalGwt ;flxlTos ljwfsf lgb]{lzt l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] cEof; ug{
 ;DalGwt ljwfdf l;h{gfTds cleJolQm Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
 lgb]{lzt ljwfut ;flxTo n]vgsf k|ls|ofdf cfwfl/t l;h{gfkq -ljwfut s[lt_ sf] /rgf ug{

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo / ;[hgfkq n]vg sfo{

112
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo ;[hgfkq n]vg sfo{
PsfO Ps M l;h{gfTds s[lt n]vgsf lglDt ljwfut Pjd\

 ;[hgfTds n]vgsf lglDt ljwf÷pkljwf ljifout 5gf]6

5gf]6 ug{,
!=! ;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf lglDt ljwf÷pkljwfsf] 5gf]6
 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwfcg';f/ ljifo
If]qsf] lgwf{/0f ug{, !=@ 5gf]6 ul/Psf ljwf÷pkljwfcg';f/ ljifoIf]qsf] lgwf{/0f
 5gf]6 ul/Psf ljwf÷pkljwf If]q;Fu ;Da4
;}4flGts / k|d'v l;h{gfTds s[ltsf] ljj/0f !=# 5gf]6 ul/Psf ljwf÷pkljwf If]q;Fu ;Da4 / k|d'v
tof/ ug{ / ltgsf] cWoog Pjd\ dgg ug{ l;h{gfTds s[ltsf] ljj/0fsf] tof/L

!=$ ljj/0fcg';f/ ljwf l;4fGt / gd'gf l;h{gfTds s[ltsf]

cWoog dgg
PsfO b'O{ M;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf lglDt ;[hgf k|:tfj n]vg /
k|:t'lt
 l;h{gfkq n]vgsf lglDt 5flgPsf] ljwf
pkljwfcg';f/ ljifoj:t' / k|:t'ltsf] @=! ;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf lglDt 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwf
k|f/lDes of]hgf agfpg, Pjd\ To;sf lglDt ljifoj:t' / k|:t'ltsf] k|f/lDes of]hgf
@=@ lgwf{l/t ljwf÷pkljwfcg';f/ ;[hgfTds s[ltsf] ¿k/]vf
 lgwf{l/t ljwf÷pkljwfcg';f/ l;h{gf kqsf]
lgdf{0f
¿k/]vf lgdf{0f ug{,
@=# rog ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwf Pjd\ ljifo If]qdf cfwfl/t eO{
;[hgfTds kq n]vgsf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ k|f/lDes of]hgf /
 ;[hgfkq n]vgsf lglDt k|:tfj tof/ kfg{, ¿k/]vf ;dfj]z x'g] u/L l;h{gf k|:tfjsf] tof/L M

 ;[hgfTds kqsf] kl/ro

 ;[hgfTds sfo{sf] k|of]hg÷p2]Zo
 ;[hgfkqsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg{,  ;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf lglDt rog ul/Psf]
;flxlTos ljwf ÷pkljwf ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts
kl/ro
 rog ul/Psf] ;flxlTos ljwf ÷pkljwf;Fu ;Da4
 ;[hgfTds n]vgsf nflu 5flgPsf] ljwfsf s[ltx¿sf] gd'gf ;j]{If0f
ljleGg wf/fsf sDtLdf kfFrhgf s[ltsf/ /  ;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf] cf}lrTo
ltgsf 5flgPsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/  ;[hgfTds s[lt n]vgsf] ljwf, ljwfut wf/f, jfb,
jf b;j6f km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g, k|j[lQ, ljifoj:t'sf] ;|f]t, ;+/rgf k|:t'ltsf] 9fFrf cflb
 ;[hgfkq kqsf] ¿k/]vf
cf:jfbg / cWoog dgg ug{,
 ;[hgfkq k|:tfj n]vgsf s|ddf pkof]u ul/Psf
k':ts, kqklqsf nufotsf ;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|:t'lt
@=$ pko'{Qm ;[hgfkq n]vg k|:tfj;Fu} lgDgfg';f/ ;Da4
ljwf÷pkljwfsf cfkm"n] n]v]sf k"j{ k|sflzt Pjd\ ck|sflzt
/rgfx¿sf] k|:t'lt M
-s_ n3' cfofdsf /rgf ;[hgf ug{sf nflu cfkm"n] 5gf]6 u/]sf]
ljwf÷pkljwf;Fu ;Da4 kBtkm{ uLt÷uhn, d'Qms÷km'6s/

113
 sljtf tyf uBtkm{ syf, n3'gf6s -Psfª\sL_, lgaGw,
;+:d/0f h:tf cfkm"n] n]v]sf kfFrj6f /rgfx¿sf] k|:t'lt -
tLdWo] sDtLdf b'O{j6f /rgf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt
eO;s]sf] x'g'kg]{_
-v_ kBtkm{ v08sfJo÷ nfdf]sljtf, dxfsfJo, uLltgf6s Pjd\
uBtkm{ gf6s -Psfª\sL_, pkGof;, hLjgL, ;+:d/0f h:tf
demf}nf / a[xt\ cfofdsf /rgf ;[hgf ug{sf nflu ;Da4
ljwfsf] k|sflzt s[lt Go"gtd Pp6f jf v08sfJo÷nfdf]
sljtf tyf dxfsfJosf lglDt km'6s/ sljtf, uLlt gf6ssf
lglDt uLt, gf6ssf lglDt n3' gf6s -Psfª\sL_,
pkGof;sf lglDt syf / hLjgLsf lglDt lgaGwh:tf dfly
-s_ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd k|sflzt / ck|sflzt km'6s/
/rgfx¿sf] k|:t'lt
@=% pko'{Qm ;[hgfkq n]vgsf] k|:tfj / lgwf{l/t ;ª\Vof
cg';f/sf ck|sflzt s[ltx¿ tyf k|sflzt s[ltx¿sf d"n
k|lt -k':ts÷klqsf_ g} l;h{gfkq lng] cg'dltsf nflu
ljefuåf/f tf]lsPsf] k"j{of]Uotfsf] k|df0f;lxt ljefudf
k|:t'lt

 l;h{hfTds kq n]vgsf lglDt rog PsfO tLg Ml;h{gfkq n]vgsf lglDt ljifoj:t'sf] Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ / cEof;
#=! ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\sng / cWoog l;h{hfTds kq n]vgsf
cfkm"n] 5fg]sf] ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/ cWoog,
lrGtg dgg / ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{, lglDt rog ul/Psf] ljwf÷pkljwf, ljifo If]qcg';f/
/fli6«o–cGt//fli6«o;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, kf}/fl0fs,
 ;fdfGoLs[t ljifoj:t'sf cfjZos v08, bfz{lgs -kf}/:To kfZrfTo_, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}uf]lns,
kl/R5]b, efu jf ;u{, sf08 Pjd\ plQmk4lt k|fs[lts cflb hLjg hut\;Fu ;Da4 cfkm"n] 5fg]sf]
nufotsf afXo cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\sng, ltgsf] uDeL/ cWoog, lrGtg, dgg
/ ;fdfGoLs/0fsf] cEof;
kl/sNkgfsf ;fy} ltgsf] ;+of]hg /
Joj:yfkg ug{, #=@;fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ nfdf 5f]6f ljleGg v08,
kl/R5]b, efu, cWofo, ;u{, sf08 Pjd\ plQm k4lt
nufotsf afXo cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] kl/sNkgf, ;+of]hg /
Joj:yfkgsf] cEof;
PsfO rf/ M ljwfut ;}4flGts, P]ltxfl;s tyf s[ltsf] ;+/rgf
 ;[hgfTds n]vgsf lglDt 5flgPsf] ljwfsf] ljZn]if0f
;}4flGts hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{, $=! l;h{gfTds n]vgsf lglDt 5flgPsf] ;DalGwt ;flxlTos
ljwfsf] ljwfut ;}4flGts cWoog / ljwfut :j¿ksf]
klxrfg
 g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;Da4 ljwfsf] ljsf;qmd,
d'Vo df]8x¿, ljwfut cBfjlws l:ylt tyf $=@ ;flxTosf k|d'v wf/fx¿sf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;f]
ljwfsf] ljsf;qmdsf d'Vo df]8x¿ / cBfjlws l:ylt tyf
pknlAw, sdhf]/L / r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg
pknlAw, sdhf]/L / r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg
ug{,
$=# ;[hgfTds n]vgsf nflu rog ul/Psf] ljwfsf ljleGg
114
  5flgPsf] ljwfsf ljleGg wf/fsf sDtLdf wf/fsf sDtLdf kfFrhgf k|d'v g]kfnL s[ltsf/ / ltgsf
kfFrhgf s[ltsf/ / ltgsf 5flgPsf 5flgPsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf bzj6f ljlzi6
km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g, cf:jfbg / cWoog—dgg -o;
sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf bzj6f s|ddf hLljt k|l;4 ;flxTosf/af6 cfkm\gf] /rgf k|ls|ofaf/]
km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g, cf:jfbg / cWoog JofVofg / ;Da4 ljwfsf ljlzi6 ;dfnf]rssf dGtJosf]
dgg ug{, hfgsf/L u/fpg klg ;lsg]_

 o;/L cWoog dgg ul/Psf ;flxlTos $=$ o;/L 5flgPsf g]kfnL ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] ljwfut
s[ltx¿sf] ljwfut ;+/rgfsf] gd'gf ;+/rgfsf] gd'gf ljZn]if0f / ljifout ;dLIff -o;s|ddf
n]vsLo ljwfut ;kmntf / ljkmntfsf vf; vf;
ljZn]if0f / ljifout ;dLIff ug{,
sf/stkm{ cfjZos Wofg lbg]_
PsfO kfFr M ;[hgfTds s[ltsf] k|f/lDes n]vg, kl/dfh{g /
 k|:tfljt l;h{g–of]hgfcg';f/ s[lt jf clGtd ¿k tyf k|:t'lt
s[ltx¿sf] k|f/lDes n]vg lgb]{zssf] ;'emfj %=! k|:tfljt ;[hgf of]hgf cg';f/ s[lt jf s[ltx¿sf] k|fylds
cg';f/ ;[lht s[ltx¿sf] kl/dfh{g, clGtd n]vg
;+zf]wg u/L ltgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg, %=@ lgb]{zssf] /fo;'emfj cg';f/ ;[lht s[ltx¿sf] kl/dfh{g /
;fkmL n]vg
%=# s[ltsf] ;[hgfTds 6ª\sg / 5kfO z'l4
 ;[hgfkq tof/Lsf] k|ls|of k"/f u/L To;sf]
%=$;[hgfkqsf] df}lvs k/LIffsf lglDt ljefudf ca4 -
6ª\sg, 5kfO z'l4 / df}lvs k/LIffsf lglDt uftfaGbL gul/Psf]_ k|:t'lt
ljefudf ca4 k|:t'lt tyf df}lvs k/LIffsf]
s|ddf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
clGtd ¿k lbg / uftfaGbL;lxt ;[hgfkq %=% df}lvs k/LIffkl5 cfjZos ePdf clGtd ;+zf]wg,
kl/dfh{g / uftfaGbL u/L ljefudf ;[hgfkqsf] k|:t'lt
ljefudf Kf|:t't ug{ .

b|i6JoM
-!_ l;h{gfTds k|ltef ePsf tyf l;h{gfTds n]vgdf k"j{ cle?lr / pT;'stf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ljefuaf6
lgwf{l/t z'Ns lt/L of] kf7\of+z lng ;Sg]5g\ . ;DalGwt ljwfsf k"j{;[lht s[ltsf ;fy}
cfjZostfg';f/ df}lvs k/LIff;d]t lnO{ ljefun] ;[hgfkqsf nflu :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;[hgfTds n]vgsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf ljBfyL{sf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefun] Ps lzIfsnfO{
lgb]{zssf ¿kdf tf]Sg]5 / lghsf lgb]{zgdf /xL ;[hgfTds kq n]vsn] o; kf7\of+zdf lgb]{z
ul/Pcg';f/ ;[hgfTds n]vg sfo{ ug{'kg]{ 5 . k|To]s ;[hgfkq n]vssf] ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;qsf]
lgb]{zg u/]afkt lzIfssf] sfo{ef/sf] u0fgf k|ltxKtf ! sIff;/x x'g]5 .
-#_ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gf k|:tfj / k"j{k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt lgwf{l/t gd'gf s[ltsf ;fy} cfjZos k/]df df}lvs
cGtjf{tf{;d]t lnO{ cle?lr / Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\g ul/g]5 .
-$_ ;[hgfkq g]kfnL efiffdf z'4 ¿kdf 6lÍt u/L To;sf % k|lt cyjf ljefun] tf]s]cg';f/sf k|lt
ljefuåf/f ;do ;dodf lgw{fl/t z'Ns;lxt d"NofÍgsf lglDt ;DalGwt ljefudf a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
115
 ljefun] ca4 -uftfaGbL gul/Psf]_ ;[hgfkqsf] sYo ljifo, plQm9fFrf / ;+/rgfut k|:t'lt Pjd\
efiffz'l4sf] d"NofÍg tyf df}lvs k/LIff u/L u/fO{ :jLs[lt lbPkl5 clGtd kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/;lxt
uftfaGbL ul/Psf] ;[hgfkq ljefudf k|:t't ug{'kg]{5 .
-%_o; kf7\of+z cGtu{t ;[hgf ul/Psf] s[ltdf lgDg cg';f/sf s'/fx¿ /xg' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt ljwfsf] kl/efiff / :j¿k tyf k|sf/ Pj+ wf/fsf ;Gbe{df ;f] ;[hgfkqsf] cjl:ylt
-v_g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;f] ljwfsf] ;fdfGo ljsf; / jt{dfg l:yltsf ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] l;h{gfkqsf]
cjl:ylt
-u_ l;h{gfkqdf ul/Psf ljifoj:t'ut / ljwfut :j¿k;DaGwL rogsf k[i7e"ld / sf/0f,
-3_ cfˆgf] l;h{gfTds s[ltsf] wf/fut :j¿k, /rgf k|ls|of;DaGwL cfkm\gf] ljZn]if0ffTds cfTdsYo
-ª_ l;h{gfkq ljwfut ;ª\sng ePdf uB /rgftkm{ Go"gtd !) j6f / kB/rgftkm{ @) j6f x'g'kg]{ /
k|aGwfTds s[lt eP 6fOk ul/Psf] Go"gtd $) k[i7sf] Pp6f k"0f{ s[lt x'g'kg]{

-^_g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf ;Da4 ljefuåf/f cg'df]lbt ;[hgfk|ljlwsf] kl/kfng ;[hgfkqdf x'g'kg]{5.
-&_ d"NofÍg k|lj|mof M ;[hgkqsf] d"NofÍg ;DalGwt ljefun] g} ug]{5 . o;sf lglDt lgwf{l/t !)) cÍsf]
ljt/0f cfGtl/stkm{ $) / afXotkm{ ^) cÍsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
-*_ cfGtl/s d"NofÍg M cfGtl/s d"NofÍgsf nflu bz hgf;Dd ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x agfO{ ;[hgfkqdf pNn]v
ul/Psf ljifo 5gf]6, zLif{s lgwf{/0f, ljwfut tyf ;+/rgfut ¿k/]vf cflbaf/] sIffut ljdz{, 5nkmn,
cGtlqm{of cflbsf ;fy} ;DalGwt sIfflzIfsaf6 cfjZos k/fdz{ / lbzflgb]{z k|fKt u/L ljBfyL{x¿n]
;[hgfkq k|:tfj, ;[hgfkqsf] ¿k/]vf / ;DalGwt ljwfsf ljleGg wf/fsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f k|d'v g]kfnL
s[ltsf/ / ltgsf 5flgPsf sDtLdf kfFrj6f u|Gyfsf/ jf b;j6f ljlzi6 km'6s/ s[ltx¿sf] k7g
cf:jfbg / cWoog—dgg u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{5g\ . ljBfyL{n] ljefudf ;[hgfkqsf] zLif{s btf{
ul/;s]kl5 ;[hgfTds n]vgsf] k|ltj]bg a'emfpGh]n;Ddsf ;[hgfkq n]vssf k|fl1s lqmofsnfk /
;[hgfkq n]vgsf cfwf/df lgb]{zsn] ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"NofÍg ug]{5g\ . o;sf lglDt lgwf{l/t $)
cÍsf] ljefhg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ ;[hgfkqsf] k|:tfjn]vg / k|:t'lt !)
-v_ ljifout lj:t[t ¿k/]vf lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] k|:t'lt !)
-u_ 5flgPsf s[ltx¿sf] cWoog tyf lrGtg dggsf] k|ltj]bg tof/L / k|:t'lt !)
-3_ ;[hgfkq n]vg lgb]{zssf] cfGtl/s d"NofÍg !)
-(_afXo d"NofÍg M afXo d"NofÍgsf nflu ljBfyL{n] ljefudf ;[hgfkq k|:t't u/]kl5 ;DalGwt lgb]{zsn]
sDtLdf tLg hgf afXo k/LIfssf] gfdfjnL ljefu;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{5g\ / tLdWo] ljefuLo k|d'vn]
tf]s]adf]lhd Ps hgf afXo k/LIfsaf6 ;[hgfkqsf] uf]Ko d"NofÍg / df}lvs k/LIff lnOg]5 . o;sf
lglDt lgwf{l/t ^)cÍsf] ljefhg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f ;[hgfkqsf] d"NofÍg $)
-v_ afXo k/LIfsåf/f df}lvs k/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)
-u_ ljefuLo k|d'våf/f df}lvs k/LIffsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg !)

-!)_ d"NofÍg k"/f ePkl5 ;[hgfkqsf] ! k|lt g]kfnL ljifo ;ldlt -g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=sLlt{k'/_ df
klg k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-!!_ ;xfos tyf ;Gbe{ k':ts M kf7\of+z %^( sf lglDt k|:tfljt ;a} ;xfos / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
;[hgfTds kqn]vgsf lglDt cfwf/e"t s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lgDglnlvt k':tsx¿af6 k|fKt x'g]5 M

116
 r"8fdl0f aGw' -;Dkf=_,l;h{gfTds n]vg,sf7df8f}+ Mg]/fk|k|
/f]j6{ :sf]n]; ;d]t, Olnd]G6 ckm ln6/]r/-P:;], lkmS;g, kf]O6«L, 8«fdf, lkmNd_ cd]l/sf
sljtfsf lglDt
Sn]Gy a'S; / /f]a6{ k]g af6]g, kmG8fd]G6n ckm u'8/fOl6ª\ P XofG8 a's df]8g{ /]6\/f]l/hd, cd]l/sf
8An"=O= /f];]GxfOd,x\jf6 xfk]G; Og kf]o6«L, cd]l/sf
dh{/L a'N6g, Pgf6]fdL ckm kf]o6«L,gofF lbNnL
lnr,P lnª\lUjl:6s ufO8 6' OËln; kf]o6«L, nG8g
jf;'b]j lqkf7L ;d]t-;Dkf=_,g]kfnL sljtf, efu $,sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg

syf / pkGof;sf lglDt

O Pd km]f:6/, cf:k]S6\; ckm gf]a]n
P8ljn Do'O/,b :6«Sr/ ckm gf]a]n
O=Pd= can|fO6,b ;6{ :6f]/L
O=PDf= Un]g Snfs{, P Dofg'Pn ckm b ;6{ :6f]/L
uf]kfn /fo, pkGof; lzNk
k;L{ No'af]s,b s|fkm\6 ckm lkmS;g
lks]g, afN6/ aL cf6{ /fg', lahg]; ckm :6f]/L /fOl6ª
Ao'/]s -;Dkf=_,pkGof; n]vg lzNk -lxGbL cg'=/fdrl/q rt'j]{bL / /d]z z'Sn_
dh{/L a'N6g,b Pgf6dL ckm k|f]h, gofF lbNnL
/jLGb|s'df/ h}g, pkGof; l;4fGtcf}/ ;+/rgf
/f]eg,hf]gfyg,b 6]lSgs ckm df]8g{ lkmS;g
x]g/L h]D;,b cf6{ ckm lkmS;g
gf6ssf lglDt
P=lgsn, b Yof]]/L ckm 8«fdf, lbNnL M bf]cfo xfp;
pgf OlnP8\:f km]/gf]/, b k|mlG6o;{ ckm 8«fdf
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, gf6s / /Ëd~r, sf7df8f}F M ?d' k|sfzg
s'Fj/hL cu|jfn, cfw'lgs gf6s sf cGj]if0f, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;
117
uf]ljGbk|;fb e6\6/fO{ -cg'=_ e/td'lgsf] gf6\ozf:q, sf7df8f}F Mg]/fk|k|
6«ld; af]uf8{, ljlnod cfO= cflnj/, df]8g{ 8«fdf, Go"of]s{ McS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];
dh{/L a'N6g, b Pgf6dL ckm 8«fdf
nIdLgfy zdf{, rnlrqsnf, nlntk'/ M;f´f k|sfzg

118