EE-421: Digital System Design
Verilog Operators
Expressing Numbers in Verilog
Hierarchical Design – Module Instantiation
Instructor: Dr. Rehan Ahmed [rehan.ahmed@seecs.edu.pk]
Verilog Operators
2
Verilog Operators and Bit Lengths:
For Reference
Category Examples Bit Length
Bitwise ~A, +A, –A L(A)
A & B, A | B, A ~ ^ B, A ^ ~ B MAX (L(A), L(B))
Logical !A, A && B, A || B 1 bit
Reduction &A, ~&A, |A, ~ | A, ^ ~ A, ~ ^ A 1 bit
Relational A = = B, A != B, A > B, A < B 1 bit
A >= B, A <= B
A = = = B, A != = B
Arithmetic A + B, A – B, A * B, A / B MAX (L(A), L(B))
A %B
Shift A << B, A >> B L(A)
Concatenate {A,…, B} L(A) + ... + L(B)
Replication {B{A}} B * L(A)
Condition A ? B :C MAX (L(B), L(C))
3
Bitwise Operators in Behavioral Verilog
module gates(input [3:0] a, b,
output [3:0] y1, y2, y3, y4, y5);
/* Five different two-input logic
gates acting on 4 bit buses */
assign y1 = a & b; // AND
assign y2 = a | b; // OR
assign y3 = a ^ b; // XOR
assign y4 = ~(a & b); // NAND
assign y5 = ~(a | b); // NOR
endmodule
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Bitwise Operators: Schematic View
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5
Reduction Operators in
Behavioral Verilog
module and8(input [7:0] a,
output y);
assign y = &a;
// &a is much easier to write than
// assign y = a[7] & a[6] & a[5] & a[4] &
// a[3] & a[2] & a[1] & a[0];
endmodule
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Reduction Operators: Schematic View
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[7:0]
a[7:0] [4]
AND y
[5]
[6]
[7] 8-input AND gate
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Conditional Assignment in
Behavioral Verilog
module mux2(input [3:0] d0, d1,
input s,
output [3:0] y);
assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
// if (s) then y=d1 else y=d0;
endmodule
• ? : is also called a ternary operator as it operates on
three inputs:
– s
– d1
– d0
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Conditional Assignment: Schematic View
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More Complex Conditional Assignments
module mux4(input [3:0] d0, d1, d2, d3
input [1:0] s,
output [3:0] y);
assign y = s[1] ? ( s[0] ? d3 : d2)
: ( s[0] ? d1 : d0);
// if (s1) then
// if (s0) then y=d3 else y=d2
// else
// if (s0) then y=d1 else y=d0
endmodule
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Even More Complex Conditional
Assignments
module mux4(input [3:0] d0, d1, d2, d3
input [1:0] s,
output [3:0] y);
assign y = (s == 2’b11) ? d3 :
(s == 2’b10) ? d2 :
(s == 2’b01) ? d1 :
d0;
// if (s = “11” ) then y= d3
// else if (s = “10” ) then y= d2
// else if (s = “01” ) then y= d1
// else y= d0
endmodule
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Verilog Operators and Bit Lengths:
For Reference
Category Examples Bit Length
Bitwise ~A, +A, –A L(A)
A & B, A | B, A ~ ^ B, A ^ ~ B MAX (L(A), L(B))
Logical !A, A && B, A || B 1 bit
Reduction &A, ~&A, |A, ~ | A, ^ ~ A, ~ ^ A 1 bit
Relational A = = B, A != B, A > B, A < B 1 bit
A >= B, A <= B
A = = = B, A != = B
Arithmetic A + B, A – B, A * B, A / B MAX (L(A), L(B))
A %B
Shift A << B, A >> B L(A)
Concatenate {A,…, B} L(A) + ... + L(B)
Replication {B{A}} B * L(A)
Condition A ? B :C MAX (L(B), L(C))
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Precedence of Operations in Verilog
Highest
Lowest
14
Expressing Numbers in Verilog
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How to Express Numbers ?
N’Bxx
8’b0000_0001
• (N) Number of bits
– Expresses how many bits will be used to store the value
• (B) Base
– Can be b (binary), h (hexadecimal), d (decimal), o (octal)
• (xx) Number
– The value expressed in base
– Can also have X (invalid) and Z (floating), as values
– Underscore _ can be used to improve readability
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Number Representation in Verilog
Verilog Stored Number Verilog Stored Number
4’b1001 1001 4’d5 0101
8’b1001 0000 1001 12’hFA3 1111 1010 0011
8’b0000_1001 0000 1001 8’o12 00 001 010
8’bxX0X1zZ1 XX0X 1ZZ1 4’h7 0111
‘b01 0000 .. 0001 12’h0 0000 0000 0000
32 bits
(default)
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Reminder: Floating Signals (Z)
• Floating signal: Signal that is not driven by any circuit
– Open circuit, floating wire
• Also known as: high impedance, hi-Z, tri-stated signals
module tristate_buffer(input [3:0] a,
input en,
output [3:0] y);
assign y = en ? a : 4'bz;
endmodule
en
[3:0] [3:0] [3:0] [3:0]
a[3:0] y[3:0]
y_1[3:0]
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Recall: Tri-State Buffer
• A tri-state buffer enables gating of different signals onto
a wire
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Recall: Example Use of Tri-State Buffers
• Imagine a wire connecting the CPU and memory
– At any time only the CPU or the memory can place a value
on the wire, both not both
– You can have two tri-state buffers: one driven by CPU, the
other memory; and ensure at most one is enabled at any
time
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Module Instantiation
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Instantiating a Module
i_first
i_second
Schematic of module “top” that is built from
two instances of module “small”
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Instantiating a Module
• Module Definitions in Verilog
module top (A, SEL, C, Y); i_first
input A, SEL, C; i_second
output Y;
wire n1;
module small (A, B, Y);
input A;
input B;
output Y;
endmodule // description of small
endmodule
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Instantiating a Module
• Defining wires (module interconnections)
module top (A, SEL, C, Y); i_first
input A, SEL, C; i_second
output Y;
wire n1;
module small (A, B, Y);
input A;
input B;
output Y;
endmodule // description of small
endmodule
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Instantiating a Module
• The first instantiation of the “small” module
module top (A, SEL, C, Y); i_first
input A, SEL, C; i_second
output Y;
wire n1;
// instantiate small once
small i_first ( .A(A),
.B(SEL),
.Y(n1) );
module small (A, B, Y);
input A;
input B;
output Y;
endmodule // description of small
endmodule
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Instantiating a Module
• The second instantiation of the “small” module
module top (A, SEL, C, Y); i_first
input A, SEL, C; i_second
output Y;
wire n1;
// instantiate small once
small i_first ( .A(A),
.B(SEL),
.Y(n1) );
module small (A, B, Y);
// instantiate small second time input A;
small i_second ( .A(n1), input B;
.B(C), output Y;
.Y(Y) );
// description of small
endmodule
endmodule
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Instantiating a Module
• Short form of module instantiation
module top (A, SEL, C, Y); i_first
input A, SEL, C; i_second
output Y;
wire n1;
// alternative
small i_first ( A, SEL, n1 );
/* Shorter instantiation,
pin order very important */ module small (A, B, Y);
input A;
// any pin order, safer choice input B;
small i_second ( .B(C), output Y;
.Y(Y),
.A(n1) ); // description of small
endmodule endmodule
Short form is not good practice
as it reduces code maintainability
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Module Parametrization
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Writing More Reusable Verilog Code
• We have a module that can compare two 4-bit numbers
• What if in the overall design we need to compare:
– 5-bit numbers?
– 6-bit numbers?
– …
– N-bit numbers?
– Writing code for each case looks tedious
• What could be a better way?
29
Parameterized Modules
In Verilog, we can define module parameters
module mux2
#(parameter width = 8) // name and default value
(input [width-1:0] d0, d1,
input s,
output [width-1:0] y);
assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
endmodule
We can set the parameters to different values
when instantiating the module
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Instantiating Parameterized Modules
module mux2
#(parameter width = 8) // name and default value
(input [width-1:0] d0, d1,
input s,
output [width-1:0] y);
assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
endmodule
// If the parameter is not given, the default (8) is assumed
mux2 i_mux (d0, d1, s, out);
// The same module with 12-bit bus width:
mux2 #(12) i_mux_b (d0, d1, s, out);
// A more verbose version:
mux2 #(.width(12)) i_mux_b (.d0(d0), .d1(d1),
.s(s), .out(out));
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