E-Math 121: Calculus 1 Topic: Review of Trigonometry Functions Instructor: RB Astillero
Name:____________________________________Course-Yr-Sec______ 1st Sem., SY. 2023-24 Lesson Handout No. 2
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC √3
2. Given cos 𝜃 = − 2 and 𝜃 is in the third quadrant. Find
FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF RECTANGULAR
COORDINATE SYSTEM the value of 𝜃. Also find the values of
Trigonometric functions are functions of the ratios of any sin 𝜃 , tan 𝜃, & sec 𝜃.
pair of sides of a right triangle. In a rectangular coordinate Solution:
system these sides are the directed line segments x, y, and √3
cos 𝜃 = − 2
⇒ 𝑥 = −√3, 𝑟 = 2
r where x is the perpendicular distance from the y-axis to √3
the point P(x, y); y is the perpendicular distance from the Using a calculator, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 |− 2 | = 30°.
x-axis to P, and r (called the radius vector) is the distance Hence, 𝜃 = 180° + 30° = 210° (ans)
from the origin to point P. Point P is on a circle with radius By Pythagorean Theorem,
r. The radius vector r is always positive whereas x and y 2
may be positive or negative depending on the quadrant 𝑦 = ±√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = −√22 − (−√3) = −1
where P is located. 𝑦 1
sin 𝜃 = 𝑟
= −2 (ans)
Y 𝑦 −1 √3
tan 𝜃 = = = (ans)
II (-, +) 90° I (+, +) 𝑥 −√3 3
𝑟 2 2√3
sec 𝜃 = 𝑥=− 3=− 3 (ans)
√
P(x, y) Using a calculator, check to see that,
1
sin 210° = − 2
r
+∠ y √3
tan 210° = 3
180° 0° 1 2√3
X sec 210° = cos 210° = −
O x Q 3
360°
3. If the coordinates of point P is (3, -4), find the value of
angle 𝑋𝑂𝑃 and determine the values of sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃)
−∠ and cot(𝑋𝑂𝑃).
Solution:
III (-, -) IV (+, -) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −4 ⇒ ∠𝑋𝑂𝑃 is in the 4th quadrant.
𝑦
270° tan(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑥
4
By calculator, 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |− 3| = 53.13°
Counterclockwise rotation of OP = positive angles
Clockwise rotation of OP = negative angles Therefore, ∠𝑋𝑂𝑃 = 360° − 53.13° = 306.87° (ans)
sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = sin 306.87° = −0.8 (ans)
𝑥 1 1 3
1. The sine function, 𝑓(𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cot(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑦 = tan(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = −4 = − 4 (ans)
𝑦
sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 3
Remark: We can also solve 𝑟 using Pythagorean
2. The cosine function, 𝑓(𝜃) = cos 𝜃 Theorem to obtain 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √32 + (−4)2 = 5.
𝑥 𝑦 −4
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 Then sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑟 = 5 = − 0.8
3. The tangent function, 𝑓(𝜃) = tan 𝜃
𝑦 Test Your Skills 2.1
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
Solve the following problems.
4. The cotangent function, 𝑓(𝜃) = cot 𝜃
𝑥 1. Fill in the boxes with the correct sign (- or +) in each
cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 quadrant corresponding to the given trigonometric
function.
5. The secant function, 𝑓(𝜃) = sec 𝜃
𝑟 Function 1st Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4th Q
sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 sin
6. The cosecant function, 𝑓(𝜃) = csc 𝜃 cos
csc 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑟 tan
cot
Examples sec
2
1. Given sin 𝜃 = 3 and 𝜃 is in the first quadrant. Find the csc
values of cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃. 2
Solution: 2. Given sin 𝜃 = − 5 and 𝜃 is in the third quadrant. Find
2
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑟 = 3. the value of 𝜃 and the values of cos 𝜃, tan 𝜃, and csc 𝜃.
3
By Pythagorean Theorem: Ans.______________________________
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 3. Given tan 𝜃 = −√3 and 𝜃 is in the second quadrant.
𝑥 = ±√𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 = √32 − 22 = √5 Find the value of 𝜃. Also find the values of
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 =
𝑥 √5
(ans) sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃, cot θ, sec 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 csc 𝜃.
3 Ans._____________________________
𝑦 2 √5 2√5
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
= 5∙ 5 = 5
(ans)
√ √ Page 1 of 2
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC 1+cos 2𝛼
(4) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 2
FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF THE SIDES OF A
RIGHT TRIANGLE 2.4 FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES
The sides of a right triangle with base angle may be
described in the figure below. (1) sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 (4) cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃
(2) cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 (5) csc(−𝜃) = − csc 𝜃
(3) tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 (6) sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃
Examples
Opposite Side Reduce each of the following trigonometric expressions
𝜃 to another containing only one function. Simplify the
Adjacent Side results whenever possible.
1. cos 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Basic Trig Functions Reciprocals Solution:
1
sin 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cos 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 (ans)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = 2. sin 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Solution:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = sin 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cot 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = sin 𝜃 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 1 + sin 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (ans)
2.3 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
The basic identities can be divided into two groups: the 3. (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
Pythagorean relations and the reciprocal relations. Solution:
Consider the Pythagorean Theorem, (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ∙ 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
=
Dividing both sides by 𝑟 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (ans)
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑟2
2 + 2= 2 4. tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Solution:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 1
(𝑟 ) + ( 𝑟 ) = 1 tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
From the definitions of sine and cosine functions, we =
cot 𝜃
derive the first identity. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 = cot 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Other identities in this group are derived in the same
1
manner. = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 From double angle formula:
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 2
= 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
The following are derived from the reciprocal 2
= sin 2𝜃
relations of the trig functions.
1 1 = 2 csc 2𝜃 (ans)
= csc 𝜃, cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
sin 𝜃 Test Your Skills 2.2
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= tan 𝜃, sin 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 Reduce each of the following trigonometric expressions
cos 𝜃
to another containing only one function. Simplify the
1 1
= cot 𝜃, cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 results whenever possible.
tan 𝜃
1. sec 𝐴 cot 𝐴
2.4 GENERAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Sum of Two Angles Ans.__________________
(1) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 2. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
(2) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
Ans. _________________
Difference of Two Angles
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝐴
(1) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
(2) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 Ans._________________
1−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
Double Angle Formulas 4.
1−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝐴
(1) sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
Ans._________________
(2) cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
2 1−cos 2𝛼
(3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 2
Ans. _________________
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