➢ Integers are whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero. ➢ Integers are always represented on the number line at equal intervals which are equal to one unit.
Activity in the sub strand
Carry out activities involving positive and negative numbers and zero. ✓ For example climbing upstairs (positive), ✓ Climbing down (negative). ✓ Others may include standing at a point, the zero point, and count the number of steps moved either forward or backward.
Operations on Integers Addition of Integers
Addition of integers can be represented on a number line .
For example, to add +3 to 0 , we begin at 0 and move 3 units to the right as shown below in red to get +3, Also to add + 4 to +3 we move 4 units to the right as shown in blue to get +7.
To add -3 to zero we move 3 units to the left as shown in red below to get -3 while to add -2 to -3 we move 2 steps to the left as shown in blue to get -5. FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 Note; When adding positive numbers we move to the right. When dealing with negative we move to the left.
Subtraction of Integers.
Example
(+7) – (0) = (+7)
To subtract +7 from 0 ,we find a number n which when added to get 0 we get +7 and in this case n = +7 as shown above in red.
Example
(+2) – (+7) = (-5)
Start at +7 and move to +2. 5 steps will be made towards the left. The answer is therefore -5.
Example
-3 – (+6) = -9
FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181
||_←|||| |||←|||||| -4-3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 45678910
We start at +6 and moves to -3. 9 steps to the left, the answer is -9.
Note:
In general positives signs can be ignored when writing positive numbers i.e. +2 can be written as 2 but negative signs cannot be ignored when writing negative numbers -4 can only be written s -4. 4–(+3)=4-3 =1 -3- (+6) =3 – 6 = -3 Positive integers are also referred to as natural numbers. The result of subtracting the negative of a number is the same as adding that number. 2–(-4)=2+4 =6 (-5)–(-1)=-5+2 = -3 In mathematics it is assumed that that the number with no sign before it has appositive sign.
Multiplication of integers - In general
➢ (a negative number) x (appositive number ) = (a negative number) ➢ (a positive number) x (a negative number ) = (a negative number) ➢ (a negative number) x (a negative number ) = (a positive number)
Examples
-6 x 5 = -30 7 x -4 = - 28 -3 x -3 = 9 -2 x -9 = 18
Division of integers - Division is the inverse of multiplication. In general FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 1. (a positive number ) ÷ (a positive number ) = (a positive number) 2. (a positive number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a negative number) 3. (a negative number ) ÷ (a negative number ) = (a positive number)
4. (a negative number ) ÷ (appositive number ) = (a negative number)
- For multiplication and division of integer:
Two like signs gives positive sign. Two
unlike signs gives negative sign Multiplication by zero is always zero and division by zero is always zero.
Order of Operations of integers
BODMAS is always used to show as
the order of operations. B – Bracket first. O – Of is second. D – Division is third. M – Multiplication is fourth. A – Addition is fifth. S – Subtraction is considered last.
Example 6 x 3 – 4 ÷ 2 + 5 + (2-1) =
Solution
➢ Use BODMAS
(2 – 1 ) = 1 we solve brackets first (4÷ 2) = 2 we then solve division (6 x 3) = 1 8 next is multiplication Bring them together 18 – 2 +5 +1 = 22 we solve addition first and lastly subtraction FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 18+6–2=22
x 6 ÷ 2 + (-5) 3. Evaluate -8 ÷ 2 + 12 x 9 – 4 x 6 56 ÷7 x 2 4. Evaluate without using mathematical tables or the calculator 1.9 x 0.032 20 x 0.0038
Fractions Introduction
➢ a A fraction is written in the form /b where a and b are numbers and b is not equal to 0. The upper number is called the numerator and the lower number is the denominator. ➢ a→numerator ➢ b→denominator
Proper Fraction
In a proper fraction the numerator is smaller than the denominator. E.g. ,
Improper Fraction
➢ The numerator is bigger than or equal to denominator. E.g. , ,
FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 Mixed Fraction
➢ An improper fraction written as the sum of an integer and a proper fraction. For example = 2 +
= 2
Changing a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
Mixed number – 4 (contains a whole number and a fraction)
Improper fraction – (numerator is larger than denominator)
Step 1 – Multiply the denominator and the whole number
Step 2 – Add this answer to the numerator; this becomes the new numerator Step 3 – Carry the original denominator over
Example
1 3 /8=3×8+1=25 = 25 8
Example
4 4 /9=4×9+4=40 = 40 9
Changing an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Number
Step 1 – Divide the numerator by the denominator
Step 2– The answer from step 1 becomes the whole number Step 3– The remainder becomes the new numerator Step 4– The original denominator carries over Example1 47 /5 = 47 ÷ 5 or
Example2 FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 Comparing Fractions
When comparing fractions, they are first converted into their equivalent forms using the same denominator.
Equivalent Fractions
To get the equivalent fractions, we multiply or divide the numerator and
denominator of a given fraction by the same number. When the fraction has no factor in common other than 1, the fraction is said to be in its simplest form.
Example
Arrange the following fractions in ascending order (from the smallest to the biggest):
1 1 5 2 /2, /4, /6, /3
Step 1: Change all the fractions to the same denominator.
Step 2: In this case we will use 12 because 2, 4, 6, and3 all go into i.e. We get 12 by finding the L.C.M of the denominators. To get the equivalent fractions divide the denominator by the L.C.M and then multiply both the numerator and denominator by the answer, For ½ we divide 12 ÷ 2 = 6, then multiply both the numerator and denominator by 6 as shown below.
1x6 1x3 5x2
2x4 2x6 4x3 6x2 3x4
Step 3: The fractions will now be:
6 3 10 8 /12, /12, /12, /12 Step 4: Now put your fractions in order (smallest to biggest.) 3 6 8 10 /12, /12, /12, /12 Step 5: Change back, keeping them in order. 1 1 2 5 /4, /2, /3, /6 You can also use percentages to compare fractions as shown below.
Example FOR MORE CALL SIR ABRAHAM 0729 125 181 Arrange the following in descending order (from the biggest) 5 7 11 9 /12, /3, /5, /4 Solution
