ATOMIC STRUCTURE Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations · Electrons in an atom occupy stationary orbits (states) of fixed energy at different distances from the nucleus.
· When an electron jumps from a lower energy state to higher energy state (ground state) to higher energy states (excited state) it absorbs energy or emits energy when such a jump occurs from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
· The energies of an electron in an atom can have only certain values.
E1, E2 , = E3 that is the energy is quantized
· The lowest evergy state of the electron is known as ground state.
· The states corresponding to these energies are called stationary states and the possible values of the energy are called energy levels.
· The electron moves to a higher energy level i.e. to the excited state
· The electron loses the energy and comes back to its ground state
· The energy emitted by the electron is seen in the form of elecromagnetic energy and when the wave length is in the visible region it is visible
Limitations: · Bohr’s model failed to account for splitting of line spectra.
· It could not explain the spectrum of atoms with more than one electron.
Quantum numbers are useful to explain the structure of atom
Ø These numbers indicates the probability of finding electron in the space around the nucleus.
Ø Principal Quantum number (n): It gives the information about the size and energy of an orbit.
Ø The angular momentum Quantum number (l): It gives the information about the shapes of sub energy levels.
Ø The magnetic Quantum number m (l): These values describe the orientation of the orbital in space relative to the other orbitals in the atom.
Ø Spin Quantum number m(s): This quantum number refers to the spin of an electron.
Quantum numbers are useful to interpret the electronic configuration of atoms
· Principal quantum number (n) indicates the orbit (main energy level) in which the electron is present. 40 Ex: In the orbits 1s, 2s, 3s, 3p etc, the numbers 1,2,3… indicate the Principal quantum numbers. n value 1 2 3 4 5 6 shell K L M N O P
· The angular momentum quantum number (l) gives the information about the orbital into which the electron enters.
Orbital (Sub energy level) s p d f
l value 0 1 2 3
· The magnetic quantum number (ml) indicates the degenerate orbital into which the electron enters. Sub energy level l value mlvalue orbital s 0 0 s p 1 -1,0,+1 px, py, pz d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 dxy, dyzdxz, dx2 -y2 , dz2
· The spin quantum number gives the information about the direction of spin of the electron. Direction of spin of electron Spin quantum number (ms) Clock wise () +½ Anti clock wise (¯) -½
To find the set of four quantum numbers of a given electron.
· If the electronic configuration of an element ‘X’, whose atomic number 12 is, 1s2 2s22p63s2. The set of four quantum numbers of 12th electron is
# 12th electron is in 3s2 # 12th electron The four quantum numbers: n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = + ½ or – ½ Shapes of orbitals · The shape of the orbital whose n=0, l=0, and ml = 0 is spherical. It is ‘1s’ orbital.
1s orbital
41 · Shape of ‘p’ orbital is dumbbell.
Shape of Orbital · Shape of ‘d’ orbital is double dumbbell.
The filling of order of atomic orbitals (Moeller chart)
Rules useful to fill up of electron in the orbitals
· Pauli’s exclusion principle:No two electrons of the same atom can have all four quantum numbers the same. 42 · Aufbau Principle:Electron enters first into the orbital whose (n+l) value is less. If (n+l) values are same, then electron enters into the orbital whose ‘n’ value is less. Ex: After filling up of 3p, electron enters into 4s, but not 3d. why? Orbital n value l value (n+l) value 4s 4 0 4 3d 3 2 5 According to this the (n+l) value of 4s is less than 3d. Hence the electron first enters into 4s orbital. · Hund’s rule:Electron pairing in orbitals starts only when all available empty orbitals of the same energy are singly occupied. Ex: The electronic configuration of Carbon (6C) is 1s22s22p2. In this the first 4 electrons enter into 1s and 2s orbitals. The next two electrons go into separate 2p orbitals, with both electrons having the same spin. · Electronic configuration of Chlorine is – 1s22s22p63s23p5 · Electronic configuration of Copper is – 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 · Write the four quantum numbers of first electron in L shell of Sodium. Sodium electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1 The first electron of L shell is 2s1 The four quantum numbers are: 2s1 electron n l ml ms 1st electron 2 0 0 +v2 or v2
ASSESSMENT
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Write the electronic configurations of Chromium and Sodium. 2. Write 'n' + l value for 5p and 4d. 3. Explain lines spectra. 4. Draw the orbital picture of Nitrogen. 5. Draw the shapes of p- orbital. Short Answer Questions 1. Write the four quantum numbers of the 12th electron of an element ‘X’ whose electronic configuration is 1s2 2s22p63s2. 2. Write about quantum numbers. 3. If Hund’s rule is not available, guess and write the changes in the electronic configuration of Nitrogen.
43 4. If Hund’s rule is not available, guess and write the changes in the electronic configuration of Carbon. 5. Draw the shape of the orbital whose n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0. Essay Type Questions 1. Write the important postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations. 2. Explain Aufbau principle with an example. 3. Explain Hund’s rule with an example. 4. Write the four quantum numbers of first electron in K shell of Sodium atom whose electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s1 5. Explain the role of quantum numbers in finding the probability of finding electron around the nucleus of an atom. 6. The four quantum numbers of distinguished electron of an atom are as follows: n l ml ms 3 0 0 +½ i) What is the outer most orbit of this element? ii) Write the electronic configuration of this element. iii) What is the atomic number of this element? iv) What is the valency of this element? Multiple Choice Questions 1. The orbital with highest energy level among 3s,3p, 4s, and 3d is ( ) A) 3s B) 4s C) 3p D) 3d 2. If n = 4, then the number of orbitals in the subshells is ( ) A) 16 B) 9 C) 4 D) 10 3. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration? ( ) A) 1s22s22p7 B) 1s22s32p6 C) 1s12s22p6 D) 1s22s22p6 4. Which of the following is the configuration of an inert gas? ( ) A) 1s22s12p7 B) 1s22s32p5 C) 1s12s32p5 D) 1s22s22p6 5. The orbital occupied by the 7th electron Na atom is ( ) A) 2px B) 2py C) 2pz D) 2s 6. The atomic number of an element is 19. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. Its valency is ( ) A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 1 7. The elements with the orbitals fully or partially filled are stable. The valency of copper whose atomic number 29 is ( ) A) [Ar]4s13d10 B) [Ar]4s2 3d9 C) [Ar]4s13p53d5 D) [Ar] 3p3 4s13d10 8. The electron first occupies the following orbital according to Aufbau rule ( ) A) 5s B) 4p C) 3d D) 5p 44
