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17 views2 pages

Opps

Uploaded by

priyanshusaxena427
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object-oriented programming (OOP) is based on several fundamental principles

that guide the design and implementation of software systems. These principles
help developers create robust, flexible, and maintainable code. Here are the basic
principles of OOP:

1. Encapsulation:

 Encapsulation involves bundling data (attributes or properties) and methods


(functions or procedures) that operate on that data within a single unit called an
object. This concept allows for the hiding of the internal state and behavior of an
object from the outside world, only exposing what is necessary for interaction.
Encapsulation helps in achieving data integrity and reduces dependencies between
different parts of the codebase.

2. Abstraction:

 Abstraction involves capturing only essential features of an object while hiding the
irrelevant details. It allows developers to focus on what an object does rather than
how it does it. By defining clear interfaces and abstract classes, abstraction enables
code reuse, simplifies maintenance, and promotes a higher level of understanding
of complex systems.

3. Inheritance:

 Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class (subclass or derived class) to inherit


properties and behaviors from another class (superclass or base class). This
principle facilitates code reuse and promotes the creation of hierarchies of related
classes. Subclasses can extend or modify the behavior of their parent classes while
inheriting their attributes and methods. Inheritance helps in promoting code reuse
and facilitates the modeling of real-world relationships.

4. Polymorphism:
 Polymorphism means the ability of objects to take on different forms or behaviors
based on their context. In OOP, polymorphism allows objects of different classes to
be treated as objects of a common superclass. This principle is achieved through
method overriding (runtime polymorphism) and method overloading (compile-time
polymorphism). Polymorphism enhances flexibility, extensibility, and modifiability
of code by enabling interchangeable components and dynamic binding of methods
at runtime.

5. Association:

 Association represents relationships between classes where objects of one class are
connected to objects of another class. These relationships can be one-to-one, one-
to-many, or many-to-many. Association is typically expressed through instance
variables or references between classes. It enables the modeling of complex
interactions and dependencies between objects, allowing for more flexible and
scalable designs.

6. Composition:

 Composition is a stronger form of association where one class contains objects of


another class as part of its state. Unlike inheritance, which represents an "is-a"
relationship, composition represents a "has-a" relationship. Composition allows for
building complex objects by combining simpler objects, promoting code reuse and
modularity. It also enables better control over object lifecycles and improves
encapsulation.

These basic principles of OOP provide a foundation for creating well-structured,


maintainable, and extensible software systems. By adhering to these principles,
developers can design elegant solutions that effectively model real-world entities
and facilitate code reuse and scalability.

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