Test One Study Guide: Chapters 1 – 3

Answer and study the following questions to help you prepare for your exam. You can work on this with
your classmates and come ask me any questions that you have. While I’ve done my best to include as
many of the topics as possible there may be some material that isn’t including in this guide. Remember
you also have old quizzes, notes, classwork/homework assignments that you can use to study for your
exam.

1. What does biodiversity mean? At what part of the globe is the biodiversity the greatest?
The variety of living organisms and it is greatest at the equator

2. What is the definition of a species? How are baby mules made?

A group of closely related organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring. Baby mules and
mixed donkey horses and they are infertile

3. What are the four characteristics of a living thing?

Made of one or more cells
Need energy for metabolism
Respond to environment
Have dna they can pass on

4. What characteristic of living things do viruses not meet?

No dna
5. What is homeostasis? Give an example of how your body helps to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal state like keeping an internal
temperature

6. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? Which one is used for
homeostasis?
Positive feedback is when your body keeps making the thing that makes the issue happen and
negative feedback is when your body does the opposite of that thing. Homeostasis is negative
feedback

7. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Give an example of each.

Quantitative data is numbers and units and average makes sense like eye color
Qualitative data is categories no units and average does not make sense notes taken at a focus
group

8. What is the difference between a prospective and a retrospective observational study?

Prospective is happening now and retrospective is looking back at something that already
happened
9. What are the differences between an observational study and an experiment? Which one can
prove causation?

An observational study you are just watching and an experiment is when you can set the
conditions and experiment proves causation

10. Come up with an example of an experiment that you could. Decide what the independent
variable and the dependent variable is in your experiment.

11. In your experiment from problem 10, what variables would you want to remain constant?

12. What is the difference between a primary source and a secondary source?

13. What do we mean when we say a measurment is accurate? What do we mean when we say that
measurements are precise?

14. Which type of microscope can be use to view living specimens?

15. Which type of microscope can be used to view the details of the outside of a cell?

16. Which type of microscope can be used to observe the details of a cross section of a cell?
17. What is the special name for electrons located in the outer most energy shell?

18. Atoms are most stable when they have how many electrons in their outer shells?

19. Does a positive ion gain or loose electrons? What about a negative ion?

20. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?

21. What does it mean for a molecule to be polar? Give an example of a polar molecule.

22. What does it mean for a molecule to be nonpolar? Give an example of a nonpolar molecule.
23. What does the phrase “like dissolves like” refer to?

24. What is a hydrogen bond? Draw a picture showing the hydrogen bonds present in water.

25. What are the three properties of water due to its hydrogen bonds?

26. Describe how the specific heat of water helps our bodies maintain homeostasis.

27. Describe how water’s adhesive property is useful for plants.

28. How does water’s cohesive property effect the surface tension present in water. What happens
to the cohesive property of water when detergent is added?
29. What is a solute? What is a solvent? In a mixture of 5% acetic acid and 95% water, which is the
solvent and which is the solute?

30. Does a solvent always have to be a liquid? Give an example.

31. Would a solution with a pH of 3 be an acid or a base? What about a solution with a pH of 10?

32. About what pH would water have?

33. Would a solution with a high H+ ion concentration be an acid or a base?

34. What color do acids turn litmus paper? What color do bases turn litmus paper?

35. How many bonds does carbon form?

36. Know that carbon containing molecules are called organic molecules and that carbon can form
straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

37. What elements make up a carbohydrate?

38. What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide? Which one is the
monomer and which is the polymer? Which one is glucose?

39. What are the differences and similarities between starch and cellulose?

40. What is a lipid? What is a fatty acid chain?

41. How do you tell the difference between an unsaturated and a saturated fatty acid? Explain why
unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquids at room temperature but saturated fatty acids tend to
solids at room temperature.

42. Draw a phosopholipid. Label which parts are polar and which parts are nonpolar.

43. Are polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophillic? What about nonpolar molecules?

44. Draw an amino acid. Label the amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain.

45. Amino acids make up proteins. What kind of bonds connect the amino acids?

46. Show two amino acids coming together to form a bond. Show which molecule is lost.

47. What is dehydration synthesis? What is hydrolysis?

48. Nucleic acids are found in what important molecules for the cell? What is the name of the
monomer that makes a nucleic acid?

49. What monomer is composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base?

50. What is the difference between an endothermic and an exothermic reaction? Do they both
require activation energy?

51. How does a catalyst speed up reaction time?

52. What is an enzyme?

53. Why is homeostasis important for proper enzyme function?

54. What are substrates? What is the activation site?

55. Are enzymes rigid or flexible? Are enzymes used up during a chemical reaction?

56. A solution with a pH of 10 is how many times more basic than a solution with a pH of 8?

57. A protein containing 5 amino acids is formed. How many water molecules are lost during its
formation?

58. Give the three principles of cell theory.

59. Are animal and plant cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Are bacterial cells prokaryotic or
eukaryotic?

60. Which organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes?

61. Fill in the following table with yes or no

Prokaryote Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Membrane Covered
Organelles

Nucleus

Centrioles

Ribosomes

62. Be able to identify the following organelles/cell structures on a cell diagram and know what
their function is in the cell: cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough
endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus (aka golgi bodies),
mitochondia, lysosomes, centrioles, vacuoles, vesicles, cell wall, chloroplasts
63. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? What three types of fibers make up the
cytoskeleton?
64. Describe the steps and locations of protein synthesis.

65. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. What kinds of molecules might you find
embedded in the cell membrane?

66. Describe how the fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane.

67. What does it mean to say the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

68. What is passive transport?

69. What type of molecules are able to cross the cell membrane by diffusion alone?

70. Know that diffusion goes from high concentration to low concentration.

71. What is osmosis? Draw a pictuer of an isotonic, a hypertonic, and a hypotonic solution.

72. Why is it a bad idea to put your goldfish in a tank of distilled water?

73. What is the difference between difusion and facilatated diffusion?

74. Possible Bonus: What is an aquaporin? Why are aquaporins necessary?