;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL

g]kfnsf] Oltxf; M k|flrgsfn , dWosfn tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; M

 Oltsf; eg]sf] ; To TfYo ÷ ltyL ldlt o'Qm ljutdf 36]sf 36gfsf] cWoog ug{] ljwf xf] .
 Oltxf;sf lktf eg]/ x]/f]8f]6;nfO{ elgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] k|f/De x]bf{ g]kfn Ps b'u{d kxf8L d'n's ePsf sf/0fn] ljb]zL cfs|d0faf6 d'Qm t/ ljb]zL z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu
e/kbf{] cf>o:yn ag]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] cWofogsf] >f]tsf ?kdf k'/ftflTjs >f]tx? , ljb]zL ofqLx?sf] ofqf j0f{g , ;flxlTos >f]tx?,
uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL - hol:ytL dNnn] tof/ kf/]sf _ /fO6 j+zfjnL, ss{k]l6«s j+zfjnL cfbL nfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
 Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{ - lj=;=@))* _ df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] k|f/De b]lv (#^ ;Ddsf] ;do M k|flrgsfn – clGtd /fhf /f3jb]j
 (#^ b]lv !*@% c;f]h !# ;Ddsf] ;do M dWosfn
 !*@% b]lv xfnsf] ;do ;Dd M cfw'lgssfn elgG5 .
 lxGb'wd{ cg';f/ k|yd /fhf e'Qdfg x'g eg] , af}4wd{ cg';f/ k|yd /fhf wdf{s/ x'g .
 g] gfd u/]sf Clif uf]kfn j+zsf] ;+:yfkssf ?kdf lnOg] h;sf] gfdaf6 g]kfnsf] gfd /xg uPsf] ;d]t dflgG5 .
uf]kfnj+z , dlxifkfn j+z , / ls/ftj+z / ;f]dj+zsf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

;Gbe{ uf]kfnj+z dlxifkfn j+z – ls/ftj+z ;f]dj+z

cfle/j+z
k|yd /fhf e'Qmdfg j/l;+x onDa/ lgldif
clGtd /fhf oIfu'Kt e'jgl;+x u:tL efis/jdf{
zf;g sfn %@! aif{ !!! aif{ ss{k]l6«ssfg';f/ !!!* aif{
!^! uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnL
hDdf /fhf * /fhf # /fhf hol;+x ;d]t @( k':tfsf #@ /fhf % hgf
zf;gs]Gb| /fhwfgL dftflty{ dftflty{ uf]s0f{ @*cf} /fhf uf]bfj/L
k6'ssf] kfnf b]lv
z+vd'n ;/]sf
d'Vok]zf ufOkfng e}l;+kfng e]8fkfng ÷Jofkf/
l;dfgf b'lquf]rL - k' M b'wsf];L b'lquf]rL- k' Mb'wsf];L kM
kMlqz'nL pM uf];fOs'08 lqz'nL pM uf];fOs'08 bM
bM lrTnfË _ lrTnfË
hftL lgk xfË
sxfFaf6 cfPsf d]x]Ghf]bf/f] / x8KKff xl:tgfk'/

o; ;dosf cGo hfgsf/Lx?

 kz'kltsf] Hof]lt{lnË s'g sfndf pTklt ePsf] dflgG5 < uf]kfnj+zsf] kfnfdf
 lxGb'wd{cg';f/ e'Qmdfg klxnf] g]kfnsf /fhf x'g eg] af}4 wd{ c'g;f/ g]kfnsf k|yd /fhf sf] x'g< wdf{s/
 dlxifkfn j+zsf /fhfx? sf] sf] x'g < j/l;+x, hol;+x / e'jgl;+x
 ls/fFtsf] k|j]z g]kfndf sxFf af6 ePsf] dflgG5 < g]kfnsf] k"jL{ e' efuaf6
 ls/fFtsf] cy{ s] x'G5 < k'a{sf] dfG5]
 ls/fFtsf] cfudg sxfFaf6 ePsf] xf] < g]kfnsf] k'j{tkm{af6
 ls/fFtsf] d"nynf] sxfF lyof] < k'jL{ kxf8sf] tfdfsf]zL / b'wsf]zL lsgf/
 s'g ls/fFtL /fhsf] kfnfdf ls/fFt ?kwf/L lzj / ch{'gljr o'4 ePsf] dflgG5 < 5}6f} ls/fFtL/fhf x'dtL
 s'g ls/fFtL /fhfsf] kfnfdf uf}td a'4 g]kfn - sf7df8f}F _ cfPsf lyP < ;ftf} ls/fFtL/fhf lht]bf:tL
 onDa/sf] gfdaf6 kf6g zx/sf] gfd k|flrgsfndf on /flvPsf] xf] .
 s'g ls/fFtL /fhfsf] kfnfdf ;d|f6 c;f]s g]kfn cfPsf x'g < rf}wf}F ls/fFtL /fhf :y'+sf]
1|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 /fO6 j+zfjnL cg';f/ dxfef/t o'4df kf08jsf] kIfdf n8\g] ls/fFtL /fhf sf] lyP < ;ftf} ls/fFtL/fhf lht]bf:tL
 uf}tda'4n] cfkm} g]kfndf slt lzio agfPsf lyP eGg] dflgG5 < !#%) hgf
 ;d|f6 c;f]s g]kfn cfpbf n'lDaLgLdf c;f]s :tDe agfPsf lyP , h;sf] hd{gLsf k'/ftTjljb 8f = ˆo'x//n] ;g\ !*(^ kQf
nufPsf , hxfF kfln efiff / a|fDxL lnkLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
 ;d|f6 c;f]sn] cfˆgL 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx sf] ;uF ul/lbPsf lyP < b]jkfn;uF
 b]jkfn / rf?dtLn] pkTosfdf a;fPsf] ;x/sf] gfd s] xf] < b]jkf6g
 ls/fFtsfn kz'kfng, s[lif / Jofkf/ km:6fPsf] lyof] .
 ls/fFtsfndf ;dfhdf lxGb' / af}4 wdf{nDaLx?sf] af]nafnf lyof] .
 uf]bfj/Ldf !@ jif{ d]nf s;n] rnfPsf] dflgG5 < ;f]dj+zL /fhf lgldif
 ;f]dj+zLsf] zf;g kl5 ;'o{j+zLx?n] zf;g rnfPsf] dflgG5 .
lnR5jLsfn M

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] :j0f{sfn eg]/ lrlgg] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df cfly{s,;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts wfld{s / /fhg}lts ?kdf ljsl;t x'g
yfn]sf], lgdf{0f sfo{ / a:t'snfdf pNn]lvs k|ult ePsf] / k|fdfl0fs k|df0f kfO{g] Oltxf;sf] sfnv08sf] ?kdf lnO{g] .
 k|yd lnR5jL /fhf sf] x'g < hob]j k|yd
 k|yd k|dfl0fs /fhf eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < dfgb]j
 ;g\ bf];|f] ;tfAbLdf g]kfn cfPsf] , Golden Age of History ,
lnR5jLsfnsf /fhfx? M
hob]j k|yd M k|yd lnR5jL /fhf
dfgb]jeGbf !^ k':tf cuf8Lsf /fhf , lnR5jL j+zsf k|yd /fhf elgg] .
k|r08b]j M zflGt>Lsf] pkflw wf/0f u/]sf ,
kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ :yfkgf ug{] /fhf
:joDe'sf] Hof]ltnfO{ 5f]kL ;f]dfyL r}To lgdf{0f ug{] /fhf
;'k'ik M lnR5jL /fhf , logn] g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yfsf] z'?jft u/]sf - $ j0f{ !* hft _
xl/bQ M g]kfndf j}i0fj wd{sf] pTyfg ug{] /fhf , pkTofsfsf rf/ gf/fo0fsf] :yfkgf logn]g} u/]sf x'g .
a[ifb]j M :joDe' dxfr}To e§f/ssf] :yfkgf / rfjlxnsf] r}Tosf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP .
z+s/b]j M l;+x h:t} k/fqmdL bfgL , cg'zf;glk|o, oz:jL /fhf dflgG5 .
dfgb]j M
 lj=;= %@! b]lv %^@ ;Dd zf;g sfn
 >L dfgfª\s / ef]lugL c+lst d'b|f - dfgfÍ _ sf] k|rng
 dfgu[xsf] lgdf{0f
 rfu'gf/fo0fsf] lgdf{0f , ltlyldtL o'Qm clen]v – rfu'sf] clen]v v8f u/]sf lj=;= %@!
 uf]s0f{df dfga a:tL a;fpg] /fhf
 gfu / af;'sLsf] k'hf ug{] rng rnfPsf .
 ;j{k|yd lznfn]vsf] :yfkgf ug{] /fhf .
j;Gtb]j M
lj=;= %^# b]lv %*( ;Dd zf;g ;~rfng , … :jl:t g]kfn]EoÚ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf , logsf] kfnfb]lv 4}wzf;g - b'O{hgfn] ;o'Qm
zf;g ug{] Joj:yf _ z'? ePsf] .
lzjb]j k|yd M lj=;= ^$& b]lv ^^! ;Dd zf;gsfn , lognfO{ lnR5ljs'ns]t' elgG5 .\
c+z'jdf{ M
 ^^@ b]lv lj=;= ^&* ;Dd !^ aif{ zf;g ;~rfng
 lzjb]j k|ydsf efGhf ÷- HjfO{ elgPsf] klg kfOG5 _
 u'Kt ;Dat rnfPsf
 dxf/fhlw/fh dxf;fdGt , dxf;fdGt , snxfledfgL , kz'kltkfbfg'u[lxt kblj wf/0f ug{]
 o'j/fhlw/fh 3f]if0f ug{] k|rng
 s}nfzs'6 ejgsf] lgdf{0f
2|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 afnssf] ;fngfn sf6\g] k|rng rnfPsf .
 kz'kltnfO{ /fli6«o b]jtfsf] dfGotf lbPsf .
 anDa'df dfgjj:tL j;fPsf , a'ª\dtLdf lznfn]v :yfkgf u/]sf]
 j}>j0f d'b|fsf] k|rng u/fPsf , af]lw;Tjsf] cjtf/ dflgg] lnR5jL /fhf
 s}nfzs'6 ejgsf] lgdf{0f - b]jkf6g , kz'ktL glhs} agfPsf _ ,zAbljBfsf] /rgf
pbob]j M
 lzjb]j k|ydsf 5f]/f , c+z'jdf{sf] d[To'kl5 /fhf ePsf . lj=;= ^&* b]lv ^*! ;Dd zf;g u/]sf lognfO{ logs} efO{
w|'jb]jn] lhi0f'u'Kt ;uF ldn]/ kbRo'Q u/fPsf .
w|'jb]j / lhi0f'u'Ktsf] zf;gsfn M
 ljb|f]x ul/ cfˆg} bfO{ pbob]j ;QfRo't u/fO{ /fhf ePsf w|'jb]j x'g t/ /fHo;~rfngdf pbob]j eGbf lhi0f'u'Ktsf] k|efj
jl9 ePsf] kfOG5 .
g/]Gb|b]j M
 dxf/fhlw/fh k/de§f/s sf] kbjL lnPsf
 eb|flwjf;sf] lgdf{0f , /ftf] dl5Gb|gfy hfqfsf] z'?jft
 ‰ofndf a'§f /fVg] k|rng
 cf;gdf l;+xsf] cfs[tL agfPsf , l;xf+;g
 4}wzf;gsf] cGTo cGTo u/]sf
 k0f / k'/f0f gfds d'b|fsf] k|rng
 lnR5ljsfnsf k'0f{rGb| elgg]
lzjb]j ltt[o M
u'0fsfdb]j M
 sflGtk'/ zx/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ! nfv d'b|f vr{ u/]sf, !* xhf/ 3/ agfO{ cfw'lgs sf7df8f}Fsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf .
nIdLsfdb]j ;d]t elgg]
 s'df/Lsf] k'hf ug{] rng rnfPsf .
 kz'kltdf ;'gsf] 5fgf] nufPsf . OGb|hfqfsf] k|f/De u/]sf]
 s[i0f hfqf , >[ª\e]/L hfqf , nfv] hfqf , lxn]hfqf
lnR5jLsflng ljleGg k|zf;lso kbflwsf/Lx?
dxf;j{b08gfos k|wfgGofoflwz ;j+b08gfos Gofoflwz
dxfjnfWoIf k|wfg;]gfklt anfWoIf ;]gfktL
e6gfos ;]gfWoIf cdfTo dGqL:t/sf] clwsf/L
o'j/fh eflj /fhf k|;fbflws[t sfof{no k|d'v
k|wfg u|fd k|zf;s e6 l;kfxL
;fdGt k|zf;s uf}lNds ;]gfgfos
dxfk|ltxf/ /fhul4;DalGw sfd ug{] e§f/s /fhfsf] lghL ;lrj
b'ts zfxL 3f]if0ff ug{] JoflQm lk7fWoIf /fhu2L lgl/If0f ug{] d'Vo AoflQmq
;fy{ Jofkf/L ;fy{afx Jofkf/Lsf] gfOs]
rf/ef6 ufpFufFp uP/ s/ ;+sng kf}/ s]Gb|df a:g] hgtf
ug{] JoflQm
hfgkb ufFpdf –k|b]zdf a:g] hgtf ljifoktL lhNnf k|d'v
lnR5ljsflng s]lx k|zf;lgs lgsfox?
 s'y]/ clws/0f M /fhZj ;+sng, hUuf vl/b ljlqm tyf e'ld;DalGw d'2f x]g{] c8\8f
 dfKrf]s M ljjfx , kf/kfr's] tyf ;DkQL;DalGw d2f x]g{] c8\8f
 lnªjn M oftfoft, s'nf] / vfg]kfgL;DalGw sfd ug{] c8\8f
 z'NnL M k~rck/fw - rf]/L , hf/L , xTof , /fhb|f]x / ck/fwdf / ck/fwdf ;3fpg] _ ;DalGw d2f x]g{] c8\8f
 cGt/f;g M Goflos lg0f{o lbgsf nflu /fhf;lxtsf] ;ef jf Ohnf;
 k/df;g M k~rvt;DalGw d'2f x]g{] c8\8f
3|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 ahf/ c8\8f M eG;f/ ;DalGw sfo{ ug{] c8\8f
 kf~rfnL M ufpFsf] d'2fdfldnf / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] lgsfo
lnR5ljsflng s/x? M
ef]us/ kz'kfngdf nufOg] s/ dNno'4 / uf]o'4 s/ dgf]/~hgdf nufOg] s/
s/ jfl0fHodf nufOg] s/ t}ns/ t]ndf nufOg] s/
;'s/s/ ;'Fu'/df nufOg] s/ efus/ s[lif pTkfbgdf nufOg]s/
cfk0fs/ k;ndf nufOg] s/ r}ns/ sk8fdf nufOg] s/
l;+s/ kmlg{r/df nufOg] s/ dNn s/ e};L+df nufOg] s/
ljleGg 7fFpdf al:t j;fpg] /fhfx?
sflGtk'/ u'0fsfdb]j sLlt{k'/ lzjb]j k|yd
nlntk'/ j/b]j eQmk'/ cfgGbb]j
uf]s0f{ dfgb]j anDa' c+z'jdf{
yfgsf]6 lzjb]j l4lto xf8LufFp anb]j
a'9flgns07 hob]j l4lto
lnR5ljsflng k~rck/fw s] s] x'g
rf]/L xTof k/:qLx/0f /fhb|f]x / ck/fwdf ;3fpg]

lnR5ljsflng b08 Joj:yf

jfsb08 M xKsfpg] lwsb08 M a]OHft ug{] wg b08 M cfly{s hl/jfgf
jwb08 M cu+5]bg ;j{Zjx/0f M
lnR5jLsflng ef}uf]lns ljefhg
u|fd M ;fgf] ufFp tn M 7'nf] ufFp b|u M Jofkfl/s s]Gb| ljifo M lhNnf
ljleGg 7fFp ÷j+zsf klxnf clGtd /fhf
:yfg ÷j+z k|yd /fhf clGtd /fhf
g]kfn pkTosfsf wdf{s/
lslt{k'/ ;bflzj dNn wgjGt
uf]/vfsf b|Jo zfx – o;f]a|x zfxsf 5f]/f k[lYjgf/fo0f zfx
ndh'Ë o;f]a|x zfx- s'nd08g zfxsf 5f]/f _ jL/db{g zfx
g'jfsf]6 efis/jdf{
dsjfgk'/ lbujGwg ;]g
tgx' e[uL ;]g x/s'df/ bQ ;]g
;]gj+z ?b| ;]g
lnR5jL hob]j k|yd hosfdb]d
;f]d j+z lgldif efis/jdf{
zfxj+z s'nd08g vfg 1fg]Gb| lj/ ljqmd zfxb]j
dNNfj+z cl/b]j dNn oIfdNn – pkTofsf ljefhg x'g' k'j{
sflGtk'/ /Tg dNn hok|sfz dNn
eQmk'/ /fodNn /0flhtdNn
kf6g /0f dNn t]hl;+x dNn
7s'/Lj+z efis/b]j z+s/b]j
s0ff{6j+z gfGob]j xl/l;+xb]j
;'o{j+z e'ldadf{ ljhosfdb]j
Plss[t g]kfnsf k[lYjgf/fo0f zfx 1fg]Gb| zfx
rf}b08L hut;]g s0f{ ;]g
kfNkf k[lYjkfn ;]g
kj{t s[lt+jd dNn
8f]6L lbkzfx
h'Dnfsf anL ;'o{dfg zfx

4|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
lnR5ljsflng cGo s]xL hfgsf/Lx?
 c+z'jdf{sf] af/]df s'g k|l;4 lrlgof n] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ < x'ofª ;fª
 e[sl6n] ltAat hfbf cfkm';u} nu]sf af}4 leIf' sf] xf] < lznd~h'
 c+z'jdf{ n] jgfPsf] ljxf/ s'g xf] < /fhljxf/
 e[s'6LnfO{ ltAatdf xl/ttf/f elgGYof] , h;sf] ljjfx ;|f]ªrf]ªuDkf] ;Fu ljjfx ul/Psf] lyof] .
 e[s'6L nfO{ ltAatL efifdf l9r'ª elgGYof] eg] afNosfndf v's'gL elgGYof] .
 dfgfÍ s'g wft'af6 agfOPsf] lyof] < tfdf
 g]kfnsf] k|yd /fhb/jf/ eg]/ s] nfO a'lemG5 < dfgu[x
 u'0fsfdb]jn] :yfkgf u/]sf] d'lt{ s'g xf] < pdfdx]Zj/
 lnR5jLx?n] sxfFsf] o'4sf] ls/ftLx?nfO{ k/flht ul/ zf;g z'? u/]sf x'g < Rof;nsf] o'4df *)) ls/ftL df/]sf
 s}nfzs'6 ejgsf] dlxdf sxfFsf] lznfn]vdf ul/Psf] 5 < ;fFufsf] lznfn]v
 lnR5jLsflng k|rngdf /x]sf] k0f / k'/f0fdf ! k'/f0f a/fa/ slt k0f x'GYof] < !^ k0f
 lnR5jLsfnsf] /fhsLo efiff s] xf] < ;+:s[t
 lnR5jLsfndf lqs/ eGGffn] s'g s'g s/nfO{ a'lemG5 < efu, ef]u / s/
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dlGb/ :joDe'gfy nfO{ dflgG5 eg] Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] k'/fgf] dlGb/ rfu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ xf] .
 lnR5ljsfndf wft'sf] d'lt{ - wft'sf] pBf]u _ agfpg] 7fFpnfO{ s] elgGYof] < tfd|s'6zfnf
 lnR5ljsfndf zx/df a:g] hgtfnfO{ kf}/ elgGYof] eg] ufFpdf a:g] hgtfnfO{ hfgkb elgGYof] .
 lnR5ljsfndf lzIff ;DalGw klg sfd ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ s] elgGYof] < cu|xf/

dNnsfn ÷dWosfn

 g]kfndf dNnx?sf] k|j]z sxfFaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 < u08sL If]qdf cfPsf ef/tsf] s'lzgu/ af6
 k|yd dNn/fhf sf] x'g < cl/b]j dNn
 cl/b]jdNn kl5 sf] /fhf ePsf] lyP < ceo dNn
 kz'kltdf dxf:gfg u/fpg] / e'sDkdf kl/ dg{] /fhf sf] x'g < ceo dNn
dNnsfnsf s]xL /fhfx?sf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L M
hol:ylt dNn M
 /fhNnb]jL ;Fu ljjfx ul/ /fhf ePsf x'g , logL sgf{6 j+zsf lyP . – 8f]nhL k|yf cg';f/ ljjfx u/]sf x'g .
 /fhNnb]jL k|yd gfojL rnfpg] /fgL b]jnb]ljsL 5f]/L x'g , - /fhu2Ldf a:g] k|yd dlxnf gfosb]lj x'g _
 ;j{k|yd Joj;flos lzIffsf] z'?jft ug{] /fhf
 hUufwlgnfO{ tlN;ª / hUuf sdfpg]nfO{ df]xL eGg] rng rnfPsf .
 a|fDx0fnfO{ k~ruf}8 / k~rb|lj8df ljefhg u/]sf
 ljjfxkl5 dlxnfsf] y/ k'?ifsf] y/df abNg] rng rnfPsf
 hUufhldgsf] gfkhfFr ug{] tyf hUuf hldg lwtf] /fv]/ C0f lng] rng rnfPsf .
 dfgj Gofozf:qsf n]vs
 ck/fwLnfO{ clly{s b08 lbg] rng rnfPsf .
 hojfu]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ / kz'klt5]pdf nj / s'zsf] dlGb/ agfPsf .
 ;dfh ;'wf/s /fhf , $ hft- a|fDx0f, If]qL a}Zo / z'b| _#^ j0f{ sf] rng rnfPsf . a0f{ cg';f/sf sfo{ ljefhg u/]sf .
 nlntk'/df s'De]:j/ dlGb/ agfPsf
oIf dNn M
 pkTofsfsf] /fHo ljefhg u/L cfˆgf 5f]/fx?nfO{ afF8\g] /fhf .
 g]kfn d08n]Zj/sf] pkflw wf/0f u/]sf
 kz'kltdf e§ k'hf/L /fVg] rng rnfPsf , eQmk'/sf] bQfq]ossf] dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/]sf .
 ;lxtf kf7 gfds x:tlnlvt u|Gysf /rgfsf/ sf] x'g .
5|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
dx]Gb| dNn M
 rfFbLsf] df]x/ rngdf Nofpg] , k|hf dbf{ 5fs 5f]8\g] /fhf , k|hfsf] w'/Laf6 w'jfF glg:s];Dd ef]hg u|x0f gug{] /fhf
 tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb/ agfPsf , - h'g dlGb/ /fd gjdLsf lbg ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu vf]lnG5 _
 :j]t ljgfos hfqfsf] rng rnfPsf .
 ljb]zaf6 tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm lemsfO{ g]kfndf pBf]usf] ljsf; u/fpg] k|of; u/]sf .
l;l4g/l;+x dNn M
 @! uh'/ ePsf] kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ agfPsf .
 uf]/vfsf /fhf /fdzfx ;uF Jofkfl/s ;DaGw sfod u/]sf .
 sflt{s gfr , g/l;+x g[Tosf] rng rnfPsf .
 /fhsfh 5f]/f >Llgjf; dNnnfO{ 5f]8L wd{sd{df nfu]sf .
 rGb|fo0f a|t a;L udL{df k~rfUgL tfKg] / hf8f]df lr;f] 9'Ëfdf a;L tk:of ug{] /fhf .
k|tfk dNn
 !% efiffsf uftf , gfdsf] cl3 sljGb| n]Vg] /fhf .
 /fgLkf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f ug{] /fhf , tflGqs zlQm4f/f sfn e}/jnfO{ x;fpg] /fhf .
 a'9flgns07sf] kfgL xg'dfg9f]sf ;Dd Nofpg] /fhf , logs} kfnfaf6 /fhfx?n] a'9flgns07sf] bz{g ug{ 5f8]sf x'g .
 xg'dfg9f]sfsf] b/af/leq ;'Gb/L rf]s , gf;nrf]s , g/l;+xrf]s , sfnLrf]s agfpg] /fhf.
 xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] d'lt{ , sfn e}/jsf] :yfkgf , /fgLkf]v/Lljrsf] hn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ , kz'kltsf] sf]l6lnË, blIf0fsfnLsf] dlGb/
lgdf{0f u/]sf .
 b'/ljgsf] k|of]u ug{] /fhf . d'b|fdf /fgLsf] gfd pNn]v ug{] k|yd dNn /fhf .
 xl/l;l4sf] gfr x]bf{x]b{} dg{] /fhf .
nIdL g/l;+x dNn
 sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufPsf , lj;]t gfd u/]sf JoflQm4f/f Pp6} ;fnsf] ?vaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
 sfhL led dNnsf] xTof ug{ nufpg] , h;sf] sf/0fn] kZrtfkdf kfun ePsf , af}nfxf /fhf ;d]t elgg] /fhf .
hok|sfz dNn M
 sflGtk'/sf clGtd dNn /fhf , k[lYjgf/fo0f ;Fu 5ftf / h'Qf dfUg] /fhf .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] d'b|f hfef lgsfnL lugLh a's ckm /]s{8df gfd btf{ ul/Psf /fhf .
 afnfh'sf @! wf/fsf] lgdf{0f ug{] /fhf ,OGb|hfqfdf s'df/Lsf] /y 3'dfpg] rng rnfPsf /fhf .
 :j0f{ d'b|f / c;kmL{ k|of]udf Nofpg] /fhf , lognfO{ ;xof]u ug{ sKtfg lsgng g]kfn cfPsf .
of]ug/]Gb| dNn M
 ha;Dd d]/f] ;flnsdfly /x]sf] r/f p8]/ hfGg ta;Dd dnfO{ hLljt g} ;Demg" eGg] /fhf , xfn;Dd lhljt dflgg] /fhf
 logsf] d[To'df #! hgf /fggL ;tL uPsf lyP . lognfO{ tdfv'df ljif ldnfO{ if8\oGqk'j{s dfl/g] /fhf x'g .
 ;}lgs axfb'/L b]vfpg]nfO{ r'8fd0fL kbs lbg] /fhf .
e'kltGb| dNn
 eQmk'/sf] b/jf/ cuf8L cfˆgf] ;flns agfpg] /fhf .
 eQmk'/sf] %% ‰ofn] b/jf/ , GofKtf]nsf] dlGb/ , e}/jsf] dlGb/ agfpg] /fhf .
 logn] piffx/0f / h}dgL ef/t gfds gf6s n]v]sf lyP .
cgGt dNn
 logsf] kfnfdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf v; /fhf lhtf/L dNnn] g]kfn pkTofsfdfly cfqmd0f u/L pkTofsfsf ufFpdf cfuf] nufO{lbPsf .
 cgGt dNnn] !@))) 3/ / Ps b/jf/ lgdf{0f ug"{sf ;fy} ag]kf , kgf}tL , gfnf, w'lnv]n, ;fFuf cfbL zx/sf] lgdf{0f u/]
dNn /fhfx?sf] ktg x'gsf sf/0fx?
 pkTosfsf /fHo ljefhg / sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf .
 cfly{s gfsfalGb / sdhf]/ a}b]lzs ;DaGw .
 dNn /fhfx?sf] clN5 / ljnf;L lhjg z}nL .
 pkTosfsf ltg /fhfx? larsf] dgd'6fj / kf6gsf 5 k|wfgx?sf] HofhtL

6|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] s'6gLlt / pgsf] b'/blz{tf
dNnsfnsf cGo s]xL ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx? M

 kf6gsf ^ k|wfg4f/f b'j} cfFvf lemlsPsf /fhf sf] x'g< /fHok|sfz dNn
 dNnsfndf ;}lgsnfO{ s] elgGYof] < pd/fj
 dxfdf/Ldf k/]/ dg{] /fhf sf] x'g < efis/ dNn
 g]kfndf d';ndfgx?sf] k|j]z s;sf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] < /Tg dNn
 sfi7d08knfO{ csf]{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 < d?;Qn
 k/:qL;Fu cg'lrt ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] cf/f]kdf tn]h' dlGb/df sfl6g] /fhf sf] x'g < ljZjlht dNn
 dNnsfndf xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] gfd s] lyof] < u'tkf}F
 l;d|guf}9df cfqmd0f ug{] lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg sf] lyP < uof;'l4g t'uns
 v; /fHosf ;+:yfks sf] x'g < gfu/fh
 ‰ofndf /+lug l;;f /fVg] rng rnfpg] /fhf sf] x'g < /0fhLt dNn
 z/0fdf d/0f x'g' x'b}g eGg] /fhf sf] x'g < /0fhLt dNn
 zflGt ;'/Iffsf nflu agfOPsf] lsNnfnfO{ dNnsfndf s] elgGYof] < sjf7
 /flgkf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f slxn] eof] < lj=;= !&@& - lji0f'lty{ k'/fgf] gfd_
 kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/sf] lgdf{0f slxn] eof] < lj=;= !^(#
 tn]h' ejfgL k|zGg eO{ s'g /fhf;Fu cfO{ kf;f v]n]sL lyOg elgG5 < huHof]tL dNn
 s0f{nLsf v; /fHosf ;+:yfks sf] x'g gfu/fh n] lj=;=!@^)
 ceo dNnsf] kfnfb]lv v; /fHo ljefhg eO{ afO;] /fHosf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . !$ cf} ;tfAbL
 rf}lj;] /fHo !^ cf} ;tfJbLdf ag]sf] xf] .
 v; /fHosf] b'Oj6f /fhwfgL lyP lztsflng b}n]vsf] b'Nn' / u[idsflng h'Dnfsf] l;+hf x'g .
 kz'kltgfydf s;sf] s] of]ubfg <
dlGb/ agfpg] k|r08b]j dxf:gfg sf] rng rnfpg] ceo dNn
/fhdfGotf lbg] c+z'jdf{ ;'gsf] 5fgf r9fpg] lzj b]j
:j0f{do agfpg] efis/ adf{ e§ k'hf/L /fVg] oIfdNn
at{dfgsf] d'lt{ agfpg] hol;+xb]a b]jnx? agfpg] ;'k'ik
kz'ktLsf] a;fxf agfpg] huth+u k~rfd[tn] :gfg u/fpg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

 s'g d'b|f s;n] rnfP <

dfgb]j dfgfÍ k0f / k'/f0f g/]Gb| b]j
;'gsf] c;kmL{ /0fjxfb'/ zfx ljrdf Kjfn ePsf] k[YjL ljqmd zfx
rf/s'g] d'b|f k|tfk dNn u'0ffÍ u'0fsfdb]j
5fnfsf] d'b|f l;l4g/l;+x dNn df]x/ - dx]Gb|dNnL _ dlxGb| dNn
tfdfsf] d'b|f /Tg dNn hfjf -= ;fgf] d'b|f_ ho k|sf; dNn
uf};'sL lzjb]j t[lto df]lnd/ gf]6 >L % 1fg]Gb|
sfuhL d'b|f >L % lqe'jgsf] kfnfdf h'4zdz]/n]

dNnsflng k|zf;lgs kbx? M s] nfO{ s] elgGYof] .

rf}tf/f k|wfgdlGq cdfTo dGqL
dxfkfq :yflgo zf;sq k/dfg ef/bf/
k|hfk~r ufFp / gu/sf zf;s lhDjfn k|zf;sLo sd{rf/L
d'lvof ufpF:t/sf k|zf;s e08f/ul/s 9's'6L x]g{]
clwsf/L k|zf;g x]g{] ;fdGt k|zf;s

7|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
hf]zL Hof]ltif , kl08t sfhL ef/bf/
pd/fj ;}lgs rf}sL jf u9Lsf k|d'v sf]§gfos lsNnf /Ifs
JoflQm
5l/bf/ bf}8fxf 6f]nLsf] cWoIf v/bf/ b]ze/ e|d0f ul/ Gofo lbg]
ysfnL k~rx?sf] k|d'v /fhf]kfWofo /fhu'?

dNnsflng k|zf;lgs lgsfo M s] n] s] sfd ub{Yof] .

9Nkf s'nf] gx/ cflbsf] /]vb]v ug{] c8\8f Gofosf] ;|f]t /fhf- wd{zf:q, Gofozf:qsf cfwf/df_
Goflos c;dfgtf Pp6} ck/fwdf 7'nf] hftLnfO{ sd / ulDe/ ck/fw rf]/L k/:qLx/0f, /fhb|f]x, uf]xTof, afnxTof
;fgf] hftLnfO{ al9 ;hfo , :qLxTof, lkt[xTof, u'?xTof
bf}jf/Ls :yflgo ?kdf l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ k~r;d'Rro ;fgfltgf em} emu8f x]g{] :yfgLo
g;lsPsf d'2f /fhf ;dIfk'¥ofpg] a'9fkfsfx?sf] ;d'x

s;n] s] agfP

dfgu[x , rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] dfgb]j s}nfzs'6 ejg c+z'jdf{

dlGb/
eb|flwjf; g/]Gb|b]j huftLk'/ b/jf/ xl/ zfx
l;+xb/jf/ rGb|zD;]/ gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/ aL/ zd;]/
aa/dxn rGb|zdz]/ - 5f]/f jj/zD;]/sf g'jfsf]6sf] ;fttn] b/af/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
nflu
a;Gtk'/sf] gf}tn] b/jf/ , k[YjLgf/fof0f zfx huGgfy dlGb/ /0faxfb'/ zfx
ltnuf+ 3/
306f3/ / lj/c:ktfn aL/zd;]/ afnfh'sf] @! wf/f hok|sfz dNn
afnfh'sf] @@ cf} wf/f /0faxfb'/ zfx tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb/ dx]Gb| dNn
kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ k|r08b]j kz'ktLnfO{ :j0f{do agfpg] efis/ adf{
kz'ktLsf] a;fxf huthË kfNkfsf] /fgLdxn v8\uaxfb'/
blIf0fsfnL k|tfk dNn xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] ;'gsf] 9f]sf lujf{0fo'4 lj/ ljqmd zfx

s;n] s] rng rnfP

wf]jLsf] xftaf6 kfgL rnfpg] nIdLg/l;+x dNn gjb'uf{ gfr , dxfnIdL gfr ;'j0f{ dNn
ufO{hfqf rf/s'g] d'b|f , ;]tf] k|tfk dNn uf]bfj/Lsf] !@ aif{] d]nf lgldif
dlR5Gb|gfy
rfFbtf]8f / aUuL r8\g] eLd;]g yfkf ci6dft[sf gfFr >Llgjf; dNn
5fnfsf] d'b|f l;l4gl;+x dNn d'b|fsf] rng gfu / afz'sL k'hf dfgb]j
dfgfkfyLsf] rng /fdzfx lj:s]6 hfqf huHof]tL dNn
ljtf{ lbg] aL/zD;]/ ;'sL lzjb]j t[tLo
afnssf] ;fngfn sf6\g] c+z'jdf{ /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy g/]Gb|b]j
OGb|hfqf , lxn]hfqf , nfv]gfFr , u'0fsfdb]j s[i0f hfqf, >ªe]/L hfqf , s'df/L agfO{ u'0fsfdb]j`
k'hf
k]G;g, sf]6{ lkm , vfd h'4 zD;]/ zlgaf/ ljbf lbg] ledzD;]/
sfof{no ;do !) M % ug{] b]j zD;]/ OGb|hfqfdf s'df/Lsf] /y 3'dfpg] hok|sfz dNn

8|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
3f]8]hfqf hok|sfz dNn u'Kt ;+jt c+z'jdf{

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df s;nfO{ s] eg]/ lrlgG5 M

Pl;ofsf tf/f uf}td a'4 lzl/Wjh /fhf hgs

/fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx /fhlif{ dxf/fh >L # h'4 zdz]/
o'un] dfu]sf] g]tf h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff :s'nsf lktf kb\dzdz]/
/fi6«lktf >L % lqe'jg dflxnf ldlgi6/ adaxfb'/ /f0ff
lkm:6] dxf/fh rGb| zdz]/ cof]Uo /fhf` >L % /fh]Gb|
:JffdL dxf/fh /0faxfb'/ zfx d08n]Zj/ oIf dNn
g]kfn]Zj/ >L lgjf; dNn l;dl;d] /fhf lzjl;+x dNn
/fhdftf /fh]Gb|nIdL snfaxfb'/ dfwj/l;+x yfkf
wgs'6] /fhf b]j zdz]/ ?Gr] dxf/fh >L # kb\dzdz]/
uGwj{ ljBfkf/+ut hutk|sfz dNn /fhfsf k~r sLlt{lgwL lji6
nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x hgg]tf dbg s'df/ e08f/L
lhpFbf] zlxb 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{ sljGb| k|tfk dNn
ljBfkf/+ut , ;'dtL lhtfldq dNn ;+s6sf k~r ;'o{ axfb'/ yfkf
cefuL /fhf hok|sfz dNn ljdfg kl08t cRo'tfgGb

g]kfn Plss/0f k'j{ g]kfndf sfod /x]sf /fHox? M

tTsflng g]kfnsf /fHox? M
pkTosfsf /fHo M sflGtk'/ - sf7df8f}F _ , kf6g - nlntk'/ _ , / efbufFp - eQmk'/ _
k'j{sf ;]g /fHo - t/fO{sf /fHo _
dsjfgk'/ - kfNkf 6'lqmP/ ag]sf] _, ljhok'/ - dsjfgk'/ 6'lqmP/ ag]sf] _ , rf}b08L - ljhok'/ 6'lqmP/ _
afO;] /fHo
hab8,M - hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf,hxf/L , ladsf]6 , lanf;k'/ , aemfª, afh'/f , af]u6fg , bfª , b}n]v , bgf{ , 8f]6L , 8'Nn' _
uh'n, ;Nofg, ;lGg ,?s'd, /f;sf]6, yn/f, v'd|L ,c5fd / dfNn]6f

rf}lj;] /fHo M
unsf]6 , eL/sf]6 , ux|f}sf]6 , d'l;sf]6 , ;tx'Fsf]6 , g'jfsf]6 , w'sf{]6 , c3f{ , vfFrL , tgx'F , sf:sL , :ofª\hf, u'NdL , kfNkf ,
ndh'Ë, uf]/vf, kj{t , k}o'F , d':tfª , Ko'7fg , O:df , 9f]/ , l/l;ª, / pbok'/ .
g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; / g]kfngsf] Plss/0f
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sflGtk'/sf] ljho k|fKt ul/ sf7df8f} s]Gb| agfO{ g]kfnsf] zf;g ug{ yfn]sf] ;do - !*@% _b]lv xfn;Ddsf]
;donfO{ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf] sfnv08sf ?kdf lnO{G5 .
g]kfnsf] Plss/0f k'j{sf zfxj+zLo /fhfx? M bk'5/ 8s? , k[YjL g k[YjL

 b|Jo zfx !^!^ efb| @% df uf]/vfsf /fhf ePsf

 k'/Gb/ zfx
 5q zfx
 /fd zfx
 8Da/ zfx
 s[i0f zfx
 ?b| zfx

9|Page
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 k[YjLklt zfx
 g/e'kfn zfx
 k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx - logLx?nfO{ qmd};uF ofb ug{] _

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / logn] u/]sf sfo{x? M

 hGd !&&( kf}if @& df uf]/vfdf dftf sf}zNofjtL / lktf gf/e'kfn zfx af6 ePsf] xf] .
 klxnf] ljjfx dsjfgk'/sf /fhf x]ds0f{ ;]gsL 5f]/L / bf];|f] cledfgl;+xsL 5f]/L – g/]Gb|nIdL ;uF ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;= !&(( df /fhf ePsf logn] eQmk'/sf /fhf /0flht dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;uF ldt nufPsf lyP .
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g'jfsf]6df klxnf] cfqmd0f lj; !*)) df u/] eg] lj=;= !*)! sf] bf];|f] cfqmd0fdf dfq ;kmn eP .
 logn] lj=;= !*!( efb| ( ut] dsjfgk'/ dfly ljho k|fKt u/] .
 logn] lj=;= !*!$ df sfn' kf08]sf] g]t[Tjdf lslt{k'/ cfqmd0f ug{ kmf}h k7fP t/ of] o'4df sfn' kf08] dfl/P .
 lj=;= !*@! df z'/k|tfk ;fxsf] g]t[Tjsf] kmf}h klg lslt{k'/df k/flht eof] , z'/k|tfk zfxsf] b'a} cfFvf km'6 \of] / w]/} ;}lgs dfl/P
 !*@@ r}q # ut] /ftL slj wgjGtsf] ;xof]udf uf]/vfnL ;]gf lslt{k'/ k|j]z ul/ lslt{k'/dfly ljho k|fKt u/] . - slj wgjGtsf
5f]/fnfO{ ckx/0f ul/ lslt{k'/sf] d'n k|j]z 4f/ vf]Ng afWo agfOPsf] lyof] ._
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;= !*@% c;f]h !# ut] sflGtk'/ dfly ljho k|fKt u/] ,
 o;}ul/ lj=;= !*@% c;f]h @! ut] kf6gn] k[YjLgf/f0f zfx;Fu cfTd;dk{0f u¥of] .
 logn] efbufFpdfly cfqmd0f ul/ lj=;= !*@^ sflt{s @* b}lv d+l;/ ! ut] ljho k|fKt u/]sf x'g .
 vfguL k|yfsf] - ;}lgsnfO{ hUuf / cfly{s ;xfotf lng] k|yf _ sf] Joj:yf .
 /fhsLo 5fk - nfndf]x/sf] _ k|of]u .
 logsf] d[To' lj=;= !*#! df3 ! ut] ePsf] xf] .
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;= !*#! df g'jfsf]6sf] z]/f b/jf/df jl; cfˆgf ef/bf/x?nfO{ lbJof]kb]z lbPsf lyP .
 g]kfn rf/ hft 5lQ; j0f{sf] ;femf km'njf/L xf] .
 k|hf jlnof eof b/jf/ alnof x'G5 .
 7s'/L hftLnfO{ l87\7f lbg', du/ hfltnfO{ ljrf/L lbg' .
 cfˆgf] b]zsf] hl8a'l6 ljb]z nlu gub lvRg' .
 3/ ePsf huufdf vfgL eP 3/ cGoq ;f/L vfgL lemSg' .
 hfOs6s gug{' lemsL s6s ug{' .
 3'; lng] / lbg] b'j} /fi6«sf zq' x'g . logLx?sf] lhp, wg lnP klg kfk nfUg] 5}g .
 ;ft ku/L egf{ ubf{ b'O{ rf/ rf]6 kfPsf ;}lgs egf{ ug{' .

g]kfnsf] o'4 / ;GwL ;Demf}tfx?

gfnfkfgLsf] o'4 .
;g\ !*!$ gf]e]Da/ ! df hg/n x]l:6+U;n] g]kfn lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf .
g]kfnsf tkm{af6 aneb| s'j/ / cu|]hsf tkm{af6 sdf08/ lhn]:kL lyP . o;df sdf08/ lhn]:kLsf] d[To' ePsf] .
g]kfn tkm{ %)) ;}lgs lyP eg] cu|]h tkm{ #%)) ;}lgs lyP . lhn]:kLsf] d[To'kl5 cS6/nf]gLn] cu|]h kmf}h ;dfn]sf .
kfgLsf] d'xfg y'gL cu|]hn] o'4 u/]sfn] afr]sf &) hgf g]kfnL gfª\uf] v's'/L lnP/ lsNnf aflx/ lg:s]sf .
cu|]hx?n] aneb| s'Fj/sf] lj/tfsf] sb/ ub{} … xfd|f lj/ zq' aneb| s'Fj/ / pgsf lj/ uf]vf{nLsf] ;Ddfgdf lznfn]v :yfkgf u/]sf.
aneb| s'Fj/ k~hfj g/]z /0flht l;+xsf] tkm{af6 o'4 n8\g] qmddf ckmufgdf lj/utL k|fKt u/]sf, k|yd nfx'/] ;d]t dflgg] .
h}yssf] o'4 M
h}yssf] o'4df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj h;kfn yfkf / /0fhf]/l;+x yfkfn] / cu|]hsf] g]t[Tj hg/n ufla|on dfl6{08]nn] u/]sf lyP .
b]pynsf] o'4 M
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj &# alif{o elQm yfkfn] u/]sf lyP . cu|]hsf] g]t[Tj cS6/nf]gLn] u/]sf .
cu|]hsf] tf]k nflu elQm yfkfn] lj/utL k|fKt u/]sf . cu|]hx?n] logsf] d[t zl//df bf];Nnf cf]8fO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf lyP .
dnfpFsf] o'4 M
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj cd/l;+x yfkf / cu|]hsf] hg/n cS6/nf]gLn] u/]sf lyP .
cu|]hx?n] lognfO{ cfkm'tkm{ ldNg k|nf]eg lbbfF logn] … d af3sf] 8d? x' , l;gf] vfg] :ofn g;Dem Ú eg]sf lyP .
lhtu9L - a'6jnsf] o'4 _
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj plh/ l;+xn] u/]sf lyP eg] cu|]hsf] g]t[Tj hg/n hf]g ;'n]efg p8 n] u/]sf lyP .
dsjfgk'/ u9L , l;Gw'nL u9L o'4 M
g]kfnL kmf}hsf] g]t[Tj /0flj/l;+xn] u/]sf lyP eg] cu|]hsf] g]t[Tj hg/n j]g]6 dn{]n] u/]sf lyP .

10 | P a g e
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL

g]kfnsf ;GwLx? M
;GwL slxn] sf] ;uF tTsflng zf;s
vf;f ;lGw lj=;=!*#@ ltAat;Fu k|tfkl;+x zfx
s]?ª lj=;=!*$^ ltAat – ef]6;Fu /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx
a]qfjtL ;GwL lj=;= !*$( - #) ltAat - ef]6;Fu _ /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx
;]K6]Da/ !&(@ _
;'uf}nL ;GwL lj=;= !*&@ - # dfr{ cu|]h ;Fu led;]g yfkf k| d - /fhf /0fjxfb'/ zfx _
!*!^ _
yfkfynL ;GwL lj=;= !(!! ltAat ;uF h+uaxfb'/ /f0f k| d
sf];L ;Demf}tf lj; @)!@ a}zfs !@ ef/t;Fu dft[sf k|;fb sf]O{/fnf
u08s ;Demf}tf lj; @)!^ d+l;/ !( ef/t;Fu lj lk sf]O/fnf
dxfsfnL ;Demf}tf lj=;= @)%@ c;f]h $ ef/t;Fu z]/axfb'/ b]pjf

;lGw ;Demf}tf ;DalGw cGo ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx? M

;'uf}nL ;lGwdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 s;n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP < /fhu'? uh/fh ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofo
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf cu|]h tkm{af6 s;n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP < n]lˆ6g]G6 hg/n lhl/; a|f8 zfF
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf] @ ltxfO{ efu u'd]sf] lyof] .
ef/tdf ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]xdf cu|]hnfO{ ;3fPafkt slxn] cu|]h ;/s f/n] gofF d'n's lkmtf{ u/]sf] xf] <
afs] , alb{of , s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ ul/ $ lhNnf lj; !(!& df
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf ePsf sdhf]/Lx? ;Rofb} g]kfn / cu|]h ;/sf/ ljr ;bfsf nflu zflGt tyf d}lq ;GwL ;g\ !(@# df ePsf] xf] .
;'uf}nL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ eP adf]lhd k|yd k6s g]kfn cfpg] cu|]h b't sf] x'g < P8jf8{

g]kfnsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx kl5sf /fhf x?sf] af/]df ;fDffGo hfgsf/L M

k|tfkl;+x zfx M
 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf 5f]/f , hGd !*)* , lj=; !*#! af6 !*#$ ;Dd zf;g u/]sf , e'dL Joj:yfdf ;'wfg ug{] k|of; u/]sf .
 OGb|hfqfsf] lbg lnËf] uf8\g] rng rnfPsf , ;}lgs of]4fnfO{ 3/v]tsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf .
/fh]Gb|nIdL M /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfojL rnfPsL
 logsf] zf;gsfndf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf tgx' ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] .
axfb'/ zfx M /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfojL rnfPsf
 pgsf] ( aif{] gfojL sfn Plss/0fsf] ;'gf}nf] o'u dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf cNdf]8f, s'dfp, u8jfn ;Dd k'¥ofPsf .
 lj=;= !*%# df /fhsf]ifsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] cf/f]kdf pgnfO{ alGb agfOof] . alGb cj:yfd} lj=;= !*%$ df logsf] d[To' eof] .
/0faxfb'/ zfx M
 lj=;= !*#@ h]7 !) df hGd !*#$ df /fhf - @ aif{ ^ dlxgfdf _ ,
 lj=;= !*%% df sflGtjtL tkm{sf5f]/f uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxnfO{ /fhf agfO{ sfzLlt/ nfu]sfn] lognfO{ :jfdL dxf/fh klg elgG5 .
 lj=;= !*^# ;fn a}zfvdf pgs} efO{ z]/axfb'/ zfx4f/f /0faxfb'/sf] xTof ePsf] lyof] .
uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxM
 lj=;= !*%$ df hGd , !*%% df /fhf ePsf , zfxj+zdf ;a}eGbf slnnf] pd]/df /fhf x'g] /fhf , ! aif{ ^ dlxgfdf /fhf ePsf .
/fh]Gb|ljqmd zfx M
 lj=;= !*&) df hGd ePsf] logsf] zf;gsfndf sf]tkj{ / e08f/vfn kj{ ePsf] .
 lj=;=!()$ b]lv lj; !(#* ;Dd alGb /x]sf / alGb cj:yfd} d[To' ePsf] .
;'/]Gb|ljqmd zfx
 lj=;= !**^ df hGd ePsf , !()$ df cfˆgf afa' /fh]Gb|ljqmd zfxnfO{ alGb agfO{ /fhf ePsf .
 logs} kfnfdf yfkfynL ;lGw ePsf] / gofF d'n's cu|]h ;/sf/af6 lkmtf{ kfPsf] .
o'j/fh q}nf]So jL/ ljqmd zfx
 lj=;= !()$ d+l;/df hGd ePsf] . zfxj+zLo /fhf x'g] qmddf /x]sf /fhf 3f]lift geO{ d[To' ePsf] .
 lw/zD;]/n] ljif k|of]u u/fO{ df/]sf ÷ cfˆg} l>dtLn] ljif lbP/ df/]sL - lj=;= !(#$ df _ eGg] cg'dfg klg nufO{G5 .
k[YjL jL/ ljqmd zfx M
 lj=;= !(#@ df hGd ePsf], lj=;= !(#* df /fhf ePsf #* ;fnsf] kj{ / $@ ;fnsf] kj{ logs} zf;gsfndf ePsf] xf] .
lqe'jg jL/ljqmd zfxb]j M
 lj=;= !(^# df hGd ePsf] lj=;= !(^* df /fhf eO{ zfxj+lzo /fhfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} zf;g u/]sf x'g . logn] /f0ffzf;gsf]
cGoTo ul/ k|hftGq :yfkfgfy{ dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{X u/]sf lyP .
11 | P a g e
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 /]l8of] g]kfn , lqe'jg cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:yn , lq rGb| sn]h , kmlk{ª hnljB't cfof]hgf , lrl8ofvfgf cflbsf] :yfkgf u/]sf .

 logsf] d[To' @)!! kmfu'g #) df :jLh/Nof08df d[To' .

dx]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxb]j M
 lj=;= !(&& df hGd ePsf] lj=;= @)!! df /fhf ePsf , logsf] kfnfdf g]kfnsf] clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg , @)!% nfu' ePsf] .
 k~rfotL Joj:yf lj=;= @)!& kf}if @@ ut] nfu' u/]sf , e'ld;'wf/ P]g nfu' u/]sf .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( nfu' u/]sf, dx]Gb|sf] d[To' lj=;= @)@* df3 !& df ePsf] xf] .
lj/]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxb]j M
 lj=;= @))@ kf}if !$ df hGd ePsf] , lj=;= @)!! df /fhu4Lsf pQ/flwsf/L 3f]lift , lj=;= @)@* df /fhf ePsf
 @)#! kmfu'g !@ ut] ;fj{hfgLs ;df/f]xdf /fHoleif]s u/]sf,, ;f]xL ;dodf g]kfnnfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]if0ff ug{ k|Ztfj u/]sf .
 lj=;= @)#^ h]i7 !) df g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]kN6 hgdt ;ª\u|x ePsf] xf] .
 logsf] zf;gsfndf k~rfotL Joj:yf cGTo eO{ lj; @)$^ r}q @^ df k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgf ePsf] xf ].
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& nfu' logs} kfnfdf ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;= @)%* h]7 !( ut] /ftL b/jf/ xTofsf08 eO{ logsf] j+zgfz ePsf] lyof] .
lbk]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxb]j M
 lj=;= @)@* df hGd ePsf] @)@* df3 !& df o'j/fhlw/fh 3f]if0ff ePsf .
 lj=;= @)%* h]7 !( ut] uf]nL nflu cr]t cj:yfdf /x]sf] a]nfdfg} /fhf 3f]lift ePsf logsf] /fhf ePsf] yfxf g} gkfO{ h]7 @@
df d[To' eof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] ;do /fhf x'g] /fhf x'g .
1fg]Gb| jL/ljqmd zfxb]j M
 lj=;= @))$ c;f/ @# df hGd , ;flxlTos gfd hL zfx . lj=;= @)%* h]7 @@ df /fhf ePsf logL zfxj+zLo clGtd /fhf .
g]kfnsf clGtd /fhf . \
 @)^@÷)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 /fhfaf6 x6]/ ;fdfGo gful/s ?kdf lhjgofkg ul//x]sf , lj=;= @)^%÷)@÷@( df logn]
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ 5f]8L gfuf{h'g b/af/ df uO{ a;]sf 5g\\ .

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv k|hftGqsf] k|flKt ;Ddsf k|wfgdlGqx? / ltgsf s]xL sfo{x?
le/k'/dfkm
!= led;]g yfkf M
 w/x/fsf] lgdf{0f , ;'Gwf/fsf] lgdf{0f ,
 logsf] zf;gsfndf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k'j{df l6:6fb]lv klZrddf ;tnh;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] .
 /fxbfgL Joj:yfsf] z'?jft - lj=;= !*^# df _
 du/ hfltsf] 5f]/L a]Rg] k|yfdfly k|ltjGw , ;]gfsf] Jof/]s 5fpgL sf] Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ , ;]gfnfO{ k|ltlbg sjfh u/fpg
yflnof] .
@= /+Ëgfy kf}8]n
#= k':s/ zfx
$= /0fh+Ë kf08]
%= dfyj/l;x yfkf
^=kmQ]hË zfx rf}tf/Lof
 /f0ffsfn sf k|wfgdlGqx? M
!= h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff M
 /f0ff zf;gsf ;+:yfks logsf] hGd uf]/vfsf] af]nf{ªdf lj=;= !*&$ df ePsf] xf] .
 sf]t kj{ ;u} zlQmzfnL ePsf h+uaxfb'/ e08f/vfn kj{ kZrft ljlwjt ?kn] k|wfgdlGq ePsf lyP .
 lj=;= !()^ df a]nfot e|d0f u/]sf] logn] lj=;= !()* df g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|]z lu4] k|];sf] z'?Jfft u/] .
 lj=;= !()* df Joj:yflksf , sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsf ;DalGw sfd ug{} … sf};n c8\8f Ú sf] z'?Jfft u/]sf lyP .
 lj=;= !(!) df g]kfnsf] klxnf] d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf u/] . !^ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf] dlxnf ;lt hfg gkfpg] lgod nfu' u/] ;fy}
bf; k|yf , afnljafx , kfl/jf/Ls ljjfx cflbdf /f]s nufpg] k|of; u/]sf lyP .
 lstfjvfgf, tf]kvfgf, wd{srx/L , ;/fkmvfgf cflbsf] :yfkgf u/] .
 lj=;= !(!@ df ltAat ;uF yfkfynL ;GwL u/] . lj=;= !(!# df sf:sL / nDh'Ësf] >L # dxf/fh ag] .
 logs} sfo{sfndf lj=;= !(!( df g]kfnn] cu|]haf6 afs], alb{of , s}nfnL , s~rgk'/ sf] k'g k|flKt u/]sf] xf] .
 logsf] d[To' !(## df lzsf/ v]Ng uPsf] cj:yfdf kTy/3§fdf ePsf] xf] .
@= /0f]lbkl;+x M
 h+uaxfb'/sf] d[To' kl5 lj=;= !(## df k|wfgdlGq ag]sf logn] cu|]hL / ;+:s[t kf7zfn v'nfpg k|of; u/] .
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 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 k~rfË k|sfzg / t]hf/y c8\8fsf] :yfkgf u/]sf .
 $@ ;fnsf] kj{df 8Da/ zD;]/4f/f uf]nL xfgL logsf] xTof ePsf] lyof] .
# = aL/zdz]/ M
 lw/zdz]/sf 5f]/f logL lj=;= !($@ df cfˆg} sfsf /0f]flbkl;+xsf] xTof u/fO{ k|wfgdlGq ePsf x'g .
 k|yd k6s df]6/ r8\g] . ljb]zL a}sdf k};f /fVg] . gfdsf] k5f8L …ha/fÚ n]Vg] k|rngsf] z'?jft u/]sf .
 gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/sf] lgdf{0f , aL/ k':tsfno , aL/ c:ktfn ,306f3/ ,
 uf]/vf blIf0fafx' / lk|obz{g pkflwsf] z'?jft . OlGhlgol/Ë tflndsf nflu g]kfnL ljBfyL{ hfkfg k7fpg z'?Jfft u/]sf
 lj=;= !(%& df logsf] lgwg eof] .
$= b]j zdz]/ M
 lj=;= !(%& df k|=d= ePsf lognfO{ lj4fg / k|hftflGqs , ;'wf/jfbL k|=d= sf ?kdf lnOG5 .
 !!$ lbg dfq zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf lognfO{ rGb| zdz]/n] if8oGqk'j{s x6fP kl5 logL
 wgs'6f uO{ a;]sfn] lognfO{ wgs'6] /fhf klg elgG5 .
 b]jzdz]/n] u/]sf ;'wf/x? lgDgg';f/ 5g\ .
o sfof{no ;do !) –% sfod u/]sf .\
o !@ ah] tf]k k8\sfpg] rng .
o cfw'lgs P]g sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ cu|]h;Fu ;xof]u dfu u/]sf .
o pgn] 5f]6f] ;dodfg} %& j6f ljBfnox?sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5 .
o sf7df8f}Fsf] ljleGg 7fFpdf ph'/L k]l6sf /fv]sf .
o uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg z'?jft .
%= rGb| zdz]/ M
 d]l6«s kf; - snsQf ljZjljBfnoaf6 _ug{] klxnf] k|wfgdlGq .
 lognfO{ cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnon] …8fS6/ ckm l;len n Ú sf] pkflw lbPsf] lyof] .
 cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L sf] nflu lj;fn b/jf/ lgdf{0f , ;Gtfg / cfkmGtnfO{ hUuf ljt/0f ug{] sfo{ u/]sf, … lkm:6] dxf/fh eg]/ lrlgg] .
 cdnL k|yfsf] vf/]hL lj=;= !(^* ,
 uf]/vfefiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] :yfkgf lj=;= !(^( ,
 klxnf] hnljw't - kmlk{Ë hnljB't sf] lgdf{0f _ !(^* ,
 ;tL k|yfsf] pGd'ng lj=;= !(&& ,
 pkTofsfdf 6]ln z'?Jft !(&) ,
 lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf !(&%,
 bf; k|yfsf] cGTo !(*!
 lj=;= !(*@ df ;}lgs c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0f ,
 lj=;= !**$ df /S;f}nb]lv cdn]vu~h ;Dd @( dfOn /]n;]jfsf] ljsf; .
 klxnf] gx/ - rGb|gx/ _ , /f]kj] - eLde]bL b]lv sf7df8f}F ;Dd _
 lj=;= !(*) df >L % /fhf, nfO{ His Majesty n]Vg] k|rngsf] ;'?jft
 logn] a};fv ! nfO{ cflwsf/Ls ?kdf gofF aif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] k|rng – lj=;= !(^! df
 logn] /f0ff x?nfO{ A ,B,C ju{df ljefhg u/]sf lyP ,
 >L % nfO{ #! tf]ksf] ;nfdL lbg] , rGb| ldl8n :s'n sf] :yfkgf .
 logsf] kfnfdf !(^@ df l;+xb/jf/sf] lgdf{0f . v8\u lg;fg c8\8sf] z'?jft . logsf] zf;gsfn lj=;= !(*^ ;Dd /x\of] .
^= ledzdz]/ M
 ;a}eGbf a[4 pd]/df k|wfgdlGq ePsfn] a'9f dxf/fh eg]/ elgg] . @ aif{ ( dlxgf zf;gsfn /x\of] .
 ;/sf/L sfof{nodf zlgaf/ labf lbg] k|rng , g'g / skf;df eG;f/df gnfUg] gLlt agfPsf . pv8fF hfr sld;gsf] Jof:yf .
 logsf] kfnfdf rvf{ kj{ M nfOa]/L kj{ M k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ h:tf kj{ 36]sf] lyof] .
&= h'4 zdz]/ M
 lj=;= !(*( df k|=d= ag]sf logn] w]/} cfly{styf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo{x? klg u/]sf 5g .
 logn] ljb]zaf6 s[lif lj1 lemsfO{ s[ifsnfO{ tflnd lbPsf .
 lj=;= !(() df P;=Pn= ;L = af]8{sf] ;'?jft , ;f]xL aif{ g]kfndf dxf e'sDk uPsf] lyof] .
 g]kfn a}ssf] lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf , la/f6gu/ h'6 ldn , h'4 Dofr ˆofsl6« , aL/u~h s6g ldn , g]kfn ;fa'g sf/vfgfsf] lgdf{0f
 zf/bf / pBf]u gfds b'O{ ;flxlTos klqsfsf] k|sf;g ;'?jft , ,, ;}lgs b|Josf]ifsf] :yfkgf . lr7Ldf l6s6 6fF:g] k|rng .
 sd{rf/LnfO{ k]G;g lbg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft , ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 3/df /]l8of] /fVg kfpg] Aoj:yf .
 ;b/ lrl8ofvfgfsf] lgdf{0f , k|yd k6s sfuhL gf]6sf] lg:sf;g .
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 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 logsf} zf;gsfndf $ ;lxbnfO{ d[To'b08 lbO{Psf] lyof] . g]kfn k|hf kl/ifb\ ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf , dxflj/ :s'nsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
*= kb\d zdz]/ M
 @))@ b]lv @))$ ;Dd k|wfgdlGq eO{ sfo{ u/]sf .
 d /fi6«sf] gf]s/ x' eGg] egfO{sf ;fy g]kfnsf] a}wflgs sfg'g 3f]if0ff - g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+lawfg _ u/]sf lyP .
 kb\df]bo xfO:s'n , kb\dsGof dfWolds ljBfno :yfkgf .
(= df]xg zdz]/ M
 lj=;= @))$ df kb\d zdz]/ pkrf/sf nflu ef/t tkm{ nfu]kl5 pgn] pt}af6 /flhgfdf lbPkl5 df]xgzdz]/ k|= d ePsf x'g .
 logsf] zf;gsfndf g]kfndf afo';]jfsf] ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] .
 /fhf lqe'jg ; kl/jf/ ef/t k:yfg u/]sf lyP .
 g]kfnsf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo lj=;= @))& kmfu'g & df eof] . ;f] kZrft klg s]lx ;do df]xg zdz]/g} k|=d= ePsf lyP .

g]kfnsf Oltxf;df 36]sf s]xL 36gf / kj{x? M

sf]t ka{ M
 lj=;= !()# c;f]h @ ut] /ftL ePsf] 36gf h;af6 g]kfndf /f0ffsfnsf] ;'?jft x'g hu a;]sf] lyof] .
 uugl;+xsf] /x:odo xTof ePkl5 ;f] sf] ;To tYo 5fgldg ug{ sf]6df ;a} ef/bf/x? pkl:yt u/fO{Psf] avt ePsf] .
 sf]tdf xftxltof/ ;lxt cfPsf h+uaxfb'/ / pgsf ;xof]uLn] ;j{k|yd cledfgl;+x a:g]t ;fy} cGo kmQ]hË zfx rf}tfl/of ,
lj/ls;f]/ kf08] nufotsf $) hlt efO{ ef/bf/sf] xTof ul/Psf] / ;f] 36gf kZrft h+uaxfb'/ k|wfg;]gfklt ePsf lyP .
e08f/vfn kj{ M
 /fgL /fh]Gb|nIdLn] /fhf ;'/]Gb|sf] abnf cfˆgf] 5f]/f /0f]Gb|nfO{ /fhf agfpg h+uaxfb'/n] gdfg]kl5 lj=;= !()# sflt{s !@ ut]
h+uaxfb'/nfO{ dfg{ e08f/vfndf af]nfOPsf] 36gf .
 of] 36gfsf] kf]n ljho/fh kl08tn] vf]lnlbPsfn] h+uaxfb'/ cfˆgf ;xof]uL ;lxt e08f/vfndf k'u]sf .
 of] 36gfdf dfl/Psf @# hgf hlt dWo] !% hgf hlt a:g]tx? dfl/Psfn] o;nfO{ a:g]t ka{ ;d]t elgG5 .
 of] 36gf kZrft h+uaxfb'/ zlQmzfnL eO{ cfˆgf] zf;g :yfkgf u/] eg] /fgL /fHonIdLn] lgaf{l;t lhjg latfpg' k¥of] .
cnf} kj{ M
 lj=;= !()$ sf] ebf} lt/ aL/u~h glhs}sf] cnf} eGg] 7fpdf /fhf /fh]Gb| / h+uaxfb'/sf ;]gfljr ePsf] o'4 xf] .
 ;f] o'4df /fhf kIfsf] xf/ eof], /fhfnfO{ alGb agfO{ b/jf/df /flvof] / ;f]xL cj:yfdfg} /fhfsf] d[To' eof] eg] h+uaxfb'/ emg
zlQmzfnL eP .
#$ ;fnsf] sf08
 /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ug{ o'j/fh q}nf]Son] h+uaxfb'/sf] d[To'kl5 >L # / k|wfgdlGqsf] k~hf5fk /f0ffx?nfO{ glbnfpg] of]hgf
agfPsf lyP , ;f] s'/f yfxf kfO{ h+uaxfb'/sf] d[To' x'bFf q}nf]SonfO{ kTy/3§f k7fO{ ;f]xL df}sfdf /fhf ;'/]Gb|dfkm{t /f0ff]l4kl;+x nfO{
>L # agfOPsf] 36gf . ;f] k5f8L o'j/fhsf] /x:odo tl/sfn] d[To' - xTof _ eof] . olx lj=;= !(#$ sf] 36gfnfO{ #$ ;fnsf] kj{{
elgG5 .
#* ;fnsf] kj{ M
 lj=;= !(#* ;fndf tTsflng k|wfgdlGq /0ff]lbkl;+x / pgsf efO{ lw/zdz]/sf] xTof ug{ clw/fhs'df/ g/]Gb| jLqmd zfxn]
agfPsf] of]hgf #* ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 .
 pQm 36gfsf] kf]n pQ/Wjh /fhe08f/Ln] vf]nLlbPsfn] @) hgf hlt pgsf ;xof]uLx?n] d[To'b08 kfP eg] g/]Gb| ljqmdnfO{ s}b
ul/of] .

$@ ;fnsf] kj{
 lw/zdz]/sf 5f]/fx?n] cfˆgf] sfsfsf] xTof ul/ cfˆgf !& efO{x?df zf;g ;Qf l;ldt u/]sf] 36gf .
 lj=;= !($@ df /fjnlkl08df ;}lgs k|bz{gdf efu lng jL/zdz]/sf] g]t[Tjdf tof/ ul/Psf $ a6flnog cfˆgf] xftdf ePsf]
a]nf cfˆgf efO{x?sf] ;xof]udf /0ff]lbkl;+x, huthª\u ;lxt @# hgf sf] xTof u/]sf] 36gf xf] .
rvf{ kj{ M
 lj=;= !(*& lt/ rvf{sf] k|rf/ ul/ :jb]lz sk8fsf] k|f]T;fxg lbPsfn] t'n;L d]o/ >]i7nfO{ ;dfh lj/f]wL eGg] cf/f]k nufO{ s}b
ul/of] / rvf{ k|rf/dfly k'0f{ k|ltjGw nufO{of] .
nfO{a]/L kj{ M
 lj=;= !(*& df /f0ff lj/f]lw ljrf/wf/f a9fpg nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f nufot s]lx gjo'jsx?n] nfO{a]/L vf]Ng nfu]sf lyP , t/
/fdrGb| clwsf/Ln] ;f] 36gfsf] kf]n vf]nL lbPsfn] k|=d= ledzdz]/n] nIdLk|;fb nufot cGonfO{ !))÷!)) hl/dfgfltg{ nufP.
ds} kj{
 lj=;= !(&& df ds}sf] v]tL k':ts n]v]sf] cleof]udf ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/L nfO{ h]n xflnPsf] 36gf , s}bL lhjgd} pgsf] d[To'
eof] .

14 | P a g e
 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ M
 lj=;= !(** df pd]z ljqmd zfx , /u+gfy zdf{ nufotn] k|r08 uf]vf{ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
 lolgx?n] ltxf/sf] df}sf 5f]kL /f0ffx? ePsf] 7fFpdf ad ljikf]6 u/fO{ /f0ffx?nfO{ dfg{] of]hgf agfPsf] s'/f nId0f/fhaf6
/f0ffx?n] yfxf kfO{ pd]zljqmd zfxnfO{ ;j{Zjx/0f / lgjf{; / cGonfO{ s}b ul/Psf] 36gf .

dNnsflng s]xL k|zf;lgs kbx? M

rf}tfl/of k|wfgdlGq cdfTo dlGq
Dxfkfq :yfgLo zf;s k/dfg ef/bf/
k|hfk~r ufFp / gu/sf zf;s lhDjfn k|zf;sLo sd{rf/L
d'lvof ufpF:t/sf] k|zf;s e08f/ul/s 9's'6L x]g{]
clwsf/L k|zf;g x]g{] hf]zL Hof]ltif, kl08t
;fdGt k|zf;s sfhL ef/bf/
pd/fj ;}lgs rf}sL jf ul9sf k|d'v

/f0ffsflng s]lx Joj:yf x? M

 PUg]6 k|0ffnL M /f0ffsfndf k|wfgdlGq kb cfkm' kl5 cfˆgf efO{x?df hfg] Joj:yf .
 sf}zLtf]iffvfgf M n]vf /fVg] / vr{ Joj:yf ug{] c8\8f .
 s'df/Lrf]s M nf]vfkl/If0f ug{] c8\8f .
 d'n'sLvfgf M d'n'ssf] s'n /fhZj cfDbfgLsf] - 9's'6L _ x]g{] c8\8f .
 t]hf/y c8\8f M sd{rf/LnfO{ C0f lbg] c8\8f
 uf]Zjf/f c8\8f M t/fO{ tkm{ a8fxflsd k|d'v /x]sf] xfnsf] lhNnf k|zf;g k|d'v sfof{no h:t} c8\8f .
 v8\u lg;fg c8\8f M sfg'g P]g k|dfl0ft ug{] c8\8f .
 laGtLkq lgS;/L c8\8f M dftxtdf ePsf b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdfldnf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] tTsflng ;af{]Rr c8\8f .\
 6S;fn c8\8f M /fHosf nflu cfjZos d'b|f -l;Ssf _ lg:sf;g ug{] c8\8f .
 h+lu aGbf]j:t c8\8f M ;]gf ;DalGw sfo{ ug{] .
 ;d/h+u c8\8f M ;fj{hflgs dxTjsf] sfof{no lgdf{0f ug{] c8\8f .

g]kfndf ePsf k|hftflGqs / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng x?sf af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L

lj=;= !((& df d[To'b08 lbPsf $ ;lxbx? M

 z'qm/fh hf]zL - zf:qL _ M hGd !(%) sf7df8f}F d[To'b08 M !((& df3 !) ut] , 6]s' krnL
 wd{eQm dfy]df M hGd !(^^ sf7df8f}F d[To'b08 M !((& df3 !@ ut] , l;kmn sf7df8f}F
 u+ufnfn >]i7 M hGd !(&% /fd]5fk, d[To'b08 M !((& df3 !$ ut] , zf]ef eujtL
 bz/y rGb M hGd !(^) a}t8L, d[To'b08 M !((& df3 !$ ut] , zf]ef eujtL
 lhpbf] ;lxb M 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{
 k|yd ;lxb M nvg yfkf
 lj=;= @))# df3 !@ df …clvn ef/lto g]kfnL sfu|];sf] Ú:yfkgf - klxnf] ;efktL 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{ _
 lj=;= @))$ df lj/f6gu/ h'6ldndf x8\tfn .
 @))^df g]kfn slDgi6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf .
 lj; @))^ df g]kfnL sfu|];sf] :yfkgf .
 lj=;= @))& sflt{s @! ut] /fhf lqe'jg lzsf/ v]Ng] afxfgfdf ef/lto /fhb'tfj;sf] z/0fdf k'u]sf . ToxLaf6 sflt{s @% ut]
;kl/jf/ ef/t k|Zyfg u/]sf . tTsflng k|=d= df]xg zdz]/n] ;f]xL ;dodf sflt{s @@ ut] 1fg]Gb|nfO{ /fhf 3f]if0ff u/]sf .
 afns /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ s'g} d'n'sn] cf}krfl/s dfGotf glbPsfn] - kfls:tfgn] dfq lbPsf] _ plg /fhf sf ?kdf gulgPsf x'g .
 /fhf ef/t k|Zyfg u/] ;u} ;'? ePsf] ;;Zq cfGbf]ng lbNnL ;Demf}tf kZrft lj;= @))& k'if @$ df :yflut ePsf] .
 lj=;= @))& kmfu'g $ ut] lqe'jg g]kfn kms{]sf / lj=;= @))& kmfu'g & ut] /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff eof] .
 k|hftGq kZrft klxnf] k|=d= df]xg zdz]/ g} /x]sf / plg kZrft dft[sf k|;fb sf]O{/fnf k|= d= ePsfn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf af6
k|=d= x'g] plg k|yd AoflQm dflgG5g\ .
 lj=;= @)!% df ;+;lbo cfd r'gfa eP kZrft lj=lk sf]O{/fnf k|d ePsf .
 /fhf dx]Gb|n] lj=;= @)!& k'if ! ut] ax'blno Joj:yf vf/]h ul/ k'if @@ af6 lgb{lno k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf .
 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg lj=;= @)!( k'if ! ut] af6 nfu' u/]sf / d'n'sL P]g lj=;= @)@) ebf} ( af6 nfu' ePsf] .\
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 ;+sns M ch'{g ;'abL
 lj=;= @)@* df /fhf dx]Gb|sf] lgwg eO{ /fhf lj/]Gb| /fhf ePsf / ;f]xL aif{af6 emfkfaf6 ;;Zq slDgi6 ;+3if{ ;'? ePsf] .
 lgjf{lift lhjg ljtfO{/x]sf lj=lk= sf]O/fnf d]nldnfksf] gLltsf ;fy lj=;= @)## df g]kfn kms]{sf
 lj= ;= @)#^ h]7 !) df hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff eO{ lj=;= @)#& a}zfv @) df g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]kN6 hgdt ;+u|x ePsf]
lyof] .
 lj=;= @)$^ kmfu'g & b]lv ePsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]nsf] k|ltkmn :j?k lj=;= @)$^ r}q @^ ut] g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'g{axfnL
eO{ k'g ax'blno Joj:yfsf] ;'? ePsf] .
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfa / cGo s]xL dfu /fVb} lj=;= @)%@ kmfu'g ! af6 dfcf]afbLn] ;;Zq o'4sf] yfngL u/]sf] .
 lj=;= @)%* h]7 !( ut] /fhb/jf/ xTofsf08 eO{ /fhf lj/]Gb|sf] a+z gfz ePsf] lyof] ,
 tTt kZrft g]kfnsf /fhf cr]t cj:yfdf /x]sf lbk]Gb|nfO{ 3f]if0ff ul/of] eg] pgsf] d[To' kZrft h]7 @@ ut] 1fg]Gb|nfO{ g]kfnsf]
/fhf agfO{of] .
 /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ax'blno zf;g Joj:yfdf c;xhtf pTkGg u/fpg yfn]kl5 lj=;= @)^@ r}q @$ af6 @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ng ;'?
eof] h'g cfGbf]ng !( lbg ;Dd rNof] / To;sf] k|ltkmn:j?k g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
 @)^# d+l;/ % ut] ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]afbLljr ljZt[t zflGt ;Demf}tf eof]
 ;f] sf] k|ltkmn :j?k @)^# df3 ! ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] .
 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ :yflkt ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj u/fO{ lj=;= @)&@ c;f]h )# ut] , ;+ljwfg;ef af6 ag]sf]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] .

;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf

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