Trigonometric Functions
If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle of θ radians, then l = rθ.
Radian measure =
Degree measure =
A degree is divided into 60 minutes and a minute is divided into 60 seconds. One sixtieth of
a degree is called a minute, written as 1', and one sixtieth of a minute is called a second,
written as1".
Thus, 1° = 60' and 1' = 60"
Signs of trigonometric functions in different quadrants:
Trigonometric Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant
Quadrant III
function I II IV
–ve
+ ve (Increases + ve (Decreases –ve (Increases
sin x (Decreases
from 0 to 1) from 1 to 0) from 1 to 0)
from 0 to 1)
+ ve (Decreases –ve (Decreases –ve (Increases + ve (Increases
cos x
from 1 to 0) from 0 to 1) from 1 to 0) from 0 to 1)
+ ve –ve
+ ve (Increases –ve (Increases
tan x (Increases (Increases from ∞
from 0 to ∞) from ∞ to 0)
from 0 to ∞) to 0)
+ ve
+ ve (Decreases –ve(Decreases –ve (Decreases
cot x (Decreases
from ∞ to 0) from 0 to ∞) from 0 to ∞)
from ∞ to 0)
–ve
+ ve (Increases –ve (Increases (Decreases + ve (Decreases
sec x
from 1 to ∞) from ∞ to 1) from 1 from ∞ to 1)
to ∞)
–ve (Increases
+ ve (Decreases + ve (Increases –ve (Decreases
cosec x from ∞
from ∞ to 1) from 1 to ∞) from 1 to ∞)
to 1)
Example 1:
If , then find the value of .
Solution:Since θ lies in the third quadrant, therefor tan θ is positive and cos θ (or sec θ) is
negative.
Example 2: Find the value of cos 390 cos 510 + sin 390 cos (–660 ).
Solution:
Domain and Range of trigonometric functions:
Trigonometric function Domain Range
sin x R [-1, 1]
cos x R [-1, 1]
tan x R
R-
cot x R - {x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} R
sec x R - [-1, 1]
R-
cosec x R - {x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} R - [-1, 1]
Trigonometric identities and formulas:
cos (–x) = cos x
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
cos (π – x) = – cos x
sin (π – x) = sin x
cos (π + x) = – cos x
sin (π + x) = –sin x
cos (2π – x) = cos x
sin (2π – x) = –sin x
o If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is an odd multiple of , then
o If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is a multiple of π, then
and
o In particular,
In particular,
In particular,
General solutions of some trigonometric equations:
o , where n ∈ Z
o ,where n ∈ Z
o sin x = sin y ⇒ x = nπ +(–1)n y, where n ∈ Z
o cos x = cos y ⇒ x = 2nπ ±y, where n ∈ Z
o tan x = tan y ⇒ x = nπ + y, where n ∈ Z
Example 1: Solve cot x cos2 x = 2 cot x
Solution:
But this is not possible as –1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
Thus, the solution of the given trigonometric equation is where n ∈ Z.
Example 2: Solve sin 2x + sin 4x + sin 6x = 0.
Solution:
Thus, , where m, n ∈ Z
