4.
Control Systems
Controllers: Symbols for PLCs, DCS, and manual controllers, including
functional annotations.
Feedback Loops: Indications of closed-loop feedback systems with
connections to sensors and actuators.
5. Lines and Annotations
Legend for Line Colors: Different colors or line styles may represent
processes, utilities, or control signals.
Text Annotations: Explanatory notes regarding specific components,
such as maintenance requirements or operational parameters.
Types of Control Systems
1. Open-loop Control Systems
o Definition: In open-loop systems, the output is not monitored or feedback is not
used to adjust the input. The control action is independent of the output.
o Example: A simple electric toaster that operates for a predetermined time
regardless of the actual bread’s toasting status.
2. Closed-loop Control Systems (Feedback Control Systems)
o Definition: Closed-loop systems use feedback to compare the output with a
desired input. The control action is adjusted based on the feedback to achieve the
desired performance.
o Example: A thermostat that adjusts heating based on the temperature reading
relative to the set point.
Components of Control Systems
1. Sensors/Transducers
o Devices that measure the actual output or state of a system
(e.g., temperature sensors, pressure gauges).
2. Controllers
o The processing unit that determines the control action based on
the error between the desired setpoint and the actual output
(e.g., PID controllers, PLCs, DCS).
3. Actuators
o Devices that carry out the control actions determined by the
controller, such as valves, motors, or pumps.
