1.
Solubility and Precipitation
50 grams of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) is dissolved in 150 grams of water at 60°C.
The solubility of KNO₃ at 20°C is 32 g/100 g of water.
(a) Calculate the mass of KNO₃ that will precipitate when the solution cools to
20°C.
(b) If an additional 50 grams of water is added before cooling, calculate how
much KNO₃ will now precipitate.
(c) What will be the concentration of KNO₃ in the remaining solution at 20°C in
g/100 g water after precipitation?
2. Concentration and Dilution
A solution contains 40 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 400 mL of water.
(a) Calculate the concentration of the solution in g/L.
(b) If 100 mL of water evaporates, what will be the new concentration of NaCl in
g/L?
(c) How much more NaCl (in grams) should be added to 300 mL of the solution
to make its concentration 200 g/L?
3. Molarity and Solution Preparation
You are given a 5 M solution of H₂SO₄ and need to prepare 1 liter of a 2 M
solution.
(a) Calculate the volume of the 5 M solution required to prepare the 1 liter of 2
M solution.
(b) If 250 mL of the 2 M solution is further diluted to 500 mL, what will be the
concentration of the final solution?
(c) How much water would you need to add to 100 mL of the original 5 M
solution to dilute it to a concentration of 1 M?
4. Solubility and Saturation
At 30°C, the solubility of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water is 36 g per 100 g of
water.
(a) How much NaCl can be dissolved in 500 g of water at 30°C to form a
saturated solution?
(b) If 200 g of water evaporates from the solution, will the solution remain
saturated or will any NaCl precipitate? Justify your answer.
(c) Calculate the mass of NaCl that must be added to 300 g of water at 30°C to
achieve saturation.
5. Solubility and Crystallization
100 grams of a saturated solution of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) at 50°C contains 40
g of CuSO₄. On cooling to 20°C, the solubility decreases to 20 g per 100 g water.
(a) Calculate the mass of CuSO₄ that will crystallize out when the solution cools
to 20°C.
(b) If 50 grams of water is evaporated from the solution at 50°C, how much
CuSO₄ will crystallize when it cools to 20°C?
(c) If the solution is diluted by adding 100 grams of water at 50°C, what will be
the new concentration of CuSO₄ in g/100 g water?
Assertion-Reasoning Questions
Assertion: The particles in solids are more closely packed than in liquids.
Reason: Solids have a fixed shape, whereas liquids take the shape of the
container.
Assertion: Gases have no fixed volume and occupy all available space.
Reason: Gas particles have weak intermolecular forces and move randomly at
high speeds.
Assertion: Ice melts to water at 0°C, but the temperature of the mixture does
not rise until all the ice melts.
Reason: During melting, the heat energy supplied is used to overcome the forces
of attraction between the particles of ice.
Assertion: A mixture of sand and salt can be separated by filtration.
Reason: Salt is soluble in water, while sand is not.
Assertion: Centrifugation is used to separate cream from milk.
Reason: Centrifugation separates particles based on their sizes.
Short Answer Questions
Why does increasing pressure on a gas lead to liquefaction at constant
temperature?
What is the effect of pressure on the boiling point of water? Explain with an
example.
Describe the Brownian motion in colloidal solutions with an example from
everyday life.
Why does a drop of ink spread in water faster at a higher temperature than at
room temperature?
Distinguish between a true solution, a colloid, and a suspension based on
particle size and visibility.
Define sublimation. Give two examples of substances that undergo sublimation.
Case-Based Questions
Case Study:
A sample of muddy water is left undisturbed in a beaker for a few hours. The
water appears clear on top, but mud settles at the bottom.
Questions:
What type of mixture is muddy water initially?
Which method would be the most effective to separate the clear water from the
mud? Justify your choice.
If salt was added to the water before leaving it to settle, would the separation
method change? Explain why or why not.
Numericals
A solution of sugar in water contains 100 grams of water and 50 grams of sugar.
What is the concentration of the solution in terms of mass by mass percentage?
50 grams of a solute is dissolved in 450 grams of water. Calculate the mass by
mass percentage of the solution.
A 200 ml solution of saltwater has a concentration of 5 g/100 ml. How much salt
is present in the solution?
Tricky and Hard Questions
Explain why gases are highly compressible, while solids are almost
incompressible, using the concept of intermolecular forces.
A mixture of iron filings and sulfur is heated strongly. After cooling, the resulting
substance is not attracted to a magnet. Explain why and describe the type of
change that occurred.
How would you separate a mixture of iodine and salt? Discuss the principles
involved in the method you choose.
Explain how temperature affects the rate of diffusion in gases and liquids. Why is
diffusion slower in liquids compared to gases?
Describe how the concept of latent heat explains why sweating cools the body
during exercise.
Long Answer Questions (with subparts)
(a) Discuss the states of matter in detail, explaining how the arrangement and
movement of particles differ in solids, liquids, and gases.
(b) How does pressure influence the state of matter? Give examples of situations
where pressure changes cause a change in state.
(a) Explain the process of fractional distillation in detail. How is it used to
separate petroleum into various useful fractions?
(b) What is the role of temperature control in the fractional distillation process?
(a) Define evaporation and discuss four factors that affect the rate of
evaporation.
(b) Why is evaporation considered a cooling process? Illustrate this with a
practical example.
(a) What is chromatography? Explain the principle behind this technique and its
applications in forensic science.
(b) Why is paper chromatography more effective in separating colored
substances?
Explain why a saturated solution can sometimes dissolve more solute when the
temperature increases.
A mixture of sulfur and iron filings is heated until a chemical reaction occurs.
Explain why the product does not retain the individual properties of sulfur and
iron.
How would you separate a mixture of iodine and ammonium chloride? Explain
the process and the principles involved.
Discuss how Brownian motion supports the kinetic theory of matter. Provide an
example from daily life.
Explain why water has an unusually high boiling point compared to other liquids
of similar molecular size, using the concept of hydrogen bonding.
Assertion: The rate of diffusion in gases is higher than in liquids.
Reason: The particles in a gas are farther apart and move at higher speeds
compared to liquids.
Assertion: Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas
without passing through the liquid state.
Reason: Some solids, like iodine, have strong intermolecular forces that prevent
the formation of a liquid phase.
Assertion: Colloids show the Tyndall effect when light passes through them.
Reason: Colloidal particles are large enough to scatter light but small enough to
remain suspended in the dispersion medium.
Assertion: During evaporation, only the particles with the highest kinetic energy
escape from the surface of the liquid.
Reason: The average kinetic energy of the remaining particles decreases, leading
to cooling.
Assertion: Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water.
Reason: An increase in temperature decreases the viscosity of the water,
allowing sugar molecules to diffuse more easily.
Assertion: Salt is spread on icy roads to melt the ice in cold climates.
Reason: Salt lowers the freezing point of water, allowing the ice to melt at lower
temperatures.
Here’s an updated version of your set of questions, ensuring that there are no
repetitions and including a variety of challenging types.
Assertion-Reasoning Questions
Assertion: The rate of diffusion in gases is higher than in liquids.
Reason: The particles in a gas are farther apart and move at higher speeds
compared to liquids.
Assertion: Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas
without passing through the liquid state.
Reason: Some solids, like iodine, have strong intermolecular forces that prevent
the formation of a liquid phase.
Assertion: Colloids show the Tyndall effect when light passes through them.
Reason: Colloidal particles are large enough to scatter light but small enough to
remain suspended in the dispersion medium.
Assertion: During evaporation, only the particles with the highest kinetic energy
escape from the surface of the liquid.
Reason: The average kinetic energy of the remaining particles decreases, leading
to cooling.
Assertion: Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water.
Reason: An increase in temperature decreases the viscosity of the water,
allowing sugar molecules to diffuse more easily.
Assertion: Salt is spread on icy roads to melt the ice in cold climates.
Reason: Salt lowers the freezing point of water, allowing the ice to melt at lower
temperatures.
Short Answer Questions
Explain why increasing the surface area of a solute increases the rate of
dissolving in a solvent.
What are the key differences between evaporation and boiling? Include a brief
explanation of their effects on temperature.
Why does a metal spoon feel colder than a wooden spoon at room
temperature? Discuss the concept of thermal conductivity.
How does temperature influence the solubility of gases in liquids? Provide an
example from real life.
Why do solids expand upon heating? Explain the behavior of particles in solids
as temperature increases.
Describe the principle behind the separation of two immiscible liquids using a
separating funnel.
Why does the smell of perfume spread more quickly in a warm room than in a
cold room?
Case-Based Questions
Case Study 1:
A mixture of oil and water is placed in a beaker. After a few hours, two distinct
layers are seen with oil floating on top of the water.
Questions:
What type of mixture is oil and water?
Which method would be most suitable for separating the oil from the water?
Explain your choice.
If detergent is added to the mixture, how would it affect the separation process?
Case Study 2:
A suspension of chalk powder in water is allowed to stand in a beaker. After
some time, the chalk settles at the bottom.
Questions:
What type of mixture is formed initially?
Explain why chalk settles at the bottom after standing undisturbed.
Which separation technique would you use to obtain clear water from the chalk
suspension?
